steps in writing research report slideshare

Writing up a Research Report

• First Online: 04 January 2024

Cite this chapter

• Stefan Hunziker 3 &
• Michael Blankenagel 3  

238 Accesses

A research report is one big argument about how and why you came up with your conclusions. To make it a convincing argument, a typical guiding structure has developed. In the different chapters, there are distinct issues that need to be addressed to explain to the reader why your conclusions are valid. The governing principle for writing the report is full disclosure: to explain everything and ensure replicability by another researcher.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

• Available as PDF
• Read on any device
• Instant download
• Own it forever
• Available as EPUB and PDF
• Compact, lightweight edition
• Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
• Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Barros, L. O. (2016). The only academic phrasebook you’ll ever need . Createspace Independent Publishing Platform.

Google Scholar  

Field, A. (2016). An adventure in statistics. The reality enigma . SAGE.

Field, A. (2020). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (5th ed.). SAGE.

Früh, M., Keimer, I., & Blankenagel, M. (2019). The impact of Balanced Scorecard excellence on shareholder returns. IFZ Working Paper No. 0003/2019. https://zenodo.org/record/2571603#.YMDUafkzZaQ . Accessed: 9 June 2021.

Pearl, J., & Mackenzie, D. (2018). The book of why: The new science of cause and effect. Basic Books.

Yin, R. K. (2013). Case study research: Design and methods (5th ed.). SAGE.

Download references

Author information

Authors and affiliations.

Wirtschaft/IFZ, Campus Zug-Rotkreuz, Hochschule Luzern, Zug-Rotkreuz, Zug, Switzerland

Stefan Hunziker & Michael Blankenagel

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Stefan Hunziker .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2024 Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Hunziker, S., Blankenagel, M. (2024). Writing up a Research Report. In: Research Design in Business and Management. Springer Gabler, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-42739-9_4

Download citation

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-42739-9_4

Published : 04 January 2024

Publisher Name : Springer Gabler, Wiesbaden

Print ISBN : 978-3-658-42738-2

Online ISBN : 978-3-658-42739-9

eBook Packages : Business and Management Business and Management (R0)

Share this chapter

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

• Publish with us

Policies and ethics

• Find a journal
• Track your research

• Privacy Policy

Buy Me a Coffee

Home » Research Report – Example, Writing Guide and Types

Research Report – Example, Writing Guide and Types

Table of Contents

Research Report

Definition:

Research Report is a written document that presents the results of a research project or study, including the research question, methodology, results, and conclusions, in a clear and objective manner.

The purpose of a research report is to communicate the findings of the research to the intended audience, which could be other researchers, stakeholders, or the general public.

Components of Research Report

Components of Research Report are as follows:

Introduction

The introduction sets the stage for the research report and provides a brief overview of the research question or problem being investigated. It should include a clear statement of the purpose of the study and its significance or relevance to the field of research. It may also provide background information or a literature review to help contextualize the research.

Literature Review

The literature review provides a critical analysis and synthesis of the existing research and scholarship relevant to the research question or problem. It should identify the gaps, inconsistencies, and contradictions in the literature and show how the current study addresses these issues. The literature review also establishes the theoretical framework or conceptual model that guides the research.

Methodology

The methodology section describes the research design, methods, and procedures used to collect and analyze data. It should include information on the sample or participants, data collection instruments, data collection procedures, and data analysis techniques. The methodology should be clear and detailed enough to allow other researchers to replicate the study.

The results section presents the findings of the study in a clear and objective manner. It should provide a detailed description of the data and statistics used to answer the research question or test the hypothesis. Tables, graphs, and figures may be included to help visualize the data and illustrate the key findings.

The discussion section interprets the results of the study and explains their significance or relevance to the research question or problem. It should also compare the current findings with those of previous studies and identify the implications for future research or practice. The discussion should be based on the results presented in the previous section and should avoid speculation or unfounded conclusions.

The conclusion summarizes the key findings of the study and restates the main argument or thesis presented in the introduction. It should also provide a brief overview of the contributions of the study to the field of research and the implications for practice or policy.

The references section lists all the sources cited in the research report, following a specific citation style, such as APA or MLA.

The appendices section includes any additional material, such as data tables, figures, or instruments used in the study, that could not be included in the main text due to space limitations.

Types of Research Report

Types of Research Report are as follows:

Thesis is a type of research report. A thesis is a long-form research document that presents the findings and conclusions of an original research study conducted by a student as part of a graduate or postgraduate program. It is typically written by a student pursuing a higher degree, such as a Master’s or Doctoral degree, although it can also be written by researchers or scholars in other fields.

Research Paper

Research paper is a type of research report. A research paper is a document that presents the results of a research study or investigation. Research papers can be written in a variety of fields, including science, social science, humanities, and business. They typically follow a standard format that includes an introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion sections.

Technical Report

A technical report is a detailed report that provides information about a specific technical or scientific problem or project. Technical reports are often used in engineering, science, and other technical fields to document research and development work.

Progress Report

A progress report provides an update on the progress of a research project or program over a specific period of time. Progress reports are typically used to communicate the status of a project to stakeholders, funders, or project managers.

Feasibility Report

A feasibility report assesses the feasibility of a proposed project or plan, providing an analysis of the potential risks, benefits, and costs associated with the project. Feasibility reports are often used in business, engineering, and other fields to determine the viability of a project before it is undertaken.

Field Report

A field report documents observations and findings from fieldwork, which is research conducted in the natural environment or setting. Field reports are often used in anthropology, ecology, and other social and natural sciences.

Experimental Report

An experimental report documents the results of a scientific experiment, including the hypothesis, methods, results, and conclusions. Experimental reports are often used in biology, chemistry, and other sciences to communicate the results of laboratory experiments.

Case Study Report

A case study report provides an in-depth analysis of a specific case or situation, often used in psychology, social work, and other fields to document and understand complex cases or phenomena.

Literature Review Report

A literature review report synthesizes and summarizes existing research on a specific topic, providing an overview of the current state of knowledge on the subject. Literature review reports are often used in social sciences, education, and other fields to identify gaps in the literature and guide future research.

