different resume formats with examples

The Best Resume Format: 20+ Examples + How-to Tips

How to format a resume the right way and how to choose the best of the three standard resume formats, depending on your current career circumstances. Plus, examples of well-formatted resumes you can steal.

The term “resume format” might mean different things: 

• For some, it’s about the nuts and bolts of the document—things like margins, fonts, overall structure.
• For others, it’s about picking the right type of the three standard resume formats—reverse-chronological, functional (skills-based), or combination (hybrid).
• Then there are those who think of “format” as the visual design and layout of a resume.

Whichever of those aspects of resume formatting you’re curious about, you’ll get all the answers you need here.

In this guide:

• How to format your resume to make it readable and professional.
• Which resume format to choose, based on your current career situation.
• Recent resume formatting trends you should know (and not always follow).

Just came here for the TL;DR version? Here it goes.

Short answer:

• Consistency is the most important aspect of resume formatting. Use a standard font like Arial, Calibri, Helvetica, Georgia, or Garamond. Use 10–12 pt font for the main body and 14–16 pt for headings. Set line spacing for 1–1.15 and margins not below 0.5 inches. For dates, choose one date format and stick to it.
• To save time and effort and make sure your resume looks just right, use an online resume builder. Obviously, I’d love you to take Rezi for a spin because we’re strongly focused on ATS-compliant formats, but if you want alternatives, Wozber, FlowCV, and Teal are also worth a try.
• The reverse-chronological resume format is a safe choice for all jobseekers and the best choice for 9 out of 10 candidates. 
• If you’re fresh out of school and have no work history to showcase, still use the reverse-chronological resume, just put your education section above the work experience part. 
• The combination format might work if you’re changing careers, but only if you’ve had a lot of professional experience in that previous field.
• The functional resume format is usually too risky. Use at your own peril. The only scenario where it might be okay is if you’re applying for a highly-creative role and your portfolio matters more than your resume.

How to Format a Resume?

• Set margins for 1 inch. If a few lines spill over to the next page, you can make your margins slightly smaller, but not smaller than 0.5 inches.
• If you have less than 5 years of experience, make your resume one-page. Two-page resumes are fine for mid-level to senior-level candidates.
• Use one of the standard, recognizable fonts like Arial, Calibri, Merriweather, Helvetica, Georgia, or Garamond. You can use a different font for headings: a combo of serif and sans-serif fonts often looks better.
• Go for 10–12 pt font for the main body and 14–16 pt for section headings.
• Put essential information in bold but don’t overdo it—use it for things like company names, educational institutions, or certifications.
• Use single or 1.15 line spacing for the main body, and 1.5–2.0 for the space between headings and sections.
• Structure your sections in the following order: Contact Information, Summary, Work Experience, Education, Skills, Additional Sections (Certifications, Courses, Conference Participation, Volunteer Work, and similar).
• Use bullet points to describe your duties and achievements in your work experience section. Use up to 7 bullet points per job—the more recent the position, the more bullets you can shoot for.
• Save your resume as a PDF unless the job ad explicitly asks for a different file format. Name the file FirstName_LastName_Resume_TargetCompany , e.g., John_Doe_Resume_Apple.

Formatting your resume right won’t automatically get you hired. Formatting it wrong, though, will automatically get you rejected. 

It’s the bare minimum you need to take care of in your job application. So yeah, don’t mess it up.

These essentials make sure your resume isn’t just professional, but also easy to skim and visually appealing.

Set proper margins

Margins frame your resume, giving it a clean, organized look. Aim for one-inch margins all around. If you’re tight on space, you can squeeze them down a bit—just not below 0.5 inches to avoid a cramped look.

Use respectable fonts

Your choice of font matters a lot. Stick to clear, professional fonts like Arial, Calibri, Merriweather or Times New Roman. Keep the main text between 10 and 12 points, bumping up headings a bit to make them pop. The aim is clarity, ensuring anyone can easily read your resume.

Get your line spacing right

Good line spacing keeps your resume from looking like a wall of text. Use single spacing for your content, with a bit more space between sections (1.5 to 2.0) to break things up visually.

Use clear, descriptive headings

Headings guide readers through your resume, so they need to stand out. Whether you bold them or use a different font, keep it consistent. This helps employers quickly find what they’re looking for.

Put the sections in the right order

How you organize your resume sections can make a big difference. Kick off with your contact info and a punchy summary or objective. After that, what comes next depends on what you want to highlight. Usually, you’ll lead with your work experience, followed by education, skills, and any extra goodies like certifications or awards.

Use bullet points strategically

Avoid using paragraphs to describe previous experience. Bullet points are your best friend for listing achievements and responsibilities. Start each one with a dynamic action verb and, whenever you can, quantify your successes. This format is not just reader-friendly, it also shines a spotlight on your contributions.

Save your resume as a PDF

When saving your resume, PDF is usually your safest bet to keep the formatting consistent across different devices. Name your resume file clearly with your name and the word “resume,” like, John_Doe_Resume.pdf . 

For brownie points, you can add the name of the company you’re applying to: Michael_Tomaszewski_Resume_Rezi.pdf (to be frank, I never got to send one).

Understanding these formatting basics sets a solid foundation for your resume, making it look good and read well. 

But that’s the easy part. Here’s where things get a little more complicated (or do they?).

Which of the Three Resume Formats is the Best?

• The three standard types of resume formats are: reverse-chronological (the most common one, focused on your work history), functional, AKA skills-based (focused on your skills), and combination (highlighting skills while tying them to professional experience).
• Reverse-chronological resume format is the best choice for most candidates, no matter their industry or seniority level.
• Combination resume format can work well for senior professionals with stellar achievements or for career-changers with extensive experience in their previous field.
• Functional resume format is generally risky: most recruiters don’t like it, and it might not pass some ATS scans. You can get away with it when applying for creative roles, where your portfolio matters more than linear work experience.

I’ll go into details right below. But first, consult this handy flowchart.

Below, I’ll break down the three main types to help you pick the best one for your current situation and career goals.

Reverse-chronological resume format

This is the go-to format for most jobseekers. Its main focus is in the work experience section, with jobs you’ve held listed in reverse-chronological order (starting with the current or most recent one, then working your way back in time).

This is the standard order of sections on a reverse-chronological resume:

• Contact Information
• Resume Summary or Resume Objective
• Work Experience
• Additional sections (Publications, Courses, Certificates , Volunteer Work , Hobbies and Interests, and similar)

And here’s what a good reverse-chronological resume looks like.

Reverse-chronological resume sample

Pros: it’s a recruiter- and ATS-friendly resume , highlighting your career progression and best achievements. It focuses exactly on what matters the most to potential employers.

Cons: if you’ve had plenty of success over many years of your professional career, some of the best bits might get lost between the cracks of a reverse-chronological resume.

This format is a no-brainer when you’ve had a straightforward career in the same field. 

That said, the reverse-chronological resume will work well even for career-changers, people with career gaps, or recent grads with little to no professional experience. 

Here’s why:

• Career changers: write an effective reverse-chronological resume by expressing your desire for a career switch in the resume summary, then, focus on experience and skills that are transferable to the new industry.
• Employment gaps: a 2014 study has shown that career gaps are far less significant to hiring decision-makers than you’d fear. As long as the gap has been followed by a period of continuous employment, it’s unlikely to bother your potential employer. The same goes for any gap shorter than 9 months. It shouldn’t even be called a “gap” in that case, you were just out of work for a while. Of course, you still need to explain the break, but something as straightforward as “Job Seeking” or “Break for Personal Reasons” will do the trick.
• No relevant work history: still fresh out of school with no work experience? Put your “Education” section above your “Work Experience.” In the education section, elaborate on relevant coursework or extracurricular activities . As for the work experience, list anything that might count, even that part-time cafeteria job or volunteer work.

Note : more recent, post-pandemic studies suggest that Americans do display slightly negative sentiment towards those who were unemployed during the pandemic. That said, those surveys were run on general population, not hiring professionals, so take the results with a grain of salt.

Functional (skills-based) resume format

Here, you focus on your skills rather than when you worked where. 

It’s commonly advertised as *the* resume format for candidates with gaps in employment or who are switching careers and want to highlight transferable skills.

The twist is that, technically, you don’t even have to put in the dates next to your jobs. And that might sound really tempting to those of you who aren’t too confident about your career progression so far.

But it just doesn’t work like that. 

You’ll be much better off honestly addressing any irregularities in work history on your resume than trying to conceal those. A functional resume immediately raises questions.

Honestly, any time I had to write a sample functional resume to show that it MIGHT work, I always ended up creating something closer to a combination resume (more on that in a moment).

This is the standard order of sections on a functional resume:

• Resume Objective
• Skills Summary
• Additional sections

Here’s what it looks like in practice.

Functional resume sample

Pros: it lets you play up your strengths and downplay less relevant positions. Can be a good choice for creative or artistic positions or when applying to small businesses.

Cons: recruiters aren’t fans because it can seem like you’re hiding something. It’s not great for dealing with ATS scans. It conceals what hiring decision-makers are interested in the most—your career progression.

If you’re dead set on using the functional resume format, by this point, I’ve probably run out of options to convince you otherwise. 

My final piece of advice: provide concrete examples that prove the skills you’re listing. And if you have an online portfolio, by all means include a link in the contact information section.

Combination (hybrid) resume format

Also called a chrono-functional resume. A mix of both worlds, this format showcases your skills upfront, followed by a reverse-chronological work history. It’s ideal for highly experienced senior candidates or career-changers who’ve had long stints of employment in their “previous” careers.

• Extensive Skills Summary

Combination resume sample

Pros: highlights your most important skills and achievements up top. The magic sauce is tying a skill you mention to concrete evidence from your work history.

Cons: it’s fairly difficult to write it well. The whole point is compiling the highlights from your career in the skills summary at the top, but you don’t want to repeat all that information all over again in the work experience section.

A great example of someone who benefited from a combination resume comes from my individual client from a few years back, we’ll call him Jose.

Jose had over a dozen jobs throughout his 20-year career. He wasn’t much of a job hopper, more like a jack of all trades, taking a part-time gig here and there or holding two jobs simultaneously at times. 

He spent most of his life as a goalkeeper coach for a soccer club in Florida. Jose also handled some promotional activities for the club, was responsible for fundraising, and worked as a sales rep for a niche goalkeeper gear manufacturer. He was looking for a job in sales. And—

As we started talking, I realized he was an amazing salesperson! 

For instance, he single-handedly closed a sponsorship deal with the then Real Madrid’s first-choice goalkeeper (to those of you in the US—trust me, that’s a huge name in Europe) despite competing with the Nikes and Adidases of this world, and other companies he wouldn’t have been able to outbid. He also did spectacularly well managing sales initiatives for the soccer club.

And yet, if two of his most recent job positions had just read “Head Goalkeeper Coach” and “Goalkeeper Coach,” all of those other relevant achievements would have gotten buried. And recruiters won’t dig for information they don’t have readily available at first glance. 

Long story short, we wrote a combination resume for Jose and quickly landed him his dream sales gig. If your current situation sounds even a bit similar, this might be your cue!

CV format vs. resume format

Just a quick note here. If you’re looking for a job in academia, none of the above holds true. You’ll need to follow a CV format—and it’s an entirely different document.

A CV (Curriculum Vitae) is not just a “fancy” resume. It’s way more detailed and used primarily in higher education teaching and research positions, covering your entire career. 

How to choose the best resume format for you?

Depending on your experience level:.

• Entry-level with no experience: lean towards a modified reverse-chronological resume with the education section above the work experience.
• Mid-level: use the reverse-chronological format, which showcases a solid work history and upward career trajectory.
• Senior-level: go for a combination format as it allows you to display a rich mix of skills and impactful career milestones.
• Career-changers: the combination format is a good bet, letting you emphasize relevant skills over past job titles. You can also use a reverse-chronological resume, but provide some context for your desire to change careers in the resume summary or resume objective.

Depending on other factors:

• Linear work history: when you have a solid, consistent work history in the same field, use the reverse-chronological resume format. If your work history is varied with gaps or changes in career paths, a combination resume format might be better.
• Your industry: creative fields are more open to unique formats and designs. For more traditional fields, stick to the basics of standard resume formatting and, ideally, use the reverse-chronological resume.
• The role’s requirements: no matter the exact structure you end up using in your resume, always tailor any resume format to highlight the skills and experience that the role requires.

Here’s what you need to know about resume formatting and resume formats:

• Make your resume presentable. Treat it as any other formal document. Use an elegant font, single line spacing, 1-inch margins, and clear, visually-distinct headings.
• Always include the following sections: contact information, summary or objective, work experience, education, and skills.
• It’s best practice to throw in additional sections that back your expertise up: certifications, conferences, publications, volunteer work, projects, and similar.
• There are three standard resume formats: reverse-chronological, functional, and combination.
• The reverse-chronological resume is the best pick for a majority of candidates.
• Senior candidates or career-changers with a rich history of employment can benefit from using the combination resume format.
• Functional resumes are a less-than-perfect choice. They’re not exactly ATS-friendly, and they conceal some of the most important information.

Thanks a ton for reading and, as always, keeping my fingers crossed for your job hunt! Got any questions unanswered? Check out the FAQs below or hit me up via a DM on LinkedIn, always happy to talk careers!

Should my resume be one page?

For most early-career professionals, keeping your resume to one page is ideal. It forces you to highlight your most relevant experiences and skills. However, if you’re a mid- to senior-level professional with extensive experience relevant to the job you’re applying for, it’s acceptable to extend to two pages. The key is relevance and value—every section should add something meaningful.

How do I create an outline for my resume?

