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Engineering Research Express

As a society-owned publisher with a legacy of serving scientific communities, we are committed to offering a home to all scientifically valid and rigorously reviewed research. In doing so, we aim to accelerate the dissemination of scientific knowledge and the advancement of scholarly communications to benefit all.

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Mohammed Asadullah Khan et al 2021 Eng. Res. Express 3 022005

Magnetic field sensors are an integral part of many industrial and biomedical applications, and their utilization continues to grow at a high rate. The development is driven both by new use cases and demand like internet of things as well as by new technologies and capabilities like flexible and stretchable devices. Magnetic field sensors exploit different physical principles for their operation, resulting in different specifications with respect to sensitivity, linearity, field range, power consumption, costs etc. In this review, we will focus on solid state magnetic field sensors that enable miniaturization and are suitable for integrated approaches to satisfy the needs of growing application areas like biosensors, ubiquitous sensor networks, wearables, smart things etc. Such applications require a high sensitivity, low power consumption, flexible substrates and miniaturization. Hence, the sensor types covered in this review are Hall Effect, Giant Magnetoresistance, Tunnel Magnetoresistance, Anisotropic Magnetoresistance and Giant Magnetoimpedance.

Eshaan Gupta et al 2022 Eng. Res. Express 4 025039

The objective of this research paper is to design, simulate and compare components of a race car braking system. The Racecar is an FSAE car that is designed around the rules and regulations of the FSAE rulebook, the main aim of this project is to make components lightweight and improve their performance as compared to their OEM counterparts. The braking system involves the mathematical calculation of pedal ratio, brake torque, heat generated in brake discs, and required clamping force using MATLAB to achieve peak deceleration after which these values would be used to design and simulate the components. The paper presents some innovative new ideas applied in an FSAE car and also involves designing techniques like topology optimization which was done using Altair inspire. Finally, all the components were designed in Solidworks, and simulations like Factor of safety, von mises stress, and strain were performed using ANSYS 18.1. The paper also compares the work of other authors as well and explains the differentiating factors between our and their design.

Erteza Tawsif Efaz et al 2021 Eng. Res. Express 3 032001

Thin-film solar cells are preferable for their cost-effective nature, least use of material, and an optimistic trend in the rise of efficiency. This paper presents a holistic review regarding 3 major types of thin-film solar cells including cadmium telluride (CdTe), copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS), and amorphous silicon ( α -Si) from their inception to the best laboratory-developed module. The remarkable evolution, cell configuration, limitations, cell performance, and global market share of each technology are discussed. The reliability, availability of cell materials, and comparison of different properties are equally explored for the corresponding technologies. The emerging solar cell technologies holding some key factors and solutions for future development are also mentioned. The summarized part of this comparative study is targeted to help the readers to decipher possible research scopes considering proper applications and productions of solar cells.

Thiago F Santos et al 2024 Eng. Res. Express 6 012501

This systematic review focuses on the exploration and advancement of sustainable and eco-friendly polymer composite materials derived from bast fibers. Bast fibers, obtained from the phloem of certain plants like flax, hemp, jute, and kenaf, represent a renewable and environmentally benign resource. Their integration into polymer based composites has gained significant attention due to the growing environmental concerns and the need for sustainable material development. The importance of this study lies in its comprehensive examination of bast fibers as viable alternatives to the synthetic fibers in polymer composite materials. By harnessing the natural strength, light weight, and biodegradability of bast fibers, this review contributes to the creation of materials that are not only environmentally sustainable but also possess enhanced mechanical properties suitable for various industrial and domestic applications.

Kaltrine Jakupi et al 2024 Eng. Res. Express 6 025005

This study employs Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) technology to investigate surface roughness in stainless steel 316L 3D printing processes. Utilizing the Taguchi method in experimental design, we examine the influence of independent variables—laser power, scan speed, and hatch spacing - on surface roughness quality. Results indicate that laser power has the greatest impact, followed by scan speed and hatch spacing. Notably, both laser power and hatch spacing positively affect surface roughness, while scan speed adversely affects the top surface quality of printed components. This research enhances comprehension of the intricate relationship between process parameters and surface quality in DMLS-based 3D printing, offering insights for optimizing surface roughness in stainless steel 316L applications. The study holds practical significance for enhancing the quality and performance of 3D-printed components across diverse engineering and manufacturing sectors.

Angshuman Khan et al 2022 Eng. Res. Express 4 035040

This study presents an ultrasound speckle suppression method to detect the stones in the human kidney. An initial image is first improved using image enhancement techniques, which are used to change the image's intensities. Next, median filters smooth the picture and eliminate noise. Pre-processed images are segmented using a thresholding technique. The median filter extracts impulsive noise from salt-and-pepper noise. The suggested approach locates stones using location coordinates. Hospital and clinical ultrasound images were used to evaluate the proposed scheme and algorithm. The suggested scheme has been assessed by different performance measuring parameters. Physicians are likely to benefit from the research in terms of clinical diagnosis and educational training. Based on 50 test cases, the proposed plan was correct 96.82% of the time and sensitive 92.16% of the time. Furthermore, the peak signal to noise ratio is 1.82, and the average signal to noise ratio is 1.58, demonstrating the efficacy of the proposed approach.