Research Report Example

Following is a Research Report Example sample for Students:

Title: The Impact of Social Media on Academic Performance among High School Students

This study aims to investigate the relationship between social media use and academic performance among high school students. The study utilized a quantitative research design, which involved a survey questionnaire administered to a sample of 200 high school students. The findings indicate that there is a negative correlation between social media use and academic performance, suggesting that excessive social media use can lead to poor academic performance among high school students. The results of this study have important implications for educators, parents, and policymakers, as they highlight the need for strategies that can help students balance their social media use and academic responsibilities.

Introduction:

Social media has become an integral part of the lives of high school students. With the widespread use of social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Snapchat, students can connect with friends, share photos and videos, and engage in discussions on a range of topics. While social media offers many benefits, concerns have been raised about its impact on academic performance. Many studies have found a negative correlation between social media use and academic performance among high school students (Kirschner & Karpinski, 2010; Paul, Baker, & Cochran, 2012).

Given the growing importance of social media in the lives of high school students, it is important to investigate its impact on academic performance. This study aims to address this gap by examining the relationship between social media use and academic performance among high school students.

Methodology:

The study utilized a quantitative research design, which involved a survey questionnaire administered to a sample of 200 high school students. The questionnaire was developed based on previous studies and was designed to measure the frequency and duration of social media use, as well as academic performance.

The participants were selected using a convenience sampling technique, and the survey questionnaire was distributed in the classroom during regular school hours. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics and correlation analysis.

The findings indicate that the majority of high school students use social media platforms on a daily basis, with Facebook being the most popular platform. The results also show a negative correlation between social media use and academic performance, suggesting that excessive social media use can lead to poor academic performance among high school students.

Discussion:

The results of this study have important implications for educators, parents, and policymakers. The negative correlation between social media use and academic performance suggests that strategies should be put in place to help students balance their social media use and academic responsibilities. For example, educators could incorporate social media into their teaching strategies to engage students and enhance learning. Parents could limit their children’s social media use and encourage them to prioritize their academic responsibilities. Policymakers could develop guidelines and policies to regulate social media use among high school students.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, this study provides evidence of the negative impact of social media on academic performance among high school students. The findings highlight the need for strategies that can help students balance their social media use and academic responsibilities. Further research is needed to explore the specific mechanisms by which social media use affects academic performance and to develop effective strategies for addressing this issue.

Limitations:

One limitation of this study is the use of convenience sampling, which limits the generalizability of the findings to other populations. Future studies should use random sampling techniques to increase the representativeness of the sample. Another limitation is the use of self-reported measures, which may be subject to social desirability bias. Future studies could use objective measures of social media use and academic performance, such as tracking software and school records.

Implications:

The findings of this study have important implications for educators, parents, and policymakers. Educators could incorporate social media into their teaching strategies to engage students and enhance learning. For example, teachers could use social media platforms to share relevant educational resources and facilitate online discussions. Parents could limit their children’s social media use and encourage them to prioritize their academic responsibilities. They could also engage in open communication with their children to understand their social media use and its impact on their academic performance. Policymakers could develop guidelines and policies to regulate social media use among high school students. For example, schools could implement social media policies that restrict access during class time and encourage responsible use.

References:

• Kirschner, P. A., & Karpinski, A. C. (2010). Facebook® and academic performance. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(6), 1237-1245.
• Paul, J. A., Baker, H. M., & Cochran, J. D. (2012). Effect of online social networking on student academic performance. Journal of the Research Center for Educational Technology, 8(1), 1-19.
• Pantic, I. (2014). Online social networking and mental health. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 17(10), 652-657.
• Rosen, L. D., Carrier, L. M., & Cheever, N. A. (2013). Facebook and texting made me do it: Media-induced task-switching while studying. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(3), 948-958.

Note*: Above mention, Example is just a sample for the students’ guide. Do not directly copy and paste as your College or University assignment. Kindly do some research and Write your own.

Applications of Research Report

Research reports have many applications, including:

• Communicating research findings: The primary application of a research report is to communicate the results of a study to other researchers, stakeholders, or the general public. The report serves as a way to share new knowledge, insights, and discoveries with others in the field.
• Informing policy and practice : Research reports can inform policy and practice by providing evidence-based recommendations for decision-makers. For example, a research report on the effectiveness of a new drug could inform regulatory agencies in their decision-making process.
• Supporting further research: Research reports can provide a foundation for further research in a particular area. Other researchers may use the findings and methodology of a report to develop new research questions or to build on existing research.
• Evaluating programs and interventions : Research reports can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of programs and interventions in achieving their intended outcomes. For example, a research report on a new educational program could provide evidence of its impact on student performance.
• Demonstrating impact : Research reports can be used to demonstrate the impact of research funding or to evaluate the success of research projects. By presenting the findings and outcomes of a study, research reports can show the value of research to funders and stakeholders.
• Enhancing professional development : Research reports can be used to enhance professional development by providing a source of information and learning for researchers and practitioners in a particular field. For example, a research report on a new teaching methodology could provide insights and ideas for educators to incorporate into their own practice.

How to write Research Report

Here are some steps you can follow to write a research report:

• Identify the research question: The first step in writing a research report is to identify your research question. This will help you focus your research and organize your findings.
• Conduct research : Once you have identified your research question, you will need to conduct research to gather relevant data and information. This can involve conducting experiments, reviewing literature, or analyzing data.
• Organize your findings: Once you have gathered all of your data, you will need to organize your findings in a way that is clear and understandable. This can involve creating tables, graphs, or charts to illustrate your results.
• Write the report: Once you have organized your findings, you can begin writing the report. Start with an introduction that provides background information and explains the purpose of your research. Next, provide a detailed description of your research methods and findings. Finally, summarize your results and draw conclusions based on your findings.
• Proofread and edit: After you have written your report, be sure to proofread and edit it carefully. Check for grammar and spelling errors, and make sure that your report is well-organized and easy to read.
• Include a reference list: Be sure to include a list of references that you used in your research. This will give credit to your sources and allow readers to further explore the topic if they choose.
• Format your report: Finally, format your report according to the guidelines provided by your instructor or organization. This may include formatting requirements for headings, margins, fonts, and spacing.