Start by listing the essential sections: Contact Information, Summary or Objective, Work Experience, Education, Skills, and any other relevant sections like Certifications or Projects. Next, under each category, bullet point the items you plan to include, focusing on achievements and skills. Adjust the order based on the resume format you choose and what you want to emphasize most.

What’s the best resume format for college students?

College students often benefit from a modified reverse-chronological format with education placed above work experience. It allows you to highlight your academic projects, and extracurricular activities, especially if you lack formal work experience. However, if you’ve had significant internships or relevant work, a traditional reverse-chronological format that showcases this experience can also work well.

Can I include a picture on my resume?

Generally, it’s best to avoid including a picture on your resume, especially for jobs in the US and UK, where it can actually work against you due to anti-discrimination laws. However, there are exceptions based on industry (like acting) or geographic location (some countries outside the US expect a photo). Always research the norms for your specific situation.

What’s the best resume format for ATS scans?

A reverse-chronological format is the safest bet for ATS (Applicant Tracking Systems) because it’s straightforward and easy for the software to parse. Regardless of format, ensure your resume includes relevant keywords from the job description, uses standard headings (like “Work Experience”), and avoids overly complex layouts or elements that could confuse the ATS.

What should I always include on a resume ?

Always include your contact information, a summary or objective (tailored to the job), your work experience (with achievements and quantifiable results), your education, and relevant skills. Depending on the job, you might also include sections for certifications, languages, volunteer work, or projects. Remember, customization based on the job you’re applying for is key.

Michael Tomaszewski

Michael Tomaszewski, CPRW, is a resume and career advice expert with 7+ years of experience in the hiring industry. He has helped millions of readers and dozens of one-on-one clients create resumes and cover letters that *finally* do their talents and accomplishments justice.

3 Best Resume Formats for 2024 [W/ 5+ Professional Templates]

How you format your resume matters . 

When reviewing your resume, the first thing hiring managers notice is how your resume looks , not what it contains .

And if the first thing they see is a messy, cluttered, crowded resume, chances are you won’t make a great first impression.

So, this begs the question: what are the best resume formats, and which one should YOU use? 

That’s exactly what we’re here to explain! In this article, we’re going to cover:

• Resume Formatting Guidelines
• 5+ Resume Templates (You Can Steal)
• 3 Main Resume Formats (With Examples)
• Resume Format Pros and Cons
• How to Choose a Resume Format
• 7 Other Resume Resources 

Let’s dive right in! 

Resume Formatting Guidelines 

If you’re formatting your resume from scratch, you’ll first want to pay attention to the layout.  

That involves setting the margins, picking the font size, and determining your resume’s length. 

To create a professional-looking resume, follow these general formatting guidelines: 

• Don’t make your resume longer than one page . Unless you have 5+ years of relevant work experience, there’s no reason for your resume to be two or three pages long. 
• Pick an 11 or 12-pt font size and stick with it throughout your resume.
• Pick an attention-grabbing (but professional) font . We recommend Ubuntu, Roboto, or Overpass.  
• Use standard and legible resume sections . For example, your work experience should be called just that “Work Experience” and not “work history” or something else. 
• Leverage bullet points to list information such as work achievements and responsibilities, academic details , etc. They help make the resume much more reader-friendly. 
• Be consistent with resume formatting (e.g. use the same date format everywhere, instead of using 11.2018 in one place and November 2018 in another). 
• Have good line spacing. You don’t want the information on your resume to look all cramped up. 
• Always save your resume as a PDF file . It’s the safest choice, as it guarantees your resume layout will stay intact no matter what device opens it. Only save your resume as MS Word if the job you’re applying for specifically requires you to and never, ever, submit a JPEG or PNG of your resume.

New to resume-making? Give our resumes 101 video a watch before diving into the article!

6 Free Resume Templates (You Can Start Usign Now!) 

Formatting a resume from start to finish can be a time and energy-consuming process.

 If you’re building your resume with Word, for example, you’ll have to spend at least an hour tweaking the margins, making the headers and body text uniform, picking a font, and so on. You’ll spend an hour or two before you can even start filling in the resume contents!

And if all of that wasn’t enough, one misplaced sentence here or a wrong click there, and your resume layout starts spilling over to page 2!

Want to skip all the hassle of resume formatting? Check out some of our free, tried-and-tested resume templates , pick out your favorite, and fill it in as you go: 

#1. Basic Resume Template

Good for conservative, traditional industries. 

If you want to focus on your resume’s contents rather than its design, then the Basic template is for you. With a concise and well-organized layout, this resume format highlights everything the hiring manager wants to see. 

#2. College Resume Template

Good for university students, recent graduates, and entry-level professionals.

If you’re applying for internships or entry-level jobs, you’ll want to show off your skills, academic achievements, and whatever work experience you have. Well, that’s exactly what this template does! 

Not to mention, its contemporary style is perfect for younger candidates who want their resume to be as visually appealing as it is professional. 

#3. Executive Resume Template

Good for senior executives who may be applying in creative or green industries . While very professionally formatted, it also shows off a tinge of personality with its blue color scheme. 

#4. Modern Resume Template

Good for professionals in the business world or IT industries. 

Square brackets, bullet lists, infographics, and icons work together in this template to attract the hiring manager’s attention and get them to go over your work experience and achievements in depth. 

#5. Creative Resume Template

Good for anyone applying to creative industries such as marketing , design, publishing, and entry-level professionals. 

If you’re looking to stand out visually as much as through your skills and achievements, this is the template for you. Creative is designed to be a stylish resume that makes a stunning first impression while remaining professional. 

#6. Simple Resume Template

Good for senior professionals with a lot of work experience who are in conservative industries such as law or banking. 

The well-organized and professional formatting in this resume template is visually modest, allowing your achievements to do the talking. 

What Are the 3 Main Resume Formats? 

Now that we covered all the basics, let’s talk about resume formats in detail . 

The first thing you want to know is that there are three main resume formats out there, namely:

• The reverse-chronological resume format. This is the most common and practical resume format in 2024.
• The functional resume format is also known as the skills-based resume format.
• The combination resume format , or hybrid resume format, is a combination of the other two formats.

At this point, you’re probably asking yourself how these 3 formats are different from each other. 

Well, the main difference is that they focus on different parts of an applicant’s experience by listing sections in different orders.

Here is what we mean by that: 

So, in a nutshell: 

• The reverse-chronological resume format focuses on your work experience , listing them from most to least recent.
• The functional resume format focuses on your skills that are relevant to the job.
• The combination resume format focuses on your experience and skills by aiming to prove that you possess the skills you list through your work achievements.

What’s the Best Resume Format For Me? 

So far so good - you now know all about the three main resume formats and how they’re different from each other. 

Now, you probably want to know what the optimal format is for YOUR resume. 

Well, mainly, that depends on what point you’re at in your career. Meaning: 

• If you’re a seasoned professional or if you’re looking to get hired in an industry where you have tons of experience, you should pick the reverse-chronological format.
• If you’re applying in a creative industry or for a position that prioritizes your skillset instead of your work history, then you can go for the functional resume format.
• If you’re looking to get hired in a position that requires both experienced and skilled applicants, then the combination format is your best bet.

And now, let’s go over each resume format to see how you can use them to your advantage, based on some real-life examples: 

#1. Reverse Chronological Resume Format

As we mentioned before, the reverse-chronological resume format is the most popular format in 2024.

It usually looks like this:

The main thing about this resume format is that it’s useful for practically every job-seeker.

The reverse-chronological format has a very simple structure, it’s easy to skim, and overall, it’s the most popular format around the globe.

For this reason alone, we typically recommend using this format to most people  - even if using one of the other formats also makes sense. 

Here’s what you’d include in a reverse-chronological resume:

• Contact Information - Your name, phone number, location, and email address. In some cases, you can include useful links such as a LinkedIn or GitHub profile. 
• Resume Summary or Objective - A brief 2-4 sentence summary of your work experience, or your objective for applying for a given position.
• Professional Title - Your title. This should mirror the exact position you’re applying for.
• Work Experience - Your work experience in reverse-chronological order. When possible, talk about achievements over responsibilities.
• Skills Section - Skills relevant to the position you’re applying for.
• Education - Your educational history. Pro tip - if you have a B.A., feel free to skip your high school education.
• Optional Sections - Sections like volunteering, projects, portfolio, hobbies , etc. While they’re not a game-changer, they can help fill up some space on your resume.

As we already mentioned, this resume format primarily focuses on the one part that’s relevant to most hiring managers - your work history . 

As such, the key to making the most out of this resume format is nailing the work experience section. To do that, here’s how you should structure it: 

• Start with your most recent job and go backward from there. 
• Tailor the section to the job description. This means that you shouldn’t list every job you ever worked - only the ones that are relevant for this one. 
• For each job that you list, include your job title , the name of the company, the location, and the time period you worked there. 
• Below, add four to five bullet points for recent jobs and two to three bullet points for earlier jobs. 
• Focus on your achievements instead of your responsibilities. Hiring managers already know the basic responsibilities of the jobs they’re hiring for. So, rather than your responsibilities, they want to learn about your achievements. 
• Whenever possible, quantify your achievements. Facts and numbers are more convincing than words. 
• Use action verbs and power words . (E.g. “created” instead of “was responsible for creating” ). 

Reverse-Chronological Format Example

As we already mentioned, the best thing about the reverse-chronological format is that it’s a great choice whether you’re an entry-level worker or a seasoned professional. 

Any relevant experience you’ve got, the chronological experience will highlight effectively. 

For example, here’s a digital marketer’s resume work experience section created using the reverse-chronological format:

Digital Marketing Manager

Wonderfull Agency Inc. 

06/2017 - Present 

• Created a new format for reporting and presenting the sales, customer engagement and Google Ads reports that decreased the number of meetings by 24% in the last three quarters.
• Updated and monitored the Bid Strategy in Google Ads and Bing Ads which resulted in a CTR increase of 3.2% in the first month.
• Redesigned the webpage UX, decreasing customer turnover by 25% within a period of two months. 
• Conducted keyword research for updating the product pages on the online shop, increasing the organic keywords in the Top 100 by 5.600 and in the Top 10 by 315 for high-volume searches. 

Digital Marketing Specialist 

Company X  

02/2015 - 05/2017 

• Collaborated with a copywriter and designer to update landing pages based on search intent, increasing conversion rates by 20% on average for select clients. 
• Worked directly with company clients, handling their Google Ads accounts. 
• Managed a total of $40,000 in ad spend per month. 
• Achieved an average of 200% ROAS overall ad accounts. 

Reverse Chronological Resume Format Pros & Cons

Still not sure if the reverse-chronological resume format is the right choice for you? See our pros and cons below!

• Recruiters and HR managers prefer this format.
• It will definitely “beat” Applicant Tracking System (ATS) software.
• Provides a reader-friendly chronological history of your work experience.
• The most popular resume format in 2024.
• You need to make your work achievements stand out to catch the recruiter’s attention. 
• Hard to fill in for a recent graduate with no work experience. 
• Makes career gaps very obvious. If you’re a career changer, you need to explain those employment gaps on your resume.

#2. Functional Resume Format 

As we already mentioned, the functional resume format is also known as the skills-based resume format. Here’s an example of what it looks like: 

As the name suggests, the functional resume format focuses on your skills and your key strengths. 

In a nutshell, this resume format takes the spotlight away from your work experience by highlighting what you’re good at instead. 

As such, this resume format is perfect for recent graduates or career changers who have little-to-no experience in a particular field. 

Here’s what to include in a functional resume:

• Contact Information
• Resume Summary or Objective
• Professional Title
• Skills Summary
• Additional Skills
• Work Experience

As you can see, the main difference from the reverse-chronological format is that the focus of the functional resume is the skills summary and the resume objective that’s placed right at the top of the resume. 

Here is exactly how you should write them to impress the hiring manager: 

• Use your resume objective to state your career intent and explain what makes you the ideal candidate for the job. 
• Start off your resume objective by mentioning a skill, education, or certification relevant to the job, mention the responsibilities you could handle, and include your motivation for working that particular job. 
• In the skills summary, include four or five skills that are most relevant to the position. 
• Instead of just listing your skills, be descriptive. In bullet points or in plain paragraphs, give examples of how you applied these skills in practice and try to make them as quantifiable as possible. 

Functional Format Example

Let’s assume that you’re an entry-level journalist. 

Since you graduated, you’ve worked as a part-time intern at a magazine and published a dozen articles online and in print. You also run a blog that has a modest but loyal readership. 

Now, you want to apply for an actual journalism position at a recently founded newspaper. So, you’re using the functional resume format. 

Here’s why it’s the right choice: 

• It highlights your skills. In this case, you don’t have the experience to apply for the job, but you may have all the right skills. 
• It allows you to prove your skills. There’s ample space to show exactly how you can put your skills to use for the upcoming job. 

Now let’s see what your resume objective and skills summary (or areas of strength) would look like in this case: 

Resume Objective

Driven and hardworking journalism graduate looking to get hired as a reporter in The Daily Prophet. I interned at Who Magazine for six months, where I gained hands-on experience in research, fact-checking, and interviewing. Passionate blogger at Fake Blog Website, which is currently followed by over two thousand readers. 

Skills Summary 

Research & Fact checking

• Able to systematically look for information, resources, data, etc. through a variety of sources, such as books, online directories, or social media. 
• Careful to always ensure that every claim and data that gets published is accurate and legitimate. 

