canada education system

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Understanding The Canadian Education System

Updated: January 27, 2023

Published: January 14, 2020

By area, Canada is the second biggest country in the world, right after Russia. It’s a country filled with endless beauty that consists of 10 provinces and 3 territories, extending from the Atlantic Ocean all the way to the Pacific Ocean and into the Arctic Ocean. The education in Canada is excellent, and arguably among the world’s best with a well-funded and strong public education system.

Intro to the Education System in Canada

Education is one of the highest priorities for the Canadian government.

For the most part, children in Canada attend kindergarten for a year or two at the age of four or five by choice. School then becomes mandatory as of grade one, which tends to be at the age of six years old.

Depending on the province, schools go up to either grade 11 or 12, generally until the age of 16 years old. Children then have the choice whether or not to continue onto higher education in universities, colleges or Cegep.

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The quality of education in canada.

Canada is a highly developed country and offers one of the highest quality of education across the globe.

The Structure of the Canadian Education System

Although it varies from province to province, in general, Canadians must attend school until the age of 16, and it is comprised of four levels.

1. Pre-elementary

Pre-elementary or ‘kindergarten’ is the first stage of education in Canada and are offered to children between the ages of four to five before they start elementary school. In New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, this is mandatory, while everywhere else it is optional.

They are offered by either public, private or federal schools, depending on where you choose to send your child. In most areas, the first year of pre-elementary school is public and free, while certain provinces offer additional years free of charge, such as Quebec that offers free kindergarten for those from low-income families or for children with disabilities.

The teaching curriculum taught in pre-elementary in Canada is relaxed, and is a chance for young students to learn the alphabet, basic skills such as counting, pre-reading, music, art, and how to play with others. These programs are specially designed to prepare children for their next step: primary school!

Primary education or elementary school is Canada is mandatory for children, starting in grade 1, generally at the ages of 6 or 7, and goes until grade 6 at the ages of 11 to 12 years old.

In Canada, students at this stage of education tend to have only one teacher that teaches them all subjects in the same classroom, with the same students. Special education classes are also available.

The pre-elementary curriculum covers subjects such as reading, math, English language (French in Quebec), history, science, music, social studies, physical education, and art. The difficulty of the courses increases as students advance in grades.

3. Secondary

Secondary education in Canada has two levels: junior high school and high school. Junior high school or intermediate education follows immediately after completion of elementary school. It’s a two-year stage of education that includes grades 7 and 8.

These two years give students the chance to adjust to the changes of switching classrooms and teachers throughout the day. The goal of this stage is to help students best prepare for their next step of education, with the difficulty of courses expected to increase greatly.

High school is the last part of secondary education that comes when students reach grade 8, and they stay in this stage for 4 years, until grade 11 or 12 (ages 16-18, depending on the student’s circumstances and province).

Students are required by law to stay in school until the age of 16, regardless of what grade they are in when they reach that age.

In Ontario and New Brunswick, the law is that students must stay in school until 18 or until they have successfully earned a high school diploma. In Quebec, secondary education ends in grade 11, which is generally followed by a two-year pre-university program known as Cegep.

Canadian high schools have carefully and thoughtfully designed their curriculum in order to best prepare students for higher education. Some provinces even offer job training at the high school level.

4. Post-Secondary Education

College and University

Upon graduating from high school, Canadian students are given the opportunity to apply to colleges and universities. College in Canada generally refers to a smaller community college or a specific trade school. Many students in Canada will attend college to further prepare themselves for university and obtain credits that can be transferred over.

University in Canada is a place for higher education where academic degrees can be obtained in a wide variety of subjects in a similar structure to that of the United States, starting with a bachelor’s degree, then a master’s degree, and finally a PhD as the highest level of education.

For public universities and colleges, they are mostly funded by provincial governments and the remainder is paid by minimal tuition fees, as well as research grants and partially from the federal government too.

Other Types Of Education in Canada

1. vocational schools.