Purpose of Research Report

The purpose of a research report is to communicate the results of a research study to a specific audience, such as peers in the same field, stakeholders, or the general public. The report provides a detailed description of the research methods, findings, and conclusions.

Some common purposes of a research report include:

• Sharing knowledge: A research report allows researchers to share their findings and knowledge with others in their field. This helps to advance the field and improve the understanding of a particular topic.
• Identifying trends: A research report can identify trends and patterns in data, which can help guide future research and inform decision-making.
• Addressing problems: A research report can provide insights into problems or issues and suggest solutions or recommendations for addressing them.
• Evaluating programs or interventions : A research report can evaluate the effectiveness of programs or interventions, which can inform decision-making about whether to continue, modify, or discontinue them.
• Meeting regulatory requirements: In some fields, research reports are required to meet regulatory requirements, such as in the case of drug trials or environmental impact studies.

When to Write Research Report

A research report should be written after completing the research study. This includes collecting data, analyzing the results, and drawing conclusions based on the findings. Once the research is complete, the report should be written in a timely manner while the information is still fresh in the researcher’s mind.

In academic settings, research reports are often required as part of coursework or as part of a thesis or dissertation. In this case, the report should be written according to the guidelines provided by the instructor or institution.

In other settings, such as in industry or government, research reports may be required to inform decision-making or to comply with regulatory requirements. In these cases, the report should be written as soon as possible after the research is completed in order to inform decision-making in a timely manner.

Overall, the timing of when to write a research report depends on the purpose of the research, the expectations of the audience, and any regulatory requirements that need to be met. However, it is important to complete the report in a timely manner while the information is still fresh in the researcher’s mind.

Characteristics of Research Report

There are several characteristics of a research report that distinguish it from other types of writing. These characteristics include:

• Objective: A research report should be written in an objective and unbiased manner. It should present the facts and findings of the research study without any personal opinions or biases.
• Systematic: A research report should be written in a systematic manner. It should follow a clear and logical structure, and the information should be presented in a way that is easy to understand and follow.
• Detailed: A research report should be detailed and comprehensive. It should provide a thorough description of the research methods, results, and conclusions.
• Accurate : A research report should be accurate and based on sound research methods. The findings and conclusions should be supported by data and evidence.
• Organized: A research report should be well-organized. It should include headings and subheadings to help the reader navigate the report and understand the main points.
• Clear and concise: A research report should be written in clear and concise language. The information should be presented in a way that is easy to understand, and unnecessary jargon should be avoided.
• Citations and references: A research report should include citations and references to support the findings and conclusions. This helps to give credit to other researchers and to provide readers with the opportunity to further explore the topic.

Advantages of Research Report

Research reports have several advantages, including:

• Communicating research findings: Research reports allow researchers to communicate their findings to a wider audience, including other researchers, stakeholders, and the general public. This helps to disseminate knowledge and advance the understanding of a particular topic.
• Providing evidence for decision-making : Research reports can provide evidence to inform decision-making, such as in the case of policy-making, program planning, or product development. The findings and conclusions can help guide decisions and improve outcomes.
• Supporting further research: Research reports can provide a foundation for further research on a particular topic. Other researchers can build on the findings and conclusions of the report, which can lead to further discoveries and advancements in the field.
• Demonstrating expertise: Research reports can demonstrate the expertise of the researchers and their ability to conduct rigorous and high-quality research. This can be important for securing funding, promotions, and other professional opportunities.
• Meeting regulatory requirements: In some fields, research reports are required to meet regulatory requirements, such as in the case of drug trials or environmental impact studies. Producing a high-quality research report can help ensure compliance with these requirements.

Limitations of Research Report

Despite their advantages, research reports also have some limitations, including:

• Time-consuming: Conducting research and writing a report can be a time-consuming process, particularly for large-scale studies. This can limit the frequency and speed of producing research reports.
• Expensive: Conducting research and producing a report can be expensive, particularly for studies that require specialized equipment, personnel, or data. This can limit the scope and feasibility of some research studies.
• Limited generalizability: Research studies often focus on a specific population or context, which can limit the generalizability of the findings to other populations or contexts.
• Potential bias : Researchers may have biases or conflicts of interest that can influence the findings and conclusions of the research study. Additionally, participants may also have biases or may not be representative of the larger population, which can limit the validity and reliability of the findings.
• Accessibility: Research reports may be written in technical or academic language, which can limit their accessibility to a wider audience. Additionally, some research may be behind paywalls or require specialized access, which can limit the ability of others to read and use the findings.

About the author

Muhammad Hassan

Researcher, Academic Writer, Web developer

You may also like

Data Collection – Methods Types and Examples

Delimitations in Research – Types, Examples and...

Research Process – Steps, Examples and Tips

Research Design – Types, Methods and Examples

Institutional Review Board – Application Sample...

Evaluating Research – Process, Examples and...

Princeton Correspondents on Undergraduate Research

How to Make a Successful Research Presentation

Turning a research paper into a visual presentation is difficult; there are pitfalls, and navigating the path to a brief, informative presentation takes time and practice. As a TA for  GEO/WRI 201: Methods in Data Analysis & Scientific Writing this past fall, I saw how this process works from an instructor’s standpoint. I’ve presented my own research before, but helping others present theirs taught me a bit more about the process. Here are some tips I learned that may help you with your next research presentation:

More is more

In general, your presentation will always benefit from more practice, more feedback, and more revision. By practicing in front of friends, you can get comfortable with presenting your work while receiving feedback. It is hard to know how to revise your presentation if you never practice. If you are presenting to a general audience, getting feedback from someone outside of your discipline is crucial. Terms and ideas that seem intuitive to you may be completely foreign to someone else, and your well-crafted presentation could fall flat.

Less is more

Limit the scope of your presentation, the number of slides, and the text on each slide. In my experience, text works well for organizing slides, orienting the audience to key terms, and annotating important figures–not for explaining complex ideas. Having fewer slides is usually better as well. In general, about one slide per minute of presentation is an appropriate budget. Too many slides is usually a sign that your topic is too broad.

