what jobs need a phd degree

8 Careers You Can Pursue with a Doctorate in Education

Industry Advice Education

By earning a Doctor of Education (EdD) degree, you’re preparing yourself for a career with lasting impact—on students, on the future of a college or university, on your community, or on the trajectory of a nonprofit trying to improve other communities locally and abroad.

You’re also positioning yourself for advancement. Professionals who earn an EdD are qualified for roles leading and operating schools at the elementary, high school, or college level. They learn to lead in a way that can be transferred to the front of a classroom or at the ground level of an organization.

An EdD signals to employers that you’re a thought leader; that you’re someone who’s demonstrated the capacity to identify a problem, examine issues from multiple perspectives, and offer relevant insights for practical solutions. With your doctorate in hand, you’re prepared to take on a leadership role across a variety of industries.

Here’s a look at the types of positions EdD graduates pursue and eight of the top careers available in the field. 

Download Our Free Guide to Earning Your EdD

Learn how an EdD can give you the skills to enact organizational change in any industry.

DOWNLOAD NOW

What Type of Positions Do EdD Students Pursue?

Northeastern’s EdD students cultivate their leadership skills in the program by integrating practice and insights from experienced faculty and high-achieving peers . They come from diverse fields, including business, criminal justice, healthcare, military, human services, and the nonprofit sector. Their job titles and careers are just as diverse, with students working as policymakers, systems analysts, and administrative leaders within higher education institutions, nonprofit organizations, and governmental agencies.

Top Careers for Doctor of Education Graduates

1. college president.

Average Annual Salary: $272,203

Presidents are the top leaders of a college or university. They establish and execute on their school’s strategic vision, spearhead fundraising, attend student events, and deliver speeches to a variety of constituents, such as donors, lawmakers, government, and faculty, to raise the profile of the institution both locally and abroad. They also collaborate with senior administrators, faculty, and staff to devise new ways to support students and improve their learning environment while maintaining high academic standards. Depending on the type of public or private institution they lead, college presidents can earn impressive seven-figure salaries . 

2. Chief Learning Officer

Average Annual Salary: $152,225

In education, top executive roles include positions like “chief learning officer”—a senior-level professional who develops and drives strategies that help his or her college or university meet critical business goals. Chief learning officers (CLOs) focus on creating strategies for training, learning, and development, and typically oversee an institute’s latest technologies, such as its online learning platform.

Average Annual Salary: $148,783

A provost—or vice president, depending on the college or university—is a senior-level academic administrator who tends to be second in command after the president. Provosts work closely with deans and department heads, and help determine their institution’s academic goals and priorities, as well as how to allocate the resources necessary to support those initiatives. They often oversee daily operations and work to hire and retain a diverse faculty. 

4. School Superintendent

Average Annual Salary: $116,931

Superintendents are the top executives of a school district. They’re responsible for establishing and overseeing their district’s budget, staffing, infrastructure, and spending. Superintendents collaborate closely with a school board to develop and implement new policies and programs in line with the district’s short- and long-term goals, as well as allocate the financial and human resources necessary to achieve the district’s overarching vision.

5. Elementary, Middle, and High School Principal

Average Annual Salary: $95,310

Principals oversee the daily operations of an elementary, middle, or high school. They hire teachers and staff, manage the budget, and enforce disciplinary rules when necessary. Principals also develop and assess educational programming aimed at achieving student learning outcomes, all while striving to create and maintain a positive learning environment. More than 11,000 principal positions are expected to emerge by 2028, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics .

A principal’s salary might differ depending on whether he or she works at an elementary, middle, or high school. The mean wages for principals at each level, according to PayScale are:

• Elementary School : $81,095
• Middle School : $87,989
• High School : $92,197

6. Academic Dean

Average Annual Salary: $90,339  

Deans work at the senior administrative level of a college or university. The role varies depending on the institution, but deans often manage faculty and staff, set academic goals, implement strategic planning, oversee their department’s budget, help fundraise, support research initiatives, and foster student development. Some departments you might find them in are:

• Admissions : Those working in admissions develop and lead recruitment initiatives for a college or university. They evaluate applications, decide the number of students who should be admitted to the school, who those students should be, and communicate with prospects and their families.
• Research : A dean of research often oversees faculty and collaborates with them to create a strategy for developing short- and long-term research initiatives. They also work to secure research funding, oversee the research budget, and establish key industry partnerships.
• Student Affairs : The student affairs office typically oversees a variety of different departments, such as residence life, athletics, student support services, and diversity and inclusion. A dean of student affairs typically establishes and evaluates nonacademic programs that foster and enrich the student experience, as well as handle disciplinary issues and communicate with students’ parents or legal guardians.
• Advancement : The advancement office—also known as “development” or “alumni relations” depending on the school—is responsible for securing funding for the college or university from potential donors, including alumni, government policymakers, corporations, and foundations. They nurture and maintain those relationships, ensuring all gifts received are being used as intended.

7. Professor

Average Annual Salary: $78,470

Postsecondary teachers, or professors, work at the college or university level, developing course curricula, instructing students in a specific area of study, and assessing their progress. When they’re not teaching, professors are often conducting research, writing scholarly papers, or attending conferences.

Professors’ salaries vary based on where they are on the tenure track and their area of expertise. The median salary for a professor based on rank, according to PayScale, is:

• Instructor : $49,510
• Lecturer: $51,101
• Assistant Professor : $67,021
• Associate Professor : $76,250
• Professor : $87,018

Salaries range further depending on the professor’s focus. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics , the top 10 highest-paying subjects—and what those subjects offer in terms of average annual wage—are:

• Law : $111,140
• Engineering : $101,720
• Economics : $101,720
• Health Specialties : $97,370
• Atmospheric, Earth, Marine, and Space Science : $90,860
• Physics : $90,800
• Architecture : $86,980
• Forestry and Conservation Science : $86,900
• Agricultural Sciences : $84,640
• Business : $83,960

8. Executive Director of Education

Average Annual Salary: $73,640

Executive directors are often the senior leaders of a nonprofit organization or business. They work closely with a board of directors but are the ones who make the daily operational decisions. Executive directors hire and manage staff, handle external relations, engage volunteers, oversee the budget—including all fundraising initiatives—and develop policies, programs, and strategies that guide the organization’s mission and purpose. 

What Can You Do with a Doctorate in Education from Northeastern?

When you earn your EdD from Northeastern , you’re not only advancing your own work, you’re joining a top-tier university and pursuing a rigorous education with an entrepreneurial orientation toward making our world a better place. You’re joining a vast network of students and alumni in the EdD, which spans more than 2,000 professionals across many domains of education. You’re gaining access to engaging faculty who understand the importance of professional experiences in a growing leadership capacity, and who are prepared to offer you personal attention to support your professional development.

With your EdD, you can make a difference in the lives of children, communities, and organizations, as you transform your problem of practice into a plan for change and action.

Editor’s note: This article was originally published in September of 2017. It has since been updated for accuracy and relevance. 

Subscribe below to receive future content from the Graduate Programs Blog.

About shayna joubert, related articles.

What is Learning Analytics & How Can it Be Used?

Reasons To Enroll in a Doctor of Education Program

Why I Chose to Pursue Learning Analytics

Did you know.

The median annual salary for professional degree holders is $97,000. (BLS, 2020)

Doctor of Education

The degree that connects advanced research to real-world problem solving.

Most Popular:

Tips for taking online classes: 8 strategies for success, public health careers: what can you do with an mph, 7 international business careers that are in high demand, edd vs. phd in education: what’s the difference, 7 must-have skills for data analysts, in-demand biotechnology careers shaping our future, the benefits of online learning: 8 advantages of online degrees, how to write a statement of purpose for graduate school, the best of our graduate blog—right to your inbox.

Stay up to date on our latest posts and university events. Plus receive relevant career tips and grad school advice.

By providing us with your email, you agree to the terms of our Privacy Policy and Terms of Service.

Keep Reading:

The 8 Highest-Paying Master’s Degrees in 2024

Graduate School Application Tips & Advice

How To Get a Job in Emergency Management

Join Us at Northeastern’s Virtual Graduate Open House | March 5–7, 2024

Ten Jobs Where You Can Use Your PhD

By Michelle Lanchart and Stacy Hartman

Earning a PhD provides you with more skills and career opportunities than you might think it does. Below are ten jobs where you can use your PhD—some in academic settings and some not. There are many other opportunities available to you; this list is just a place to start thinking about your career options.*

1. Staff culture writer, digital media company

Staff writers report on artistic and cultural events, providing analysis and context for a broad audience on a variety of topics. As a PhD, you already have the excellent writing and research skills the job requires, and your advanced training in the interpretation of literature, culture, and language enhances your ability to articulate the significance of cultural and artistic phenomena.

2. Dean of students, private high school

A dean of students leads curriculum design, develops academic and behavioral policies, and determines the best strategies to build students’ academic success. The research, leadership, and teaching experience you acquired while earning your PhD makes you a good candidate in this field.

3. Assistant professor, university or college department

An assistant professor teaches undergraduate (and, depending on the institution, graduate) courses, serves on committees that help determine academic and organizational policies for the department and institution, and conducts research, with an eye toward receiving tenure.

4. Research associate, variety of companies

As a research associate you would gather data to determine whether a product or service is desirable to consumers or companies. Your extensive experience conducting research and presenting it to a variety of audiences is a transferable skill that you bring to research associate positions.

5. Development writer, nonprofit or university

A development writer builds relationships with donors and increases public engagement through written and oral communication. Your ability to write about specialized research or technical activities for a general audience is useful for this position.

6. Assistant director, learning programs

Assistant directors have a variety of responsibilities, from providing instructional support to faculty members and graduate students to assessing and improving educational services. This can be an exciting opportunity to apply your teaching and leadership experience beyond the classroom.

7. Associate director, global programs

Associate directors work with faculty members to develop programs and curricula for students studying abroad. Your experiences teaching, developing educational programs, as well as studying, living, and researching abroad, are ideal for this position.

8. Program officer, think tank, foundation, or scholarly association

As a program officer you would take the lead in program development, which involves procuring grants and funding, managing projects, and overseeing budgets. These roles leverage your experience applying for funding and managing complex projects.

9. Copywriter, many companies and organizations

Copywriters produce and edit copy (i.e., writing) for marketing campaigns and then plan and implement those campaigns, which help companies promote products and services across a variety of media. Excellent research and writing skills and an ability to write for different audiences are essential for this job.

10. Curriculum designer, educational technology

Curriculum designers develop educational content and curricula to be delivered digitally to students or employees and often provide technical support to instructors or trainers. This is a great role for those who have developed skills in the digital humanities or in blended learning, and it also leverages your experiences in teaching and in curriculum development.

Your PhD gives you the skills to pursue a variety of career paths. To learn more about how to prepare for the job search and how to gain experience in the industries that interest you, visit the  Connected Academics Web site .

*Please note that the job ads are provided as examples and may no longer be accepting applications. A job ad’s inclusion in this list does not constitute an endorsement of the employer by the MLA.

3 comments on “Ten Jobs Where You Can Use Your PhD”

Steve Colburn says:

And don’t forget Government service at the Municipal, County, State, and Federal Level. I know Language and Literature academics who have pursued rewarding careers at all of these levels of Government service to the public, and have received good financial compensation, enjoyed reliable job security, defined-benefit pension programs, and the opportunity to pursue a challenging, rewarding job! Retired Training Manager and Senior Organizational Policy Analyst for Local County Government in Sunny South Florida! Life Member of the MLA, since Grad School in 1976.

Peter Marbais says:

There are a number of language editing opportunities in addition to copy editing. I made the transition from teaching English literature and composition to editing documents for ESL writers aspiring to publish in English-language journals. My experience helping ESL students at the Kent State University writing center and in my composition courses paved the way to helping researchers from around the world. The work is highly rewarding, and there are a number of great resources available online for both contract editors (freelancers) and full-time editors. This link provides a good overview of several types of editing roles: https://www.thebalancesmb.com/freelance-editing-jobs-1360401 .

Peter Marbais, PhD, ELS Quality Control Editor III American Journal Experts, a Research Square company

David -Ross Gerling says:

I made the transition to a law firm in Spain whose clients are Brits and American ex-pats or just foreigners in trouble with the Spanish legal system. My work as ex-pat advocate is every bit as satisfying and infinitely more lucrative than teaching Spanish . David-Ross Gerling, PhD

Leave a Reply Cancel Reply

Your e-mail address will not be published. Required fields are marked * .