Interviewing

• Full knowledge of journalism ethics and standards that are required to conduct successful and dignified interviews. 
• Skilled at connecting with interviewees on a deeper level to ensure comprehensive and detailed interviews. 
• Excel at several types of journalistic writing, including news, feature writing, columns, and reviews.
• Have published over 15 articles in different newspapers and magazines since graduating. 

Considering that the functional resume focuses solely on a candidate’s skills, the only groups of candidates who should consider using it are: 

• Freelancers with impressive portfolios 
• Professionals in creative industries
• Career changers 
• Recent graduates, and entry-level professionals
• Military veterans passing into civilian roles

So, to sum it all up: 

Functional Resume Format Pros & Cons

• Good for highlighting specific skills.
• Useful if you’re switching careers since you can explain how your skills transfer to the new job.
• Useful if you’re a recent graduate with practical skills but not much work experience.
• The functional resume format is not very popular in 2024, and most recruiters and hiring managers aren’t familiar with it, so using this format carries a bit of a risk.
• Since the functional resume has less focus on work experience, recruiters might think you’re trying to hide something.
• Applicant tracking systems (ATS) have difficulties reading functional resumes.

#3. Combination Resume Format

The combination resume format , also known as the “hybrid,” is a mixture of the functional and the reverse-chronological format.

This resume format gives equal attention to an applicant’s skills section and work experience. As such, you end up including both the Skill Summary and the Work Experience sections:

• Skill Summary

The focal point here is the skills summary. Placed right after the contact information section, this is where you list the skills that are required for the job and then prove that you have them through your professional experience and achievements. 

Here is exactly how you should write it: 

• List the skills that are required for the position you’re applying for and that you actually possess. 
• Add up to 4 professional achievements underneath each skill to prove that you possess it. 
• Make your achievements as descriptive and quantifiable as possible. 

Combination Format Example

Say you’re a senior program manager with over a decade of experience in your field. 

You can plan, execute, evaluate programs and projects across diverse industries, and inspire your team to do great work. 

Recently, someone told you about an opening for a program director in an international company. To apply, you’re putting together a hybrid resume format. 

Here’s what makes it the best choice: 

• Saves space. For highly competitive positions, you want your resume to be able to cut through the noise. The hybrid format allows you to do that by bringing into focus your most relevant achievements right from the start.
• Combines the best parts of the other two resume formats, which is perfect for senior professionals or executives that have plenty to show for both experience and skills. 

For example, some of the skills required for the program director gig mentioned above may include interpersonal skills , budget management, and project management. 

Here’s what the skills summary in your hybrid resume would look like in practice: 

Interpersonal Skills

• Initiated formal and informal coaching and mentorship to 50+ team members regarding project charter development, resource planning, best practices of project management, and appropriate delivery of project outcomes. 
• Coordinated all project inputs with several functional/technical directors, managers, and project core teams, to formulate appropriate project tools and methodologies. 

Budget Management 

• Oversaw the implementation of the enterprise’s multi-year, multi-million dollar research system software that benefited employees company-wide. 
• Analysis of financial and statistical data reduced operational costs by 12%.
• Strategically supervised the project execution teams to ensure the timely and cost-effective completion of projects, saving the company $250K in project costs. 

Project Management

• Provided strategic direction, leadership, and project governance for a multimillion-dollar application project portfolio, which successfully supported a population of 60K+ end-users across the UAE and Saudi Arabia.
• Streamlined project management methodologies and communication in the IT division, which increased efficiency by 90%. 
• Accurately report on project status throughout its life cycle to 20+ project teams, stakeholders, and sponsors, encompassing budget estimation, scheduling, and resource planning.

Combination Resume Format Pros and Cons 

• Allows you to show off more of your experience and skills using less space.
• Useful for very senior professionals or executives who need to highlight more than just their work experience.
• Good for applicants who may have a noticeable employment gap but plenty of work experience nonetheless.
• As with the functional resume format, applicant tracking systems have difficulties reading combination resumes.
• If you’re a recent graduate or don’t have much work experience, this resume format is not very useful.
• As is the case with the functional resume, most hiring managers aren’t very familiar with this format, which might cause some confusion in the process.

The Verdict: What Is the Best Resume Format?  

Now that we’ve covered all 3 of the common resume formats, you’re probably wondering which one's best resume format out there .

Here’s our verdict:

In 90%+ of the cases, we’d recommend going with a reverse-chronological resume format.

In 2024, it’s the most common and useful format:

• Applicant tracking systems can read it without any problems.
• All recruiters and hiring managers are familiar with this format.
• Whether you’re a recent graduate or a senior professional, it’s the easiest format to work with.

So, even if you’re a career changer, a highly-qualified professional, or a college student, it’s risky to choose one of the other two formats over the reverse-chronological one.

There’s a good chance that the applicant tracking system won’t be able to read your resume and automatically discard it - after all the time you put into creating the resume!

At the same time, recruiters might just not be familiar with these resume formats, or think that you’re just trying to hide the fact that you’re not experienced, and disqualify you based on that.

So, the rule of thumb - when in doubt, go for the reverse-chronological resume.

Looking for CV writing tips instead? Here's our full guide on how to write a CV !

How to Beat the ATS Software

Did you know that 75% of resumes don’t even make it to the hiring manager ? 

Instead, they get scanned by ATS software, which evaluates your resume and decides whether it’s relevant enough for the hiring manager to give it a look.

At first, ATS software was used by larger companies that receive thousands of applications daily as a way to filter out irrelevant applicants. Today, though, studies show that most companies use ATS to evaluate applicants. 

As worrying as this thought may be, you’ll be glad to know there is a way to beat ATS and get your resume on top of the hiring manager’s desk:

Creating an ATS-friendly resume ! 

Here is a handy list of our top tips for making a resume that beats applicant tracking systems: 

• Place your contact information at the top of your resume. 
• Sprinkle specific keywords from the job description throughout your resume. 
• Avoid using graphics or charts as part of your resume. 
• Save your resume in PDF format. 

7 Other Resume Resources

Picking the right resume format is just the first step in creating a convincing resume.

Want to learn how to make a resume that lands you the job?

Check out some of our best career resources!

• Job Search Masterclass - This one’s our flagship e-book. It covers literally everything you need to know about job-search: how to make a resume, how to write a cover letter, how to apply for jobs effectively, what are the most common job interview questions, and a LOT more. The book is jam-packed with value, and illustrated, making it an extremely easy read.
• How to Make a Resume - Our comprehensive guide on how to make a resume from A to Z.
• Interview Questions And Answers - Have a hard time with job interviews? This guide features ALL the most common job interview questions that you might encounter.
• How to Write a Cover Letter - Our ultimate guide on writing a cover letter (free templates included!)
• 50+ Resume Examples - Need some inspiration with your resume? Check out our resume examples for 50+ different positions and fields.
• 43+ Resume Tips - A complete list of all our resume tips, ordered by importance.
• 26+ Interview Mistakes - Whatever you do, avoid making these common interview mistakes.

And of course, for more industry-leading job-search advice, make sure to follow our career blog !

FAQ on Resume Formats

Do you still have some questions about resume formatting? We’ll get them answered here!

1. What’s the best resume format in 2024?  

For the majority of job-seekers, the best resume format in 2024 is the reverse-chronological resume format. This resume format involves listing your resume information (e.g. your work experience and your education) starting with the most recent one and going backward through relevant jobs, degrees, or qualifications. 

Here’s why the reverse chronological resume format is the best choice: 

• It’s easy to read and skim through
• Hiring managers are familiar with it because it’s the most commonly used one
• It’s ATS-friendly, which means Applicant Tracking Systems can scan it with ease
• It brings your career progression and professional achievements into the spotlight

2. What is the correct format for a college student resume? 

The best resume format for a college student resume is the reverse-chronological format .

While it is true that a functional resume can help you emphasize your skills more than work experience, it comes with two serious problems:

• Recruiters aren’t familiar with it, and they might think you’re trying to hide the fact that you don’t have work experience.
• Applicant tracking systems have trouble reading this resume format. 

So, unless you have absolutely no experience to show for it (meaning, not even unpaid internships, or even college projects with relevant responsibilities for the job you’re applying for), then you should still choose the reverse-chronological resume format over the skills-based one. 

If you’re worried about your lack of work experience , don’t. For most entry-level positions and internships, you’re not required to have work experience. 

3. What is the best resume format for a job seeker with experience? 

The best resume format for a job-seeker with plenty of experience in the industry they’re applying for is the reverse-chronological format. 

Here’s what makes the reverse-chronological format the best choice: 

• It puts emphasis on your strengths as an applicant, namely your professional experience. 
• It shows recruiters exactly what they’re looking for (your achievements and qualifications) from the get-go. 

4. Is resume format important? 

Yes, the resume format you choose is important. Basically, the resume format involves the type of information listed on the resume and the way this information is organized and presented. 

When they’re evaluating your resume, hiring managers expect to see information that will help them assess whether you’re the right person for the job (i.e. your experience, skills, and qualifications, among others). If, for example, you have five years of work experience but your resume format focuses on your education, the hiring manager may have trouble realizing that you’re the right person for the job. 

At the same time, hiring managers want to spend as little time as possible reading your resume. This means that a disorganized, chaotic resume may get them to throw your resume in the “rejected” pile without giving it a second thought. 

That’s why it’s super important to choose the right resume format that highlights your strengths and that recruiters know and like. 

5. What is an ATS-friendly resume format?

Applicant Tracking System software is software that companies use to sort through the countless applications they receive daily. 

What ATS does is scan resumes for specific keywords mentioned in the job description (e.g. necessary skills for the job), and filter out those applications it deems irrelevant. 

As such, an ATS-friendly resume format is the kind of format that lists information in plain text and organizes it in clear sections, making it easier to be read by applicant tracking systems.

This is important because ATS software is typically unable to read text within images or scan infographics.  

6. What resume format is most ATS-friendly?

The most ATS-friendly resume format is the reverse-chronological format. 

That’s because it allows you to use ATS-specific keywords in your skills section and doesn’t use too many visuals such as graphs, infographics, etc.

7. Are hand-written resumes still used?

No, hand-written resumes are barely used in 2024. As such, you should not submit a handwritten resume when you’re applying for jobs. 

Here are some of the most important reasons why: 

• ATS software is unable to scan hand-written resumes. This means that if the company to which you’re applying uses an ATS, your resume will get disqualified.
• Your handwriting might be difficult to understand. Not just that, but you’ll have trouble differentiating one section from the other and keeping everything uniform, which means your resume will be the opposite of reader-friendly.
• We’re technically living online now. Gone are the days when you’d look up job openings in a newspaper or apply by mail. Everything has moved online, so it only makes sense for your resume to do the same.

8. Is the resume format the same as the resume template?

No, a resume format is not the same thing as a resume template. 

Resume format refers to the layout of the resume, namely, the kind of information, its order, and the way it's organized on the resume. Basic document settings, such as line spacing, fonts, and margins, are also part of resume formatting. 

A resume template, on the other hand, is a pre-designed, blank document that you can fill in as you go. Using a resume template to create your resume is a much easier and less time-consuming process than formatting your resume from scratch. 

9. What is the easiest way to build my resume?

The easiest, most efficient way to create a resume is through a resume builder .

If you use a text editor, you could spend hours trying to format your resume, but the moment you make a tiny design change, the whole resume layout gets completely messed up!

Using a resume builder, on the other hand, comes with a ton of benefits:

• Recruiter-friendly layout. All of our resume templates are created with recruiters in mind - they’re extremely easy to read and skim.
• Easy to build. Our resume builder is extremely easy to use. All YOU have to do is fill in the content - we take care of all the resume formatting.
• ATS-friendly . Applicant tracking systems can read our resumes perfectly fine, ensuring that you don’t get automatically disqualified when applying for positions.
• Free (with premium features). Our base builder is completely free without any hidden paywalls! If you’re looking to upgrade the resume design, though, or get access to several awesome features, you can always upgrade to Premium.

10. What are the 7 resume types?

The 7 types of resume formats include the reverse-chronological resume, the combination resume, the resume with profile, the non-traditional resume, the infographic resume, the functional resume, and the targeted resume.

Key Takeaways

And that’s a wrap on resume formats! 

By now, you should know everything there is to know about the most popular resume formats and regarding what the best resume format is for YOU. 

Before you go, let’s do a recap of the most important points covered in this article: 

• There are 3 common resume formats - reverse-chronological, functional, and combination (also known as the hybrid).
• The reverse-chronological format is the most popular one in 2024, and we always recommend you go with that one.
• A functional resume focuses more on skills rather than work experience and is usually used by career changers or students.
• A combination resume is a mix of functional and reverse-chronological formats and puts equal emphasis on work experience and skill set.
• Both functional and combination resumes are not too popular, and applicant tracking systems have trouble reading them.

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Exploring the Best Resume Formats — The Complete Guide

Updated: December 06, 2023

Published: June 07, 2023

The content of your resume is as important as the format used in presenting the resume. Put another way, crisp resume content plus the best resume format is the perfect match for getting hired for a role.

In this post, you’ll learn about the best resume formats, their pros and cons, and when to use each one. Let’s dive in.

Table of Contents

What are the different resume formats?

Chronological resumes — how do they work, functional resumes — how do they work, combination resumes — how do they work.

12 Free Customizable Resume Templates

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These resumes focus on your work experience by listing your employment history in reverse chronological order, i.e., from your current or most recent job to the oldest.

Each work experience includes your job title, company name, employment start and end date, achievements, and job duties.

Many recruiters consider chronological resumes — or reverse-chronological resumes — as the standard resume format. One reason for this is their familiar structure, which makes it easy for recruiters to skim and determine if you're the right fit for the job.

Moreover, chronological resumes help recruiters spot gaps or notice consistency in your work history.