Asra Tariq et al 2023 Eng. Res. Express 5 032002

Shear sensors are used for measuring shear stress and shear strain in solid bodies when mechanical forces are applied. For the preparation of these sensors, researchers reported innovative materials either alone or in the form of blends, alloys, and composites. Shear sensors are not easily available for purchase, therefore, this review focuses on the working principles of various kinds of shear sensors being explored by researchers. Several technologies and materials are used, such as piezoelectric materials, piezoresistive materials, Fiber Bragg Grating, capacitive sensing, and structural colors. This article also looks at fabrication-based challenges that restrict the commercial use of shear sensors. A variety of shear sensor devices are evaluated for measuring shear stress/strain for many different applications such as health monitoring and biomedical, robotics, and or fracture in materials.

Jasjeevan Singh et al 2021 Eng. Res. Express 3 012002

Cutting fluids provide cooling at the cutting tool and on the surface of work piece, lubricate the tool-workpiece interface and evacuate chips from the cutting zone in the machining processes. The primary reason for using cutting fluid is to reduce the temperature at cutting zone and friction wear either through cooling or lubrication. To maximize the efficiency of cutting fluids in machining processes the knowledge of machining conditions and cutting fluid types are critically important. However, misemploy of the cutting fluid and non efficient method of disposal can raise health issues and environmental impact. In this paper, an attempt has been made to provide overview of cutting fluids type, cooling techniques and main alternatives as dry machining, cryogenic cooling, minimum quantity lubrication and hybrid cooling minimizing use of cutting fluids. The inclusion of solid lubricants, nano fluids in lubrication/cooling techniques results in increase in the productivity of the process due to reduction in friction and heat at the cutting zone. The cutting parameters and type of tools utilized by various researchers have been summed up and introduced in this paper to provide useful information to various researcher works.

P K Dinesh Kumar and S Darius Gnanaraj 2023 Eng. Res. Express 5 022002

In an automotive vehicle, the brake discs, also known as rotors, contribute significant weight to the engine chassis. Hence, lightweight aluminum brake discs are in the developmental stage as a popular alternative to traditional cast iron or steel brake discs. Weight reduction is desirable to improve vehicle performance and fuel efficiency. Monolithic aluminum is not a practical choice as an alternative to existing commercial brake discs because of its poor operational temperature and wear performance. Literature suggests that Aluminum Metal Matrix composite (AMC) can be an ideal choice for brake discs. AMC brake discs are more resistant to warping and cracking than cast iron discs. They also have better heat dissipation properties, which help reduce brake fade and prolong the life of the brake pads. This study examines the different types of aluminum alloys, reinforcements, and manufacturing processes for manufacturing ideal AMC brake discs. The significance of silicon as the principal alloying element to improve thermal characteristics and incorporate various reinforcements to increase the AMC's wear resistance and frictional stability for brake disc applications is outlined. This article focuses on the thermal and tribological behavior of the AMC brake discs' performance over traditional rotors. The review discusses the different equipment required to assess the tribological characteristics of brake discs to meet industrial requirements. In addition to experimental validation, this paper addresses the necessity of proper rotor design selection and numerical analysis to evaluate the thermo-mechanical behavior of the brake disc at various braking events. The article points out that aluminum metal matrix composites have great potential to replace conventional grey cast iron brake discs. Finally, this review discusses possible future research avenues for developing an AMC rotor disc.

Sakshi Anand and Rakesh Sharma 2024 Eng. Res. Express 6 022201

In last decades, remote sensing technology has rapidly progressed, leading to the development of numerous earth satellites such as Landsat 7, QuickBird, SPOT, Sentinel-2, and IKONOS. These satellites provide multispectral images with a lower spatial resolution and panchromatic images with a higher spatial resolution. However, satellite sensors are unable to capture images with high spatial and spectral resolutions simultaneously due to storage and bandwidth constraints, among other things. Image fusion in remote sensing has emerged as a powerful tool for improving image quality and integrating important features from multiple source images into one, all while maintaining the integrity of critical features. It is especially useful for high-resolution remote sensing applications that need to integrate features from multiple sources and hence a vital pre-processing step for various applications, including medical, computer vision, and satellite imaging. This review initially gives a basic framework for image fusion, followed by statistical analysis and a comprehensive review of various state-of-the-art image fusion methods, where they are classified based on the number of sensors used, processing levels, and type of information being fused. Subsequently, a thorough analysis of STF and pansharpening techniques for remote sensing applications has been covered, where the dataset of the DEIMOS-2 satellite is employed for evaluating various pansharpening methods while MODIS and Landsat images are employed in the spatiotemporal fusion method. A comparative evaluation of several approaches has been carried out to assess the merits and drawbacks of the current approaches. Several real-time applications of remote sensing image fusion have been explored, and current and future directions in fusion research for remote sensing have been discussed, along with the obstacles they present.