You may use these HTML tags and attributes:

What Can You Get a PhD in? [Doctorate Guide]

What can you get a PhD in? This question is frequently asked by people who want to expand their knowledge and unlock new career paths by earning a doctoral degree.

Editorial Listing ShortCode:

You can earn a PhD in a wide variety of fields, ranging from anthropology to zoology. This guide explores some of the most popular types of PhDs, associated careers, and factors to consider when selecting an online PhD program.

What Can You Get a PhD In?

Colleges and universities offer doctorate programs in a broad range of disciplines, so aspiring PhD students have many options.

The best PhDs to get depend on your professional goals, interests, and previous education. Here are ten of the most common PhDs that people pursue.

Select the program that most interests you to jump to that section of the guide:

• Online PhD in Anthropology
• Online PhD in Biology
• Online PhD in Business
• Online PhD in Clinical Psychology
• Online PhD in Computer Science
• Online PhD in Education
• Online PhD in English
• Online PhD in Psychology
• Online PhD in Nursing
• Online PhD in Physical Therapy

The program that’s best for you will depend on your personal interests and professional goals.

PhD in Anthropology

You can deepen your understanding of anthropological research methods and theories with a PhD in Anthropology.

Many programs allow doctoral students to specialize in a subfield, such as archeology, biological anthropology, and sociocultural anthropology. Courses vary by program but typically cover data analysis, field research methods, and public archeology.

Graduates who earn this degree may go on to work as college professors, forensic anthropologists, and museum curators.

PhD in Biology

A PhD in Biology prepares students to contribute new knowledge to the biological sciences. Students can focus on various areas of specialty, including computational biology, ecology, and genetic epidemiology.

These programs often have interdisciplinary curricula that allow students to study advanced biological concepts and research methods. Course subjects may include biochemistry, contemporary biology, molecular neuroscience, and statistics. Current professionals work in bioinformatics, biotech, education, healthcare, and other industries.

PhD in Business

A PhD in Business trains business leaders and researchers. Students learn how to use advanced financial models and strategies to solve complex business issues.

Business PhD programs frequently teach subjects like accounting, consumer behavior, industrial organization, and microeconomics. Additionally, they cover research methods like econometrics and statistical analysis.

Graduates can use their business knowledge and skills to become business consultants, C-suite executives, economists, and professors.

PhD in Clinical Psychology

You can enrich your understanding of the human psyche with a PhD in Clinical Psychology. This degree focuses on researching mental health issues and psychological science. Students also learn how to apply their knowledge in clinical settings.

Typically, courses cover adult psychopathology, clinical interviewing, professional ethics, and psychological assessment. Students may also be required to complete clinical practicums. Graduates often pursue careers as child psychologists, neuropsychologists, and medical psychologists.

PhD in Computer Science

A PhD in Computer Science allows students to expand their knowledge of advanced computer systems and theories.

Curricula often cover a broad range of topics, like algorithms, data management, and random computing. Additionally, this degree trains students to conduct cutting-edge research in subfields of computer science, such as artificial intelligence and cryptography.

Graduates frequently work as chief technology officers, computer and information research scientists, and senior software engineers.

PhD in Education

If you want to research educational approaches and theories, you might consider a PhD in Education. This academic degree trains students to develop new learning methods and promote more effective teaching.

Common courses include advanced qualitative methodology, educating diverse learners, and instructional design. Also, many students specialize in higher education, literacy, special education, and other niches. Current professionals with this degree often work in teaching, administrative, and research positions in colleges and K-12 schools.

PhD in English

A PhD in English gives students the opportunity to interpret, theorize, and teach literature, film, and other types of media.

Courses cover literature from a variety of cultures, genres, and periods, such as children’s literature and Victorian literature. Moreover, these programs often promote interdisciplinary research that engages with history, psychology, and other fields. This degree can help you qualify for a position as a college professor, editor, or technical writer.

PhD in Psychology

A PhD in Psychology prepares students to conduct independent research on human cognition, behavior, and mental processes.

Students also learn how to implement clinical research methods and design experiments with human subjects. This research-intensive degree covers subjects like affective science, developmental psychology, professional ethics, and history and systems of psychology.

Additionally, many programs include clinical practicums. Graduates frequently work as academic researchers, clinical psychologists, and market researchers.

PhD in Nursing

A PhD in Nursing gives students a strong theoretical foundation in healthcare delivery and nursing science.

Standard course topics may include grant writing, leadership for nurse scientists, and methods in clinical research. This degree also trains students to apply advanced research methods to develop innovative approaches to patient care and improve healthcare policies.

A PhD in Nursing can unlock careers in clinical research, health policy, and nonprofit organizations.

PhD in Physical Therapy

A PhD in Physical Therapy allows students to research the science of physical therapy and educate others about the latest approaches to treating ill, injured, and disabled patients.

The curriculum typically addresses subjects like applied physiology, movement science, and prosthetics. Students also learn how to treat patients in clinical settings. This degree helps prepares students for specialized physical therapy careers in acute care, oncology, sports, and other areas.

How to Choose a PhD Program

The right PhD program for you aligns with your goals and sets you up for academic and professional success.

These considerations can help you compare online PhD programs :

• Faculty reputation . Prestigious faculty can assist with networking and connect you with exciting professional opportunities, such as presenting at top conferences.
• Funding opportunities . Many PhD programs offer complete funding packages, which may include stipends and other benefits.
• Placement rates . Programs that place alumni in tenure-track academic jobs and high-paying industry positions may provide excellent career support.
• Research areas . It’s strategic to look for a program that offers courses and extracurricular activities related to your interests. For instance, an English PhD program with speculative fiction courses might be ideal if you want to study science fiction writers.

Additionally, you can contact current PhD students to get a sense of the program’s culture and learn about their experiences.

Do You Need a PhD to Be a Professor?

You don’t always need a PhD to become a professor . The requirements vary by institution and position.

Some colleges hire people with master’s degrees and relevant industry experience to teach freshman-level courses. For instance, someone with an MBA and several years of work experience might teach undergraduate finance courses.

Schools that require a terminal degree may also accept a doctorate degree from an accredited university, even when it’s not a PhD. A professional doctorate degree focuses on practical applications of knowledge, while a PhD emphasizes original research.

How Hard Is It to Get Into a Ph.D. Program?

If you want to learn how to get a PhD, you can start by researching admissions criteria for online programs in your field. Requirements vary by program, so some schools may be more difficult to get into.

Here are some common admissions requirements:

• Bachelor’s or master’s degree in a relevant field
• GRE scores (only some schools require them)
• CV or resume
• Personal statement
• Letters of recommendation
• Writing sample
• Interview with the admissions committee

The specific requirements influence how challenging it is to get into a particular program, so it’s beneficial to research the criteria ahead of time.

What Is the Easiest PhD to Get?

The difficulty level of any PhD is highly subjective. But choosing a quality PhD program can increase the likelihood that you finish your degree on schedule.

A PhD program with these qualities can help facilitate your success:

• Classes that align with your research focus
• Knowledgeable faculty who enjoy mentoring graduate students
• Full-funding packages
• Student support services, like mental health counseling
• Professional development workshops
• State-of-the-art research facilities
• Clear program milestones

Additionally, you may finish your doctoral degree faster. A program with less requirements makes it one of the easiest PhDs to get such as fewer credit hours or doesn’t include a dissertation component.

What Are Some of the Highest Paying PhD Degrees I Can Get?

Many careers that require an advanced degree have lucrative median salaries. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics , here are the median salaries of ten high-paying careers often pursued by people with PhDs:

• Physicists — $142,850
• Computer and information research scientists — $136,620
• Pharmacists — $132,750
• Political scientists — $128,020
• Economists — $113,940
• Mathematicians — $112,110
• Medical scientists — $99,930
• Physical therapists — $97,720
• Clinical and counseling psychologists — $90,130
• Postsecondary business teachers — $88,790

Many factors can affect salaries and job availability, including geographic location, skills, work experience, and your PhD program’s reputation.

Does It Matter Where You Get Your PhD?

The institution you choose for your PhD can impact your academic performance, career trajectory, and personal life.

Choosing a program that offers financial support can give you more time to focus on your studies and develop marketable skills. Additionally, you may find it easier to conduct and publish innovative research with access to leading faculty and top facilities.

Employers often consider a school’s reputation when considering job candidates, so selecting a prestigious program could boost your chances of landing a preferred position.

Earning Your PhD Degree Online

What can I get a PhD in? Colleges and universities offer a broad range of doctoral programs in numerous disciplines. These degrees enable you to study advanced concepts in your chosen field and immerse yourself in the world of academic research.

Graduates use their PhDs to pursue a variety of careers in academia, government agencies, nonprofit organizations, and the private sector. Many jobs that require graduate degrees offer lucrative wages and other benefits, such as academic tenure.

If you want to build your expertise and perform ground-breaking research, you can begin your journey by researching online PhD programs from accredited universities.

• Communications
• Computer Science
• Criminal Justice
• Environmental Management
• Forensic Psychology
• Healthcare Admin
• Human Resources
• Project Management
• Social work
• Special Education
• Sports Management
• Supply Chain Management
• Adult Education
• Business Intelligence
• Early Childhood Education
• Educational Technology
• Homeland Security
• Information Systems Security
• Information Technology
• International Business
• Management Information Systems
• Nonprofit Management
• School Counseling
• Academic Publishing Guide
• Building a Graduate School Resume or CV
• Choosing Between a Thesis or Non-thesis Master's Degree
• Expert Guide to Studying Abroad
• FAQ: Online Master's Degrees
• Grad School Guide Book
• Graduate School for Students with Disabilities
• Green Graduate Degrees
• How to Be a Successful Grad Student
• How to Choose the Right Graduate Program
• How to Get a Master's Degree in an Unrelated Field
• How to Transfer College Credits in Grad School
• How to Write a Winning Personal Statement
• Inside Graduate Admissions
• Ivy League Grad Schools
• Master's Degrees for Veterans
• Master's Degree for Women
• Mental Health in Grad School
• Progressive LGBTQ Graduate Degrees
• Should You Apply for a Graduate School Assistantship?
• Surviving Grad School with a Family
• Taking a Gap Year Before Grad School
• Women in STEM Graduate Resources
• Writing a Successful Statement of Purpose
• Alternative Ways to Pay for School
• The Best Part-Time Jobs During Grad School
• Company Funded Graduate School
• FAFSA For Grad Students
• Financial Aid Resources
• Graduate Student Loans
• Paying for Your Master's Degree
• Paying Off Student Loans
• Paying for Your PhD
• Fellowship Opportunities
• LGBTQ Scholarships
• MBA Scholarships
• Scholarship Resources
• Scholarships for Veterans
• Scholarships for Women
• Crushing the GRE Guidebook
• GMAT Guidebook
• Guide to the LSAT
• MCAT Prep for Medical School
• Study Guide: Exam Resources
• TOEFL Prep for Non-Native English Speakers
•       Resources       25 Careers that Require a Master’s Degree

25 Careers that Require a Master’s Degree

Students entering bachelor’s degree programs often set their sights on management-level positions as a long-term goal. Earning a master’s degree in their field of choice is one of the first steps to reaching a position that allows for more variety, decision making and earning potential. Knowing in advance where you want to go in your career and who you want to impact can help students to decide which degree programs to pursue, making it a good idea to explore master’s degree options sooner rather than later. Here, we’ve profiled the top 25 careers that require a master’s degree as the entry-level education, with salary and projected job growth information to help you make informed choices about your higher education goals.

Top 25 Careers that Require a Master’s Degree

Sources: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics and Payscale

Steps to Earning Your Master’s and Starting a Career

Students must have a bachelor’s degree under your belt to pursue a master’s degree, making it helpful to research programs and career goals before starting college. Having an educational track in mind allows students to take the right prerequisite courses as part of a bachelor’s program and ensures you’re on the right path to success. Find out how to go from a bachelor’s degree student to do a master’s degree graduate.