On top of community colleges offering a vocational training, students are also given the opportunity to learn a trade or vocation at technical schools that are spread out throughout Canada. Years ago, such programs did not require students to hold a high school diploma, but things have changed greatly in recent years.

Vocational schools allow Canadian students to learn the specific trade they are interested in and gain real life experience under a professional and qualified supervisor.

2. Private Schools

Private schools are also available in Canada, which means that they are schools that are not funded by the government, and often come with hefty price tags. This is the choice of the parent and student to decide whether or not this is a worthwhile investment for them to make.

Some parents feel as though their children need smaller classes, more special attention, or would like to send them to a specific school for personal reasons. In Quebec, those that do not wish to study in French and can afford it will often opt for a private school.

3. Religious Schools

Those that wish to send their children to religious schools in Canada must send them to private institutions for the most part, other than certain Catholic schools. These schools teach both the regular school curriculum as well as religious teachings associated with the specific religion of the school.

Age of Compulsory Education

The age of compulsory education varies from province to province in Canada. The youngest is five years old and goes up to seven years old (Manitoba) to legally have to attend school.

16 is generally the last year where students have to stay in school by law, however certain provinces require Canadian students to stay in school until the age of 18, such as Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Manitoba.

Which Provinces Differ from the Standard System?

While in most Canadian provinces, the system is rather standard, Quebec does things slightly differently.

Rather than staying in high school until grade 12 like most places, students graduate high school in grade 11, and then continue on their studies at another higher institution known as Cegep. This 2-year program is intended to offer students a chance to test the waters when it comes to career choices , and have an easier transition into university.

What Languages are Classes Taught in Canada?

The two official languages of Canada are English and French. International students are given the choice to decide to study in either language, and many schools in Canada offer studies in both languages.

In most of Canada, English is the main language of school-level education, although French is seen heavily throughout. In the province of Quebec, however, students are required to attend school fully in French until they complete their high school studies, and only under certain special circumstances may a Canadian student study in English, for example those that are in Quebec for a temporary period of time.

In general, newcomers and immigrants to Quebec have to attend school in French and are only given the chance to study in English by attending a private school.

Migrant students

Canada has a large amount of migrants in its schools, with more than a third of young adults in Canada coming from immigrant families. And it’s been found that new immigrants tend to quickly integrate themselves and be just as successful as their native counterparts. Some believe that this incredible success is due to the equality and fairness for migrant students that is seen throughout schools in Canada.

Equal Opportunities

By giving all students equal opportunities to education, and treating everyone the same, Canada has proved to have little differences between its students — whether they come from more well-off local families or from minorities and immigrants that have more disadvantages.

While some people believe that high levels of immigration can potentially affect the success of students, when it comes to Canada, according to Prof Jerrim , immigrants may very well be key to its success. ‘‘These families have an immigrant ‘hunger’ to succeed, and their high expectations are likely to boost school results for their children’,” Jerrim explains.

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Is education in canada free.

Although there is not one single education system in Canada, basic public education is in fact free for residents of Canada until the 11th or 12th grade, depending on the province. International students, however, do have to pay the full fees.

Many colleges and universities are heavily subsidized, allowing students of all backgrounds an equal chance at higher education. The Canadian government is working on taking this even further and opening up more opportunities to young hopefuls to attend university .

Health Care and Education in Canada

Unlike the U.S., Canada has a publicly funded health insurance system, financed through taxpayer money. Each province has a different plan and specific regulations, but for the most part, it ensures basic medical care for all Canadian citizens. Additional health procedures outside of the ordinary are paid by the patient themselves, while sometimes their employer will cover these costs.

Not only does Canada take care of its citizens when it comes to healthcare, but they also offer daycare and nurseries for those in need as well as endless public schools, free of charge.

The rest of the world could learn a thing or two from Canada’s top-notch education system and how they treat everyone equally, taking care of all of their citizens and ensuring that everyone gets the education that they deserve. Canada’s impressive success rate didn’t come from nowhere!