Latest articles

Theophilus Kaaya and Zheng Chen 2024 Eng. Res. Express 6 025519

Dielectric Elastomer Generators (DEGs) have been used as mechanical-electrical transducers in energy harvesting systems. However, material safety assurance control, which prevents dielectric elastomer (DE) failures, is not fully investigated. Since various DEG configurations share common failure modes, incorporating these modes into the system is crucial for extending DEG lifetime and improving output power capacity of DE energy harvesters. This paper develops a physics-based model for a planar DE energy harvester and material failure modes identified through analytical analysis of the model. A real-time algorithm for internal safety control is developed to allow operation within a broader feasible region while preventing electrical breakdown (EB), electromechanical instability (EMI), loss of tension (LT), or rupture by stretch (RS). The algorithm prioritizes safety control when the feasible space is violated and allows primary control when operating within the safe space. As a step towards prototyping of an energy harvester using a DE, a prototype concept model is outlined. By using the safety control algorithm, energy harvesting output power is maximized without violating material safety rules, making it applicable to various energy source conversions like human motion, tidal wave, and wind energy.

Xiaomei Chen and Yu Wan 2024 Eng. Res. Express 6 025311

Ramasamy Sethuraman et al 2024 Eng. Res. Express 6 025518

This paper presents a comprehensive thermal performance analysis of the heat pipe heat exchanger by varying the input process parameters and optimizing the best condition for waste heat recovery through the TOPSIS technique. In this work, the heat pipe is constructed with a copper tube and segmented into evaporator and condenser sections carrying hot and cold fluids with a half-fill ratio. The heat pipe is oriented in 0° horizontally with the wick material made from stainless steel and works based on the capillary principle. The efficiency of the HPHE is evaluated by varying the input operational parameters, namely heat input, mass flow rate of hot fluid, inlet temperature of hot fluid, and mass flow rate of cold fluid, on response variables, specifically thermal resistance, energy balance ratio, universal heat transfer coefficient, and effectiveness. The experiment was designed for four factors at three levels as per Taguchi's L27 orthogonal array, and the best optimising condition was determined by employing the multi-objective technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) approach. The best input condition found was A3B1C1D3, in which the heat input was at 90 W, the mass flow rate of hot fluid was at 0.2 kg min −1 , the mass flow rate of cold fluid was at 0.1 kg min −1 , and the inlet temperature was at 60 °C. The effect of process parameters and their significance on output responses was analysed by executing an analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistical method. The mathematical regression model was generated, and validation was made to investigate the prediction error percentage.

Prakash Kumar and Binay Kumar 2024 Eng. Res. Express 6 025408

This research explores the microstructural, mechanical and wear characteristics of hybrid aluminum metal matrix composites (HAMMCs). Initially ZrB 2 is fabricated by melt reaction and then fly ash incorporated into the aluminum composite melt as secondary reinforcements to fabricate HAMMCs through the ultrasonic agitated stir casting method. Micrographic and phase analysis of the HAMMCs and base alloy is conducted x-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Energy-Dispersive x-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). A wear test was conducted to study the wear properties of alloy and hybrid composite material. The generated wear scar was analyzed using a profilometer to find the wear rate. The tensile strength and hardness of the hybrid aluminum metal matrix composites (HAMMCs) improved remarkably as compared to base alloy. The wear resistance of the fabricated composite also increases on increasing the in situ ZrB 2 up to 3 weight fractions.

Review articles

Shashi Kumar et al 2024 Eng. Res. Express 6 022101

The review paper deals with a literature review on buckling analysis by different methods of laminated plates with different types of stiffeners which has been conducted in recent years. Analytical studies, experimental studies, finite element analysis, and other computational methods have been implemented by researchers on the stiffened panels under compression and shear for determination of the buckling behavior of the panel with I-type, blade-type, T-type, and hat-stiffeners. Some literature has been found on the panel with the influence of variation of the stiffener depth for the determination of buckling capacity. Very few literatures, non-linear finite element (FE) have been implemented for the determination of the effect of debonding damage between plate-stiffener of the panel but have not been reported parametric data about the effect of cohesive parameters of plate-stiffener and delamination of plies of the composites stiffened panel for post-buckling analysis. This paper also provides a literature survey based on the buckling performance of the plates with the application of different shapes of stiffeners.