Consider using this resume format if you’re a veteran in a particular field. By highlighting your career growth and progression, you get an edge when transitioning between jobs in the same field.

All factors considered, chronological resumes are the best all-around choice for job seekers.

Below is the typical structure of a chronological resume:

• Contact information
• Resume summary
• Work experience

Limitations of Chronological Resumes

Despite their popularity, chronological resumes have certain disadvantages. Here are three major shortcomings of chronological resumes you should consider.

1. Chronological resumes make career gaps obvious.

Career gaps on your resume aren’t a deal breaker. However, they raise questions in a recruiter’s mind and can hamper your chances of getting an interview. That's why, if you have gaps in years, having a resume that creatively conceals them is helpful.

Unfortunately, the sequential order of the chronological resume makes it impossible to hide any career gaps.

2. Chronological resumes could bury early career achievements.

Your key achievements are an excellent way to show employers the value you can provide. You need to front-load this information on your resume.

But here’s the thing: Key achievements from your early career roles will always stay at the bottom of your resume. As such, recruiters who find your recent achievements unappealing may not read further.

3. Chronological resumes are not ideal for recent graduates or career switchers.

Recent graduates and career switchers typically lack related work experience.

As the work experience section is the dominant section of the chronological resume, the lack of experience becomes obvious, making this format less suitable.

Best Practices for Writing a Chronological Resume

1. craft a compelling summary..

Treat your resume summary like a news headline. Whether you’re reading news online or picking up a newspaper, you don’t read every story. You scan for interesting headlines, read the content, and ditch the rest. It’s the same with resumes.

Often, you’ll have about 7.4 seconds to grab the recruiter’s attention . So use it well by writing a summary that markets you as the best candidate for the role.

2. Highlight achievements, not responsibilities.

What matters to recruiters isn’t what you did but the impact of your work. So refrain from listing vague job duties that a recruiter may know.

Instead, show the specific outcome of your work by communicating in percentages, numbers, revenue, etc. Or, if your job experience doesn’t lend itself to numbers, use strong verbs to describe your achievements briefly.

See how Jeff Su tweaks his resume to show his achievements rather than using meaningless buzzwords:

3. List relevant job experiences only.

Adding unrelated job experiences to your resume weakens its impact. If you have any irrelevant work experience, it's best to leave it out.

Yes, this will appear as a career gap to recruiters. But if your experience is good enough for a role, it won’t matter.

4. Don’t place your Education above your Work Experience section.

If you graduated with spectacular grades from a big-name university like Princeton, you might want to show it off at the top of your resume. But that’s a bad idea.

Recruiters value work experience over high academic achievement, and for good reason — work experience of any form is a stronger predictor of your on-the-job performance.

Examples of Chronological Resumes

Let’s take a look at some stellar examples of chronological resumes so you can visualize how the format works when creating your own.

1. Management Consultant

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7 Different Types of Resume Formats [+ Samples]

Learn about different resume formats and when to use each one. Chronological, functional, combination resume samples & more.

There are seven different types of resume formats you can use when creating your resume.

Different formats work better for different situations, depending on your experience and career goals.

In this article, you will learn about these various resume layouts and see which will work best for you.

You need a professional resume format that will show off your best assets (and downplay the rest).

Different Types of Resumes

The seven different types of resumes that we will discuss in this article include:

• Chronological Resume
• Functional Resume
• Combination Resume
• Infographic Resume
• Mini Resume
• Profile Resume
• Tailored Resume

Read on for a summary of each type of resume along with samples or click on a shortcut above.

1. Chronological Resume

A chronological, or reverse chronological, resume lists your work history starting with the most recent experience first.

This is the most common resume format. When you think of a basic resume, this is it.

Recruiters and employers like to see a chronological resume because it clearly lays out a thorough description of your work history. It is also easy to find information since this is the layout decision-makers see most often.

A chronological resume works best for:

• Professionals with a solid work history related to the job being applied for
• Job seekers without employment gaps
• Applicant Tracking Systems (ATS)

Chronological resume sample:

Click on the sample above to see the full resume.

2. Functional Resume

The functional, or skills-based, resume focuses on your skills and experience more than your job history.

Instead of having a detailed “work history” section, you will include expanded sections on your resume that list your skills and relevant achievements.

You can also add a summary and headline at the top of your resume that highlights your skills and achievements.

Instead of focusing on your employment history (that may be lacking), you are highlighting the skills you have that align with the job you are applying for.

A functional resume works best for:

• Job candidates with gaps in their employment history
• Professionals changing careers

This format is losing some popularity as it is not ideal for applicant tracking systems.

Functional resume example:

3. Combination Resume

As the name suggests, a combination, or hybrid, resume combines chronological and functional resume formats.

The top of the resume includes your skills and qualifications relevant to the job you are applying for. Below that is your chronological work history.

Your work history is not the main focus so it doesn’t take up a lot of space.

This format offers the best of both worlds. You can accentuate your skills and show off your related work history.

A combination resume works best for:

• Professionals with relevant skills and experience and employment gaps

Combination resume sample:

4. Infographic Resume

An infographic, or networking, resumes are resumes with graphic design elements instead of just text. It uses various design elements with a focus on the aesthetics of the resume.

These resumes achieved higher popularity several years ago when infographics first came out, but since then have seen a decrease in usage.

If you are skilled with graphics and competing for a role that will use these skills, this may not be a bad choice for your resume format.

Infographic resumes use layout, color, design, formatting, icons, charts, and font styling to present your information.

An infographic resume works best for:

• Design-related professionals
• Networking and emailing directly to decision-makers

The biggest con for infographic resumes is that many ATS cannot properly read the content on your resume accurately, rendering them virtually useless for screening purposes.

Infographic Resume sample by  Venngage :

5. Mini Resume

A mini resume is a brief summary of your career highlights and qualifications.

It only contains the information most specific to the job and industry.

They are straightforward networking tools that easily answer the question, “So what type of work are you looking for?”

Mini resumes have been known to fit on a business card or postcard. They are easier to read than a full-length resume and provide more information than a business card.

A mini resume works best for:

• In-person networking events

Mini resume sample by  The Balance Careers :

6. Profile Resume

A profile resume describes a resume that uses a resume profile, more commonly known as a resume summary or professional summary, instead of an objective statement.

A resume profile is a professional summary of your skills, experiences, and goals related to a specific job at the top of your resume. The summary includes a couple of skill and accomplishment-packed sentences with a sales pitch.

The term profile resume isn’t really used anymore as objectives have gone by the wayside and including a professional summary on your resume is common practice.

Resume profiles are helpful for most job applicants and can be included in any resume layout.

A resume with a profile or summary works best for:

• Professionals with extensive experience to sum up your experience to the hiring manager quickly
• Professionals with limited work experience to help you highlight relevant skills for the position

7. Tailored Resume

A tailored, or targeted, resume is customized to specifically highlight your experience and skills related to the job for which you are applying. It also uses keywords from the job posting throughout the resume.

Any of the other resume formats can, and should be , tailored to the job you are applying for.

This resume format says, “This is exactly what I can do for you,” instead of, “Look at all the stuff I have ever done.”

Tailored resumes are becoming more popular with the increase in the number of resumes companies receive.

Because of the increasing numbers of resumes companies receive, more and more are relying on an ATS, which searches your resume for keywords.

When your resume gets to a human, they only want to see the information relevant to the role they are filling so they can make a quick decision.

While it takes more time and effort to write a tailored resume than a generic resume, it’s definitely worth the effort.

A tailored resume works best for:

• Eliminating information that only somewhat applies to the job you want
• Being honest with yourself about the job you should be applying for
• Getting practice in presenting yourself to employers and recruiters

Key Takeaways

There are several formats you can use for your resume.

Choose the best one for your background and career goals:

• A chronological (or reverse chronological) resume focuses on your work history.
• A functional (or skills-based) resume focuses on your skills.
• A combination (or hybrid) resume combines your skills and work history.
• An infographic (or networking) resume is great for in-person or digital networking.
• A mini resume fits your key information on a business card-sized document.
• A profile resume includes a resume summary (or professional summary).
• A tailored (or targeted) resume is customized to a specific job.

Were you able to find the best resume format for your situation?

If not, we provide more details about selecting the best resume for you here . If you’d rather have a professional take care of it for you, we’d be happy to help! Contact us to see what we can do for you!

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A Guide To Types Of Resumes: Best Formats, Tips & Examples

What are the different types of resumes that get results today?

Chronological resume type, functional resume type, combination resume type, infographic resume type, targeted resume type, federal resume type type, business card resume type, some extra tips & tricks when choosing your resume type.

Do you know that applying with the wrong type of resume can significantly decrease your chances of getting the job?

You didn’t even know that there are different types of resumes?

Don’t worry. We are here to explain.

In this article you will learn:

• All types of resumes and when to use them
• How to choose the right format for the job you are applying for
• Bonus useful tips and tricks for specific jobs

Save your time with Enhancv’s job-winning resume templates – accustomed for any experience level

TRY ENHANCV TEMPLATES

First of all, you need to understand the purpose of your resume – telling the story of who you are and what you’ve done.

With that in mind, you can choose the best type of resume to enhance your chances of landing a job interview.

Depending on the position you are applying for there are different types of resumes you can use:

• Chronological Resume
• Functional Resume
• Combination Resume
• Infographic Resume
• Targeted Resume
• Federal Resume
• Business Card Resume

The first 3 can be considered as the main types of resumes, while the rest are so-called secondary.

Read on to learn when to use each type, the correct order of sections, and real examples!

If you have many years of experience, a chronological resume is just for you!

But what is a chronological resume and how to create it?

The name itself is self-explanatory.

You start by describing your most recent job first and then moving backward in time for each subsequent role.

There is a list of benefits of this type of resume:

• Provides a clear narrative of your career
• Lines up with expectations
• Big names play in your favor

Check the following example from Jonathan, who got the job at one of the largest grocery retailers in Texas, by using Enhancv’s resume builder to create his chronological resume.

He highlighted his previous experience in data analytics which helped job recruiters estimate his skill level and commitment to the area.

What is the correct structure of the chronological resume?"?

• Header : Here you need to grab the attention of the recruiter. Start with your name and contact information, including your email, phone number, mailing address, and social media contacts.
• Career Overview, Summary , or Objective : Look at this section as a way to consolidate the first impression you’ve already made from your resume header. Prove that you’re the expert they perceive you to be.
• Work experience : Start with your latest position and go backward. List all of your work experience and highlight what you have learned from your previous jobs as well as what you contribute to the applicable position if you obtain it.
• Education : Similarly to the work section, begin with your highest degree and work backward.
• Additional sections: Those are recommended if you lack work experience and you want to supplement the main resume parts. For example, you can add Volunteering , Projects, and References to enhance your chances of landing an interview. Learn more about the additional resume sections here .

Is the chronological resume format right for you?

Let’s be honest.

While this format is great for organizing your experience, it’s arguably an outdated system.

In reality, you better prepare a tailored resume for the position you’re applying for.

We will give you all the information on how to do it properly when we get to the targeted resume type!

The main focus of the functional resume is on your experience and skills, rather than your work history.

When to use a functional resume?

It’s a preferable format if you have lapses in employment or you are a new graduate who has a limited amount of job experience.

Moreover, those who have had diverse occupations without a focused career path can also benefit from this resume type.

Joanne’s summary is a great example of it.

Skills, Strengths, Achievements, and Volunteering sections’ purpose is to compensate for the lack of work experience.

Joanne used them in the right way.

She highlights her knowledge in digital marketing by showing her strengths in Programmatic Display and Video, Performance marketing display, and Attribution.

Moreover, the listed skills in the marketing area are also highly valuable and can convince the recruiters that she is the right person for the position.

Functional resume structure: order of sections

As we mentioned already, the idea is to emphasize your skills and side projects, not your job history.

• As always, the Header of your resume should stand out.
• Resume objective section can follow since you can outline your biggest strengths and experience, as well as make an offer of how you’re going to provide value to the company.
• You may continue with your education section if your college specialty is highly related to the job you are applying for.
• Add the work experience afterward. In a functional resume, this section is not a priority.
• Use additional sections (Volunteering, Skills , Strengths) as in the example of Joanne’s summary to show to the recruiters that you are the right person for the position.

Chronological and functional are great resume styles.

But it’s even greater if you can combine them!

This type of resume combines the main elements from a chronological resume and a functional resume. The goal is to highlight both your employment history and skills.

When to use a combination resume?

A hybrid resume creates a solid overall impression and it’s a perfect in-between for hiring managers who are strict on the resume format rules. It is also suitable for those who want to be more flexible in their resumes.

However, it’s not for everyone.

In the best-case scenario, it should be used by those who want to highlight their skills, qualities, and the level of value behind their capabilities.

Take a look at the tech resume template Sam used which helped him get hired and enabled him to switch from investment banking to working for Spotify:

Combination resume structure: order of sections

Building a combination resume can be slightly different from the conventional formats you’re used to.

While this is true, it doesn’t mean there are some big changes when it comes to the layout.

• Start with your resume header.
• Write an Objective or Summary Section where you summarize your entire professional career or make a summary of your skills. Sometimes, you can incorporate both together.
• Employment History. Here you want to start listing out the job titles you’ve held in the past. Do what Sam did in the example above – add a description that outlines your duties, role, responsibilities, and the company success you contributed towards.
• Include your top skills and relevant strengths that directly correlate with the position you are applying for.
• Write about your education. It lets recruiters know you’ve got the academic knowledge that’s required.
• Use Additional Sections to make your resume even more valuable.

Just don’t forget.