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Education in Canada

Article by Frank Peters , R.S. Patterson , N. Kach

Published Online February 7, 2006

Last Edited March 4, 2015

 Education is a basic activity of human association in any social group or community, regardless of size. It is a part of the regular interaction within a family, business or nation. The process whereby people gain knowledge, acquire understanding, master skills or internalize values is referred to as education. This same term is used to describe the outcomes of educational experiences. In other words, we may speak of education to refer to what school, television or recreational activity offer people or we may use the same term to indicate what the participants or viewers have received from their involvement in these educational experiences.

Significance of Instruction and Learning

In human societies the maintenance and enhancement of the knowledge, skills and values of the group depend on instruction and learning. Failure to share and to pass on its social heritage leads to the eventual extinction of the group. For example, at the level of the FAMILY , our most basic social group, unless the members of the unit find ways to identify, preserve, communicate and share the beliefs, traditions, values and essential characteristics of the group, in time, the cohesiveness of the family will be lost, individual members will not identify with the unit or the name and new relationships with different norms and interests will replace it.

People in all of the varying roles and responsibilities of society share and acquire information, skills, attitudes and values. Whether raising a family, earning a living, administering a large corporation or conversing with friends, education occurs and is received. In its broadest sense education includes the total range and variety of processes evident in a social group or community by which the social heredity of the unit is maintained.

The less knowledgeable and less experienced members of the group depend on educational experiences which will help them build on the established learning and practice of their predecessors. If this function were not performed, progress would be limited and slow. In more primitive or simple societies, the function of education is, relatively speaking, not as obvious: the more underdeveloped the social life of a group, the less complex its knowledge and traditions and the less demanding and essential is the task of sharing and acquiring its social heritage. In groups of limited sophistication, the less knowledgeable and less experienced members learn acceptable behaviour by imitating their elders, by obeying injunctions, by following suggestions and responding to prohibitions.

Distinctions Between Formal and Informal Education

As the complexity of the society increases and as the store of knowledge, traditions and values expands, the difference between those who possess the heritage and those who do not is more pronounced. Whereas in simple society no particular agency is charged with the responsibility of educating, in the more advanced social groups an institutionalized system emerges with specific agencies being charged with this responsibility. The emergence of schools, colleges and universities and other related institutions does not obviate the educational function of other social agencies. Instead it leads to the distinction between formal and informal education.

 Formal education is the effort to do systematically and explicitly by means of specialist roles and functions what formerly transpired in the casual intercourse of family and community living. The differentiated system of education known as schooling has been charged with ever-expanding duties and responsibilities. Initially the invention of letters that required specialist training for mastery and use gave rise to the role of teacher and the emergence of schools. Over time, this learning was not restricted to a privileged elite, but came to be regarded as the legitimate possession of all who had the ability to master it. Schooling has come to be regarded as a right of citizenship. An equally compelling reason for its growth and popularity is the belief that industrial and economic expansion depend on education. Leading industrial nations look to their schools to provide the training essential to continued economic and political prominence.

The Church and Socializing Agencies

The church, another social institution that once enjoyed a prominent role in the socializing of societal members, is also experiencing a diminished effect in the lives of Canadians. Until the mid-20th century, the 3 major churches in Canada - the Roman Catholic Church, the United Church of Canada and the Anglican Church - exerted significant influences on Canadian ethics and morals and provided obvious support to the maintenance of prevailing economic, social and political views. Membership and affiliation for many Canadians now is nominal in nature. Harmony of belief is less characteristic among Canadians, as the authority of churches and clerics has been challenged, as religious views are less popular in a more materialistic society and as new religions within the Christian tradition and from outside gain in prominence.

Tensions and conflicts accompanying marked demographic changes in society also contribute to the increasing pluralism of Canadian life and the related difficulty of identifying and providing common socializing experiences. When the majority of Canadians were rural dwellers, their communities were perceived to be relatively homogeneous, closely knit and supportive of similar ideals and values. There was greater compatibility of the educational efforts and goals of the various socializing agencies.