Muhammad Nafiz Hamidi et al 2024 Eng. Res. Express 6 012402

Recently, there has been rising interest in 4D printing (4DP) technology. It is a new technology that emerged from 3D printing technology but can produce a dynamic product that can change its shape and properties when subjected to external stimuli. 4DP is an additive manufacturing process that uses materials receptive to stimuli, such as shape memory polymer (SMP), that can alter its shape once exposed to applied stimuli like heat, water, light, electricity, pressure, etc. Two frequently used SMPs are polylactic acid (PLA) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), owing to their excellent shape memory properties, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. The shape memory performance of the 4D printed SMP is quantified by shape recovery ratio (R r ) and shape fixity ratio (R f ), which is highly dependent on the printing parameters. Some of the important printing parameters that influence shape memory performance are printing speed, raster angle, layer thickness, and nozzle temperature. Due to 4DP's ability to produce a dynamic product, it is widely used to revolutionize several fields such as biomedical, textile, aerospace, soft robotic, and electronic fields. This review paper discusses and provides a better understanding of the 4DP technology, the shape recovery mechanism, the effect of 4DP parameters on shape recovery performance, applications of 4DP technology, challenges faced, and future perspectives regarding the 4DP technology.

Adarsh Mathew Abraham and S Venkatesan 2024 Eng. Res. Express 6 012508

Implants play a vital role in a person's life because losing any body part to function less actively, which makes the sufferer uncomfortable. Implants should be both biocompatible and non-toxic to the body is essential to achieve its biocompatibility nature. To create orthopaedic, dental, and surgical implants, biomaterials were divided into three categories: metallic, polymeric, and ceramic. Materials based on polymers indicate their degree of adaptability in terms of sutures, medication delivery, etc. Ceramic materials are known for their high compressive strength and inert behaviour, which combine aesthetic qualities. Metallic biomaterials are enhanced by their high strength and resistance to fracture. One of the most promising techniques for improving a material's mechanical qualities is powder metallurgy. Powder metallurgy involves blending of powders, compaction of blended powder, sintering and mechanical test. Samples with varying compact pressures, sintering temperatures, and sintering times were created using the powder metallurgy process. The aim of the research work is to get the concept of powder metallurgy, biomaterials commercially available for orthopaedic and dental applications, properties of biomaterial and methods to fabricate the material effectively.

Gurpreet Singh and Arnab Chanda 2024 Eng. Res. Express 6 012507

Diabetic foot complications are a widespread issue that causes significant medical, economic, and social burdens for individuals and their families worldwide. Neuropathy often leads to foot ulceration, which is a prevalent consequence of diabetes. Diabetic foot ulcers are commonly diagnosed and pose challenging consequences due to their morbidity, increased risk of lower limb amputation, and related mortality. In recent years, researchers have increasingly used finite element (FE) analysis to simulate the biomechanics of diabetic foot. The primary objective of these simulations is to estimate the mechanical loading conditions for healthy and diseased foot and provide insights into novel interventions such as insole designs, surgical procedures, etc This paper presents a state-of-the-art review of the literature on finite element modeling and analysis of diabetic foot, focusing on computationally accurate foot modeling, ulcer modeling, and simulation-based management. This review aims to provide researchers a concise description of FE modeling research on diabetic foot while highlighting their potential for future advancements. The summarized literature will be helpful for the development of suitable interventions such as insoles, footwear, and orthotics for the management of diabetic foot pre- and post- ulceration.

Accepted manuscripts

Kumar et al 

Sample The work primarily focuses on increasing the efficiency of EV drive in electric two-wheeler by working on several aspects, such as modulating the vehicle's design, optimizing the control strategy, and increasing the speed range using a dual-motor approach. The dynamics of electric two-wheeler have been discussed with a mathematical vehicle model and further tuning of several aspects. Besides, this paper also introduces a novel Augmented Teaching and Learning based Optimization (ATLBO) technique designed exclusively to control BLDC motors for the electric two-wheeler vehicle. Besides, the designed technique has been implemented for the widely used commercial e-bike of Hero Company. Therefore, an analysis has been performed to increase the vehicle's speed range using a dual motor, from 45 km/hr to 62 km/hr, proving to be a viable alternative to a single motor generally used in an electric bike. ATLBO technique has been designed against a conventional TLBO to optimize the proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller for the speed control of a linear brushless DC (BLDC) motor. Furthermore, the literature has validated the merits of the presented novel control technique. The only disadvantage of using a dual motor is the initial cost, but the overall cost is moderated in the long-term usage for its augmented performance parameters. The performance parameters of the above technique are analyzed against other optimization techniques like conventional Teaching and Learning based optimization (TLBO), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). MATLAB/Simulink models the brushless DC motor and implements ATLBO, TLBO, and PSO algorithms. It has been found that the response obtained from ATLBO is comparatively much faster than other optimization techniques, which supports the motor for quick acceleration as well as more efficient in improving the step response characteristics such as rise time, settling time, and steady-state error in the speed control of a linear BLDC motor.

Lin et al 

Large-scale scanning probe can facilitate fabricating cross-scale micro/nano structures. However, the processing of complex two-dimensional patterns usually encounters challenges including numerous machining feature points and probe jumps, which results in low efficiency, as well as poor machining quality. Therefore, a circular scanning method based on corner point extraction (CSCE) was proposed in this study for programming the probe path and reducing the number of probe jumps. Before the machining, the target structures or images were converted into raw data points through image processing, and then the data was refined by corner point extraction for obtaining the machining points. Subsequently, the machining points were arranged in the order of a circular scanning algorithm to get the probe path. Using CSCE, the probe jump was only 1 time for processing an H-shaped pattern. By comparison with the circular scanning method based on intersection point extraction (CSIE) for the H pattern, the number of machining points in CSCE was reduced from 82 to 12, and the machining time was shortened from 17.15 s to 3.17 s. Consequently, CSCE can enable efficient and high-quality fabrication of cross-scale micro/nanostructures.

