value judgment critical thinking and call to action

Part 1. Values and Value Judgments

1. values distinguished from preferences, 2. types of value and value judgments, 3. ethical relativism, 4. good-bad, right-wrong, and what one ought to do, 5. consequences, harms, and benefits.

Grade 9 English Module: Listen to Create Value Judgment on Critical Issues that Demand Sound Analysis and Call for Prompt Actions

This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

Following the track of your journey, you are to be guided by these objectives:

1. listen to create/give value judgment on critical issues that demand analysis and call for prompt actions;

2. judge the validity of the evidence listened to;

3. evaluate a listening text based on validity and relevance;

4. explore opportunities for obtaining comprehensive information and varying perspective by listening to global and local issues.

Grade 9 English Quarter 4 Self-Learning Module: Listen to Create Value Judgment on Critical Issues that Demand Sound Analysis and Call for Prompt Actions

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How to Build Your Judgment and Critical Thinking

Blessed are the critical thinkers: for they help us understand and find truth..

Posted April 28, 2022 | Reviewed by Lybi Ma

• Each person has the strength of judgment they can tap into.
• A critical thinking blessing is one practical strategy you can use for building this strength.
• Observing the processes of good critical thinkers can help you enhance this strength.

Us vs. them. In-group vs. out-group. Good guys vs. bad guys. Polarization is at an all-time high. What might be an antidote?

One step in the right direction is to increase our character strength of judgment , also called critical thinking . This strength is about the pursuit of truth. It reminds us that truth is not found in impressions, stereotypes, quick glances, and preconceived notions. It is found with a persevering and always-evolving process of reflection, introspection, analysis, and open-mindedness to other views. It is found not by flipping on a political news program but by flipping on your thinking in new ways. It is found not by surfing through social media headlines but by looking for exceptions to your existing views.

How can we build this character strength? One strategy is to observe, study, and learn from those who express the strength well. What does an exemplar of critical thinking say about this strength? How do they act? Let’s find out.

Davis, an accomplished musician and decorated police chief, was a master critical thinker. He has been known throughout his community for his logic and good judgment. He has loved looking at every detail of a situation, especially his beliefs about things. He has been analytical about anything potentially controversial such as spirituality , politics , family life, and personal problems. He doesn't take his beliefs about things for granted. Rather, he goes deeper. He has sought out universal truths (and never took those for granted either).

When interviewed about his critical thinking, Davis offered several insights and practical strategies for appreciating and building this strength.

You are known as a great critical thinker. How do you use this strength of character?

When I am faced with a dilemma or controversy, I ask myself several questions:

• How is my belief or what I’m thinking about now not true ?
• What are the exceptions to my belief?
• What would someone from a different culture or lived experience say about my ideas?
• What am I missing, forgetting, or not including?
• If I wouldn’t stake my life on my conclusion or my belief, what part of it makes me most hesitant?
• If I was to become just a little bit more accurate or get a bit more detail on the situation, what would it be?

Wow, you really have a solid approach of “drilling down” to get to the core of that which is most essential.

I think of it like I am peeling layers of veneer in my mind. I try to peel away my first impression and I peel away my biases such as the automatic tendency to look for support for my beliefs. I peel away the layer of expectations I have of society. I peel away my automatic reactions to please or to impress others. I just keep going in the pursuit of a greater truth. Then, I remind myself that that greater truth I find is not perfect and absolute and finished, but it is better than what I started with.

Judgment or critical thinking is the ultimate “mind strength.” Doesn’t that mean you get lost in your head and miss the heart?

I see the mind and heart as one. They are completely interconnected. Each offers a different lens or starting point. A good critical thinker sees and experiences both of these lenses and others. My typical approach is to start with the analyses I mentioned to get past the multitude of biases I am subject to. I know that when I get closer to a truth I am touching my heart. I can feel it in my chest. Some people do this process in reverse and start with the heart. Each person makes their own decision on what’s best for them.

Spoken like a true critical thinker. Who takes the reverse process? Can you offer an example?

Actually, I do. As a critical thinker, I don’t want to get locked into one approach. It behooves me to be open to different analyses and ways of interacting. For example, when a person is very locked into a particular way of thinking that I perceive to be unhealthy or have negative consequences, my first step is to “appeal to their heart.” I empathize with them; I show them understanding, even though I may not agree with them. I can always offer that gift of understanding. I might also share with them how their views do not seem to align with their values. From there, my critical thinking helps me provide details and logical reasons for the misalignment I perceive. Still, I maintain an open-mindedness to be wrong, to be challenged, to be corrected.

What you are describing seems to have implications that go far beyond you and the people you interact with. How would you describe the potential of your approach?

I think of the pursuit of truth as very spiritual. A universal truth provides connection and sustenance between people. It reaches and expresses our common humanity. This is of great importance to philosophers, proponents of religion, and people across nations. When a truth is identified, there is greater acceptance within a divided group and across groups. This reminds us of some of the spiritual truths of the human condition that we are more alike than different, genetically speaking 99.9 percent the same, and also that all of us on the planet are all in this together.