In recent decades, however, this feature of Canadian life diminished significantly. By 1996, only 21% of Canada's population was rural with increasing urbanization. Impersonal relations and anonymity challenged feelings of closeness and mutual support. New social agencies and roles emerged and traditional institutions such as schools and churches took on modified responsibilities in an attempt to cope with social change and an obviously growing divergence of perspective.

New Cultural Realities

Another significant contributor to the mounting diversity in beliefs, practices and values in Canada was the introduction of large numbers of immigrants into Canada in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Particularly since 1901 the proportion of the population composed of ethno-religious groups other than the founding French and English elements has increased from approximately 12% to nearly 27%. The declaration in October 1971 of an official Canadian policy of "multiculturalism within a bilingual framework" gave recognition to a cultural reality. Pluralism was an acknowledged condition and latitude was extended to those who wished to preserve their unique ethnic and linguistic roots. One effect of growing pluralism in Canada has been to expect more of schools in building a common culture and to compensate for diminishing contributions of families, churches and communities.

The report of the Massey Commission also expressed concern over the effects of living in such close proximity to the US. The commission members recognized the importance of the mass media as a vital element of education, particularly as American popular culture became more pervasive within Canada ( see CULTURAL POLICY ). While the influence of the traditional socializing agencies has been waning in Canada, the power of the mass media has been increasing significantly.

Influence of Media

From their earliest years children are subject to the influence of the media. Television, especially, has become the purveyor of values, beliefs and knowledge. Time formerly spent in discussing, playing or reading is now more commonly associated with television viewing, as children are often left to watch unattended. It was estimated that in 1997 the average Canadian watches 22.7 hours of television per week and cable and satellite broadcast facilities afford viewers wide choice in program selection with extensive exposure to American programs. Recognizing the educative influence of TV, the Canadian Radio-Television Commission stated in 1986 that it was working to "safeguard, enrich and strengthen the cultural, political, social and economic fabric of Canada."

One effect of all forms of mass media is that peoples' perspectives are broadened. The result in countries where information access is valued and sustained is that the educational power of the media is pronounced, and leads to greater openness, pluralism and relativism. The media, in testing public attitudes, also serve to influence and to shape them. Among the media published sources, including books and newspapers, are important instruments of education ( see LITERACY ).

Film also contributes to the education of Canadians. The film viewing of Canadians is dominated by access to films produced in the US. Canadians by an Act of Parliament established the NATIONAL FILM BOARD in 1939, charging it with the mandate "to initiate and promote the production of films in the national interest." Produced in Canada's 2 official languages, the films of the NFB depict events that shaped history and show the diversity of Canadian concerns and achievement. The efforts of the NFB are recognition of the value of this medium as an educational agent in providing a common Canadian viewpoint. However, the rapid expansion and popularity of television is overshadowing that of film in Canada, as videotape production now exceeds that of film production.

As prominent and important as are the socializing agencies and informal educational means of the mass media in Canada, the formal educational system is recognized as being central to the experience of the large majority of Canadians. Within Canada, residents of all ages and circumstances have come to seek and gain access to schools, universities and colleges. Relatively early in Canada's history, attention was directed to making some provision for schooling.

Foundations of Present-Day Education

Realized human potential.

Three means or instruments for achieving this end were identified: common life experiences; various sources of popular culture and information such as television, radio, newspapers, magazines and books; and formal education in schools, colleges and universities. Development in each of these areas is essential to an understanding of education in Canada.

Common life experiences, according to the commission, were seen to be available through socializing agencies such as the family, the church, the government and the community. Traditionally, the family has been the most powerful of all educational institutions. Changing social conditions have had a noticeable effect on the influence of this agency within Canadian society. As an increasing number of married women are being employed outside the home, as the number of marriage dissolutions and single parents increases, and as nontraditional forms of marriage arrangements expand, the impact of the traditional family is lessened and other agencies such as the school are being expected to fill the educational void. Topics such as sex education, consumer spending and life skills are being turned over to the school along with extensive counselling responsibilities. As cohesion and solidarity of the contemporary Canadian family decline, so too does the effectiveness and influence of this educational agency.