Zhang et al 

Based on the machine vision and artificial intelligence technologies, the reading and acquisition of meter values have become the mainstream technical solutions for real-time monitoring of production data in the current industrial field. At the same time, the number of intelligent instruments and meters is increasing, and the quality varies. There is a lack of scientifically measurement methods and quality trust for intelligent meter reading algorithms. To promote their reliable and widespread application in various fields, it is necessary to conduct in-depth research on the assessment system of artificial intelligence in intelligent meter reading systems. This paper comprehensively studies various aspects involved in the emerging measurement field of artificial intelligence evaluation at the current stage, providing scientific measurement and evaluation references for the quality trust of artificial intelligence in the field of meters.

Lan et al 

Bridge hangers play a crucial role in transmitting forces and supporting bridge structures. The condition of these hangers directly impacts the overall safety of the bridge. However, they are susceptible to fatigue failure due to cyclic loads like wind and vehicle traffic. Therefore, evaluating the fatigue performance of bridge hangers is vital. Typically made up of multiple parallel steel wires, the failure of even one wire can affect the fatigue performance of the entire hanger. This underscores the importance of considering the individual components' impact on the system as a whole. This study presents a time-dependent reliability assessment model for bridge hangers based on the S-N curve of steel wire. Additionally, a system-level reliability assessment model is developed using fault tree analysis, taking into account the influence of broken wires and stress redistribution on the hanger system. The model is solved using response surface methodology, and through five numerical simulations, the study examines the effect of key parameters, including the number of broken wires, equivalent structural stress, and total cycles on the system's reliability.

Zende et al 

The 'Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS)' is one of the best methods for 'Multi-Criteria Decision-Making' and 'Multi-Objective Optimization'. The traditional TOPSIS method determines the best alternative under fixed conditions. However, it cannot determine the best upper limit and lowest limit values. This work explains the detailed methodology of the newly developed Zende's-TOPSIS method which was used to estimate the measurement uncertainty in hole diameters. Four identical holes and one center hole in an industrial component were measured to investigate measurement uncertainty. According to the experimental results, Zende's-TOPSIS method performed better than the traditional TOPSIS method. The percentage improvement in the Zende's-TOPSIS method over the traditional TOPSIS method ranges from 0.0209% to 0.3053%. Using Zende's-TOPSIS method, the percentage maximum measurement uncertainty for four identical holes varies from 0.8067% to 1.0222%, whereas for the center hole, it varies from 0.5261% to 0.5576%. Similarly, the percentage minimum measurement uncertainty for four identical holes varies from 0.3839% to 0.6406%, whereas for the center hole, it varies from 0.4014% to 0.4041%. The proposed method is also capable of estimating the machined tolerances of the component, which ranges from 18.0772 mm to 18.1708 mm for four identical holes and 49.2215 mm to 49.2572 mm for the center hole. The proposed method can solve various 'Multi-Objective Optimization' problems.

More Accepted manuscripts

Open access

Adnan Khadim and Naveed Ahmad 2024 Eng. Res. Express 6 025105

Asphalt is a viscoelastic material which performs to resist rutting, fatigue cracking, and moisture susceptibility under different loading and temperature conditions. The use of innovative and renewable pavement construction materials is inevitable due to high axle loads, rapidly increasing traffic volumes, and varying climatic conditions. This study aims to assess the effect as well as the optimum dosage of paper waste lignin for use in hot mix asphalt (HMA). Lignin from the paper industry with dosage ratios of 5, 10, 15, and 20%, was utilized to study the effect of the addition of lignin to the asphalt binder. Virgin and lignin-modified binder samples, before and after the aging process, were subjected to physical testing through penetration, softening point, ductility, viscosity and specific gravity and rheological characteristics through dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), bending beam rheometer (BBR), and rational viscometer (RV). The fractional composition was assessed through saturates, aromatics, resins and asphaltenes (SARA) fractional composition technique. Statistical analysis was also performed to find correlation of different physical and rheological parameters. Furthermore, based on optimum dosage, the performance of asphalt mixtures was studied against rutting, fatigue cracking, and moisture susceptibility. The results indicated that the addition of lignin has improved the physical properties significantly. The amount of asphaltene decreased and aromatics increased in SARA fractional analysis. Moreover, the Colloidal Instability Index (CII) has also indicated a stable structure of the binder. The rheological characteristics are improved after modification. The asphalt mixture tests revealed that addition of lignin with optimum dosage (10%) has improved the performance against rutting, fatigue cracking and moisture susceptibility. Statistical analysis indicated good co-relation among different physical and rheological parameters. This study concludes that 10% dosage is the optimum dosage that can successfully replace the virgin asphalt binder for performance of hot mix asphalt.