• Earn your bachelor’s degree at an accredited college or university. In order to pursue a master’s degree, you must first earn a bachelor’s degree. It’s helpful to hold a bachelor’s degree in a similar field as what you’d like to pursue at a post-bachelor level.
• Research master’s degree programs. Before choosing a master’s degree programs, it’s important to do your research and find one that meets your personal and professional needs. Things like program delivery (online, in-person, evening classes) and program accreditation are important considerations. You’ll also want to know the placement rate of graduates and whether financial assistance is available.
• Choose a master’s program. Each program will have its own requirements and prerequisites, so it’s important to know what those are so you know whether or not you qualify. You’ll also want to know the deadline for application and enrollment as some programs run on a cohort basis and only start at certain times of the year.
• Pass the necessary prerequisites. If you don’t have all the necessary classes under your belt for the program you’re applying for, be sure to do this well ahead of the application deadline. Getting a passing grade in prerequisite classes is essential – don’t let those grades slip! Also make sure that all prerequisites are earned at an accredited school.
• Take the right standardized assessments. Most master’s programs ask for certain standardized test scores as part of the application. Many general programs require the Graduate Record Examination (GRE) as part of the application process. Degrees in more specific fields may have their own tests, like the Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT) for master’s in business administration programs or the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) for medical school.
• Fill out applications. Contact an enrollment counselor at your school of choice to find out what applications are required for the university and for the program you’re interested in. Give yourself plenty of time to compile all the required essays, transcripts and letters of recommendation.
• Apply for scholarships. Earning a master’s degree can be expensive, so apply for scholarships that are both industry- and school-specific. If you’re currently working for an organization that allows tuition reimbursement, take advantage of that but know in advance what the repayment requirements are if you don’t remain employed in the organization after you receive your degree.
• Identify research and internship opportunities. Depending on your field of study, there may be opportunities for you to work with professors or industry professionals through research and internships. Both provide hands-on experience that will be invaluable assets for your resume after graduation.
• Network in your field to increase employment opportunities. When you earn a master’s degree, you’re more marketable for leadership positions in your industry. Networking with other professionals through trade organizations and associations or even local leadership groups is a great way to meet people who might make hiring decisions later.
• Apply for necessary certifications or licenses. Depending on your field of study, you may be required to earn certifications or licenses before starting a career. Find out what’s available in your industry; holding the certifications or licenses with your master’s degree may be essential to growth and flexibility in your career.
• Apply for jobs. Many universities have job placement assistant. If your master’s degree allows you to promote to a new position in your current company or in another organization, be sure to keep your eyes open for new opportunities.

Spotlight: Careers that Require a Doctorate Degree

A doctorate is usually the terminal, or final, degree available in a specific field. It usually takes longer to complete a doctorate than a master’s degree, meaning it will likely cost more. However, it’s not always necessary to earn a doctorate in your field. Master’s degrees are typical for more business-minded individuals and careers, while doctorates are designed for those who want to focus more on research-based careers. At the same time, not all doctorate programs require a master’s degree for admission; going straight from a bachelor’s degree with work experience to a doctorate program can be the norm in many cases. Below is a list of a few careers that require a doctorate at the entry level.

45 Graduate Degree Jobs That Pay More Than $100K

Earning an advanced degree can lead to six-figure salaries in some fields, like law, medicine and tech.

Getty Images |

Discover high-paying graduate degree jobs.

Graduate school is a major time and money commitment. But the return on investment can be well worth the cost , as a more advanced credential may help open the door to lucrative jobs. Here are a few examples of careers, listed in alphabetical order, where a graduate degree  can lead to a job with an annual salary of more than $100,000 in the U.S.

Getty Image |

• Aerospace engineer

Individuals who are fascinated by space exploration might enjoy a career as an aerospace engineer . Though only a bachelor's degree is necessary for an entry-level position in this field, jobs in research and academia typically require a graduate degree, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, or BLS. The median annual salary for aerospace engineers was $122,270 in 2021, and the BLS predicts that jobs in this field will increase 6% between 2021 and 2031 – a growth rate that matches the average among all U.S. occupations.

(Getty Images) |

• Anesthesiologist

When a patient needs surgery and must be put under anesthesia, the doctor who ensures that the patient is safe and feels as little pain as possible is an anesthesiologist . The job of this highly trained specialist sometimes requires making life-or-death, split-second decisions, so good judgment is paramount. The average salary among anesthesiologists in 2021 was $331,190, and the BLS predicts that the number of jobs in this field will increase by 1% between 2021 and 2031.

• Architectural or engineering manager

When a building is constructed or a machine is made, the person in charge of the project is often an architectural or engineering manager. Architectural managers typically need a master's degree in architecture. Although it is possible to get an engineering management position with only an undergraduate degree, it is common for people who want to advance to seek a management-related graduate degree such as a Master of Business Administration, or MBA . According to the BLS, the median annual wage within this profession in 2021 was $152,350, and a 2% increase in jobs is projected within this field between 2021 and 2031.

An astronomer is a scientist who studies celestial bodies using telescopes and other devices, and may be an expert in such areas as black holes or asteroids. An astronomer's goal is to increase understanding of the universe through compelling research. In exchange for this scholarly work, an astronomer can expect to receive a six-figure salary, according to the BLS, which reports that the median annual wage in this field was $128,160 in 2021. The BLS predicts that the number of jobs in this field will be 6% higher in 2031 than in 2021, on par with the average growth rate predicted among all U.S. occupations.

(Brett Ziegler for USN&WR) |

• Biochemist or biophysicist in the wholesale trade industry

Biochemists and biophysicists are scientists who research the chemical and physical aspects of living organisms. They often work in laboratories, using devices like lasers, microscopes and X-rays to investigate scientific questions. In 2021, the median annual salary among U.S. workers in this field who were employed by wholesale companies was $126,470, according to the BLS . The demand is high for biochemists and biophysicists in general, with the number of jobs expected to grow by 15% between 2021 and 2031. Working in this field in independent research and development ordinarily requires a Ph.D. degree .

• Chief executive

Though becoming a CEO entails taking on an intimidating amount of responsibility, being in charge often results in a generous paycheck. The median salary among chief executives in 2021 was $179,520, and these positions often come with stock options and performance bonuses. However, these leadership roles will likely become more scarce in the near future. The BLS predicts the number of chief executive jobs will be 7% lower in 2031 than it was in 2021. The education required to become a chief executive varies widely depending on industry – and so does the salary – but executives at big corporations frequently have MBA degrees.

• Computer and information research scientist

People interested in inventing new technology and coming up with clever applications of existing technology may want to consider a career as a computer and information research scientist. These scholars and innovators, who typically have a graduate education, sometimes create new computing languages and find ways to optimize how people use technology. The median salary in this field was $131,490 in 2021, and employment will be 21% higher in 2031 than in 2021, the BLS predicts .

(iStockphoto) |

• Computer and information systems manager

Computer and information systems managers, sometimes called IT managers , are responsible for directing the maintenance and improvement of their organization's technology systems. Though it's possible to work in this kind of management position with only an undergraduate degree, many organizations require an advanced degree. The median annual salary among IT managers was $159,010 in 2021, according to the BLS, which estimates 16% growth in the number of these jobs from 2021 to 2031.

• Computer hardware engineer

Though it's possible to find a job as a computer hardware engineer with only a bachelor's degree, some employers require a master's degree. Experienced workers in this profession – which focuses on designing computer equipment – may choose to pursue an MBA. The median U.S. salary in this field in 2021 was $128,170, according to the BLS, which estimates that the number of jobs for computer hardware engineers will be 5% higher in 2031 than in 2021.

• Data scientist

Data scientists collect and analyze data, which is then used to make decisions within a company. While this profession requires at least a bachelor's degree, many employers prefer candidates to have a master's or doctoral degree . Not only do data scientists make six figures – $100,910 in 2021 – they are also high in demand: BLS predicts the number of jobs in this field will increase by 36% from 2021 to 2031.

A career in dentistry is one of the top job options in the U.S., according to the U.S. News Best Jobs rankings. The first step on this career path is admission into an accredited dental school. However, dental doctoral programs tend to be highly selective. In order to practice dentistry, candidates must fulfill the licensing requirements in their chosen jurisdiction. U.S. dentists earned a median salary of $163,220 in 2021, per BLS data. The BLS projects 6% growth in this occupation from 2021 to 2031.

Economists conduct research and offer analysis on various financial topics such as employment, wages and the economic impact of proposed laws or regulations. Workers in this field took home a median salary of $105,630 in 2021, according to the BLS. The number of U.S. economist jobs is expected to grow by 6% from 2021 to 2031, per BLS data .

• Environmental engineer for the federal government

Environmental engineers design technology and facilities that help protect the environment, provide guidance on pollution cleanup efforts and conduct environmental inspections. Those who work for the federal government often receive six-figure paychecks. The median annual wage for federal environmental engineers was $110,240 in 2021, according to the BLS, and employment of environmental engineers in general is expected to grow 4% between 2021 and 2031.

(Getty Stock Images) |

• Family and general practitioner

One of the advantages of becoming a primary care doctor is the opportunity to forge a long-term bond with patients and guide them through various health challenges, ranging from minor ailments to major issues. Family and general physicians tend to have numerous regular clients. The average salary among U.S. family and general practitioners was $235,930 in 2021, and employment of physicians and surgeons will likely be 3% higher in 2031 than it was in 2021, according to the BLS.

• General internal medicine physician

Primary care physicians who typically work with adults are known as general internal medicine physicians. They can diagnose and treat illness and usually provide nonsurgical care. They are experts at recognizing the signs of problems with a person's internal organs such as the stomach, kidneys, liver and digestive tract. The average salary among these types of doctors in 2021 was $242,190, the BLS reports . Employment for general internal medicine physicians is expected to be 2% higher in 2031 than in 2021.

• General pediatrician

A pediatrician is a doctor who specializes in treating children, including injuries and diseases. The median salary among U.S. general practice pediatricians in 2021 was $198,420, which is less than the average salary among doctors in general. According to the BLS , the number of jobs for general pediatricians will be 1% higher in 2031 than in 2021.

• Human resources manager

Human resources managers oversee the hiring process within an organization, discuss company benefits and mediate conflict among employees. The median annual wage among human resources managers was $126,230 in 2021, with the highest salaries being in the professional, scientific and technical services industries, BLS reports . Jobs in this field are expected to grow 7% between 2021 and 2031.

• Industrial production manager

Manufacturing facilities have many moving parts, so they can be challenging to run. Someone who joins this profession can expect to come up with strategies for increasing productivity and ensuring safety at manufacturing facilities. According to the BLS, the median salary among industrial production managers in 2021 was $103,150. Employment in this field is expected to be 3% higher in 2031 than in 2021.

• Information security analyst

Given data breaches at corporations and in governments, information security analysts play a vital role in shielding confidential information from hackers. In 2021, the median salary among information security analysts was $102,600, the BLS reports. Employment within this field is expected to surge: The BLS predicts that the number of jobs available to information security analysts in general will be 35% higher in 2031 than it was in 2021.

• Judge and hearing officer

Judges and hearing officers render legal verdicts, giving them tremendous power and authority in the courtroom. According to the BLS, median annual wages among these professionals came in at $128,710 in 2021. The BLS predicts that employment within this field will be 1% lower in 2031 than in 2021.

• Law professor

Law professors are responsible for training the next generation of attorneys, such as through law school clinics where J.D. students get a chance to apply their legal knowledge. The BLS reports that the median annual salary for this line of work was $123,470 in 2021, and the bureau also notes that employment in this field is likely to be 9% higher in 2031 than in 2021.

A law degree can lead to jobs in many different fields , such as aviation law, bankruptcy law, construction law, environmental law, intellectual property law, real estate law or tax law. The median salary for attorneys was $127,990 in 2021, according to BLS data . This occupation's outlook for growth is 10% from 2021 to 2031.

• Marine engineer or naval architect for the federal government

Aspiring shipbuilders may want to pursue a career as a marine engineer or naval architect . According to the BLS, the median salary among individuals who held this type of position for the federal government in 2021 was $104,920. The BLS predicts that employment in this field overall will be 4% higher in 2031 than in 2021.

• Marketing manager

Business leaders who help promote companies often earn enormous salaries. According to the BLS, the median salary among marketing managers in 2021 was $135,030. A marketing manager determines the level of demand for a particular product or service, identifies potential consumers and markets that a company can sell to and helps set the price for whatever a company is selling. Employment within this field will be 10% higher in 2031 than in 2021, the BLS projects .

• Mathematician

Those with a graduate degree in math  might research mathematical theories or work to apply mathematical techniques in fields such as engineering and management. Mathematicians brought home a median annual salary of $108,100 in 2021, according to BLS data . The BLS predicts that the number of jobs for mathematicians will stay the same from 2021 to 2031.