Limit the scope of your presentation

Don’t present your paper. Presentations are usually around 10 min long. You will not have time to explain all of the research you did in a semester (or a year!) in such a short span of time. Instead, focus on the highlight(s). Identify a single compelling research question which your work addressed, and craft a succinct but complete narrative around it.

You will not have time to explain all of the research you did. Instead, focus on the highlights. Identify a single compelling research question which your work addressed, and craft a succinct but complete narrative around it.

Craft a compelling research narrative

After identifying the focused research question, walk your audience through your research as if it were a story. Presentations with strong narrative arcs are clear, captivating, and compelling.

• Introduction (exposition — rising action)

Orient the audience and draw them in by demonstrating the relevance and importance of your research story with strong global motive. Provide them with the necessary vocabulary and background knowledge to understand the plot of your story. Introduce the key studies (characters) relevant in your story and build tension and conflict with scholarly and data motive. By the end of your introduction, your audience should clearly understand your research question and be dying to know how you resolve the tension built through motive.

• Methods (rising action)

The methods section should transition smoothly and logically from the introduction. Beware of presenting your methods in a boring, arc-killing, ‘this is what I did.’ Focus on the details that set your story apart from the stories other people have already told. Keep the audience interested by clearly motivating your decisions based on your original research question or the tension built in your introduction.

• Results (climax)

Less is usually more here. Only present results which are clearly related to the focused research question you are presenting. Make sure you explain the results clearly so that your audience understands what your research found. This is the peak of tension in your narrative arc, so don’t undercut it by quickly clicking through to your discussion.

• Discussion (falling action)

By now your audience should be dying for a satisfying resolution. Here is where you contextualize your results and begin resolving the tension between past research. Be thorough. If you have too many conflicts left unresolved, or you don’t have enough time to present all of the resolutions, you probably need to further narrow the scope of your presentation.

• Conclusion (denouement)

Return back to your initial research question and motive, resolving any final conflicts and tying up loose ends. Leave the audience with a clear resolution of your focus research question, and use unresolved tension to set up potential sequels (i.e. further research).

Use your medium to enhance the narrative

Visual presentations should be dominated by clear, intentional graphics. Subtle animation in key moments (usually during the results or discussion) can add drama to the narrative arc and make conflict resolutions more satisfying. You are narrating a story written in images, videos, cartoons, and graphs. While your paper is mostly text, with graphics to highlight crucial points, your slides should be the opposite. Adapting to the new medium may require you to create or acquire far more graphics than you included in your paper, but it is necessary to create an engaging presentation.

The most important thing you can do for your presentation is to practice and revise. Bother your friends, your roommates, TAs–anybody who will sit down and listen to your work. Beyond that, think about presentations you have found compelling and try to incorporate some of those elements into your own. Remember you want your work to be comprehensible; you aren’t creating experts in 10 minutes. Above all, try to stay passionate about what you did and why. You put the time in, so show your audience that it’s worth it.

For more insight into research presentations, check out these past PCUR posts written by Emma and Ellie .

— Alec Getraer, Natural Sciences Correspondent

Share this:

• Share on Tumblr

Writing a Research Report

Aug 06, 2014

770 likes | 1.57k Views

Writing a Research Report. If research was not “written up,” did it really occur?. Writing a Research Report. Academic sociologists conduct research to discover facts, truths, and explanations about the social world. They write research reports to convey theirs and others’ research findings.

Share Presentation

• newer persons
• specific topic
• qualitative research reports
• establish expectations
• complete information

Presentation Transcript

Writing a Research Report If research was not “written up,” did it really occur?

Writing a Research Report • Academic sociologists conduct research to discover facts, truths, and explanations about the social world. • They write research reports to convey theirs and others’ research findings. • Types of Research: Library research refers to gathering information that others have generated. Primary research refers to generating information through data collection, analysis, and reporting findings.

Writing a Research Report • Sociologists’ articles, papers, or research reports come in different forms: • Literature Review: Library research that organizes facts and/or theories others in the sociological community generated (Rarely published) • Research Article or Book: One’s own findings generated by a primary research project that builds on previous research by the sociological community. (Findings from basic research, most common.) • Applied Research Report: One’s findings from a primary research project that evaluates a program without drawing much from previous sociological research. (Findings from applied research, rarely published.) • This class focuses on writing Research Articles.

Writing a Research Report • A sociological article, paper, or report generally covers only one important topic of interest and conveys evidence and interpretations of evidence. • Research reports are NOT creative writing, opinion pieces, poems, novels, letters, musings, memoirs, or interesting to read.

Writing a Research Report • A sociological article, paper, or report about primary research generally takes a structure or form that seems difficult but is intended to help make reading it or using it for research quick and efficient. • A research report has seven components: • Abstract or Summary • Introduction • Review of Literature • Methods • Results • Conclusions and Discussion • References • Note: • Qualitative research reports will vary from what is presented here. • Applied research reports may vary from what is presented here.

Writing a Research Report • A research report has seven components: • Abstract or Summary The abstract or summary tells the reader very briefly what the main points and findings of the paper are. • This allows the reader to decide whether the paper is useful to them. • Get into the habit of reading only abstracts while searching for papers that are relevant to your research. • Read the body of a paper only when you think it will be useful to you.

Writing a Research Report • A research report has seven components: • 1. Abstract or Summary—an example

Writing a Research Report • A research report has seven components: • Introduction • The introduction tells the reader: • what the topic of the paper is in general terms, • why the topic is important • what to expect in the paper. • Introductions should: • funnel from general ideas to the specific topic of the paper • justify the research that will be presented later • Introductions are sometimes folded into literature reviews

Writing a Research Report • A research report has seven components: • 2. Introduction—an example

Writing a Research Report • A research report has seven components: • Review of Literature The literature review tells the reader what other researchers have discovered about the paper’s topic or tells the reader about other research that is relevant to the topic. Often what students call a “research paper” is merely a literature review. • A literature review should shape the way readers think about a topic—it educates readers about what the community of scholars says about a topic and its surrounding issues. • Along the way it states facts and ideas about the social world and supports those facts and ideas with evidence for from where they came (empiricism).