Xiaowei Zhao et al 2024 Eng. Res. Express 6 025319

Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) has revolutionized retinal imaging by offering non-invasive high-resolution three-dimensional visualization capabilities. OCT has become the standard of care in routine ophthalmological practice, especially for the posterior segment. Given its widespread clinical applications, establishing standardized test devices and methods for key OCT parameters is imperative to ensure both optimal imaging performance and diagnostic accuracy and treatment effectiveness. As a widely applied standard, ISO 16971:2015 published by the International Organization for Standardization specifies the minimum requirements, test device, and methods for OCT for the posterior segment of the human eye. Notably, these standards lacked experimental validation. In the present study, we implement the test device according to ISO 16971:2015, and assess a commercially available ophthalmic OCT instrument with the suggested test device and methods. Results show that the test device and methods could facilitate a rudimentary evaluation of OCT key parameters. Nevertheless, refinements of the test device and methods are requisite to enhance measurement accuracy, reliability, traceability, and practicability, catering to the diverse needs of manufacturers, end-users, and regulatory entities.

Krishnanunni S et al 2024 Eng. Res. Express

The automotive industry's relentless pursuit of improved safety, performance, and durability has spurred a continuous search for innovative solutions for crucial components like brake discs. These components endure extreme thermal and mechanical stresses, making them highly susceptible to corrosion and wear. Inadequate corrosion resistance and excessive wear of brake disc material during service remain significant concerns, with the latter resulting in brake emissions in the form of dust and particulate matter that pose health risks to humans. As exhaust emission standards grow more stringent, it becomes imperative to address brake disc wear issues while maintaining material braking performance. This paper provides an extensive examination of recent advancements in brake disc coatings, specifically designed to combat both corrosion and wear challenges. It explores how these protective coatings interact with the broader automotive ecosystem, highlighting their pivotal role in ensuring safer, more resilient, and environmentally responsible vehicles. This paper also evaluates traditional coating technologies and materials alongside emerging alternatives for brake disc applications.

GyeChol Sin et al 2024 Eng. Res. Express 6 025006

Composite transparent conductive electrodes (TCEs) consisting of silver nanowires (AgNWs) and conductive metal oxides are very promising for flexible optoelectronic devices due to their smooth surface morphology and high chemical stability. However, it is still challenging to ensure high optoelectronic performance and long-term stability in practical applications. Here, we solved these problems by coating antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) nanoparticles dispersion on ultra-long AgNWs network using waterborne polyurethane (WPU) binder. Ultra-long nanowires occupy less wire-wire junctions and space than short nanowires, thus increasing the optoelectronic performance and flexibility of the composite TCE. WPU improves the adhesion and stability of ATO nanoparticles to the substrate and AgNWs network. The fabricated composite TCE showed a low sheet resistance of 11.9 Ω sq −1 , good optical transmittance of 83% at 550 nm and a figure of merit (FOM) of 162 compared to PET/ITO electrode. It also showed excellent mechanical flexibility, adhesion to the substrate and solvent stability. Furthermore, the long-term conductivity was maintained under ambient conditions for 60 days.

Saravanan Subramanian et al 2024 Eng. Res. Express

Confirming the pozzolanic activity is crucial to ensure their compatibility and performance in geopolymer composite (GC) applications, as it improves the geopolymerization process and optimizes the strength characteristics of GCs. This work evaluates the pozzolanic properties of Fly ash (FA), Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) slag, and Iron Ore Tailings (IOT) for their potential use in the development of Engineered Geopolymer Composites (EGC). IOT partially substitutes fine aggregate, while FA and BOF slag are the major precursors. Pozzolanic properties of the aforementioned materials were assessed through the Frattini, saturated lime test (SLT), and strength activity index (SAI). The Frattini test values recorded were 90, 47, and 30 % of CaO removal, denoting their degree of pozzolanicity respectively for BOF Slag, FA, and IOT. In the SLT, the formation of stable calcium silicate hydrates and aluminates are verified by the reaction of the test pozzolans with lime, thereby conforming their pozzolanicity. The results from the Frattini and SAI tests showed a significant correlation, indicating an effective pozzolanicity measure of the test materials. However, the results from the SLT did not align with the outcomes from the Frattini and SAI tests. This contradiction suggests that the SLT is ineffective compared to the other two test methods in measuring the pozzolanic activity of the test materials. The research findings provide valuable insights into the potential usage of these materials (pozzolans) as sustainable building materials in the construction industry.