The First Teachers in Canada

 Provision of schooling has not been easy or inexpensive for Canadians, in part because of the vastness of the country and the sparseness of the population. However, efforts have been made through the proliferation of one-room country schools which dotted the countryside even up to the outbreak of WWII and through novel arrangements such as railway and correspondence schools to extend schooling to as many children as possible. The importance assigned to education by Canadians over the years is evident in the financial commitment made for its provision. Canada tends to spend a higher proportion of its gross domestic product on education than other Western developed countries. In 1992 education expenditures represented 8.1% of Canada's gross domestic product.

 Formal education within Canada has been subject to and influenced by American developments. As progressive education and the ideas of American educators such as John Dewey, W.H. Kilpatrick and George Counts found acceptance in the US between WWI and WWII, these same practices and ideas attracted attention in Canada. School curricula and methods were altered in all provinces to give place to learning by doing, integration of subject areas, individualized learning and instruction of the whole child. While the popularity of the movement subsided in the post-WWII era, the impact of the reform carried on. Schools have come to provide for a wider range of students, to offer a highly diversified curriculum, to be less authoritarian and to be willing to assume responsibility for an ever-increasing number of duties and responsibilities, many of which have resulted from the declining effectiveness of other social agencies such as the family.

The formal education structure is also adapting to the rapidly changing technological environment. Curriculum changes are being made to ensure that graduates are equipped to function effectively in the technologically rich work situations which they will face. Computer technology is being used both as a means of delivering traditional courses in a more sophisticated and efficient manner, and as subject material in its own right ( see COMPUTER-ASSISTED LEARNING ). At the same time this technology and its ancillary support structures make it possible to deliver extremely advanced and developed programs to small numbers of students in widely separated locations, on an individual or small group basis. Distance education, by means of computers and their peripherals, are providing small, more remote schools with opportunities to offer enriched programs which formerly were only available to larger, more centralized schools ( see DISTANCE LEARNING ).

The Ideology of Choice

Schools in this country are also adapting to the changing public ideology which advocates, in many areas, choice as a basic right. Parents' rights to choose the school to which to send their child are creating an environment in which administrators are faced with marketing their institutions as never before. When allied with a system of funding which is linked directly with student numbers, the ideology of choice frequently compels schools to compete with one another for parental support and commitment. Governments argue that this competition will enhance accountability and improve the relevance of education ( see EDUCATION, ORGANIZATION ).

An emerging feature of our educational scenario which can be linked to the concept of parental choice is that of home schooling. Within the past decade the choice to home school their children has been made in Canada by an increasing number of parents ( see EDUCATION, ALTERNATIVE ). At present almost 1% of all school age children are home schooled. Most of these students are at the elementary level. Technological advances have made it possible for school systems to provide considerable support to parents and students involved with home education. Home schooling is in its infancy still and it remains to be seen how governments and school systems will adapt their established modes of operation to best assist this movement.

The value and importance of education in Canada is seen in the increasing numbers who are pursuing post-secondary learning experiences. Lower birthrates and lower immigration helped to account for the steady decline in elementary and secondary enrolment in the 1970s and early 1980s. In the mid-1980s enrolment increased as baby boomers began to have children. From 1971 to 1985, when elementary and secondary enrolment dropped 14%, full-time post-secondary numbers increased nearly 62%, and the growth continued for the next 9 years. Only in the past year has a slight decrease been noted in the enrolment in post-secondary institutions, though present enrolments are still more than 70% above the 1971 figures ( see EDUCATION, HIGHER ).