Writing a Research Report • A research report has seven components: • Review of Literature • Literature reviews have parenthetical citations running throughout. These are part of a systematic way to document where facts and ideas came from, allowing the skeptical reader to look up anything that is questionable. • Parenthetical citation is our way of substantiating the claims in our paper, without breaking our flow. • Each citation directs the reader to the references where complete details on sources can be found. Therefore, information such as authors’ first names or titles of works do not need to be written into the text.

Writing a Research Report • A research report has seven components: • Review of Literature • Citations consist of authors’ last names and the year of publication. One finds complete information on sources by looking up last names and dates in alphabetized references—so there’s no need to put all that information in the text. • We have conventions that allow the reader to figure out from where information is coming . Here are some examples of the conventions for citing in text of the literature review: Just pointing out where info came from: • Form: blah blah (Author Year) • Example: … the gays are different (Lee 2004). • More than one article in the same year: • Form: blah blah (Author Yeara) and also blah blah (Author yearb) • Example: …are different (Lee 2004a), but are more pickled (Lee 2004b)

Writing a Research Report • A research report has seven components: • Review of Literature • We have conventions that allow the reader to figure out from where information is coming . Here are some examples of the conventions for citing in text of the literature review: Where a researcher is quoted: • Form: blah, “Quote quote” (Author Year: Pages) • Example: reveals that “the gays are different.” (Lee 2004: 340). More than one source: • Form: blah blah (Author Year; Author Year) • Example: …bi’s are more adept (Lee 2004; Seymour & Hewitt 1997).

Writing a Research Report • A research report has seven components: • Review of Literature • We have conventions that allow the reader to figure out from where information is coming . Here are some examples of the conventions for citing in text of the literature review: Using the author’s name in a sentence: • Form: Author (Year) says that… • Example: Lee (2004) claims that girls will rule the world… Quoting a person and using their name: • Form: Author (Year: Pages) says, “Quote quote…” • Example: Lee (2004: 341) says, “Girls are more likely to rule the world…”

Writing a Research Report • A research report has seven components: • 3. Review of Literature—examples of citing

Writing a Research Report • A research report has seven components: • Review of Literature • If an idea is used, but cannot be substantiated by the community of sociologists, the literature review clearly shows that the author is speculating and details the logic of the speculation. • Do NOT discuss irrelevant information. • For example, a paper on attitudes about marijuana attitudes should not detail the multiple uses of hemp such as in clothing, rope, hemp oil and so forth. • The literature review has is written in the author’s voice. The sources of information are not extensively quoted or “copied and pasted.” Instead, the author puts facts and ideas into his or her own words while pointing out from where the information came. • Analogously, if you were discussing the exciting things you learned in a sociology course at a cocktail party, you would use your own words. You would NOT pull out a book or lecture notes and quote these word for word.

Writing a Research Report • A research report has seven components: • Review of Literature • Note: Explaining why social events occur as they do requires use (and testing) of explanations that have worked before. THESE EXPLANATIONS ARE CALLED THEORIES. • Most academic literature reviews have a guiding theory that is used to: • Frame (or help us understand) facts in the literature. • Establish expectations (or hypotheses) for the research. • Justify speculation when no evidence to justify an idea specific to a topic exists in the literature. • Sometimes the whole point of a research project is to: • Determine whether a theory works • Pit two or more theories against each other to see which works better • You will most likely not refer to theories in your papers

Writing a Research Report • A research report has seven components: • Review of Literature • Quantitative literature reviews typically end with: • Focused declarations of the particular issues the research activity is addressing—ideas about a topic that will be tested with quantitative methods • Research hypotheses Hypotheses are statements of the expected relationship(s) between two (or more) variables For example: “Men will have higher investment income than women.” “Older Americans are more likely to oppose abortion for a woman who doesn’t want her baby because she is poor.”

Writing a Research Report • A research report has seven components: • 3. Review of Literature—examples of hypotheses Hypothesis 1. In a new social context, girls will be more sociable than boys—getting more involved with others (interactional commitments) and forming more emotionally close relationships (affective commitments)—across activity domains. Hypothesis 2. Given that commitments to new relationships positively determine identity prominence, and identity prominence positively determines behaviors, if girls are more sociable with newer persons, their identities and behaviors will change more across activity domains. Hypothesis 3. However, girls and boys will experience the same identity processes, meaning that girls and boys with the same sociability in new relationships will have equal identity and behavior changes.

Writing a Research Report • A research report has seven components: • Methods A METHODS SECTION MUST CONTAIN: • Descriptions of Data (Think in terms of: “Who, What, When, Where, Why and How?”) Report: • The Target Population • The Ways Data were Collected: • Sampling • Delivery Methods • Response Rates • Sample sizes resulting from various decisions Such as: • eliminating non-Christians from the sample • using only white respondents

Writing a Research Report • A research report has seven components: • Methods A METHODS SECTION MUST CONTAIN: • Descriptions of Variables First for dependent, then for independent variables, report: • Names for the variables—make them intuitive! (Do not use GSS variable names.) • Word for word description of the questions. (sociology differs from psychology and medicine) • Final coding scheme—the numbers you assigned to responses.

Writing a Research Report • A research report has seven components: • Methods A METHODS SECTION MUST CONTAIN: • Manipulations of the variables or data For example: • recoding income from 23 uneven intervals to five equivalent categories • removing non-citizens if studying voting patterns • Reflection on ability of data to generalize to the target population • Limitations of Data (omitted cases, biases, etc.) • Analyses that bolster claims that the data are appropriate • Statistical techniques that will be used to test your hypotheses and the statistics program used.

Writing a Research Report 4. Methods

Writing a Research Report • A research report has seven components: • Results The results section chronicles the outcome of the statistical analyses, assessing whether your hypotheses were correct and why or why not.