The structure may vary, depending on your employment history and strengths and skills.

Check our 6 real examples of combination resumes to get a better idea of how to use it correctly!

Whereas a traditional resume looks like a wall of text to list information from top-to-bottom, an infographic resume uses layout, color, icons, and font styling to organize content.

When to use an infographic resume?"?

While this resume style can’t replace a standard resume completely, it’s perfect for bringing to interviews, publishing on your site or social media pages, and attaching to email applications.

But wait, I’m not a designer?

You don’t have to be.

With our resume builder , you can easily add and edit a variety of visual elements. That will surely make your summary stand out!

Take a look at the example below:

We bet the “My Time” section was one of the first elements you saw in the resume.

This is not accidental.

Adding infographic pieces to your standard resume can make it easy to navigate and scan.

Furthermore, you can take employers right to the point on your resume where you want them to be.

Infographic resume structure

You won’t find any drastic changes in the format of the infographic resume. You should follow the same structure as in the standard summaries but with visual graphics, elements, and charts.

You can add visual assets to:

• Resume Header
• Education section
• Work experience section
• Additional sections like strengths and skills, my time, passions, languages, etc.

A targeted resume is a type of resume specifically prepared for the job that you are applying for. Due to being framed to a specific job position, it has a greater chance of passing both automatic ATS systems and HR manual selection process.

Moreover, this resume style is incredibly effective: when done right, you leave recruiters no other choice but to shortlist you.

When to use a targeted resume?

Long story short:

When you want to significantly improve your chances of getting a dream job.

Some of the benefits of using it are:

• Get shortlisted by recruiters.
• Easily pass automatic ATS systems .
• Become better prepared for an interview.

Still not convinced?

Take a quick look at the example below:

Louis Grenier prepared a unique summary for the requested job. He customized most of the sections of his resume, to make it special.

Targeted resume sections to pay attention to.

• Header: Always customize your headline to make it catchy.
• Work experience section: Identify specific keywords for your area then add them to the resume. Don’t copy workflows. This will make your resume bland and fake. Instead, write them by yourself using this formula – Accomplished  [A] as measured in [B] by doing [C].
• Projects section: Add projects that are highly related to your potential future job. Place this section before Education.
• Additional sections: Highlight your achievements that can be associated with the position you want.

Want to learn more about tailoring your resume for the specific position?

Check our detailed guide!

A federal type of resume is a comprehensive document used when applying for a position within the Federal government.

Although it still consists of your qualifications, background, and personal details, you must add some unique elements to it.

The structure is similar to traditional resumes with some extra components.

Additional parts to include to a federal resume:

• Resume Header: Here you can add citizenship, highest GS grade, Veterans’ preference, availability, disability, desired locations, and clearance.
• Objective section: Keep it the same as in the traditional resumes.
• Work Experience section: Salary, GS rating, hours worked per week, Supervisor’s name, phone, and whether it’s ok to contact him/her.
• Education section: Keep it the same as in traditional resumes.
• Additional sections: Again same style as for traditional resumes.

Business cards are still effective, and they can come in handy.

Imagine you’re at a networking event and just met the HR of your dream employer.

A business card resume will help you keep in touch!

The structure and sections are slightly different since you don’t have too much room to work with.

Ideally, you have to share your name, phone number, and contact info.

Think of it as a way to grab the attention of the person you are communicating with. The next step is to send your complete resume, full of valuable information that can eventually land you a job interview!

We gave you all the information for available types of resumes. You know why and when to use each style.

Now, we have some extra tips and tricks to help you choose the resume that best suits you and your personality and will offer you the biggest chance of landing your dream job.

• Know Your Audience: Research the culture of the organization you’re courting. That will help you understand which type of resume would be a better fit.
• Review Resume Examples: Do you know that we have more than 530 professional resume examples and samples ? There is a pretty good chance to find a template for your desired job and use it!

What type of resume one should have to get an internship?

As a fresh graduate, you will have to prepare a resume that will help you find the right internship.

Everything we said above about traditional types of resumes is applicable here as well.

Choosing the right format is highly individual and depends on your previous work experience, education, side projects, and achievements.

Targeted and functional type sounds like the most convenient in this situation.

For more information along with real examples and templates, you can check our detailed article !

What type of resume format is better for the US vs Europe?"?

Despite many similarities, you can find some differences in resume requirements in the US and Europe:

• Length : An American resume is traditionally a document of one page in length if you lack job experience or two pages if you are a professional with 10+ years of extensive experience. The golden standard for the European version is 2-3 pages.
• Personal information : American standards require only contact information on your resume, while European ask for more personal info like marital status, nationality, age, etc.
• Education : In US resumes, you are expected to put high school information only if you haven’t earned any college degree. Also, if you have an MA in Marketing, you can omit the Bachelor’s or Associate’s degree in the same field. European recruiters expect to see some information on secondary education – at least the name of the school.
• Objective/Summary section : In the US resumes objective is considered obsolete and is appropriate for career changers only. In all other cases, you should use a summary that highlights your professional strengths and competencies. On the other hand, in Europe, it’s acceptable to use both objective and career summary.

OK, in the end, what type of resume is better in the US?

Even though most of the US resumes are created in a reverse chronological format, we think that the targeted resume type is probably the best option.

Its purpose is to present you in the best possible way to recruiters so you can get the position you want to get.

What about Europe?

European resumes also known as CV’s are usually in a reverse-chronological format. Most of the employers prefer seeing summaries in this style so we can consider it as the most suitable at the moment.

What are the best types of resumes for specific jobs?

Have a look at Carole’s resume developed for the accountant job position:

In this case, a chronological resume seems like a good bet. Carole has nearly 10 years of experience in the field of accounting as well as education in the same area.

In this case, Sherry emphasizes her work experiences first and includes a section dedicated to her strengths at the bottom.

Recruiters can see she’s a hard-worker by seeking the results she’s contributed to when describing experiences.

This is a perfect example of a combination type of resume. Check more examples here!

Don’t forget.

Each job you are applying for deserves dedicated time and resume preparation. Know your strengths and highlight them in the best possible way!

Think of the types of resumes as different weapons you can use depending on the “enemy”.

Always research the company to be familiar with its culture, brand mission, and vision. Believe you are the right person to help the organization reach its goals.

Emphasize your employment history when you have it or tailor your resume exactly for the position you want if you lack work experience.

You can always use this guide as a powerful source of information that will help you get hired for your dream job.

Follow our blog for plenty of valuable tips and tricks on how you create your resume into a real piece of art.

Did you like this guide? What types of resumes have you used so far? Share it in the comments below.

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Best Resume Formats for Successful Job Applications (with Examples)

18 min read

An eye-catching, informative resume has the unique power to change the entire trajectory of your career — for the better. Whether you’re looking to change jobs, step things up a gear, or take the next step on the ladder, the first step is nailing your next application. 

Ahead of working on your resume, you have a crucial decision to make: Which format should you use? It may come as a surprise to learn that there is more than one option in the mix. As you will see in the following guide, there are three solid approaches you may want to take. 

If you want to knock the hiring manager’s socks off, you’ve come to the right place. In the following guide, we will take a look at the best resume formats, when to use each of them, and how you can get started. Plus, we have some resume format samples for inspiration. 

Resume formats, explained 

Before we take a look at the most popular resume formats, let’s deal with the first hurdle. What exactly is a resume format? 

In the simplest of terms, this is the structure that you use when laying out your resume. It is where each section goes on the page. It dictates which sections take priority over the others, depending on what aspects of your career history you want to showcase.

While most people are familiar with the chronological — or reverse chronological — resume format, there are two alternatives that you may not have considered. In the following guide, we will be delving into each of these formats and explaining when you should use them.  

The 3 basic resume format styles 

Now that you understand what a resume format is, let’s break the options down for you. The three main types of resume format that you may use are as follows: 

Chronological resume format (or reverse chronological)

Functional resume format

Combination resume format (or hybrid format)

The above formats differ slightly from one another and each works in a specific scenario. When deciding which resume format to use, it’s important to consider a) the job you are trying to land, and b) the experience you have in that particular field. 

Of course, it’s also worth noting that there may be times when you create different versions of your current resume. Depending on the specific job at play, it may be smarter to go with a functional resume format, for example. 

As you read through this comprehensive guide, you will learn when it is best to use each resume format for an upcoming application. 

Chronological resume format 

Chances are, you’ve written a chronological resume before now. Most people have as this is the standard resume format that they teach you how to write in school. It includes all of the basic information about your career history in a clear, easy-to-read layout. 

The name “chronological resume” is something of a misnomer. For this structure, you actually lay out your experience and education in reverse chronological order. That means that you start with your most recent accolades, and then work your way back in time. 

Confused about how to get started? You don’t need to be. To create a chronological resume format, you simply need to know which elements to include (and what order to put them in). Luckily, we have you covered. Let’s take a look at what this resume format includes: 

Resume header 

Summary section

Work experience section

Education section

Skills section 

Optional sections (e.g. voluntary experience)

The above sections make up this resume format, giving you the space to concisely show off your education and experience so far. 

Want to  bolster your existing expertise? You can add optional sections. For example, if you have undertaken unpaid work that aligns with the job, add a “voluntary experience” section.

Resume format sample: 

When to use this resume format 

Think that this resume format is right for you? Most of the time, this is the best resume format for those on a traditional career path. If you have always stayed in the same lane, this approach allows you to highlight your wealth of experience in the industry perfectly. 

So, if you work in marketing, have always worked in marketing, and plan to continue doing so, this is the best resume format for you. The reason is clear. 

A chronological resume format places your work experience front and center. This section takes up the most room on the page and is the star of the show. Yes, it’s all about what you’ve done and where. 

Of course, that doesn't mean that this resume format neglects your other attributes. Your education and skills are also displayed on the page too. 

When the hiring manager glances at your resume, they will quickly be able to determine what your most recent experience is. They can also see what top talents you have and the certificates you have aquireded. 

Since this is often the resume format that hiring managers expect to see, it is the safest option. However—as we will cover in the rest of this guide—there are times when other resume formats suit you better. While it may be tempting to default to this format, take the time to consider the other options before choosing the right one for your next application. 

Tips for writing a chronological resume format

If you’re certain that a chronological resume format is right for you, it’s time to get working on yours. You can use the resume format sample above for inspiration when it comes to laying out your document. Here are some additional tips that will help you get it right from the start: 

1. Make your resume summary shine 

First things first, you need to write your resume summary. This is a short blurb that sits directly below your header and tells the hiring manager what you bring to the table. If you want to write a winning summary, it should include the following elements: 

Your Unique Selling Proposition (USP)

Between three and five key skills that align with the role 

One measurable accomplishment from your experience 

The language you use here matters. As the only freeform part of your resume, your summary is your chance to show some enthusiasm. With that in mind, picking the right words for this part of your application could make all of the difference. 

2. Show off your workplace accomplishments 

As we have already covered, your work experience is the main event in a chronological resume. However, you need to make sure that you make the most of this section. The secret to getting that right is focusing on your accomplishments rather than just your duties. 

When you are including a position, start with the basics: the company name, its location, your dates of employment, and your title. Beneath that, use bullet points to add the details. 

One of the biggest mistakes that people make here is including a standard list of their tasks and duties. That tells the hiring manager what you had to do on a daily basis, but not what you accomplished. Switch the narrative and talk about your biggest achievements instead. 

3. Include the right keywords for the job 

Before writing any type of application, it pays to do some keyword research. That’s because many employers now use applicant tracking systems (ATS) to scan incoming resumes. 

The software checks each resume to see how well it fits the criteria of the vacancy. Only the applications that best fit the role will make it into the hiring manager’s inbox. If you want to make sure that your resume gets past the ATS , including the right keywords is essential. 

To get an idea of which words and phrases to use, go back to the original job posting. Pick out any words that apply directly to the job or industry. Sprinkling these throughout the body of your resume may mean that your application is more likely to beat the bots. 

Functional resume format 

Next up, let’s talk about a functional resume format. This resume puts the spotlight on your skills and expertise, rather than focusing so heavily on your prior work experience. 

Much like a chronological resume and the combination resume, it includes a summary and a skills section toward the top. However, before you dive into the work experience and education, there is an additional “transferable qualifications” (or similar) section here. 

Thanks to the addition of that extra section, there is less space available for your work experience. That’s perfectly okay. The entire point of this resume format is that it draws attention to the transferable skills that you have. Here’s what it should include as standard:

Transferable skills (or areas of expertise)

Spoiler: The most popular skills employers are looking for span from career to career. So, if you’re looking to switch to a new path, this is the best resume format for you. 

A large chunk of the document is dedicated to your area of expertise or specific strengths. Use this format to let the hiring manager know that you have what it takes to hit the ground running. You will have the space to share the range of skills you have picked up so far. 

The functional resume is the best resume format for career changers . If you’re looking to move into a new sector, you can use this layout to show the hiring manager that you have skills and expertise that will be useful in the new role or, indeed, industry. 

Since your work experience won’t directly align with the job for which you are applying, a functional resume side-steps the issue. You can show that you have the right skills to meet the demands of the role without having worked directly in this particular field. 

It doesn’t end there. If you have taken a career break — for whatever reason — you may find that the functional resume format works well. This approach draws the hiring manager’s attention away from the gap in your resume and toward the skills that you possess instead. 

While you don’t want to cover up the fact that you have had a break, emphasizing your skills rather than your discrepancies is a smart move. Should you want to do so, you can explain the gap in your cover letter or, as many people choose to do, in an interview setting. 

Finally, if you are a recent graduate, you may find that the functional resume works for you. It’s likely that you don’t have a wealth of work experience. That is perfectly okay since we all have to start from somewhere. If that’s the case, use this resume format to show your value.