Vijayalaxmi H M et al 2024 Eng. Res. Express 6 025205

The medical images of people are important and sensitive and cannot be shared with the public considering privacy measures. Maintaining the confidentiality of the medical image is essential, and leakage of such information can cause great loss. Therefore, the information has to be secured while being transferred through a third party, which can be any network medium. Thus, there is a need for developing a robust encryption algorithm. These algorithms improve the security of the ongoing pictures by compromising the nature of the picture and utilizing complex calculations. Algorithms that work on the nature of the picture by utilizing complex cycles, for example, error diffusion, halftoning, wavelet transform, and dithering, lead to time complexity. Thus, a compact and efficient cryptographic algorithm is proposed with fewer mathematical computations that ensure the secured transmission and reception of medical images through the medium using Significant Visual Cryptography (SVC). In SVC, initially, the quality of the secret images (SI) is improved by using the Error Abatement Technique (EAT). The output of EAT is used to generate random share values, which are then implanted in cover pictures. The shares that are transmitted do not reveal the secret information present in the original image because of the steganography features involved in this technique. The integrated check value (ICV) is calculated over the region of interest (ROI) at the encryption and decryption sides to provide additional security. Quality and security analyses have been carried out to ensure the robustness of the algorithm. The detailed study proved that the proposed algorithm beat the constraints of the current calculations. The concept of checking the integrity value and steganography features enhanced the effectiveness of the algorithm.

Shenghan Guo et al 2024 Eng. Res. Express

This study examines a new intelligent control method for a single-link flexible manipulator that addresses backlash and model uncertainty. First, a smooth backlash inverse model is constructed to mitigate backlash nonlinearity. Subsequently, a "disturbance-like" term is formulated to recharacterize the coupled term composed of external disturbances and model uncertainty. A new adaptive controller is proposed to compensate for the unknown "disturbance-like" term. Using the proposed control method, the stability of the system is evaluated using the direct Lyapunov theory, ensuring uniform ultimate boundedness. Finally, numerical simulation and experiment are conducted using the Quanser platform. The numerical simulation and experimental results show that the proposed control can ensure a faster convergence rate and effectively reduce actuator input chattering.

Narayan Joshi 2024 Eng. Res. Express

Optimum efficiency and fault tolerance are the most demanding and challenging issues in the domain of performance and reliability management in cloud computing environments. Optimized resource utilization is a key aspect for yielding efficiency in cloud platforms. Workload balancing through resource sharing is one of the key solutions for attaining performance in cloud environments. In addition, multiple cloud environments join hands to offer performance and fault tolerance through resource sharing. We provide a better and cloud-instances' priority-based efficient load balancing method for collaborative cloud platforms. The recommended efficient load balancing method shortens the waiting timespan and overcomes the starvation problem of low priority instances in intercloud environments. A functional prototype of the recommended load balancing method was deployed on a physical cloud infrastructure which was setup with the OpenStack cloud software on the Fedora Linux operating system. The pilot project execution findings exhibit a reduction in the timespan borne by instances for executing load balancing. This technique is useful for attaining fault tolerance and efficient resource utilization in intracloud and intercloud environments.

Sadegh Mahmoudkhani et al 2024 Eng. Res. Express 6 025308

Steel tendons commonly used in pre-stressed/post-tensioned concrete structural systems can lose cross-section due to corrosion, eventually leading to acoustic emission (AE) events when the stress exceeds the breaking strength of the wires that make up the tendons. Reliable differentiation of wire break AE events from traffic or grout crack events is critical for monitoring large structures, even where the distance between sensors may produce highly attenuated signals. In this paper, the Fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm was employed to differentiate AEs released from breaking wires of steel tendons from a database of 13464 AEs, including wire breaks, environmental and grout crack AEs. Wire breaks and grout crack AEs were collected from axial loading tests of grouted tendons in which the load increased until a wire broke. Environmental acoustic signals were collected from a bridge. Then all the collected AEs were gathered in a database and post-processed to simulate attenuation of up to 20 m from source to sensor. To optimize the speed and reliability of the Fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm, a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II) was used to find the minimum number of acoustic features needed. The NSGA-II algorithm started with 201 possible acoustic features and found 12 combinations of features that resulted in more than 80% wire break detection accuracy. In contrast, less than 3% of grout cracks and 0% of environmental signals were detected as wire breaks. The proposed method is suitable for deployment in a large sensor network and has sufficiently low-computational requirements for at-the-sensor processing, eliminating the need to send high-frequency sampled data outside the sensor node.

Yegor Tamashevich et al 2024 Eng. Res. Express

Two niobium elliptical 1.3 GHz superconducting radio frequency (SRF) electron photoinjector cavities were successfully recovered after mechanical inner surface damage. Both cavities had deep imprints in the critical high surface electric field area around the photoelectric cathode position. The lengthy repair procedure, which consists of surface inspection and defect characterization, mechanical polishing and light chemical etching is described in detail. In the process, a new high pressure rinsing (HPR) nozzle system optimized for the special photoinjector geometry was also developed. Subsequent cold RF tests demonstrate complete performance recovery. This is the first time that photoinjector cavities damaged in the high electric-field region could be recovered.