• Medical scientist focused on research and development in the physical, engineering and life sciences sectors

Someone who dreams of making a scientific discovery that can save lives may enjoy a career as a medical scientist. This kind of scientist specializes in conducting research that clarifies what causes illness, what prevents sickness and which therapies work best. According to the BLS, employment within this occupation, excluding epidemiologists, will be 17% higher in 2031 than in 2021. As of 2021, the median salary among medical scientists concentrated on research and development in the physical, engineering and life sciences industries was $102,210, the BLS reports.

• Mining and geological engineer focusing on oil and gas extraction

Careers in the oil and natural gas sectors can lead to large paychecks. Mining and geological engineers who specialized in extracting oil or gas from the earth had a median salary of $131,020 in 2021, according to the BLS. The BLS predicts that overall employment for mining and geological engineers will be 2% higher in 2031 than in 2021.

• Nurse anesthetist

Nurse anesthetists deliver anesthesia to patients and provide related care before, during and after medical procedures. According to the BLS, nurse anesthetists earned a median salary of $195,610 in 2021. The BLS predicts the number of nurse anesthetist jobs, which require at least a master's degree, to grow 12% from 2021 to 2031.

• Nurse midwife

A nurse midwife focuses on providing primary care to women and newborns. These professionals often perform gynecological exams and provide family planning assistance, and typically offer prenatal care and deliver babies. Their median salary in 2021 was $112,830, according to the BLS , and employment is expected to be 7% higher in 2031 than in 2021.

(Morsa Images | Getty Images)

• Nurse practitioner

There are many kinds of nurses , and some do not need to have graduate degrees. Nurse practitioners , however, are required to have graduate credentials. These highly trained nurses can assess, diagnose and treat patients, and they ordinarily specialize in treating a particular area. The median annual salary for nurse practitioners was $120,680 in 2021. The BLS predicts that the number of jobs for nurse practitioners will skyrocket, increasing by 46% between 2021 and 2031.

• Obstetrician-gynecologist

An obstetrician-gynecologist, or OB-GYN , is a doctor who focuses on women's health issues. They can help women by providing birth control, addressing fertility problems, performing cancer screenings of sex organs and overseeing the pregnancy and childbirth processes. The average salary for an OB-GYN in 2021 was $296,210, according to the BLS. Employment within this profession is expected to be 2% higher in 2031 than in 2021.

• Operations research analyst for the federal government

People who love math may thrive in a career as an operations research analyst . Someone with this job designs analytical models that can decipher complicated data and determine the most efficient way to run an organization. Among people who held this position in the federal government in 2021, the median annual pay was $120,950. Plus, the job outlook for this profession is bright. According to the BLS, overall employment among all operations research analysts will likely be 23% higher in 2031 than in 2021.

• Optometrist

Optometrists perform eye examinations, prescribe glasses or contact lenses and may provide vision therapy treatments. These medical professionals brought home a median salary of $124,300 in 2021, according to the most recent BLS data. The number of jobs for optometrists is projected to increase by 10% from 2021 to 2031, according to the BLS. This growth is expected to be driven partly by an aging U.S. population.

• Oral and maxillofacial surgeon

There are many types of dentists. An oral and maxillofacial surgeon is trained to perform surgeries on the mouth, jaws, teeth, gum, neck or head. The median annual salary for this kind of surgeon was $208,000 or more in 2021, according to the BLS, which predicts that employment in this field will be 5% higher in 2031 than in 2021.

• Orthodontist

Dentists who specialize in aligning crooked teeth using braces and other techniques are referred to as orthodontists . The median salary among these health care providers in 2021 was $208,000 or more, according to the BLS, and employment in this occupation will likely be 5% higher in 2031 than in 2021.

Pharmacists fill drug prescriptions, consult with patients about their medication and provide some immunizations, in addition to other tasks. These professionals earned a median annual salary of $128,570 in 2021, according to BLS data. The number of jobs for pharmacists is projected to increase by 2% between 2021 and 2031.

• Physician assistant

Physician assistants work in teams with other medical practitioners to provide patient care. They aren't full-fledged doctors, but graduates with these degrees can examine, diagnose and treat patients. Becoming a physician assistant requires rigorous graduate education, though not as much schooling as required to become a doctor. According to BLS, these workers earned a median annual salary of $121,530 in 2021. The number of physician assistant jobs is projected to grow rapidly – by 28% – from 2021 to 2031, according to the BLS.

Someone with an interest in the scientific laws that govern the universe may enjoy a career as a physicist. The science of physics often touches on complicated philosophical questions about how the universe began and why the universe looks the way it does today. In 2021, the median salary for physicists was $152,430. According to the BLS, the number of jobs for physicists will likely be 8% higher in 2031 than in 2021.

Podiatrists are experts on treating health conditions that affect the lower extremities of the human body, such as feet, ankles and lower legs. The median annual wage among these professionals was $145,840 in 2021, according to the BLS, and job growth within this field is expected to increase 2% from 2021 to 2031.

• Political scientist

Someone who is fascinated by politics, wants to study how governments function and is concerned about government mismanagement might excel as a political scientist . These individuals often analyze government policies and practices and sometimes study voter behavior. The median salary among political scientists in 2021 was $122,510, the BLS reports . Employment within this field is expected to be 6% higher in 2031 than 2021, according to the BLS.

• Prosthodontist

Dentists who specialize in helping individuals with missing or damaged teeth are called prosthodontists . These dentists can also address missing gum tissue. The median salary among U.S. prosthodontists in 2021 was $100,950, according to the BLS, which predicts that employment within this occupation will be 5% higher in 2031 than in 2021.

• Public relations or fundraising manager

Public relations managers protect and promote the reputation of a company or person, while fundraising managers work to raise money for an organization. According to the BLS, the median salary among public relations and fundraising managers in 2021 was $119,860. Employment within this field is expected to be 8% higher in 2031 than in 2021.

• Software developer

Because of the increasing influence of technology on the way Americans work and live, demand is rising for individuals who are skilled at creating software. The BLS predicts that the number of jobs for software developers , along with quality assurance analysts and testers, will be 25% higher in 2031 than in 2021. Median pay for these tech experts was $109,020 in 2021.

Doctors who cut people open and perform operations have a highly stressful job that requires a steady hand. Becoming a surgeon requires years of specialized training after medical school. According to the BLS, the average salary in 2021 among U.S. orthopedic surgeons – excluding pediatric – was $306,220, and the number of jobs for surgeons in the U.S. will be 3% higher in 2031 than in 2021.

Veterinarians

Not only do veterinarians address injuries and illnesses of household pets, some provide medical care to livestock and other wild animals. In addition to advising owners about the health of their pets, these professionals also administer vaccines and perform surgeries. The median salary among veterinarians in 2021 was $100,370, with the number of jobs in this field expected to increase by 19% from 2021 to 2031, according to BLS data .

Learn more about applying to grad school.

Explore our  applying to graduate school section for information about finding and getting into the right school for you. Check out the latest Best Graduate Schools rankings to see the country's top business, medicine and law programs – and more. For additional grad school tips, follow U.S. News Education on Facebook , Twitter and LinkedIn .

High-paying graduate degree careers

• Veterinarian

More From U.S. News

10 Reasons Not to Go to Med School

Combined M.D.-J.D. Degrees: What to Know

Former Premeds Applying to Law School

You may also like, how to win a fulbright scholarship.

Cole Claybourn and Ilana Kowarski April 26, 2024

What to Ask Law Students and Alumni

Gabriel Kuris April 22, 2024

Find a Strong Human Rights Law Program

Anayat Durrani April 18, 2024

Environmental Health in Medical School

Zach Grimmett April 16, 2024

How to Choose a Law Career Path

Gabriel Kuris April 15, 2024

Questions Women MBA Hopefuls Should Ask

Haley Bartel April 12, 2024

Law Schools With the Highest LSATs

Ilana Kowarski and Cole Claybourn April 11, 2024

MBA Programs That Lead to Good Jobs

Ilana Kowarski and Cole Claybourn April 10, 2024

B-Schools With Racial Diversity

Sarah Wood April 10, 2024

Law Schools That Are Hardest to Get Into

Sarah Wood April 9, 2024

Jobs for Pharm.D. vs. Ph.D. — What’s the Difference?

Written by Kelly Tomory

April 20, 2023

Here’s something you might not know about pharmacists — pharmaceutical professionals can choose to focus their career on either patient care or research. In fact, there’s a different degree for each path.

A Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) prepares students to become Pharmacists focused on patient care, while a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) prepares students for careers in academia or research and development.

Both patient-care and research positions within pharmacy are similar in that students receive formal training and education in common subjects such as drug development, drug delivery, and medicine chemistry, but their career paths and opportunities differ in several ways.

Let’s talk about the difference between patient-care and research within the field of pharmacy.

The Patient-Care Track vs. the Research Track

The Pharm.D. track is a four-year program — ending with Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experience (APPE) rotations and two personal and professional development courses. Once patient-care focused pharmacists enter the workforce, job opportunities after Pharm.D. focus on an individual’s treatment options when it comes to prescription pharmaceuticals. Pharmacists typically work as providers at pharmacies or hospitals throughout their career, and it is possible to advance into management positions.

The research track of pharmacology (Ph.D.) on the other hand, often extends beyond four years and ends in an extensive research project. Pharmacology researchers, generally, work on molecular targeting, drug design, and drug delivery in developing new approaches to treat disease. Research professionals may operate as researchers at universities, hospitals, private corporations, or laboratories. Many choose to work as professors within universities in addition to research work, but they do not serve as health care providers.

How to Become a Pharmacist — Types of Pharmacy Degrees

Doctor of pharmacy.

The Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) includes a mix of classroom instruction and real-world experience to provide students with the skills to excel in pharmacy. The school targets active learning in at least 30 percent of each student's educational track. This cooperative learning model ensures that graduates have the communication skills and practical experiences to pass licensing exams and achieve pharmacist career path.

What Do Pharmacists Learn?

The program works closely with the College of Medicine to foster a team-oriented approach to pharmacy and medicine. The College of Pharmacy has two departments: pharmaceutical sciences and pharmacy practice.

Ph.D. Programs

Students interested in research have a number of opportunities related to biomedical sciences. Graduate students receive a mix of classroom instruction and real-world research experience by working alongside faculty.

Pharmacology is the research side of the Pharm.D. program. Students in this area may develop expertise in molecular targeting, drug design, and drug delivery in specific response to disease. The program uses a combination of classroom instruction, laboratory work, and the opportunity to work alongside faculty at NEOMED and Kent State University. Prior to starting a Ph.D. program, most students will need to earn a master’s degree after their four-year degree. Some programs may integrate the master’s and Ph.D. degrees where one builds upon the other.

Comparing the Job Markets for Pharm.D. vs. Ph.D.

Pharmacists.

In 2019, the median pharmacist salary was $128,090. For pharmacists, the number of hospital jobs is expected to grow by 4 percent by 2028. Pharmacists take prescriptions from medical doctors and administer medications to patients. They are also qualified to ask questions and provide information regarding the medicines they prescribe. The majority of pharmacists work in pharmacies within retail stores or medical facilities although the field is evolving with more and more recent graduates electing to work in clinical settings. There are even niche sectors of medicine different types of pharmacists can specialize in with a year or two of residency after graduation. 

Working as a pharmacist requires a Doctor of Pharmacy, known as a Pharm.D., which is a four-year degree. They are also required to pass two exams related to licenses.

Medical Researchers

Medical researchers (M.S. and Ph.D.) earned a median annual salary of $88,790 in 2019, and the field is expected to grow by 6 percent, which is a bit faster than the national average. Most researchers work full time in either a laboratory or a general office environment. These positions are responsible for the study of medical conditions and the development of treatments and medicines.

Working in this field usually requires a Ph.D., but many candidates are able to obtain rewarding positions based on experience or other academic accomplishments. For example, some medical researchers also have a medical degree in addition to a medical research background.

Jumpstart Your Health Care Career at NEOMED — Connect With Us!

Take the next step toward an exciting career in the medical field — we can help you get started.

If you need help deciding which of the above career paths is best for you, we invite you to schedule a career consultation with us. In order to do so, contact the College of Pharmacy at [email protected] or schedule a meeting . Best of luck!

Want to learn more about health care careers after NEOMED? Download our resource, "Getting a Job as a Medical Professional with Your Health Care Degree".