Writing a Research Report • A research report has seven components: • Results The results section includes: • Narrative describing most relevant findings • Professional tables showing descriptive and inferential statistics • Tables must be numbered and have a descriptive title • There are conventions for formatting For example: • Asterisks are used to highlight results that are statistically important • All numbers in a column are aligned on decimals

Writing a Research Report 5. Results

Writing a Research Report • A research report has seven components: • Results The narrative and tables are complementary. • The narrative discusses ONLY VERY IMPORTANT Results and leaves details for tables. • As different outcomes are described in the narrative, reference is made to where the detailed information can be found in the tables. • The tables contain almost all statistical information so that the author does not have to write a narrative for every detail in the analysis.

Writing a Research Report • A research report has seven components: • Results The narrative highlights: • Evaluations of the hypotheses. Were the research hypotheses supported? • Statements about new discoveries or surprises encountered in the analyses

Writing a Research Report • A research report has seven components: • Conclusions and Discussion This section assesses how one’s research findings relate to what the community of sociologists have accepted as facts. Things that should be done: • Summarize the most salient points of your research (tell the reader what you found out about your topic). • Discuss the general significance of your topic and findings.

Writing a Research Report • A research report has seven components: • Conclusions and Discussion • Discuss the shortcomings of your study and how these might affect your findings. • Discuss things future researchers should investigate about your topic to advance knowledge about it. • Help the reader gain the knowledge that you think he or she ought to have about the topic. You spent a lot of time exploring the, you should share your expertise.

Writing a Research Report • A research report has seven components: • References The references are just as important as any other part of your paper. References are the empirical support for claims in a paper that are not directly observed in the research. They are needed for researchers to remain empirical in their descriptions of topics.

Writing a Research Report • A research report has seven components: • References: Link the paper to the community of scholars, permitting readers to assess the worthiness claims in a paper. Make the research process much more efficient because they make it very easy to look up sources of facts and ideas.

Writing a Research Report • A research report has seven components: • References Style: Hanging indented Alphabetical on author’s last name (by increasing year within same author) Invert only first author’s name Information within source in an order determined by type of source Article: Last Name, first name, first name last name, and first name last name. Year. “Article title.” Journal Name Volume(number): 1st Page- Last Page. Lee, James Daniel. 2005. “Do Girls Change More than Boys? Gender Differences and Similarities in the Impact of New Relationships on Identities and Behaviors.” Self and Identity 4:131-47. Multiple authors… Kroska, Amy and Sarah K. Harkness. 2008. “Exploring the Role of Diagnosis in the Modified Labeling Theory of Mental Illness.” Social Psychology Quarterly 71:193-208

Writing a Research Report • A research report has seven components: • References Book Chapter: Last Name, first name. Year. “Chapter Name.” Pages in the book in Book Name, edited by first name last name. City of Publisher: Publisher. Bianciardi, Roberto. 1997. "Growing Up Italian in New York City." Pp.179-213 in Adult Narratives of Immigrant Childhoods, edited byAna Relles.  Rose Hill, PA: Narrative Press. Book: Last name, first name. Year. Book Name. City of Publisher: Publisher. Stryker, Sheldon. 1980. Symbolic Interactionism: A Social Structural Version. Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings.

Writing a Research Report • A research report has seven components: • References General Social Survey: Davis, James Allan and Smith, Tom W.: General Social Surveys, 1972-2008. [machine-readable data file]. Principal Investigator, James A. Davis; Director and Co-Principal Investigator, Tom W. Smith; Co-Principal Investigator, Peter V. Marsden, NORC ed. Chicago: National Opinion Research Center, producer, 2005; Storrs, CT: The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut, distributor. 1 data file (53,043 logical records) and 1 codebook (2,656 pp). Website: Last Name (if available), first name. Year (if available). “Article or web page title.” Journal or Report Name Volume (if available). Retrieved date (http://address). Markowitz, Robin. 1991. “Canonizing the Popular.” Cultural Studies Central. Retrieved October 31, 2001 (http://culturalstudies.net/canon.htm). Note: Do your best to replicate this style in the case of missing information. If there is no author, use the title in that position. Always have a retrieved date and website address.

Writing a Research Report • A research report has seven components: • 7. References—an example

Writing a Research Report Some General Points • Make accurate sociological claims in your paper. Stake out positions—a kind of, “I think I have the answer to this issue,” position. • Cite facts to support your sociological claims. • If you can, use theories to support your sociological claims. • Every declaration or “fact claim” must be cited or overtly posed as speculation.

Writing a Research Report Some General Points • Anticipate your reader’s questions as you write: • help the reader understand why your topic is important • demonstrate to the reader that you adequately investigated your topic • help them anticipate what you’ll say next—everything you say should seem reasonable to say • While writing, keep thinking “The point is to: (1) establish hypotheses (2) describe how to test the hypotheses (3) give results of tests, and (4) discuss what the reader should believe about the world.”

Writing a Research Report Some General Points • There is no right answer in a research paper—Just approximate representations of the truth that are closer or further away from that truth. • The truth is: • From “Community of Scholars”: What they said about your topic in the journals, books, and other publications • From you: What your methods and analyses revealed about the topic.

Writing a Research Report Finally…Avoiding Plagiarism • What is it? • All knowledge in your head has either been copied from some place or originally discovered by you. • Most knowledge was copied. • This is true in most settings. General knowledge is copied. Most teachers’ lectures are copied knowledge. • Human culture would not exist without our keen ability to copy! • Humans are natural copiers, but that is not what is meant by the term “plagiarism.”

Writing a Research Report • The Elements of Style endorses imitation as a way for a writer to achieve his own style: • The use of language begins with imitation . . . The imitative life continues long after the writer is on his own in the language, for it is almost impossible to avoid imitating what one admires. Never imitate consciously, but do not worry about being an imitator; take pains instead to admire what is good. Then when you write in a way that comes naturally, you will echo the halloos that bear repeating. Copied from: http://www.answers.com/topic/writing-style-1

Writing a Research Report Finally…Avoiding Plagiarism • What is it? • Among other things, plagiarism refers to taking others’ work and representing it as if it were your own. • In academics this is bad because with plagiarism: • One cannot assess students’ development accurately • The person who makes his or her livelihood by scholarly pursuit is being robbed of credit • It masks the lineage of ideas and facts. “Plagiarism is to academics as Enron-accounting is to corporate America.”