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• 2019-present Engineering Research Express doi: 10.1088/issn.2631-8695 Online ISSN: 2631-8695

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Academic search engines have become the number one resource to turn to in order to find research papers and other scholarly sources. While classic academic databases like Web of Science and Scopus are locked behind paywalls, Google Scholar and others can be accessed free of charge. In order to help you get your research done fast, we have compiled the top list of free academic search engines.

Google Scholar is the clear number one when it comes to academic search engines. It's the power of Google searches applied to research papers and patents. It not only lets you find research papers for all academic disciplines for free but also often provides links to full-text PDF files.

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BASE is hosted at Bielefeld University in Germany. That is also where its name stems from (Bielefeld Academic Search Engine).

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CORE is an academic search engine dedicated to open-access research papers. For each search result, a link to the full-text PDF or full-text web page is provided.

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Science.gov is a fantastic resource as it bundles and offers free access to search results from more than 15 U.S. federal agencies. There is no need anymore to query all those resources separately!

• Coverage: approx. 200 million articles and reports
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Semantic Scholar is the new kid on the block. Its mission is to provide more relevant and impactful search results using AI-powered algorithms that find hidden connections and links between research topics.

• Coverage: approx. 40 million articles
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Although Baidu Scholar's interface is in Chinese, its index contains research papers in English as well as Chinese.

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RefSeek searches more than one billion documents from academic and organizational websites. Its clean interface makes it especially easy to use for students and new researchers.

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Consider using a reference manager like Paperpile to save, organize, and cite your references. Paperpile integrates with Google Scholar and many popular databases, so you can save references and PDFs directly to your library using the Paperpile buttons:

Google Scholar is an academic search engine, and it is the clear number one when it comes to academic search engines. It's the power of Google searches applied to research papers and patents. It not only let's you find research papers for all academic disciplines for free, but also often provides links to full text PDF file.

Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature developed at the Allen Institute for AI. Sematic Scholar was publicly released in 2015 and uses advances in natural language processing to provide summaries for scholarly papers.

BASE , as its name suggest is an academic search engine. It is hosted at Bielefeld University in Germany and that's where it name stems from (Bielefeld Academic Search Engine).

CORE is an academic search engine dedicated to open access research papers. For each search result a link to the full text PDF or full text web page is provided.

Science.gov is a fantastic resource as it bundles and offers free access to search results from more than 15 U.S. federal agencies. There is no need any more to query all those resources separately!

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Aerospace engineering is the branch of engineering that designs and builds machines for flight. This includes craft used both inside (aeronautical engineering) and outside (astronautical engineering) the Earth’s atmosphere. Aerospace engineering combines an understanding of fluid dynamics, robust but lightweight materials and the chemistry and thermodynamics of engines.

Ultralightweight perovskite solar cells for use in drones

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Corrosion behavior of multi-layer friction surfaced structure from dissimilar aluminum alloys

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WindSeer: real-time volumetric wind prediction over complex terrain aboard a small uncrewed aerial vehicle

Wind has a large impact on the safety and efficiency of small uncrewed aerial vehicles. Here, the authors present a neural network-based method for estimating the wind at meter-scale resolution around complex terrain solely based on terrain knowledge and local onboard wind observations.

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As new materials and manufacturing techniques are discovered, their benefits transform every branch of science and engineering. In spacecraft propulsion, a new generation of ion engines could provide unprecedented performance and flexibility in space mission design.

• Paulo C. Lozano

Domains of life sciences in spacefaring: what, where, and how to get involved

The integration of biology and spacefaring has led to the development of three interrelated fields: Astrobiology, Bioastronautics, and Space Bioprocess Engineering. Astrobiology is concerned with the study of the origin, evolution, distribution, and future of life in the universe, while Bioastronautics focuses on the effects of spaceflight on biological systems, including human physiology and psychology. Space Bioprocess Engineering, on the other hand, deals with the design, deployment, and management of biotechnology for human exploration. This paper highlights the unique contributions of each field and outlines opportunities for biologists to engage in these exciting avenues of research. By providing a clear overview of the major fields of biology and spacefaring, this paper serves as a valuable resource for scientists and researchers interested in exploring the integration of these disciplines.

• Aaron J. Berliner
• Spencer Zezulka
• Adam P. Arkin

Propelling the widespread adoption of large-scale 3D printing

3D printing can be used to automate the manufacturing of building elements for large-scale structures such as skyscrapers, aircraft, rockets and space bases without human intervention. However, challenges in materials, processes, printers and software control must first be overcome for large-scale 3D printing to be adopted for widespread applications.

• Wouter De Corte
• Viktor Mechtcherine

Europe’s Ariane woes

With the retirement of Ariane 5, Europe lost its only heavy-lift rocket — one that carried most of ESA’s fleet of large astronomy missions. The long-term future of independent access to space for Europe is not straightforward and can complicate the European space exploration roadmap.

A 3D-printed alloy that can face extreme environments

An article in Nature reports an alloy that can be 3D printed and has improved mechanical properties at high temperatures compared with current state-of-the-art 3D-printable alloys.

• Charlotte Allard

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