About the author

Kelly tomory.

Assistant Director of Admission

More Articles

What can you do with a pharmacy degree, what do you learn in pharmacy school here are 6 surprising things, what does it take to become a pharmacist.

What Kind Of Jobs Need A PhD In Computer Science?

Find your degree

If you want to earn a PhD in Computer Science, you’re targeting top jobs in the field upon graduation. But maybe you want to work the other way and see what jobs require a PhD in Computer Science. For example, a very common path for people who’ve earned their PhD in Computer Science is to go into academia. This can be a very fulfilling career path in which you can form the minds of top computer science professionals for years to come. However, there are many other areas to choose from.

At Online College Plan, we’ve ranked the Top 5 Online Colleges with the Best PhD in Computer Science in one convenient place to make your search for your Computer Science doctorate a little less overwhelming. These schools were ranked by their overall graduation rate, retention rate, residential cost of attendance (COA), and the overall grade given by students at Niche. We pulled data from Niche, as well as individual school websites, the National Center for Education Statistics, and College Data. The programs on this list can be taken partially online, but also mostly require some on-campus tutelage. In these PhD in Computer Science programs you’ll learn advanced concepts and build skills in Network Security, Graphics, Operating Systems, Machine Learning, Algorithms, Quantum Science, Software Engineering and much more.

Maybe you want a more lucrative career path. After all, by the time you’ve earned your PhD in Computer Science you’ve invested a lot of time, money and effort forging yourself into an extremely competent professional. You deserve to be rewarded for all that work, and your idea of a reward might not involve academia. Here are some of the greatest options for your career after you earn your PhD in Computer Science. You could work in research and development, in government laboratories, other government agencies, tech departments at major corporations like Lockheed-Martin, Pfizer, or Ford. You could work for a startup company, a consulting firm or a similar niche within tech business. Finally, you’ll likely be qualified for positions at finance companies, hedge funds, banks, and more.

Another great sector that a PhD in Computer Science can prepare you for is in Information Assurance and Information Systems. As threats to data and information loom larger, become more inventive, and negatively impact more lives, the need for professionals to combat these threats grows proportionately alongside them. In our Top 5 Online Colleges with the Best PhD in Computer Science ranking, Nova Southeastern University offers PhD’s in Information Assurance and Information Systems in addition to their PhD in Computer Science. In these majors you’ll do advanced research and choose from classes in Artificial Intelligence, Network Security and Cryptography, Computer Graphics, Operating Systems, Database Management Systems and more.

The jobs that require a PhD in Computer Science are extremely desirable, and worthy of a disciplined, hard-working Computer Science professional with the degrees to match. Check out Nova Southeastern and four other top choices right now, before the moment passes.

15 Best Online Doctoral Programs/PhD Programs – 2024

April 24, 2024

If you’re looking to attain a terminal degree but want to skip the commute to campus, an online doctoral program might be a great option for you. As our world becomes increasingly digital, many top universities have branched out into online learning, offering online PhD and doctoral programs that are just as rigorous as their in-person counterparts. Online graduate education can offer aspiring doctoral students flexibility, a high-quality education, and the option to continue working while pursuing a degree.

Many of the universities below in our round-up of the best online doctoral programs offer degrees in education—a common track for teachers looking to advance their careers. But universities across the country offer a wide range of degrees in everything from engineering management to library science. Read on for everything you need to know as you consider applying.

The Best Online Doctoral Programs – How Long Does It Take to Get a Doctoral Degree Online?

Online doctoral programs are often designed with full-time professionals in mind, prioritizing flexibility so that you can complete your degree at your own pace. Program lengths will vary, but most will take four to seven years. For students who need to take things slower, many programs offer options to spread degree requirements out over time. When applying, here are a few good questions to ask your admissions officer:

• How long do most graduate students take to complete their degrees?
• Are there flexible options for how many courses you’ll take per term?
• Will you pay tuition per semester or per credit hour? If paying by credit hour, will you able to choose how many classes you take each semester?
• Will you be required to write a dissertation? If so, how long do students usually take to write them?

The Best Online Doctoral Programs – Is an Online PhD Program a Good Fit for Me?

There’s no denying it: online doctoral programs are different than traditional ones. Many traditional PhD programs are designed for future academics, aka for graduate students who intend to apply for jobs as university professors after graduation. Traditional PhD programs are full-time, research-focused, in-person, and often offer graduate students funding in exchange for teaching or research assistant responsibilities. Online doctoral programs do also involve research, but most online graduate students are not full-time students. Rather, many students enrolled in online doctoral programs are working professionals who attend classes in the evenings or asynchronously. With that in mind, an online program can be a fantastic opportunity to further your current career.

An online doctorate program could be a great fit for you if:

• You want to advance your career. A doctorate can lead to further opportunities for promotion and certain fields offer automatic pay increases for people with advanced degrees.
• You love research and want to develop expertise in a topic that fascinates you.
• You learn well in online settings, including asynchronous classes.
• You plan to continue working while you study.

Online doctoral programs typically do not offer their students funding, though there may be scholarships and grants available to you.

The Best Online Doctoral Programs – What to Consider When Choosing an Online Doctorate Program

Since a doctorate can take 4-7 years or more to complete, choosing the right school for you is a huge decision. Our list below dives into many details you’ll need to know like acceptance rate, retention rate, and cost of tuition. It’s important to consider big-picture factors such as:

• Time to complete degree
• Professors and mentors—you’ll want to make sure you can study with faculty who have expertise in your academic interests
• Flexibility—does the program fit with your schedule? Do they require any in-person meetings?
• Graduation rate—ask your admissions officer for the most recent figures

You’ll also want to consider whether you want to pursue a PhD or a doctorate degree. If you’re pursuing a PhD, you can expect to focus more significantly on academic research and you’ll need to complete a dissertation. A doctorate is an equivalent degree that is less focused on academic research and may not require a dissertation. Doctorates can often involve more career development or hands-on practicum experience.

The Best Online Doctoral Programs – Are Online PhDs Respected?

Yes, online doctoral programs are just as rigorous and respected as their in-person counterparts. If you hope to earn a tenure-track faculty position at a university, it’s likely a traditional PhD program will be a better route. However, if you’re seeking a doctorate for career advancement and further learning, an online doctoral program can be a great fit. Many of the most prestigious universities offer online programs, and your diploma will likely not specify whether you completed an online or traditional degree.

The Best Online Doctoral Programs – What Do I Need to Apply?

Application requirements will vary depending on the program you’re applying to. All programs will require your academic transcripts, many require letters of recommendation, and some require GRE scores. On top of that, some programs will require a personal statement or writing portfolio. Contrary to what you might think, Master’s degrees are not always required for admission to online doctoral programs.

The Best Online Doctoral Programs/PhD Programs

1) university of florida.

Located in Gainesville, the University of Florida offers 10 different online doctoral programs . Well known for its graduate programs in education, educators can pursue PhDs in educational leadership, special education, computer science education, among other options. UF also offers online programs in nursing, Latin and Roman studies, microbiology, and a few other fields. Established in 1853, UF is a flagship state university with a strong reputation.

• Graduation Rate: 89%
• Acceptance Rate: 31%
• In State Tuition: $6,380
• Out of State Tuition: $28,658
• Application Requirements: Application portfolio (sample essays or projects), GRE scores, minimum undergraduate GPA of 3.4 or graduate GPA of 3.5, letters of recommendation

2) George Washington University

George Washington University ’s Department of Engineering Management and Systems Engineering leads the way with the university’s most comprehensive online PhD offerings . Through them, students can pursue doctoral degrees in cybersecurity analytics, engineering in artificial intelligence, systems engineering, or engineering management. Educators can also pursue well-respected degrees in education leadership and human and organizational learning.

• Graduation Rate: 85%
• Acceptance Rate: 43%
• Tuition: $31,770
• Application Requirements: GRE scores, personal statement, letters of recommendation, academic records

3) Johns Hopkins University

• A ten-year-old program , Johns Hopkins ’ online PhD in education allows students to specialize in digital age learning, entrepreneurial leadership, urban leadership, and other topics. Note their high graduation rate: Johns Hopkins is a competitive program , but admitted students are well-supported on their path to graduation.
• Graduation Rate: 94%
• Acceptance Rate: 11%
• Tuition: $57,010
• Application Requirements: Master’s degree, minimum GPA of 3.0

Best Online Doctoral Programs/PhD Programs (Continued)

4) texas tech university.

Texas Tech University offers a wide range of online and hybrid PhD programs that provide their students flexibility as they work toward completing their terminal degree. An affordable university in Lubbock, Texas Tech is a great place for future doctors of education, consumer science, technical communication, engineering management, and financial planning.

• Graduation Rate: 63%
• Acceptance Rate: 70%
• In State Tuition: $6,788
• Out of State Tuition: $14,968
• Application Requirements: Academic transcripts, portfolio and personal statement varies by program

5) Iowa State University

Although Iowa State University ’s online doctorate programs require some in-person meetings, ISU may still be a good fit for online students. With more uncommon online doctoral programs in hospitality management and apparel, merchandising, and design, ISU offers flexible routes to completing your dissertation.

• Graduation Rate: 75%
• Acceptance Rate: 88%
• In State Tuition: $9,758
• Out of State Tuition: $24,720
• Application Requirements: Academic records, minimum 3.0 GPA

6) University of Alabama

Online University of Alabama students may miss out on a lively campus culture and football games, but they can still take advantage of UA’s top-notch academics. Well-known for its online education graduate programs, UA also offers programs in social work, communication and information sciences, and engineering.

• Graduation Rate: 72%
• Acceptance Rate: 80%
• In State Tuition: $11,940
• Out of State Tuition: $32,300
• Application Requirements: GRE scores, academic records

7) University of Missouri

One of the most robust in terms of online offerings, the University of Missouri ’s online PhD classes are taught by the same professors who teach Mizzou’s in-person classes. Mizzou offers programs in education and nursing. They also allow students to pursue doctorates in harder-to-find subjects like health sciences, agriculture, architecture, and library science.

• Graduation Rate: 73%
• Acceptance Rate: 82%
• In State Tuition: $9,478
• Out of State Tuition: $25,946
• Application Requirements: Academic record, minimum GPA of 3.0, portfolio and personal statement varies by program

8) University of North Carolina Chapel Hill

One of the oldest public universities in the U.S., University of North Carolina – Chapel Hill is known as a leader in education. UNC Chapel Hill offers just three online PhDs: public health, nursing, and education. Although some online classes require in-person or proctored final exams, doctoral requirements can mostly be completed online.

• Graduation Rate: 91%
• Acceptance Rate: 25%
• In State Tuition: $9,208
• Out of State Tuition:  $36,891
• Application Requirements: GRE scores, academic records, letters of recommendation, personal statement

9) Georgia Southern University

Located in Savannah, Georgia Southern University works hard to create an environment of support and collaboration, even online. One of the more robust programs out there, GSU offers respected online programs in public health, nursing, education, and engineering.

• Graduation Rate: 54%
• Acceptance Rate: 91%
• In State Tuition: $4,986
• Out of State Tuition: $19,890
• Application Requirements: Minimum GPA of 3.0

10) Indiana University

Indiana University allows students to study at their own pace through flexible online doctoral programs. One of the only schools to offer online programs in music therapy and philanthropy leadership, IU also allows students to pursue tracks in health sciences, education, and computing and technology. Most classes are asynchronous and students can take courses through any IU campus.

• Graduation Rate: 41%
• Acceptance Rate: 92%
• In State Tuition: $9732
• Out of State Tuition: $21,160
• Application Requirements: GRE scores, academic record

11) Mississippi State University

A solid option for future doctors of philosophy, Mississippi State University is a research-focused and inclusive university. An especially strong option for those looking to study engineering or computer science, MSU offers 9 different majors within those fields.  MSU also offers tracks in plant science and education leadership.

• Graduation Rate: 64%
• In State Tuition: $9,398
• Out of State Tuition: $25,444
• Application Requirements: Academic record, letters of recommendation, personal statement

12) Appalachian State University

Although Appalachian State University is known for its beautiful setting in Boone, North Carolina, App State still has much to offer online students. This school offers only one part-time PhD program in education leadership , but its affordability compared to other programs makes this school stand out.