Writing a Research Report Finally…Avoiding Plagiarism Lineage of Ideas: • Original sources of research are all the proof we have for some facts. Without the “paper trail” of academic thought: • People could pass incorrect ideas off as facts • We would have to keep “re-proving” things. • The contexts that generated facts and ideas get lost. • Research becomes highly inefficient as it becomes incredibly difficult to find “full information” on a topic.

Writing a Research Report Finally…Avoiding Plagiarism • To avoid plagiarism: • Document every source for information that is not “general knowledge”—this includes facts and ideas. • Cite every time a fact or idea is used unless it is clear that one citation is referring to a group of facts or ideas. • If you quote material, put quotation marks around the quoted stuff and include a page number within the citation. • It is alright to paraphrase material, but you still have to cite from where the paraphrased material came. • When in doubt, cite the source. Improper citing is grounds for failure on the course paper.

• More by User

Writing a research report in APA-style

Writing a research report in APA-style. Vesalius College SOC-203. Scientific research. Descriptive. Experimental. Secundary sources Natural observation Case studies Correlational studies Ex Post Facto research Survey Participant observation. Cause and effect relations through

686 views • 17 slides

Writing the Research Report

Contents of the Proposal. Introduction (Chapter 1)IntroductionBrief review of literatureStatement of problemHypothesisReview of Literature (Chapter 2). 2. Contents of the Proposal, cont'd. Methods (Chapter 3)ParticipantsInstruments and measurementsProceduresDesign and analysisFigures and t

416 views • 27 slides

A Reference Note on Research Report writing

Research Report Writing . for LANKAPHEINDr. Nalika GunawardenaMBBS, MD (Community Medicine) (Colombo), MPH (BioSecurity) (New Zealand)Senior Lecturer in Community Medicine,University of Colombo. 2. short and concisereflect the essence of the study (main aspects studied)/ should not b

893 views • 65 slides

Writing a Research Report. If research was not “ written up, ” did it really occur?. Writing a Research Report. Social Scientists conduct research to discover facts, truths, and explanations about the social world. They write research reports to document and store research findings.

1.44k views • 44 slides

Writing an action research report

Writing an action research report. Chapter 9. Craig A. Mertler SAGE Publications, 2014. Action Research: Improving Schools and Empowering Educators (4/e). Conventions of Academic Writing. When writing an action research report, follow style guide

545 views • 9 slides

BBI 3417 Writing Research Report

BBI 3417 Writing Research Report. LECTURE 2 ASSOC.PROF.DR.SHAMALA PARAMASIVAM. Selecting a Research Topic. How do you select a research topic? - Instructor assigns a topic for you - Instructor provides some guidelines for choosing a topic

356 views • 19 slides

Writing a research report

Writing a research report. ESL/ALP 108 Integrated Studies. The Process. Choose a topic Gather materials Narrow the topic Formulate a research question Research in-depth Write the introduction and thesis Write the body Write the conclusion Write the bibliography. Choose a topic.

865 views • 14 slides

Writing a Report

Writing a Report. English 7 Mia Jönsson. Why Write a Report ?. Some of the reasons to write a report are to : Inform Make proposals or recommendations for change Analyse and solve problems Present the findings of an investigation or project Record progress.

576 views • 15 slides

Writing a News Report

Writing a News Report. Writing a News Report. The Inverted Pyramid Most news stories are written in the inverted pyramid style. This means all the important information — most of the 5 W’s (WHO WHAT WHEN WHERE WHY HOW)— can be found in the lead .

458 views • 7 slides

Writing a Report. ENC 3246. General Considerations. make sure that the goal and scope are well defined before writing be as short as possible while still retaining all the relevant matter value of the report depends not on its length but on its accuracy and utility for its readers. Ethos.

237 views • 6 slides

BBI 3417 Writing Research Report. LECTURE 1 ASSOC.PROF.DR.SHAMALA PARAMASIVAM. What is Research?. Research simply means trying to find answers to questions to learn more about the world around us Research is the organized, systematic search for answers to the questions we ask

279 views • 8 slides

Communicating Research Results: Report Writing

Communicating Research Results: Report Writing. Report parts. Prefatory parts. Main body of the report. Appended parts. Prefatory parts. Title page. Summary. Objectives. Letter of transmittal. Results. Letter of authorization. Conclusions. Table of contents. Recommendations.

229 views • 8 slides

Writing Research Report

Writing Research Report. Indra Budi ([email protected]) Fakultas Ilmu Komputer UI. Research Report. In fact, this final stage-writing up your research-may be one of the most difficult.

611 views • 35 slides

Writing a Comprehensive Report

Writing a Comprehensive Report. EXED 530. Practical Guidelines. Write the report in the third person using phrases such as: According to the examiner… It was felt that… There seems to be… It is the professional opinion of this evaluator that…

278 views • 13 slides

Writing a Lab Report

Writing a Lab Report. Karin Paquin Inquiry Project Plan Edu 743. Objectives. Learn how to create an exceptional lab report Learn how to work in groups and create your own voice when writing their lab report

448 views • 30 slides

Writing a research report and literature review

Writing a research report and literature review. Presented by Pamela Champion Learning Skills Unit Equity and Learning Programs University of Melbourne. Language and Learning Skills Unit. Workshops Generic and department specific Resources

676 views • 48 slides

Writing a News Report. Types of News & Audiences. School News – parents, students, and teachers Local News – people who live in the community Sports News – people who are interested in sports Entertainment News – people who are interested in music, movies, & TV

459 views • 26 slides

Writing a Lab Report. Your gon’na need to know it eventually. Sourced from http://teacherweb.com/ct/rham/blueteam/h6.stm. 1). TITLE: Create a title that is short and descriptive. Often starts with, “The effects of…” and centered on page. 2). PROBLEM:

594 views • 11 slides

Writing a Lab Report. When performing a lab experiment we follow the scientific method. What is the scientific method? Purpose, Hypothesis, Procedure, Results, Conclusion. Scientific Method. What is the purpose? The purpose is why you are performing the experiment.