Getting Practical: Use the Critical Thinking Blessing

You can use the critical thinking-judgment beatitude, "Blessed are the critical thinkers: for they help us understand and find truth" (Niemiec, 2021), to appreciate the depth of this strength of critical thinking-judgment in yourself and in others.

• In yourself : In what situations has this beatitude been a reality for you?
• In others : Identify someone in your life who is high in critical thinking-judgment. Explain to them how you have benefitted from observing and experiencing this strength from them.

This article is part of an exclusive blog series on the 24 character strengths blessings/beatitudes. See the new, scientific article, called Character Strengths Beatitudes: A Secular Application of Ancient Wisdom to Appreciate Strengths for Spiritual Happiness and Spiritual Growth (Niemiec, 2021), published in the journal Religions .

Judgment/critical thinking is one of 24 universal character strengths found across countries, cultures, and beliefs, as uncovered by modern-day scientists.

Ryan M. Niemiec, Psy.D. , is the education director at the VIA Institute on Character.

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Value Judgement: Improving Our Ethical Beliefs

White's Professor of Moral Philosophy

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The book asks how, and how much, we can improve our ethical standards—not lift our behaviour closer to our standards but refine the standards themselves. To answer this question requires answering most of the major questions of ethics. So the book includes a discussion of what a good life is like, where the bounds of the natural world come, how values relate to that world (e.g. naturalism, realism), how great human capacities—the ones important to ethics—are, and where moral norms come from. Throughout the book, the question of what philosophy can contribute to ethics arises. Philosophical traditions, such as most forms of utilitarianism, deontology, and virtue ethics, are, the book contends, too ambitious. Ethics cannot be what philosophers in those traditions expect it to be because agents cannot be what these philosophies require them to be. The book starts by questioning the adequacy of both appeals to intuition and the coherence method of justification in ethics (e.g. wide reflective equilibrium) and ends with a description of the sort of justification available to us.

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• Lesson Plan Examples
• Reacting To Lay Value Judgement On Critical Issues That Demand Sound Analysis And Call Prompt Actions

Reacting To Lay Value Judgement On Critical Issues That Demand Sound Analysis And Call Prompt Actions Lesson Plan for 9th Grade Example Students

Topic: reacting to lay value judgement on critical issues that demand sound analysis and call prompt actions, objectives & outcomes.

• Upon completion of this module, the learner will be able to react to lay value judgement on critical issues that demand sound analysis and call prompt actions.
• News articles on critical issues in the Philippines
• Criteria for sound analysis and prompt actions
• Handouts on critical thinking and value judgement-making
• Ask the learners to identify the critical issues in their community. Ask them to list the problems and issues they encounter in their daily living.
• After collecting the list of issues, review them with the learners and ask them to identify the critical issues among the rest.

Direct Instruction

• Introduce the concept of critical issues and lay value judgement. Explain that critical issues are those that have a significant impact on the lives of people and require sound analysis and prompt actions.
• Lay value judgement is the process of making a judgement based on personal values and beliefs, instead of on objective and rational criteria.
• Explain that in this lesson, the learners will be learning how to identify critical issues and lay value judgement on them.
• Divide the learners into small groups and give each group a set of critical issues from the Philippines.
• Have the learners analyze the issues and lay value judgement on them, using objective and rational criteria.
• Have the learners present their critical issues and value judgement to the class.

Independent Investigation

• Have the learners choose a critical issue from the Philippines and research on it.
• Have the learners write a research report on their chosen critical issue and its implications on the Philippine society.
• Have the learners share their findings on the chosen critical issues with their peers.
• Have the learners reflect on what they have learned from the activity and how they can apply these in their lives (e.g. becoming more involved in bringing about change).
• Observe the learners during the guided and independent practice activities and take note of their participation and understanding of the concept of critical issues and its importance in society.
• Collect and assess the written reports of the guided and independent practice activities.
• Administer a quiz or test to assess the learners' retention of the material covered.

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"I weigh all aspects objectively in making decisions, including arguments that are in conflict with my convictions."

Become Aware Of Your Strength

What is Judgment?

Judgment involves making rational and logical choices, and analytically evaluating ideas, opinions, and facts. To use a term that originally came from outside the character field: it is critical thinking, weighing the evidence fairly, thinking things through, and examining the evidence from all sides rather than jumping to conclusions. Judgment also involves being open-minded and able to change one’s mind in the light of evidence, remaining open to other arguments and perspectives. It should be clear at this point that judgment is a core “strength of the head” — it’s a very thinking-oriented character strength.

The strength of judgment is a corrective strength in that it counteracts faulty thinking, such as favoring your current views or favoring ideas that are considered the dominant view, and therefore giving less attention to the less-dominant view. It is the willingness to search actively for evidence against your favored beliefs, plans or goals and to weigh all of the evidence fairly when it is available.