• In State Tuition: $4,839
• Out of State Tuition: $18,271
• Application Requirements: Academic record, GRE scores or 3.0 minimum GPA, Master’s degree

13) Purdue University

An online doctoral program that maintains a high standard of excellence, Purdue is a great place for future doctors of technology, educational leadership and policy, and higher education. Purdue graduate students can expect to co-author papers with faculty and gain hands-on experience in research.

• Graduation Rate: 38%
• Acceptance Rate: 30%
• Tuition: $420 per credit

14) Concordia University Chicago

Concordia University ’s online doctoral programs allow students to complete their degree in three to five years. Through their shortened term system, students take 8-week classes and then write their dissertation in their final three semesters. A leader in online doctoral programs, Concordia offers paths in strategic innovation, healthcare management, education leadership, and organizational leadership.

• Tuition: $9,090
• Application Requirements: Academic record, Master’s degree with minimum 3.0 GPA, letters of recommendation, portfolio and personal statement varies by program

15) Clemson University

A public school in South Carolina, Clemson aims to prepare online doctoral students for diverse career paths. Proudly offering programs that are difficult to find elsewhere, Clemson graduate students can study healthcare genetics and parks, recreation, and tourism management. Education professionals can complete degrees in education systems, learning science, and teaching, literacy, language, and culture.

• Graduation Rate: 84%
• Acceptance Rate: 49%
• In State Tuition: $10,600
• Out of State Tuition: $22,050
• Application Requirements: Academic record, letters of recommendation, portfolio and personal statement vary by program

The Best Online Doctoral Programs – Additional Resources

Looking to learn more about graduate school admissions? We’ve got you covered.

Admissions Tips

• What is a Good GRE Score?
• Write a Grad School Statement of Purpose in 12 Simple Steps
• How to Get into Grad School with a Low GPA
• Do You Need a Master’s to get a PhD?

More about Online Learning

• Best Online MSW Programs
• Best Master’s in Public Health Online Programs
• Hybrid and Online DBA Programs 
• Graduate School Admissions

Christina Wood

Christina Wood holds a BA in Literature & Writing from UC San Diego, an MFA in Creative Writing from Washington University in St. Louis, and is currently a Doctoral Candidate in English at the University of Georgia, where she teaches creative writing and first-year composition courses. Christina has published fiction and nonfiction in numerous publications, including The Paris Review , McSweeney’s , Granta , Virginia Quarterly Review , The Sewanee Review , Mississippi Review , and Puerto del Sol , among others. Her story “The Astronaut” won the 2018 Shirley Jackson Award for short fiction and received a “Distinguished Stories” mention in the 2019 Best American Short Stories anthology.

• 2-Year Colleges
• Application Strategies
• Best Colleges by Major
• Best Colleges by State
• Big Picture
• Career & Personality Assessment
• College Essay
• College Search/Knowledge
• College Success
• Costs & Financial Aid
• Dental School Admissions
• Extracurricular Activities
• High School Success
• High Schools
• Law School Admissions
• Medical School Admissions
• Navigating the Admissions Process
• Online Learning
• Private High School Spotlight
• Summer Program Spotlight
• Summer Programs
• Test Prep Provider Spotlight

“Innovative and invaluable…use this book as your college lifeline.”

— Lynn O'Shaughnessy

Nationally Recognized College Expert

College Planning in Your Inbox

Join our information-packed monthly newsletter.

I am a... Student Student Parent Counselor Educator Other First Name Last Name Email Address Zip Code Area of Interest Business Computer Science Engineering Fine/Performing Arts Humanities Mathematics STEM Pre-Med Psychology Social Studies/Sciences Submit

13 Jobs that Help People (And Don’t Need Advanced Degrees)

By Katie Duncan Posted on April 25, 2024

When you think of jobs that help people, roles that require advanced education— like doctors, therapists, and lawyers— may be the first that comes to mind. But these are far from the only jobs that make a meaningful impact on society. In fact, there’s a vast array of professions where you can directly contribute to the well-being of others without needing extensive formal education.

If you are looking to pivot into a new field where you work to make a difference in the lives of others, it doesn’t necessarily mean having to go back to college. There are dozens of career paths out there that don’t require an advanced college degree— or a degree at all!

13 jobs where you can make a difference without an advanced degree

From social service assistants to dental hygienists to grant writers, the opportunities are diverse and rewarding. Let’s explore some of these paths and discover how you can embark on a fulfilling career while positively impacting the lives of those around you.

1. Certified nursing assistant

A Certified Nursing Assistant (CNA) plays a vital role in the healthcare system by providing basic care to patients under the supervision of nursing staff. CNAs assist with daily activities such as bathing, dressing, and feeding patients, and monitoring vital signs like temperature and blood pressure. 

They also ensure that patients’ environments are safe and clean, and they often provide important emotional support and companionship. Their work is crucial in maintaining the dignity and comfort of patients in hospitals, nursing homes, and long-term care facilities.

Level of education typically required: Nursing assistants often need to complete a state-approved education program that includes supervised clinical work and instruction on the principles of nursing. These programs can be found in community colleges, vocational and technical schools, hospitals, and nursing homes.

2. Dental hygienist 

A Dental hygienist plays a crucial role in dental health, working alongside dentists to provide oral care to patients. Responsibilities include cleaning teeth, examining patients for signs of oral diseases, and providing other preventive dental care. They also educate patients on ways to improve and maintain good oral health.

Level of education typically required: Typical entry-level education for a dental hygienist is an associate degree in dental hygiene. Programs are typically available at community colleges or technical schools.

3. Early childcare worker

Early childcare workers play a fundamental role in the developmental stages of children. They nurture and care for children in at-home or daycare settings when parents and other family members are unavailable. Responsibilities include feeding, bathing, and overseeing play. They also engage in educational activities to stimulate physical, emotional, and intellectual growth.

Level of education typically required : High school diploma or equivalent are required , though some plays may also require certification in early childhood education. Additional certifications, such as first-aid and CPR may also be needed.

4. Social and community service managers

Social and community service managers play a pivotal role in overseeing programs and organizations that support public well-being. They manage staff who provide social services to the public and coordinate the activities of a community organization or agency. 

Their responsibilities include developing and implementing programs that address issues such as homelessness, substance abuse, poverty, and more.

These managers work closely with community members to assess the effectiveness of programs and to determine what services are needed to improve quality of life for those they serve. They also help with fundraising, budgeting, and policy development to ensure the sustainability and success of their programs.

Level of education typically required : A bachelor’s degree is typically required for social and community service managers , but in some cases relevant experience may take the place of education requirements.

5. Firefighter

Firefighters are integral parts of every community and keep the public safe by extinguishing fires and responding to emergencies where life, property, or the environment are at risk. In addition to this, they also engage in public education on fire safety and conduct fire prevention inspections.

Level of education typically required: Becoming a firefighter requires a high school diploma (or equivalent) and completion of a postsecondary firefighting education program. Emergency medical technician (EMT) certification is also frequently required.

6. Paramedic

Paramedics provide advanced levels of care during medical emergencies. Their duties include responding to emergency calls, performing medical services, and transporting patients to medical facilities. They are trained in a variety of skills including advanced cardiac life support, resuscitation, and other life-saving techniques.

Level of education typically required: Levels of licensure vary for EMTs and paramedics. Some roles may require certification courses through local community colleges or accredited programs while others may require completion of longer two- and four-year degree programs.

7. Legal assistant or paralegal

Legal assistants and paralegals support lawyers by maintaining and organizing files, conducting legal research, and drafting documents. Their work is pivotal in preparing for trials, hearings, and meetings.

Level of education typically required: Requirements vary. Typical entry-level education for paralegals is an associate degree or certificate in paralegal studies.

8. Library assistants and technicians 

Library technicians support librarians in the operation of libraries through tasks such as assisting patrons, coordinating library programs, organizing library materials, and managing database systems. They are pivotal in ensuring that information is accessible to the public.

Level of education typically required: Library assistants typically must have a high school diploma (or equivalent) and technicians often need a postsecondary certificate in library technologies.

9. Park ranger

Park rangers protect and supervise national parks, forests, and historical sites. They educate the public on natural and historical preservation, enforce park rules, and participate in conservation efforts. They may also conduct tours and presentations to the public.

Level of education typically required : Varies depending on role. Some positions, like forest and conservation workers , may only require a high school diploma or equivalent. Others, like positions related to conservation sciences , may require a bachelor’s degree in a field related to natural sciences or park management.

10. Grant writer

Grant writers research, draft, and submit proposals that help organizations receive funding from governments, foundations, and other donors. They must understand the financial needs of their organization and communicate those needs effectively in grant proposals.

Level of education typically required : Generally requires a bachelor’s degree in English, communications, or a related field. In some cases, other writing and communications experience may be substituted for college experience .

11. Crisis hotline operator

Crisis line operators provide support and crisis intervention over the phone to individuals facing immediate psychological distress. They listen, provide emotional support, and offer resources and guidance to those in need.

Level of education typically required : Generally requires training in crisis intervention, which may be obtained through a certificate program; some positions require a degree in psychology or social work.

12. Customer service representative

Customer service representatives address customer complaints, process orders, and provide information about an organization’s products and services. They play a key role in the success of a business by enhancing customer satisfaction and loyalty.

Level of education typically required : Customer service representative positions commonly only require a high school diploma (or equivalent). Further training is often provided on the job.

13. Massage therapist

Massage therapists treat clients by massaging muscles and soft tissues to relieve pain, heal injuries, improve circulation, reduce stress, and promote relaxation. They work in various settings, including spas, health clubs, private practices, and healthcare facilities. Therapists consult with clients to understand their needs and decide on the most effective massage techniques.

Level of education typically required : Massage therapists must complete a postsecondary education program, which generally includes 500 to 1,000 hours of training. Continuing education may be necessary to maintain licensure.

Find fulfillment with jobs that help people

The realm of jobs that help people extends far beyond professions that demand advanced degrees. Whether you’re passionate about community service, compassionate caregiving, or aiding the mission of nonprofit organizations, there’s a fulfilling career path waiting for you.

See 10 highest-paying jobs you can get in Syracuse with a graduate degree

• Updated: Apr. 23, 2024, 8:32 a.m. |
• Published: Apr. 23, 2024, 8:30 a.m.

Stock photo (IronHeart | Getty Images) IronHeart | Getty Images

• Kevin Tampone | [email protected]

Syracuse, N.Y. — The top 10 highest-paying jobs you can get in the Syracuse metro area with a graduate degree all pay a median annual wage of at least $195,000, according to a recent list from Stacker.

Stacker compiled the list using data from the federal Bureau of Labor Statistics. The jobs are ranked by median annual pay as of May 2022.

If you purchase a product or register for an account through a link on our site, we may receive compensation. By using this site, you consent to our User Agreement and agree that your clicks, interactions, and personal information may be collected, recorded, and/or stored by us and social media and other third-party partners in accordance with our Privacy Policy.

Numbers, Facts and Trends Shaping Your World

Read our research on:

Full Topic List

Regions & Countries

• Publications
• Our Methods
• Short Reads
• Tools & Resources

Read Our Research On:

10 facts about today’s college graduates

Having a bachelor’s degree remains an important advantage in many sectors of the U.S. labor market. College graduates generally out-earn those who have not attended college, and they are more likely to be employed in the first place. At the same time, many Americans say they cannot afford to get a four-year degree – or that they just don’t want to.

Here are key facts about American college graduates.

This Pew Research Center analysis about U.S. college graduates relies on data from sources including the Census Bureau, the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the National Center for Education Statistics, the National Student Clearinghouse and the Federal Reserve Bank, as well as surveys conducted by the Center.

Everyone who took the Pew Research Center surveys cited is a member of the Center’s American Trends Panel (ATP), an online survey panel that is recruited through national, random sampling of residential addresses. This way nearly all U.S. adults have a chance of selection. The survey is weighted to be representative of the U.S. adult population by gender, race, ethnicity, partisan affiliation, education and other categories. Read more about  the ATP’s methodology .

Nearly four-in-ten Americans ages 25 and older have a bachelor’s degree, a share that has grown over the last decade. As of 2021, 37.9% of adults in this age group held a bachelor’s degree, including 14.3% who also obtained a graduate or professional degree, according to data from the Census Bureau’s Current Population Survey. That share is up 7.5 percentage points from 30.4% in 2011.

An additional 10.5% had an associate degree in 2021. About four-in-ten Americans ages 25 and older had a high school diploma with no further education (25.3%) or completed some college but didn’t have a degree (14.9%).