199 views • 12 slides

Writing a Report. Questions to ask. Why am I here?. Who is the reader and what do they need to know? Imagine an outside examiner with no knowledge of your approach. Is it clear? Get someone else to read it. Make sure it is in a logical order. Edit out any unnecessary material. Contents.

214 views • 9 slides

RESEARCH REPORT WRITING

RESEARCH REPORT WRITING. Assoc. Prof Dr. Nik Maheran Nik Muhammad UiTM Kelantan. PRELIMINARY SECTION. Title page Abstract Candidate Declaration Acknowledgement Table of Content List of Tables List of figures List of Abbreviation. CHAPTER 1-INTRODUCTION. 1.0 Introduction

305 views • 9 slides

Writing a FORMAL REPORT

Writing a FORMAL REPORT . CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 4903. AMY BINGHAM CLEAR Writing Specialist. Office Hours: Wednesdays 10AM – 12 PM Thursdays 2 PM – 4 PM *Or By Appointment Call Office: 801-581-8715 Call or Text Cell: 801-834-2868 E-mail: [email protected].

439 views • 22 slides

Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.

To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to  upgrade your browser .

Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.

• We're Hiring!
• Help Center

Writing a Research Proposal

The slide shows guides the novice researchers the pathway and steps that how to write synopsis/research paper.

Related Papers

Dr. John Karanja , JOHN KARANJA, PhD

research proposal is a comprehensive plan for a research project. It is a written description of a research plan that has to be undertaken. It determines the specific areas of research, states the purpose, scope, methodology, overall organization and limitations of the study. It also estimates its requirements for equipment (if necessary), finance and possible personnel.

S Vasantha Kumari

A research proposal is a written document specifying what a researcher intends to study and written before beginning the research which communicate research problem and proposed methods of solving it. A research proposal should be built on a concrete plan to conduct academic or scientific research. Types of proposals include internal, external, solicited, unsolicited, preproposals, continuation or non-competing and renewal or competing. Purpose of a Research Proposal is to convince the organization and readers .Characteristics need to be based on attention, interest, desire and action. Qualities of good proposal include specific scope, realistic nature, appropriate credentials, fulfill needs, beneficial, short and simple. Need for good preparation of proposal is vital in formulating proposal, assisting researcher and improving the research quality. Functions of Proposal consists to synthesize critical thinking, clarifies own thinking, refine proposed research, communicate ideas, open thinking and negotiation between researcher and involved parties. Basic composition of Proposal needs a beginning, middle and an end. Typical proposal format includes title, abstract, introduction, background, preliminary studies, research methodology, budget, curriculum vitae for principal investigators, appendix and human subjects. Proposal development strategies and writing tips includes use of outline , listings, visuals, forecasting , internal summaries , significant issues , sequencing components , review , edit , proof read , avoiding overkill point and errors. Proposals are turned down when problems are trivial, complex, nebulous, diffuse without clear aim, lack of sufficient evidence, imagination and originality.

Nelleke Bak

Some practical steps to consider when developing a research proposal

Education India: A Quarterly Refereed Journal of Dialogues on Education

Shubham kumar Sanu , Vishwa Raj Sharma , Dr Mukesh Kumar , Smriti Shreya

Writing a research proposal for an early career researcher is one of the toughest part of research work. A research proposal is a blueprint to conduct research work and a well-structured proposal provides smooth functioning for the proposed research. Generally, young researchers face various types of problem in structuring a good research proposal in absence of proper guidelines, steps and strategies. This paper aims to provide a general guideline to the students and researchers to develop a wellstructured research proposal for the purpose of PhD/dissertation/research projects, etc. The concept and significance of a research proposal, how to start research work, the process of producing and appropriate sections for a good research proposal has been discussed in great detail.

Resham B . Bist

A research study starts with the writing of proposal which is a complete plan of the research. This requires many activities to complete. Obviously, it is quite difficult to prepare the research proposal for the beginners. So, this short article has written to help the beginners for writing proposal. This has presented some tips on writing a research proposal. This guideline further examines the procedures for writing a practical proposal by providing a roadmap on how to write a research proposal.

S M Mukarram Jahan

A research proposal is a serious statement that addresses a researcher’s intent to conduct a study on a phenomenon and a plan about how to perform the research. Students usually undertake research under the guidance of a supervisor from faculty in tandem with assistance and supervision of other faculty members. Thus, the proposal should be a clear statement of intent that aims at elucidating the plan of research to make it feasible and acceptable for all parties concerned. The most essential characteristic of a research proposal is that it should be sufficient to present the researcher’s idea or question and expected outcomes with clarity and definition (the what). It should also make a case for the reason the researcher’s focus of study is significant and the value that it will bring to the discipline under study (the why).

British Journal of Midwifery

Valerie Fleming

Holuphumiee Adegbaju

Loading Preview

Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.

RELATED PAPERS

Self and Identity

Lynsey Miron

andi abdul malik

Birgitt Haller

Saifullahi Ibrahim Sani

isabelle Nascimento

Jorge Liberati

Jual huruf Timbul sidoarjo

Sociológica

Germán Álvarez-Mendiola

Alejandra Moreno

Avicenna journal of medical biotechnology

Farnaz Eghbalpour

Linguistics and Culture Review

Kamila Trofymchenko

Simone D'Alessandro

Documents d'Archéologie Méridionale

Pascal Tramoni

ISA Transactions

Jorge Vaquero Estrada

IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science

Roberto Pasqualotto

Arnau Gifreu-Castells

Kartik Thakore

Revista Extraprensa

Wilton Garcia

Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases

Sucharit Basu Neogi

2007 Compatibility in Power Electronics

Gamal Mahmoud

Nedim Jaganjac

Radiocarbon

Lucile BECK

Revista de otorrinolaringología y cirugía de cabeza y cuello

CARLOS ANGEL FABIAN GARECA NARVAEZ

Priyam Sinha

Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi

Saffet Sarikaya

See More Documents Like This

RELATED TOPICS

•   We're Hiring!
•   Help Center
• Find new research papers in:
• Health Sciences
• Earth Sciences
• Cognitive Science
• Mathematics
• Computer Science
• Academia ©2024