Tips for writing a functional resume format 

Ready to get started and create a functional resume format? As you can see in the resume format sample, this structure allows more space for your skills and expertise than your work experience. Before you start writing your resume, here are some tips to keep in mind. 

1. Select the specific skills for the job 

Since your skills are the most important aspect of this resume format, you need to make sure that you choose the right ones. This part of the process comes down to research. 

Consider what skills the vacancy requires and take things from there. It’s helpful to go through the skills one by one, and think about whether you have gained them elsewhere. 

Using the same phrasing that the hiring manager uses is the way to go. As we have mentioned, using the right keywords in your resume will help you get past the ATS. You can include these skills in your summary, the skills section, and the additional section too. 

2. Include a selection of soft skills too 

Soft skills are vital no matter which career path you take. These are the attributes that allow you to work well with others and get the job done. It’s no wonder that 41% of Americans say they use soft skills most frequently in either their current or most recent role. 

Examples of soft skills include teamwork, problem solving, and communication. When you’re writing a functional resume, it’s useful to stress these skills. The hiring manager will be looking for someone who not only meets the job criteria but also fits the team dynamic.

3. Keep your work experience short and sweet 

Sure, your work experience section is not the main focus of this resume format. However, that doesn't mean that you can leave it off entirely. You still need to include a section dedicated to your previous formal work. However, it can be short and sweet. 

Make sure you include the basic information. That is your company name, location, job title, and dates of employment. You can also add in some bullet points below each of these parts but you don’t have to. If there’s not the space to do so or it’s not relevant, leave it out.

Taking this approach means that your work experience will take up less space on the page. That looks neater while also freeing up some extra room for the important additional section. 

4. Emphasize your education and certificates 

If you are a recent graduate who is using the functional resume format, be sure to emphasize the certificates that you have. Training or education that will help you land the job at hand should be clearly outlined as part of your resume structure.

You can simply list your education and the qualifications you gained. That’s fine. However, if you want to take things one step further, consider including any details that will see you a shoe-in for the job. For example, you may want to namecheck your thesis, any extended projects, or modules that relate directly to the role for which you are applying. 

Combination resume format 

Can’t decide between a chronological resume or a functional resume. Why not go for the middle ground? A combination resume — sometimes called a hybrid resume — offers the best of both worlds. To create this resume format, you blend elements of the two above. 

For this type of resume, both your skills section and your work experience will be featured prominently on the page. You give equal weight to the two, meaning that the hiring manager gets a well-rounded picture of your professional prowess. You need to include: 

Skills summary section 

As you can see here, the order changes slightly when you choose a hybrid resume format. This small tweak allows you to focus the reader’s attention on your dazzling skills before they get into the meat of your work experience and education. 

The combination resume format is the least popular out of the three… but that doesn’t mean that you should overlook it entirely. If you are side-stepping in your career, you might find that this is the best resume format for your next application. 

For example, you might have years of experience in your field but want to transition to a slightly different role. In that case, both your work experience and the transferable skills that you have will be valuable. Using the hybrid resume format allows you to show off both.

Additionally, if you are looking to step up your game — to, say, managerial level — you can use this resume format to do so. Your work experience section will highlight your experience of the industry, while you can use the skills summary to pinpoint your leadership skills . 

Tips for writing a combination resume format

Writing a combination resume format means taking elements from a functional resume and a chronological resume. But how does that look in practice? Take a peek at our resume format sample above. You can also use these simple writing tips to help you along the way. 

1. Split your skills into two distinct sections 

You don’t have to be Sherlock Holmes to spot something different about this resume format. Yes, it has two separate skills sections: your general skills section (that you find on any other resume), and your skills summary. 

Your general skills should include those that apply directly to the job or industry. However, your skills summary allows you a little more space. You can write short bullet points describing the skills, why they fit the role criteria, and how you apply them. 

In your skills section, you may write “Microsoft Excel proficiency” while you would include a line, such as “Proficient in using Microsoft Excel for bookkeeping” in your skills summary.

2. Shorten your work experience, if needed 

If you are limited on resume space, you can cut back your work experience section. You may do this by only including a handful of bullet points beneath each position. Consider what your most notable achievements are in each case and include solely those below each role. 

You might need to play around with this section to ensure that it fits well on the page. As a general rule, you should note around three former positions or go back around 10 years into your career history. Figure out what works best for your combination resume format here.

3. Don’t be afraid to be flexible

The best thing about the combination resume format is that it is flexible. The structure of this resume allows you to create a structure that aligns with your short-term career goals. 

With that in mind, when you’re working on this resume format, move sections around as you need to do so. You may find that there is a specific approach that works well for the application that you are submitting. Give yourself the freedom to find a format that suits your needs. That way, you will have the best chance of landing that job interview. 

Which format do most employers prefer for resumes?

Generally, employers expect to see a chronological format when they are reviewing resumes. This is the most commonly used format and the easiest for them to understand. If you have a linear job history and you’re ready to take the next step, this format will work. 

However, that doesn't mean that you should rule out the other resume format options. As we have covered in this guide, there are times when either a functional or a combination resume format will be the best way to go. Before deciding which one is right for you, consider what you are hoping to achieve with your resume and what you want to highlight. 

Advice on how to choose the best resume format 

Now that you’re clued-up on the best resume format options, let’s talk about how to choose the right one for you. You might find there are times when you need a chronological format and times when either a combination or functional approach works better. When you’re making the decision, here are some tips that you can keep in mind: 

Consider the experience you have. When you’re choosing which format to use, the level of experience you have plays a vital role. If you don’t have much experience in the field, you may want to go for a functional resume format. On the other hand, if you have oodles of work experience, a chronological format could be the way to go. 

Put yourself in the hiring manager’s shoes. One of the best ways to approach this conundrum is to think like the hiring manager. What are they looking for in a candidate and how can you best align your resume with that? Refer back to the job posting and read the criteria. Next, consider which format will help you meet it. 

Try out different approaches. Don’t confine yourself to one resume format — try out all three at different times. You should always tailor your resume to the vacancy you are applying for. So, when you start editing it, consider switching up the format. The more energy you put into this process, the more likely you are to succeed.  

Final words 

Understanding what the three most common resume formats are is the first step in your journey. In this guide, we have given you an in-depth explanation of the best resume formats you can use and why you should use each of them. Now that you have the inside scoop, you should feel prepared to pick one of them for your upcoming application. Get started now! 

Writing a stellar resume is the first step in landing more interviews and getting hired faster. If you want to make sure that your application hits the mark, use our free resume checker tool now. Getting ahead of the competition has never been so easy!

Recommended reading: 

50 Resume Dos and Don’ts You Need to Know in 2024

Resume Bullet Points or Paragraphs?

The Best Fonts and Size to Use on a Resume

Ken Chase, Freelance Writer

During Ken's two decades as a freelance writer, he has covered everything from banking and fintech to business management and the entertainment industry. His true passion, however, has always been focused on helping others achieve their career goals with timely job search and interview advice or the occasional resume consultation. When he's not working, Ken can usually be found adventuring with family and friends or playing fetch with his demanding German Shepherd. Read more resume advice from Ken on  ZipJob’s blog .

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• Professional Resume : $169
• Resume With Cover Letter : $199
• All-Included : $199

>> Use Super Star Resume to Secure Your Dream Job

ZipJob - Best Resume Builder for Guarantees

Star Rating: 4.7/5

ZipJob is widely regarded as an excellent option for resume creation, especially for those who value guarantees. Their impressive 60-day assurance ensures that individuals searching for employment will experience a surge in interview invitations within this period.

If this desired outcome cannot materialize, ZipJob proactively offers a complimentary review and revision of your resume. This guarantee highlights their commitment to client contentment and showcases their unwavering belief in the superior quality of their resume writing services.

• The starting package is cost-effective
• Complimentary ATS check included
• 60-day interview assurance with higher-tier packages
• The design and layout made it challenging to read the resume
• The summary section was overly lengthy and filled with clichés
• The formatting of the education and training sections was subpar
• Expert resume writers: ZipJob provides access to a team of expert resume writers with the skills and knowledge to review, evaluate, and optimize your resume for compatibility with Applicant Tracking Systems (ATS) and hiring managers.
• ATS optimization: Meaning they ensure your resume is structured and formatted to navigate and succeed in ATS filters effectively. Employers commonly use these filters to assess and rank resumes during the initial screening process.
• Keyword optimization: The resume builder online offered by ZipJob assists you in identifying and integrating pertinent keywords and industry-specific terminology. This practice heightens the visibility of your resume, making it more likely to capture the attention of hiring managers.
• Job-specific content suggestions: ZipJob provides valuable advice regarding the most relevant and influential content to include in your resume for different job titles and industries. This guidance is invaluable in customizing your resume for specific roles.
• Cover letter writing assistance: ZipJob supports the creation of impactful cover letters that complement your resume, strengthening your overall job application.
• Unlimited revisions: One noteworthy feature of ZipJob is the option for unlimited revisions and updates to your resume. This ensures that your resume not only meets but continues to meet your specific requirements and mirrors your professional growth.
• Collaboration with resume writers: the platform facilitates direct collaboration with the resume writers, enabling you to share additional information, discuss specific requirements, and seek clarifications at any stage of the resume creation process.
• Launch Package: $139 (or $48/mo)
• Fast Track Package: $189 (or $65/mo)
• Premium Package: $299 (or $27/mo)

>> Use ZipJob to Secure Your Dream Job

Resumeble - Best Resume Builder With Custom Bundles

Star Rating: 4.3/5

Resumeble is a highly efficient and user-friendly resume builder that empowers individuals to create professional and compelling resumes. With Resumeble, crafting a standout resume becomes a streamlined process thanks to its intuitive interface and extensive range of customizable templates.

Whether you’re a recent graduate, a seasoned professional, or someone looking to change careers, Resumeble caters to all needs and skill sets. It offers helpful suggestions and expert advice to ensure your resume showcases your unique qualifications and achievements in the best possible light.

• A 60-day interview guarantee is included
• Budget-friendly package deals are available
• It’s more established than some other websites
• Keyword optimization: This feature helps optimize your resume by suggesting relevant keywords aligned with your target industry or job, enhancing your visibility to Applicant Tracking Systems (ATS) and recruiters.
• Content import: Resumeble allows you to import your existing resume or LinkedIn profile, saving you the time and effort of manual data entry.
• Real-time editing: You have the convenience of editing and modifying your resume in real time, providing the flexibility to experiment with various formats, sections, and content.
• ATS compatibility: Resumeble ensures your resume is ATS-compatible, essential for better visibility and a higher chance of being shortlisted by employers using Applicant Tracking Systems.
• Download options: The platform offers various download formats, including PDF, Word, and plain text, ensuring compatibility with diverse application processes.
• Cover letter builder: Resumeble features an integrated cover letter builder, streamlining the creation of professional and personalized cover letters that complement your resume.
• Career Pro Package : $159.00
• Professional Package : $299.00
• Premium Package : $399.00

>> Use Resumeble to Secure Your Dream Job

Let’s Eat, Grandma - Best Resume Builder for Range of Career Service

Star Rating: 4/5

Let’s Eat, Grandma is an inventive and progressive tool for creating impressive resumes. The platform streamlines the resume-building process, making it easier for job seekers to craft exceptional resumes. With Let’s Eat, Grandma, individuals can create unique resumes that catch the eye of employers and set them apart from the competition.

This user-friendly platform offers a range of customizable templates that allow users to tailor their resumes to showcase their specific skills and experiences. Let’s Eat, Grandma also provides expert advice and recommendations to help ensure that your qualifications and achievements are effectively highlighted in your resume.

• Complimentary resume evaluation
• Choices available for individuals from entry-level to executive-level positions
• Extensive collaboration opportunities
• Not specialized in academic CVs or federal resumes
• Relatively higher pricing compared to some other services
• Potential for a longer turnaround time compared to competing services
• Expert choice: You can save your resume in multiple formats (PDF, Word, plain text) or easily share it with potential employers via email or a link, simplifying the distribution of your resume.
• Error highlighting: The builder can identify potential errors, inconsistencies, or missing information within your resume and provide suggestions or alerts for improvement.
• Section prompts: Pre-written prompts for various resume sections (e.g., work experience, education, skills) can help you structure your resume effectively and ensure you include essential details in each area.
• Customizable sections: You can add, remove, or rearrange sections to tailor your resume to emphasize your strengths and relevant experiences.
• Keyword optimization: The resume builder can recommend industry-specific keywords based on the job description, enhancing your resume’s chances of passing through Applicant Tracking Systems (ATS) and grabbing the attention of hiring managers.
• Starter Package : Priced at $439, but there is an anti-inflation sale price of $389.
• Accelerated Package : $549.
• The premium Package : $689, but the anti-inflation sale price is $614.
• Executive Concierge Service : $1,899 or as low as $119/month.

>> Use Let’s Eat, Grandma to Secure Your Dream Job

ResumeSpice - Best Resume Builder for Job Seekers of Any Level

Star Rating: 3.8/5

ResumeSpice , a renowned online resume builder, streamlines crafting professional resumes. This platform provides job seekers with a user-friendly interface and a wide selection of templates, enabling them to create impressive resumes that align with their career objectives.

With ResumeSpice’s seamless experience, users are guided through each resume section effortlessly while receiving valuable tips throughout the process. From personal details and work history to skills and accomplishments, this platform ensures that all crucial aspects of a resume are comprehensively addressed.