In a reversal, women are now more likely than men to graduate from college, according to the Current Population Survey . In 2021, 39% of women ages 25 and older had a bachelor’s degree or more education, compared with 37% of men in the same age range. The gap in college completion is even wider among adults ages 25 to 34: 46% of women in this age group have at least a bachelor’s degree, compared with 36% of men.

In an October 2021 Pew Research Center survey of Americans without a degree, 34% of men said a major reason why they have not received a four-year college degree is that they just didn’t want to. Only one-in-four women said the same. Men were also more likely to say a major reason they didn’t have a four-year degree is that they didn’t need more education for the job or career they wanted (26% of men said this vs. 20% of women).

Women (44%) were more likely than men (39%) to say not being able to afford college was a major reason they don’t have a bachelor’s degree. Men and women were about equally likely to say a major impediment was needing to work to help support their family.

There are racial and ethnic differences in college graduation patterns, as well as in the reasons for not completing a degree. Among adults ages 25 and older, 61% of Asian Americans have a bachelor’s degree or more education, along with 42% of White adults, 28% of Black adults and 21% of Hispanic adults, according to 2021 Current Population Survey data. The share of bachelor’s degree holders in each group has increased since 2010. That year, 52% of Asian Americans had a four-year degree or more, compared with a third of White adults, 20% of Black adults and 14% of Hispanic adults.

The October 2021 Center survey found that among adults without a bachelor’s degree, Hispanic adults (52%) were more likely than those who are White (39%) or Black (41%) to say a major reason they didn’t graduate from a four-year college is that they couldn’t afford it. Hispanic and Black adults were more likely than their White counterparts to say needing to work to support their family was a major reason.

While a third of White adults said not wanting to go to school was a major reason they didn’t complete a four-year degree, smaller shares of Black (22%) and Hispanic (23%) adults said the same. White adults were also more likely to cite not needing more education for the job or career they wanted. (There weren’t enough Asian adults without a bachelor’s degree in the sample to analyze separately.)

Only 62% of students who start a degree or certificate program finish their program within six years, according to the most recent data from the  National Student Clearinghouse , a nonprofit verification and research organization that tracked first-time college students who enrolled in fall 2015 with the intent of pursuing a degree or certificate. The degree completion rate for this group was highest among students who started at four-year, private, nonprofit schools (78.3%), and lowest among those who started at two-year public institutions (42.2%).

Business is the most commonly held bachelor’s degree, followed by health professions.  According to the  National Center for Education Statistics , about a fifth (19%) of the roughly 2 million bachelor’s degrees conferred in 2019-20 were in business. Health professions and related programs were the second most-popular field, making up 12.6% of degrees conferred that year. Business has been the single most common major since 1980-81; before that, education led the way.

The  least  common bachelor’s degrees in 2019-20 were in military technologies and applied sciences (1,156 degrees conferred in 2019-20), library science (118), and precision production (39).

There is a growing earnings gap between young college graduates and their counterparts without degrees. In 2021, full-time workers ages 22 to 27 who held a bachelor’s degree, but no further education, made a median annual wage of $52,000, compared with $30,000 for full-time workers of the same age with a high school diploma and no degree, according to data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. This gap has widened over time. Young bachelor’s degree holders earned a median annual wage of $48,481 in 1990, compared with $35,257 for full-time workers ages 22 to 27 with a high school diploma.

The unemployment rate is lower for college graduates than for workers without a bachelor’s degree, and that gap widened as a result of the coronavirus pandemic. In February 2020, just before the COVID-19 outbreak began in the U.S., only 1.9% of college graduates ages 25 and older were unemployed, compared with 3.1% of workers who completed some college but not a four-year degree, and 3.7% of workers with only a high school diploma. By June 2020, after the pandemic hit, 6.8% of college grads, 10.8% of workers with some college, and 12.2% of high school grads were unemployed.

By March 2022, the unemployment rate had nearly returned to pre-pandemic levels for college graduates (2%) while dropping to 3% among those with some college education but no four-year degree, and 4% among those with only a high school diploma.

Recent college graduates are more likely than graduates overall to be underemployed – that is, working in jobs that typically do not require a college degree, according to an analysis of Census Bureau and BLS data by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York . As of December 2021, 41% of college graduates ages 22 to 27 were underemployed, compared with 34% among all college graduates. The underemployment rates for recent college grads rose in 2020 as the COVID-19 outbreak strained the job market, but have since returned to pre-pandemic levels.

As of the end of 2021, only 34% of underemployed graduates ages 22 to 27 worked what the Fed defines as “good non-college jobs” – those paying at least $45,000 a year – down from around half in the 1990s. The share of underemployed graduates ages 22 to 27 in low-wage jobs – those earning less than $25,000 annually – rose from about 9% in 1990 to 11% last year.

When it comes to income and wealth accumulation, first-generation college graduates lag substantially behind those with college-educated parents, according to a May 2021 Pew Research Center analysis . Households headed by a first-generation college graduate – that is, someone who has completed at least a bachelor’s degree but does not have a parent with a college degree – had a median annual income of $99,600 in 2019, compared with $135,800 for households headed by those with at least one parent who graduated from college. The median wealth of households headed by first-generation college graduates ($152,000) also trailed that of households headed by someone with a parent who graduated from college ($244,500). The higher household income of the latter facilitates saving and wealth accumulation.

The gap also reflects differences in how individuals finance their education. Second-generation college graduates tend to come from  more affluent families , while first-generation college graduates are more likely to incur education debt than those with a college-educated parent.

Most Americans with college degrees see value in their experience. In the Center’s October 2021 survey , majorities of graduates said their college education was extremely or very useful when it came to helping them grow personally and intellectually (79%), opening doors to job opportunities (70%) and developing specific skills and knowledge that could be used in the workplace (65%).

Younger college graduates were less likely than older ones to see value in their college education. For example, only a third of college graduates younger than 50 said their college experience was extremely useful in helping them develop skills and knowledge that could be used in the workplace. Among college graduates ages 50 and older, 45% said this.

• Higher Education

Katherine Schaeffer is a research analyst at Pew Research Center

Most Americans think U.S. K-12 STEM education isn’t above average, but test results paint a mixed picture

About 1 in 4 u.s. teachers say their school went into a gun-related lockdown in the last school year, about half of americans say public k-12 education is going in the wrong direction, what public k-12 teachers want americans to know about teaching, what’s it like to be a teacher in america today, most popular.

1615 L St. NW, Suite 800 Washington, DC 20036 USA (+1) 202-419-4300 | Main (+1) 202-857-8562 | Fax (+1) 202-419-4372 |  Media Inquiries

Research Topics

• Age & Generations
• Coronavirus (COVID-19)
• Economy & Work
• Family & Relationships
• Gender & LGBTQ
• Immigration & Migration
• International Affairs
• Internet & Technology
• Methodological Research
• News Habits & Media
• Non-U.S. Governments
• Other Topics
• Politics & Policy
• Race & Ethnicity
• Email Newsletters

ABOUT PEW RESEARCH CENTER  Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. It is a subsidiary of  The Pew Charitable Trusts .

Copyright 2024 Pew Research Center

Terms & Conditions

Privacy Policy

Cookie Settings

Reprints, Permissions & Use Policy

Master in Public Administration

Prepare for greater responsibility across sectors with this flexible two-year program

Key Program Information

Program Length: Two years (varies for students pursuing concurrent degrees)

Degree Awarded: Master in Public Administration

Admission Application Deadline: December 2024

Financial Aid Application Deadline: January 2025

Contact the MPA Program

79 John F. Kennedy Street Littauer Building, Room 126 Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138

Elevate your impact as a public leader

The Master in Public Administration Program is for aspiring leaders with real-world experience and graduate-level coursework in economics, public policy, or management.

The Master in Public Administration (MPA) curriculum is flexible. You create a study plan that reflects your academic interests, focuses on your personal and professional aspirations, and integrates across disciplines.

You may also decide to pursue a concurrent degree in business, law, medicine, or other professional fields. You’ll earn two degrees in less time and acquire even more skills you can use to make a difference in the world.

“HKS provided opportunities for me to expand the narrative of what diversity looks like in foreign policy and foreign service.” —Korde Innis MPA 2023

About the MPA Program

The MPA curriculum is flexible. You’ll create your own 64-credit study plan that reflects your academic interests and professional aspirations.

As an MPA student, you’ll take eight credits in a Policy Area of Concentration as well as four credits in each of these key areas:

• Economics and Quantitative Analysis
• Management, Leadership, and Decision Sciences
• Public Ethics and Political Institutions

You’ll select your remaining credits to support your unique intellectual and professional objectives. You can take classes across academic disciplines at HKS and cross-register into courses at other Harvard graduate schools as well as at MIT Sloan School of Management and The Fletcher School at Tufts University. 

Sample Courses

• MLD-223: Negotiating Across Differences
• API-135: Economics of Climate Change and Environmental Policy
• DPI-640: Technology and the Public Interest: From Democracy to Technocracy and Back

Concurrent Degrees

You might consider  pursuing a second degree concurrently  if you’re interested in how the world’s public challenges can be addressed at the intersection of business, law, medicine, design, or other fields.

Pursuing a concurrent degree reduces coursework and residency requirements and makes it possible to earn two degrees in a shorter amount of time.

Concurrent degree students complete 48 credits at HKS, including four credits in each of the key areas:

Concurrent degree students are not required to fulfill the Policy Area of Concentration requirement.

Degree Requirements

The MPA Program consists of four semesters of full-time coursework in residence at HKS.

To graduate, you must:

• Earn at least 64 credits
• Finish with a GPA of B or better
• Earn a B- or higher in all courses counting towards the distribution requirements
• Matriculate as a full-time, in-residence student and take between 12-20 credits per semester
• Fulfill a Policy Area of Concentration requirement by taking eight credits in one of the policy areas at HKS
• Economics and Quantitative Analysis

HKS  faculty members  are among the most influential leaders and thinkers in their fields. They have contributed vital research and scholarship to their fields. Served in U.S. administrations. Founded learning labs to assist local communities. Led negotiations to reduce nuclear stockpiles. Reported on human rights abuses. Led efforts to address climate change. Advised governments and companies on gender equality.

They are doers as well as thinkers, shaping public policy and devising entrepreneurial approaches to public problems at the local, national, and international levels.  

MPA Faculty Chair

Kessely Hong

Mpa at a glance.

*Statistics are based on a five-year average.

Employment Snapshot:  MPA Class of 2023 Employment Sectors

* The number of private sector jobs secured by MPA graduates is, in large part, a reflection of the program’s many concurrent degree graduates.

Featured MPA stories

Elevating the stories of diverse, unsung women.

Jamie Mittleman MPA 2022 launched her COVID-adapted dream job: a platform for women Olympians and Paralympians.

A long military heritage shapes a desire for peace

Clark Yuan MPA 2022 wants unique perspectives to have a seat at the table when critical decisions are being made.

From Santiago to Cambridge to Paris

For Ingrid Olea MPA 2020, a journey that started with a career change has led to remarkable achievements in education policymaking.

Applying to the MPA Program

Prerequisites.

There are specific academic and professional prerequisites required to apply to the MPA Program. You must have:

• A bachelor’s degree with a strong academic record 
• Three years of professional work experience by September 1 of the year you would enroll in the program
• Master of Business Administration
• Master of International Business
• Master of International Development
• Master of International Economics
• Master of Science in Engineering

How to Apply

A complete application to the MPA Program includes the following: 

• Online application
• Three letters of recommendation
• GRE or GMAT required
• Non-native English speakers who did not earn an undergraduate degree conducted in English must submit results of the TOEFL, IELTS, or Cambridge English exam
• Academic transcripts
• $100 application fee or waiver

Read more about how to apply . 

The application for the 2025-2026 academic year will be available in September 2024. There is one admission application deadline and one start date for each degree program per year. You may apply to only one master's degree program per admissions cycle. 

Tuition & Fees

The cost of attendance for the 2024-2025 academic year is outlined in  Funding Your Master ’ s Education  to help you plan financially for our master’s degree programs. Living expense costs are based on residence in Cambridge. The 2025-2026 academic year rates will be published in March 2025. HKS tuition and fees are subject to change without notice. 

At HKS, we consider financing your education to be a partnership and are here to help guide you. We encourage you to explore all opportunities for funding .

Learn more about the HKS community

Student life, student stories, admissions & financial aid blog.