Judgment is a strength within the virtue category of wisdom, one of five virtues that subcategorize the 24 strengths. Wisdom describes strengths that help you gather and use knowledge. The other strengths in Wisdom are creativity , curiosity , judgment , love of learning , and perspective .

Explore and Apply Your Strength

WHERE DOES JUDGMENT APPEAR IN YOUR CHARACTER STRENGTHS PROFILE?

Research findings on the benefits of the strength of judgment found people who can see things from more than one perspective are particularly skilled in dealing with times of change and transition. Judgment counteracts biased thinking, contributing to more accurate decision-making. Learn how to activate this strength and all of your other strengths with your personalized Total 24 Report.

Discover your strengths in 10 minutes Take the free personality survey

Critical Thinking And Value Judgments

In education today most school websites at some point make reference to school values.  For some schools like faith-based ones, their values are likely to reflect those based on 'meta-narratives like the Bible or the Koran.  Other schools might choose values based on normative beliefs within their community os stakeholders.  In some jurisdictions, the values of the nation are also promoted as a framework.  This is the case in England, where their Department for Education promotes what it terms as ' British Values '.  For those unclear about what they are, they provide published materials to unpack the phrase.

 All have a duty to ‘actively promote’ the fundamental British values of democracy, the rule of law, individual liberty, and mutual respect and tolerance of those with different faiths and beliefs.

Source: Published 27 November 2014 From:  Department for Education England   and  Lord Nash

These constructs whether faith-based or constructed by agreement or government policy, invariably form a framework upon which personal decisions might be based.  Many of these value frameworks form the basis of an agreed set of core beliefs or at the very least have the potential to influence our value judgments.  They are often seen as useful in developing community cohesion.

The importance of learning to make value judgments

A value judgment is a judgment of the rightness or wrongness of something or someone, or of the usefulness of something or someone, based on a comparison or other relativity. For example, a value judgment can refer to a judgment based upon a particular set of values as indicated earlier or on a particular value system.

Some academics have argued that it is more important to make critical judgments about issues than value judgments.  This idea though presupposes that the person making a critical judgment is not influenced by their background values.  In reality, all critical thinking emanates from a value position.  We approach a set of facts and look at them through the prism framed by our values.

It is a mistake to think of our minds as just running decision-making algorithms – we are much more complicated and idiosyncratic than this. How we arrive at conclusions, form beliefs and process information is very organic and idiosyncratic. We are not just clinical truth-seeking reasoning machines. Our thinking is also about our prior beliefs, our values, our biases and our desires.

Peter Ellerton  Lecturer in Critical Thinking, The University of Queensland

I think that in order to really explore the skill of critical thinking fully, we must address value judgments.   Most of the problems that young people will need to address are not black and white issues.  They are complex and therefore they involve an interplay between our values and other components like argumentation, logic, psychology and the nature of science.  I am sure there are more,  This process though occurs within our own personal values framework.  It is an active process that should be evident across the curriculum.

How does this actually work in the classroom?

What has traditionally been called environmental issues provide an excellent opportunity to explore this value judgement process?  Young people will normally gravitate toward basic assumptions like pollution is bad dolphins are good.  The same reaction occurs with the issue around plastics.  It is, therefore, useful to explore complex issues rather than shy away from them. I  have to commend Greenpeace for their excellent video on the subject of plastics in the ocean because they explore the complexity of the plastic issue in a way that will allow children to exercise their skills in making value judgments.  As educators, we must also let children learn the skill of disagreement.  This is an important skill in itself.

[embedyt] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jis3uenOzU4[/embedyt]

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Mapping Critical Thinking, Clinical Reasoning, and Clinical Judgment Across the Curriculum

Affiliation.

• 1 Associate Clinical Professor (Dr Noll and Ms Jones), Associate Dean for Academic Affairs and Associate Professor (Dr Hunt), and Director of Simulation (Ms Jones), Auburn University College of Nursing, Auburn, Alabama.
• PMID: 37000918
• DOI: 10.1097/NNE.0000000000001413

Background: Critical thinking, clinical reasoning, and clinical judgment are skills nurses use when caring for clients. However, teaching and evaluation of clinical judgment are challenging for faculty.

Problem: Before revising a curriculum, it is necessary to map current practices and determine a framework for revisions.

Approach: Faculty mapped critical thinking, clinical reasoning, and clinical judgment activities across the 5-semester traditional baccalaureate program. Use of an external consultant helped faculty to determine additional activities that could be used to assess clinical judgment in classroom and clinical settings. Faculty worked together to develop teaching strategies and Next Generation National Council Licensure Examination (NCLEX) item types for assessing clinical judgment.

Conclusion: Using the National Council of State Boards of Nursing Clinical Judgment Model as an educational framework can guide faculty in curriculum mapping, revisions, and development of clinical judgment activities and assessment.

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• Clinical Competence
• Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate*
• Nursing Education Research
• Students, Nursing*