• Additional assistance
• Timely service
• ATS optimization
• Guaranteed interviews
• Restricted revisions
• Insufficient customization options
• Restricted refund policy
• User-friendly interface: ResumeSpice boasts an intuitive and user-friendly platform, simplifying the resume creation process and offering a seamless experience to users.
• Extensive template library: The platform offers a vast selection of professionally designed templates tailored to various industries and job positions. Users can explore different styles and layouts to find the perfect match for their needs.
• Import and export options: ResumeSpice enables users to import their existing resumes in formats like PDF or Word for easy editing and updates. Users can conveniently export their finalized resumes in multiple formats, facilitating sharing with employers or uploading to job portals.
• Mobile-friendly design: ResumeSpice is optimized for mobile devices, allowing users to create and modify their resumes using smartphones or tablets.
• Cloud storage: The platform provides secure cloud storage for users’ resumes, ensuring accessibility and updates from any device with an internet connection.
• Resume tracking: ResumeSpice includes tools for tracking the performance of submitted resumes, such as monitoring views, downloads, and application outcomes. These features empower users to evaluate their progress and make data-driven enhancements to their job search strategies.
• Entry Level Resume : $479
• Professional Resume : $589
• Executive Resume : $699

>> Use ResumeSpice to Secure Your Dream Job

TopResume - Best Resume Builder for Customer Service

Star Rating: 3.6/5

TopResume is an outstanding resume builder explicitly tailored for customer service professionals. It offers a seamless and user-friendly experience, enabling users to create exceptional resumes effortlessly. The platform goes beyond just providing a basic resume template, offering valuable suggestions and tips to optimize the content.

This ensures that each resume created on TopResume is unique and attention-grabbing in the highly competitive job market.

Besides its user-friendly interface, TopResume provides expert review services. These services allow skilled professionals to provide personalized feedback on resumes, helping enhance their overall quality further. By leveraging this feedback and incorporating attention to detail, customer service professionals can create compelling resumes that effectively capture the attention of potential employers.

• Streamlined registration process
• Well-designed and formatted one-page resume
• The summary and Job Scope sections were overly extended
• The training section needed to have prominence
• Skill-based sections: The resume builder features dedicated sections highlighting essential customer service skills, including communication, problem-solving, conflict resolution, and relationship building.
• Expert review services: TopResume provides expert review services where experienced professionals offer personalized feedback and recommendations to enhance the overall quality of your resume.
• ATS compatibility: The platform ensures that the resumes created are compatible with Applicant Tracking Systems (ATS), which employers commonly use for scanning and filtering resumes.
• Download and sharing options: Users can download their resumes in various formats, such as PDF or Word, and easily share them with potential employers or upload them to job portals.
• Industry-Specific Tips: TopResume offers industry-specific tips and guidance to assist users in tailoring their resumes to the customer service field, helping them stand out among competitors.
• Cover letter builder: Besides resume building, TopResume provides a builder that empowers users to craft professional and compelling cover letters customized for customer service roles.
• Mobile accessibility: The platform is mobile-friendly, allowing users to create, edit, and update their resumes while on the go, using their smartphones or tablets.
• Entry level : Up to 200$.
• Professional level : Up to 200$-400$.
• Executive level : Up to $350-$700.

>> Use TopResume to Secure Your Dream Job

Resume Writing Services - Best Resume Builder for Affordability

Star Rating: 3.3/5

While Resumewritingservices.org may be a different size than its competitors, it stands out due to its team of talented and experienced resume writers. The website is user-friendly and provides exceptional service. However, this service’s true strength lies in its writers’ expertise.

Resumewritingservices.org sets itself apart by offering a comprehensive consultation process and goes beyond expectations by providing unlimited calls with its resume writers. This personalized approach distinguishes them from other companies and guarantees each client receives individual attention and support.

• Experienced resume writers of the highest caliber
• Unlimited phone consultations and revisions
• More expensive than rival services
• A limited range of products
• Skilled and experienced resume writers: Resumewritingservices.org takes pride in its team of highly trained and professional resume writers who possess a deep understanding of crafting effective resumes.
• Personalized service: Resumewritingservices.org offers a personal touch by providing unlimited calls with their resume writers. This unique feature allows clients to engage in direct communication and close collaboration with the writers throughout the resume creation process.
• Competitive job market expertise: The writers at Resumewritingservices.org have knowledge of current job market trends. This ensures that the resumes they create are optimized to excel in today’s fiercely competitive job market.
• Quality Assurance: The service maintains a rigorous quality assurance process to guarantee that the resumes delivered to clients meet the highest standards and align with their expectations.
• Timely delivery: Resumewritingservices.org is committed to delivering resumes within the agreed-upon timeframe, ensuring clients receive their documents promptly.
• Client satisfaction guarantee: Resumewritingservices.org offers a client satisfaction guarantee, assuring clients are fully content with the final resume. The service is ready to provide revisions if necessary.
• Affordable pricing: Resumewritingservices.org provides pricing options that are competitive and transparent, making professional resume writing accessible to a wide range of job seekers.

Resumewritingservices.org employs a pricing system that is clear and easy to understand for their resume-building services. The initial package begins at $270 , including a comprehensive consultation with a skilled resume writer and developing an individualized resume.

They offer extra options that enable customers to personalize their packages based on their unique preferences. This adaptable pricing strategy guarantees that clients can choose the services that align with their requirements and financial constraints.

>> Use Resume Writing Services to Secure Your Dream Job

Craft Resumes - Best Resume Builder for Quick-Turnaround

Star Rating: 3/5

Craft Resumes stand out as a well-established writing and editing service known for its ability to deliver effective outcomes. Our dedication to providing a 24-hour turnaround guarantees you’ll receive the initial version of your resume promptly.

Navigating our user-friendly website is effortless, making it easy to use our services. At Craft Resumes, we specialize in crafting customized resumes to match your skills, qualifications, and aspirations for your career.

• Speedy completion
• Customized CVs
• Intuitive site
• Insufficient details
• Absence of assurances
• Quick turnaround: Craft Resumes commits to delivering the initial draft of your resume within 24 hours, ensuring a speedy and efficient service.
• Expert Writers: Craft Resumes prides itself on its team of experienced writers who possess expertise across various industries and stay up-to-date with current hiring trends. They’re dedicated to making your resume stand out and catch the attention of potential employers.
• Unlimited revisions: We provide unlimited revisions to guarantee your complete satisfaction. If you have specific changes or additions in mind, our team will collaborate with you closely to implement the modifications.
• Confidentiality and Privacy: At Craft Resumes, we prioritize the confidentiality and privacy of your personal information. You can trust that your data will be handled securely and with the utmost discretion.
• Tailored resumes: We specialize in tailoring resumes to align with your career objectives, industry, and job requirements. Each resume is personalized to accentuate your unique strengths and qualifications.
• Resume Writing : $229.00
• Basic : $279.99
• Optimal : $339.99
• All-In-One : $499.99

>> Use Craft Resumes to Secure Your Dream Job

Resume Companion - Best Value Resume Builder

Star Rating: 2.8/5

Resume Companion is a virtual platform and service that specializes in aiding individuals in creating resumes that are professional and impactful. It offers an array of resources and tools to assist job seekers in crafting interesting resumes that effectively showcase their skills, experiences, and qualifications.

A prominent feature of Resume Companion is its user-friendly resume builder. This tool allows users to select from various professionally designed templates and personalize them based on their specific requirements.

Users can effortlessly incorporate their personal information, employment history, educational background, skill set, and other pertinent details to produce a customized resume tailored to their needs.

• Intuitive user interface
• High-quality templates
• Efficiency-boosting functions
• Cost-effective choice
• Restricted editing features without subscription
• Absence of extensive customization options
• Limited availability of extra services
• Cover letter builder: Resume Companion goes beyond resumes and provides users with a tool for crafting customized cover letters tailored to specific job applications. This feature guides users through the process, helping them effectively present their qualifications and make a compelling case to prospective employers.
• ATS optimization: In today’s job market, many companies use Applicant Tracking Systems (ATS) to screen resumes. Resume Companion helps users ensure their resumes are ATS-friendly. The platform offers valuable tips and insights on incorporating relevant keywords, formatting the document correctly, and increasing the likelihood of passing through the ATS screening process.
• Educational resources: Resume Companion extends its services by offering an informative blog and educational materials that cover various aspects of resume writing, job search strategies, interview techniques, and career development guidance. These resources provide users with valuable insights and advice to help them create impressive resumes and enhance their job search efforts.
• Download and sharing options: Upon completing their resumes, users can conveniently download their documents in multiple formats, including PDF and Word. Resume Companion also makes it easy for users to share their resumes online or print them offline.
• Customer support: Resume Companion values user satisfaction and offers customer support to assist with users’ questions or concerns while utilizing the platform. Users can access support through email or the platform’s contact form.

Resume Companion provides a cost-effective solution for individuals seeking an all-inclusive service. It’s vital to remember subscription renewal is required to access future editing services. In summary, Resume Companion offers a wallet-friendly option for those who desire a user-friendly resume-building experience without needing advanced writing abilities.

>> Use Resume Companion to Secure Your Dream Job

Our Ranking Methodology for Best Resume Writing Services

To comprehensively and objectively rank the top resume writing services, it is essential to have a thorough methodology. The first step in this process was conducting extensive research and analysis. This involved gathering a comprehensive list of reputable resume-writing services from multiple sources such as online searches, customer reviews, industry directories, and personal recommendations.

• Feature analysis: Evaluate the functionalities provided by each resume builder, considering elements like template variety and quality, customization flexibility, user-friendly editing and formatting options, import/export capabilities, spell check and grammar tools, and integration with job search platforms and professional networks.
• Template collection: Examine the assortment and quality of templates. Look for a wide range that suits various industries, job levels, and design preferences, considering these templates’ aesthetics, readability, and contemporary design.
• Editing and customization: Scrutinize the adaptability and user-friendliness of the editing and customization tools each resume builder provides. Assess the capacity to add or modify sections, reorganize content, and tailor resumes to specific job requirements.
• User interface and experience: Analyze the user interface and the overall user experience each resume builder offers. Evaluate the ease of navigation, instruction clarity, guidance or prompts, and the platform’s responsiveness.
• Integration with job search platforms: Determine whether resume builders offer seamless integration with popular job search platforms and professional networks like LinkedIn or ATS systems. Consider how well the resumes can be transferred and their compatibility with these platforms.
• Additional resources: Evaluate if the resume builders provide extra resources such as sample resumes, tools for creating cover letters, interview tips, or career advice. Consider the breadth and practicality of these supplementary resources.
• Mobile-friendliness: Gauge the mobile-friendliness and responsiveness of the resume builders, recognizing the growing trend of mobile job searching and application processes.
• Customer support: Reflect on the accessibility and quality of customer support services, encompassing options like live chat, email support, or knowledge bases. Assess the responsiveness and helpfulness of the support team.
• Pricing and value for money: Appraise the pricing plans presented by the resume builders in terms of the value they offer based on features, usability, and overall service quality.
• Industry reputation: Consider the standing and trustworthiness of the resume builders, considering factors such as awards, recognition, partnerships, and user feedback from reputable sources.

Buyer’s Guide: Why Use a Resume Builder?

Crafting a well-crafted CV comes naturally to particular job seekers. However, even the most seasoned experts may need help in resume writing. If you find yourself in need of help with creating a compelling resume, here are several ways in which the best online resume builder can be beneficial:

Resume builders provide users with pre-designed templates and helpful tips, streamlining the process of writing a resume and alleviating stress.

Offers Writing Tips

Promoting oneself requires considerable effort. Only some people possess writing skills, even if they enjoy self-promotion. To showcase one’s experience and knowledge effectively, a resume builder can help select the most appropriate words and phrases.

Improves Design

In every field, there are unique standards for an impressive resume. If you need to gain knowledge in design or the tools, resume builders can provide free templates to enhance your resume’s visual appeal and quality.

Applicant Tracking Systems (ATS)

Recruiters often use ATS systems to scan resumes. A good resume builder will help with formatting to ensure that your resume is easy for these systems to read.

What’s the Best Resume Builder?

The ideal resume builder for each individual may differ according to their specific requirements. If you prefer a tool that offers step-by-step guidance in creating your resume, we suggest using a builder that provides helpful tips and recommendations. If you prefer a resume builder that auto-generates a summary, we recommend using a tool that extracts information from your LinkedIn profile.

For those who enjoy having creative control over their resumes, we suggest using a platform with features. By selecting the resume builder that aligns with your needs and suits your industry and personal style, you’ll significantly increase your chances of capturing the attention of hiring managers.

Resume Builder vs. Resume Writing Service: What Matters for You

When it comes to crafting a resume, there are three options available. You can opt to create it independently, use a resume builder tool, or enlist the services of a professional resume writer. Your best choice will depend on your writing abilities, available time, and financial resources.

Do-It-Yourself

You have the choice to construct a resume entirely by yourself. The benefit of this option is that it costs nothing but requires a significant amount of effort. Along with composing all the information, you must possess graphic design skills.

This approach works well if you have these abilities, but with them, your options for creating a resume are unlimited. To overcome this limitation, you can use a resume builder or enlist the help of a resume writing service.

Resume Builder

A tool for creating resumes allows you to input your details into a template, resulting in an original appearance and layout with no design work. The top resume building tools also offer suggestions on enhancing your resume and tailoring it to match the specific job you are applying for.

While you are still responsible for writing the content, once it is written, you can quickly transfer that information into any other template with just a few simple clicks. Some of these services are free and many like to promote themselves as such, but most require a small payment to download your finished resume.