What Degree Do You Need for a Career in Cyber Security?

Author: University of North Dakota April 23, 2024

As we acknowledge the dynamic nature of the digital landscape, it's crucial to recognize the demand for cyber security professionals, reflecting the evolving need to safeguard digital assets and infrastructure.

Request Information

Despite the industry's rapid growth, the gap in the cyber security workforce continues to widen. Recent data from the International Information System Security Certification Consortium reveals a staggering 26.2% year-over-year increase in the workforce gap, underscoring the urgent need for more skilled professionals in this field. 

With nearly 70% of cyber security workers expressing concerns about their organization's insufficient staff, there has never been a better time to consider a career in cyber security. As individuals contemplate this career path, one pressing question often arises: What degree do you need for cyber security? Read on as we explore the educational pathways available for aspiring cyber security experts, providing insights into the qualifications required to thrive in this industry.

What is Cyber Security?

Cyber security is a discipline within information technology (IT) that safeguards computer systems, networks, software, and data from unauthorized access, breaches, and malicious activities. Given the extent to which technology pervades every aspect of our lives, cyber security plays a significant role in ensuring the confidentiality and integrity of digital information. 

This field encompasses many specialized areas, including network security, application security, cloud security, and incident response. Cyber security professionals identify vulnerabilities, implement robust security measures, and swiftly respond to cyber threats to mitigate potential risks and protect individuals, organizations, and systems from the detrimental impacts of cyber attacks. 

Educational Pathways to Cyber Security

From foundational education and cyber security degree requirements to specialized training, let's explore the pathways available for those seeking a career in cyber security.

Bachelor’s Degree: Your First Step

Typically, cyber security professionals begin their careers by pursuing a bachelor's degree in Cyber Security or a related field, such as Computer Science or Information Technology.

Bachelor's degree programs in Cyber Security are designed to offer a holistic education covering essential concepts such as cyber defense, risk management, cryptography, and network security. Students explore topics like threat detection, incident response, and ethical hacking, gaining practical skills for identifying vulnerabilities and implementing effective security measures. Furthermore, these programs often incorporate hands-on training and real-world projects, allowing students to apply theoretical knowledge in simulated environments.

At the University of North Dakota (UND), students can pursue an exceptional Cyber Security bachelor's degree program available both on campus and online. This program equips students with cyber-physical security skills and offers opportunities for participation in cybersecurity research.

Master’s Degree: Advancing Your Expertise

For individuals aiming to elevate their proficiency and career opportunities in cyber security, enrolling in a master's degree program becomes a key step forward. These advanced programs explore specialized areas within cyber security, equipping students with in-depth knowledge and specialized skills required for addressing complex challenges in the field. 

Such master's degree programs may cover advanced threat detection techniques, forensic analysis methodologies, and strategies for designing resilient cyber security architectures. Students often engage in applied research projects and practical exercises that allow them to explore emerging trends and technologies in cyber security.

UND offers an online Cyber Security master's program , which allows students to pursue advanced education while balancing other commitments. Despite being online, the program maintains the same level of rigor and depth as traditional on-campus options, ensuring that students receive a comprehensive education in cyber security.

Cyber Security Certifications: Enhancing Your Qualifications

After completing formal education in cyber security, the next step is to obtain certifications. These help enhance qualifications and credibility in cyber security and often serve as prerequisites for certain roles or employers. 

One notable certification is the Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP) , recognized globally as the gold standard for cyber security professionals. The CISSP is tailored for individuals experienced in designing, implementing, and managing security programs. This certification benefits seasoned security practitioners, managers, and executives and positions them for roles like Chief Information Security Officer (CISO) or IT Director/Manager.

Another valuable certification is the Certified Information Security Manager (CISM) , which focuses on governance, risk management, and compliance. Obtaining this certification can lead to substantial career benefits , with about 70% of certified professionals reporting job improvements and 42% experiencing salary increases.

Additionally, the Certified Information Systems Auditor (CISA) certification program is highly beneficial for professionals tasked with auditing, controlling, and assessing an organization's information technology and business systems. It also offers considerable benefits , with around 70% of those certified reporting enhancements in their job performance and 22% experiencing salary increases.

Combining Education with Experience

Gaining experience alongside formal education and certifications is crucial for cyber security professionals to develop practical skills, deepen their understanding of industry practices, and enhance their employability. One effective way to gain experience is through internships or co-op programs offered by organizations. These programs allow students to apply their knowledge in real-world settings, collaborate with seasoned professionals, and tackle cyber security challenges firsthand. 

Participating in cyber security competitions, hackathons, or Capture The Flag (CTF) events can also provide valuable hands-on experience. In a competitive environment, individuals can further develop their technical skills, problem-solving abilities, and teamwork capabilities and demonstrate initiative and passion for the field.

How Long Does it Take to Start a Career in Cyber Security?

Understanding the time commitment required to meet cyber security education requirements and additional training is crucial for aspiring professionals planning their career paths. Below, we'll examine the expected time frames for completing undergraduate and graduate programs, acquiring certifications, and gaining practical experience in cyber security.

Bachelor’s Degree

The time needed to complete a Bachelor's degree program in cyber security varies depending on factors such as the program format, the individual's prior education or work experience, and any transfer credits. Typically, a full-time program takes around four years to complete, whereas part-time options may take longer as students balance their studies with other commitments.

Master’s Degree

Completing a master's degree program in Cyber Security typically takes 1.5 to 2 years for full-time students, although this timeframe can also vary. For example, online programs generally take longer to complete due to self-paced learning or part-time study options. On the other hand, accelerated degree programs offer an expedited route to obtaining both a bachelor's and master's degree in approximately five years.

At UND, for instance, the accelerated B.S./M.S. in Computer Science focusing on cyber security seamlessly integrates both degrees, enabling students to complete their education in significantly less time than pursuing them separately.

Certifications

The time required to obtain cyber security certifications depends on factors such as the complexity of the certification and the number of certifications pursued. Some certifications may require several months of preparation and study, while others may take less time. Additionally, individuals may choose to pursue multiple certifications over time to enhance their qualifications and expertise.

Practical Experience

Gaining practical experience in cyber security is an ongoing process that is best integrated throughout the years of formal education and training. While there is no specific time frame for gaining practical experience, individuals can begin pursuing roles in cyber security with a few years of experience, depending on their skill level, expertise, and the job's specific requirements. Continuous learning, hands-on projects, internships, and participation in cyber security competitions can all contribute to building practical experience over time.

Cyber Security Salary and Job Outlook

Computer and IT professions, including cyber security, boast a promising job outlook and lucrative salaries, making them highly desirable career paths for individuals seeking stability and financial security. 

According to data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) , computer and information technology occupations anticipate approximately 377,500 new openings annually, highlighting the demand for skilled professionals in this field. Moreover, the median annual wage for these professions is estimated to be $100,530, reflecting the financially rewarding side of this career path.

The Bottom Line

The increasing demand for cyber security professionals highlights the significance and timeliness of venturing into this field. Given the continuous expansion of the digital sphere and the need to protect confidential data, cyber security presents numerous avenues for professional development and progression.

Whether you're just starting out or looking to enhance your expertise, our programs can guide you toward success. From bachelor's to master's degrees, Cyber Security minor , and accelerated options, we equip students with the knowledge, skills, and practical experience needed to thrive in this field. So, join us, and don't miss out on the chance to make a significant impact in this rapidly evolving industry!

Are certifications necessary for a career in cyber security? ( Open this section)

Certifications are highly beneficial for demonstrating expertise and enhancing credibility in cyber security, but they are not always mandatory.

What are the typical responsibilities of a cyber security professional? ( Open this section)

Cyber security professionals are responsible for protecting computer systems, networks, and data from cyber threats. Their duties may include conducting security assessments, implementing security measures, monitoring for security breaches, and responding to incidents.

What are the key skills needed to succeed in a cyber security career? ( Open this section)

Key skills for success in cyber security include technical proficiency in areas such as network security, cryptography, and ethical hacking, as well as analytical thinking, problem-solving abilities, attention to detail, and communication skills.

What are the benefits of pursuing a doctorate degree in cyber security? ( Open this section)

Pursuing a doctorate in Cyber Security can lead to advanced career opportunities in research, academia, or leadership roles in industry.

What are the potential risks and drawbacks of a career in cyber security? ( Open this section)

Potential risks and drawbacks of a career in cyber security include high-stress levels due to the constant need to combat evolving cyber threats, long working hours during security incidents or emergencies, and the ethical implications of certain defensive or offensive cyber operations.

Can I transition into a career in cyber security from a different field? ( Open this section)

Yes, it is possible to transition into a career in cyber security from a different field, especially with relevant education, certifications, and transferable skills. Many professionals opt for specialized training programs or bootcamps to facilitate this transition.

By clicking any link on this page you are giving your consent for us to set cookies, Privacy Information .

More From Forbes

20 u.s. states and cities to get hired without a degree in 2024.

• Share to Facebook
• Share to Twitter
• Share to Linkedin

Non-degree holders have higher chances of securing a role when they pair their dedication, research, ... [+] and transferable skills with an optimal location

Twenty or more years ago, securing a high-paying or well-paid job without a degree would be viewed as a matter of scorn.

Fast-track to today, and employers all around the world—from big-name companies to smaller businesses, are embracing a trend known as skills-first or skills-based hiring.

Some of these employers who are foremost in abandoning degree requirements from all or part of their job postings include Google, Steelcase, IBM, Revolut, LinkedIn, Boeing, and Walmart. And what's more, recruiters on LinkedIn are five times more likely to search and headhunt for potential candidates by skills than by schools, according to a recent LinkedIn study .

But other than your choice of employer, there is another essential factor for you to bear in mind if you want to land a job without a degree: location.

A recent CashNet USA study revealed the most and least competitive locations for finding a job with no degree in the U.S. The analysis concentrated on data from the U.S. Census Bureau, alongside job listings on Indeed, and used this information to determine the ratio of locals with a high school education to available entry-level job positions.

Based on this methodology, the higher the number of non-degree holders to entry-level jobs, the more competitive the market, and therefore the harder it is to secure an entry-level role in these locations.

Their findings concluded that these cities and states in North America are the best or most likely locations for getting hired for your first entry-level role without a degree:

‘Challengers’ Reviews: Does Zendaya Tennis Movie Score With Critics?

‘baby reindeer’ star says real martha searches need to stop, patriots select north carolina quarterback drake maye with no 3 pick in nfl draft, top 10 cities to get hired without a degree, according to study.

• Fort Myers, FL
• Mount Pleasant, SC
• Harrisburg, PA
• Annapolis, MD
• Scottsdale, AZ
• Charleston, SC
• Portland, ME
• Orlando, FL
• Montpelier, VT

Top 10 States To Get Hired Without A Degree, According To Study

• West Virginia
• South Carolina
• North Dakota
• New Hampshire

But what details lie beneath the surface?

It would be ridiculous to assume that merely moving state, and deciding on a target employer, are the only prerequisites for getting hired without a degree. To start off you career without college education, requires you to put more skin in the game—more upfront investment of time, dedication to personal and professional development, and being willing and confident enough to sell yourself.

How To Get A Job Without A Degree

In addition to moving to an optimal location and selecting a skills-first employer, here are a few other important steps you should take:

1. Focus On What You Do Have

Instead of concentrating on the negatives, i.e., you lack degree qualifications or did not attend an Ivy League school, focus on the value you do have, which you can bring to the table. Highlight your existing transferable skills and experiences, make use of your spare time to learn a new skill or undertake a course, and speak to the professional certifications you've already obtained.

2. Network With The Right People

Build relationships and establish connections with industry professionals, recruiters, hiring managers (these are key decision-makers in leadership positions), and other management professionals within your target industry and target employer. They may be able to recommend you to opportunities, or have some already lined up just waiting for you to seize.

3. Get Professional Training

Invest in continuous professional development, relevant to the role you wish you pursue. Attend bootcamps, workshops, training events, online courses and certificates, etc. There is a vast variety of free and low-cost online training available, suited to almost any career goal you can think of, if you undertake thorough research.

In recent years, employers are recognizing that talent exists beyond paper

In a nutshell, to get hired without a degree, you need to network extensively to connect with your dream employers (ideally the skills-first companies), continue to build your skills, value and highlight them effectively, and of course, check that your location is suitable to your career goals.

• Editorial Standards
• Reprints & Permissions