Professional Resume Writing Service

Professional resume writing services are expensive, but they offer the convenience of handling all the work for you. An experienced writer will gather relevant information about your background and transform it into a unique and engaging resume.

The process typically takes a few days, and the level of originality in the outcome largely relies on your choice of company and writer. However, we will not delve into these services further in this guide.

Are Resume Builders Worth It?

Definitely, without a doubt. An effective resume creator will guarantee that your CV is formatted correctly to navigate Applicant Tracking Systems and ultimately reach the hands of recruiters.

Is It Unprofessional to Use a Microsoft Word Resume Template?

Relying on a template will not set you apart, and there is a high likelihood that your application will be dismissed because your resume is identical to those of other job seekers.

Create your Europass CV

The Europass CV builder makes it easy to create your CV online. You can use it to apply for a job, education or training opportunities as well as volunteering.

The best-known CV format in Europe

The Europass CV is one of the best-known CV formats in Europe. It is easy-to-use and familiar to employers and education institutions.

You will first have to create your Europass profile with information on your education, training, work experience and skills. After you complete your Europass profile, you can create as many CVs as you want with just a few clicks. Just select which information you want to include, pick your favourite design and Europass will do the rest. 

You can create, store and share CVs in 31 languages . You can download your Europass CV, store it in your Europass Library share it with employers, with  EURES  or other job boards.

How to create a good CV

Remember that your CV is your first opportunity to communicate your skills and experiences to a future employer. It is a snapshot of who you are, your skills, your educational background, work experiences and other achievements.

Present your experience clearly

Highlight examples of your skills and experiences matching the job you are applying for. Pay close attention to the details published in the vacancy notice.

Tailor your CV

Make sure you update the ‘About Me’ section to highlight why you are the best person for the job. Do not include a full detailed history. Focus on facts and main points that match the job you have in mind.

Make it readable

Make sure your CV is easy to read. Use clear and simple language.  Use strong verbs (e.g. ‘managed’, ‘developed’, ‘increased’).

Use reverse chronological order

Always list the most recent experience on the top followed by previous ones. In case of long gaps in working or learning, include an explanation.

Polish and fine-tune

Check for spelling and grammar mistakes, provide a professional e-mail address, and add a professional photograph of yourself.

Your Europass profile

Your Europass profile is the place to keep a record of all your skills, qualifications and experiences. If you keep your Europass profile up-to-date then you will always have all the information you need to create tailored CVs and job applications quickly.

Good luck with your applications!

Find support through EU services

Eures the european job mobility portal, working abroad in other eu countries, education and training in other eu countries, you may be interested to read.

Create your Europass Cover Letter

Develop your skills through volunteering

Managing your personal information in Europass

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What Researchers Discovered When They Sent 80,000 Fake Résumés to U.S. Jobs

Some companies discriminated against Black applicants much more than others, and H.R. practices made a big difference.

By Claire Cain Miller and Josh Katz

A group of economists recently performed an experiment on around 100 of the largest companies in the country, applying for jobs using made-up résumés with equivalent qualifications but different personal characteristics. They changed applicants’ names to suggest that they were white or Black, and male or female — Latisha or Amy, Lamar or Adam.

On Monday, they released the names of the companies . On average, they found, employers contacted the presumed white applicants 9.5 percent more often than the presumed Black applicants.

Yet this practice varied significantly by firm and industry. One-fifth of the companies — many of them retailers or car dealers — were responsible for nearly half of the gap in callbacks to white and Black applicants.

Two companies favored white applicants over Black applicants significantly more than others. They were AutoNation, a used car retailer, which contacted presumed white applicants 43 percent more often, and Genuine Parts Company, which sells auto parts including under the NAPA brand, and called presumed white candidates 33 percent more often.

In a statement, Heather Ross, a spokeswoman for Genuine Parts, said, “We are always evaluating our practices to ensure inclusivity and break down barriers, and we will continue to do so.” AutoNation did not respond to a request for comment.

Companies With the Largest and Smallest Racial Contact Gaps

Of the 97 companies in the experiment, two stood out as contacting presumed white job applicants significantly more often than presumed Black ones. At 14 companies, there was little or no difference in how often they called back the presumed white or Black applicants.

Source: Patrick Kline, Evan K. Rose and Christopher R. Walters

Known as an audit study , the experiment was the largest of its kind in the United States: The researchers sent 80,000 résumés to 10,000 jobs from 2019 to 2021. The results demonstrate how entrenched employment discrimination is in parts of the U.S. labor market — and the extent to which Black workers start behind in certain industries.

“I am not in the least bit surprised,” said Daiquiri Steele, an assistant professor at the University of Alabama School of Law who previously worked for the Department of Labor on employment discrimination. “If you’re having trouble breaking in, the biggest issue is the ripple effect it has. It affects your wages and the economy of your community going forward.”

Some companies showed no difference in how they treated applications from people assumed to be white or Black. Their human resources practices — and one policy in particular (more on that later) — offer guidance for how companies can avoid biased decisions in the hiring process.

A lack of racial bias was more common in certain industries: food stores, including Kroger; food products, including Mondelez; freight and transport, including FedEx and Ryder; and wholesale, including Sysco and McLane Company.

“We want to bring people’s attention not only to the fact that racism is real, sexism is real, some are discriminating, but also that it’s possible to do better, and there’s something to be learned from those that have been doing a good job,” said Patrick Kline, an economist at the University of California, Berkeley, who conducted the study with Evan K. Rose at the University of Chicago and Christopher R. Walters at Berkeley.

The researchers first published details of their experiment in 2021, but without naming the companies. The new paper, which is set to run in the American Economic Review, names the companies and explains the methodology developed to group them by their performance, while accounting for statistical noise.

Sample Résumés From the Experiment

Fictitious résumés sent to large U.S. companies revealed a preference, on average, for candidates whose names suggested that they were white.

To assign names, the researchers started with a prior list that had been assembled using Massachusetts birth certificates from 1974 to 1979. They then supplemented this list with names found in a database of speeding tickets issued in North Carolina between 2006 and 2018, classifying a name as “distinctive” if more than 90 percent of people with that name were of a particular race.

The study includes 97 firms. The jobs the researchers applied to were entry level, not requiring a college degree or substantial work experience. In addition to race and gender, the researchers tested other characteristics protected by law , like age and sexual orientation.

They sent up to 1,000 applications to each company, applying for as many as 125 jobs per company in locations nationwide, to try to uncover patterns in companies’ operations versus isolated instances. Then they tracked whether the employer contacted the applicant within 30 days.

A bias against Black names

Companies requiring lots of interaction with customers, like sales and retail, particularly in the auto sector, were most likely to show a preference for applicants presumed to be white. This was true even when applying for positions at those firms that didn’t involve customer interaction, suggesting that discriminatory practices were baked in to corporate culture or H.R. practices, the researchers said.

Still, there were exceptions — some of the companies exhibiting the least bias were retailers, like Lowe’s and Target.

The study may underestimate the rate of discrimination against Black applicants in the labor market as a whole because it tested large companies, which tend to discriminate less, said Lincoln Quillian, a sociologist at Northwestern who analyzes audit studies. It did not include names intended to represent Latino or Asian American applicants, but other research suggests that they are also contacted less than white applicants, though they face less discrimination than Black applicants.

The experiment ended in 2021, and some of the companies involved might have changed their practices since. Still, a review of all available audit studies found that discrimination against Black applicants had not changed in three decades. After the Black Lives Matter protests in 2020, such discrimination was found to have disappeared among certain employers, but the researchers behind that study said the effect was most likely short-lived.

Gender, age and L.G.B.T.Q. status

On average, companies did not treat male and female applicants differently. This aligns with other research showing that gender discrimination against women is rare in entry-level jobs, and starts later in careers.

However, when companies did favor men (especially in manufacturing) or women (mostly at apparel stores), the biases were much larger than for race. Builders FirstSource contacted presumed male applicants more than twice as often as female ones. Ascena, which owns brands like Ann Taylor, contacted women 66 percent more than men.

Neither company responded to requests for comment.

The consequences of being female differed by race. The differences were small, but being female was a slight benefit for white applicants, and a slight penalty for Black applicants.

The researchers also tested several other characteristics protected by law, with a smaller number of résumés. They found there was a small penalty for being over 40.

Overall, they found no penalty for using nonbinary pronouns. Being gay, as indicated by including membership in an L.G.B.T.Q. club on the résumé, resulted in a slight penalty for white applicants, but benefited Black applicants — although the effect was small, when this was on their résumés, the racial penalty disappeared.

Under the Civil Rights Act of 1964, discrimination is illegal even if it’s unintentional . Yet in the real world, it is difficult for job applicants to know why they did not hear back from a company.

“These practices are particularly challenging to address because applicants often do not know whether they are being discriminated against in the hiring process,” Brandalyn Bickner, a spokeswoman for the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, said in a statement. (It has seen the data and spoken with the researchers, though it could not use an academic study as the basis for an investigation, she said.)

What companies can do to reduce discrimination

Several common measures — like employing a chief diversity officer, offering diversity training or having a diverse board — were not correlated with decreased discrimination in entry-level hiring, the researchers found.

But one thing strongly predicted less discrimination: a centralized H.R. operation.

The researchers recorded the voice mail messages that the fake applicants received. When a company’s calls came from fewer individual phone numbers, suggesting that they were originating from a central office, there tended to be less bias . When they came from individual hiring managers at local stores or warehouses, there was more. These messages often sounded frantic and informal, asking if an applicant could start the next day, for example.

“That’s when implicit biases kick in,” Professor Kline said. A more formalized hiring process helps overcome this, he said: “Just thinking about things, which steps to take, having to run something by someone for approval, can be quite important in mitigating bias.”

At Sysco, a wholesale restaurant food distributor, which showed no racial bias in the study, a centralized recruitment team reviews résumés and decides whom to call. “Consistency in how we review candidates, with a focus on the requirements of the position, is key,” said Ron Phillips, Sysco’s chief human resources officer. “It lessens the opportunity for personal viewpoints to rise in the process.”

Another important factor is diversity among the people hiring, said Paula Hubbard, the chief human resources officer at McLane Company. It procures, stores and delivers products for large chains like Walmart, and showed no racial bias in the study. Around 40 percent of the company’s recruiters are people of color, and 60 percent are women.

Diversifying the pool of people who apply also helps, H.R. officials said. McLane goes to events for women in trucking and puts up billboards in Spanish.

So does hiring based on skills, versus degrees . While McLane used to require a college degree for many roles, it changed that practice after determining that specific skills mattered more for warehousing or driving jobs. “We now do that for all our jobs: Is there truly a degree required?” Ms. Hubbard said. “Why? Does it make sense? Is experience enough?”

Hilton, another company that showed no racial bias in the study, also stopped requiring degrees for many jobs, in 2018.

Another factor associated with less bias in hiring, the new study found, was more regulatory scrutiny — like at federal contractors, or companies with more Labor Department citations.

Finally, more profitable companies were less biased, in line with a long-held economics theory by the Nobel Prize winner Gary Becker that discrimination is bad for business. Economists said that could be because the more profitable companies benefit from a more diverse set of employees. Or it could be an indication that they had more efficient business processes, in H.R. and elsewhere.

Claire Cain Miller writes about gender, families and the future of work for The Upshot. She joined The Times in 2008 and was part of a team that won a Pulitzer Prize in 2018 for public service for reporting on workplace sexual harassment issues. More about Claire Cain Miller

Josh Katz is a graphics editor for The Upshot, where he covers a range of topics involving politics, policy and culture. He is the author of “Speaking American: How Y’all, Youse, and You Guys Talk,” a visual exploration of American regional dialects. More about Josh Katz

From The Upshot: What the Data Says

Analysis that explains politics, policy and everyday life..

Pandemic School Closures: ​A variety of data about children’s academic outcomes and about the spread of Covid-19 has accumulated since the start of the pandemic. Here is what we learned from it .

Affirmative Action: The Supreme Court effectively ended race-based preferences in admissions. But will selective schools still be able to achieve diverse student bodies? Here’s how they might try .

Parenting: Surveys of young adults show that most parents are highly involved in their grown children’s lives. Yet in many ways, their relationships seem healthy and fulfilling .

N.Y.C. Neighborhoods: We asked New Yorkers to map their neighborhoods and to tell us what they call them . The result, while imperfect, is an extremely detailed map of the city .

Dialect Quiz:  What does the way you speak say about where you’re from? Answer these questions to find out .

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Research: How Different Fields Are Using GenAI to Redefine Roles

• Maryam Alavi

Examples from customer support, management consulting, professional writing, legal analysis, and software and technology.

The interactive, conversational, analytical, and generative features of GenAI offer support for creativity, problem-solving, and processing and digestion of large bodies of information. Therefore, these features can act as cognitive resources for knowledge workers. Moreover, the capabilities of GenAI can mitigate various hindrances to effective performance that knowledge workers may encounter in their jobs, including time pressure, gaps in knowledge and skills, and negative feelings (such as boredom stemming from repetitive tasks or frustration arising from interactions with dissatisfied customers). Empirical research and field observations have already begun to reveal the value of GenAI capabilities and their potential for job crafting.

There is an expectation that implementing new and emerging Generative AI (GenAI) tools enhances the effectiveness and competitiveness of organizations. This belief is evidenced by current and planned investments in GenAI tools, especially by firms in knowledge-intensive industries such as finance, healthcare, and entertainment, among others. According to forecasts, enterprise spending on GenAI will increase by two-fold in 2024 and grow to $151.1 billion by 2027 .

• Maryam Alavi is the Elizabeth D. & Thomas M. Holder Chair & Professor of IT Management, Scheller College of Business, Georgia Institute of Technology .

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