In 1998 full-time enrolment in post-secondary institutions exceeded 968 000, of whom over 573 000 (59%) were in universities. Full-time enrolments account for about 70% of all students in universities and about 72% in colleges. In the past 15 years part-time enrolment at universities had increased by over 90%, peaking in 1992 at just over 316 000. In the past years there has been a steady decline in all provinces in the number of students attending university on a part-time basis - the present figure is approximately 250 000. It is also worth noting that in the past 30 years there has been a steady and sustained growth in the number of women attending post-secondary institutions in Canada and that women now make up the majority of students in both universities and colleges ( see WOMEN AND EDUCATION ).

Traditionally, there have been social and economic reasons for acquiring higher educational standards. Higher-status occupations are generally awarded to people who hold college or university degrees. And on the economic side, better education appears to have raised labour earnings per worker by about 30% from 1911-61, according to one estimate ( see EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITY ).

 Although the growth in provision of formal education reflects a continuing faith in the advantages of formal education, there is no longer an assurance that more education will result in employment or better-paying jobs. Many highly educated people are unemployed or underemployed, and some futurists predict that an increasing number of people will never be engaged in work as it was known in the 1980s. However, educational reforms and reviews undertaken across Canada continue to emphasize the need for schools to concentrate, more than they have in the recent past, on the preparation of students for useful work.

So inclusive has the mandate for schooling become that it is difficult to determine what themes or topics can or should be legitimately excluded. Relatively little attention seems to be paid to matters relating to ecology, world peace and imbalances in food, wealth and educational opportunity.

UNESCO has identified the following as some of the important global issues deserving attention through education: the grievous inequalities among nations and peoples; the risk of growing dehumanization affecting both privileged and oppressed alike; the need for people to understand the global consequences of individual behaviours, of conceiving priorities and sharing of the joint responsibility in determining the destiny of the human race; and the need to give strong support to democracy as the only way to avoid becoming enslaved to machines, and as the only condition compatible with the dignity of the human race. UNESCO recognized the lifelong nature of education as well as the fact that education occurs in many contexts within society. A multiplicity of out-of-school forms of learning must be used in providing instruction and education for pupils of all ages, adults included. However in that organized education provides systems of knowledge and methods which help and enable individuals to form their own personal interpretation of the tremendous information flow and to assimilate it in a useful way, it remains an essential element of society.

The direction of education for the future is captured in the following observation, also from the UNESCO publication Learning to Be : "if learning involves all of one's life, in the sense of both time-span and diversity, and all of society, including its social and economic as well as its educational resources, then we must go even further than the necessary overhaul of educational systems until we reach the stage of a learning society."

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The Education Systems of the Americas pp 1–21 Cite as

The Education System of Canada

Foundations of the Canadian Education System

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Part of the book series: Global Education Systems ((GES))

The contemporary system of education in Canada is intertwined in the conflicts and compromises made in the formation of the country. A diversity of approaches to education exists based on provincial and territorial political mandates, policies, and priorities. With multiple jurisdictional authorities having exclusive control of education, the education system can be best thought of as a system of systems. Federal policies of multiculturalism and bilingualism, English and French, are present in the elementary, secondary, and postsecondary education systems. There are over 70 Indigenous languages spoken in Canada. Indigenous language revitalization, along with minority language revitalization, has become a national priority in education. People whose first language is neither English nor French make up just over a tenth of the population. Canada has one of the highest rates of immigration in the world. The most recent waves of immigration have added to the racial, linguistic, and cultural diversity of Canadian society, and thus influence programs and priorities in the education system. Currently, many provinces and territories are undergoing full system reviews and initiating educational reforms from kindergarten to secondary school. The cultural, historic, linguistic diversity along with the political landscape ensures that the education system in Canada will remain a system of systems.

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Friesen, S., Jacobsen, M. (2020). The Education System of Canada. In: Jornitz, S., Parreira do Amaral, M. (eds) The Education Systems of the Americas. Global Education Systems. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93443-3_37-1

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A Newcomers’ Guide to Education in Canada

Discover the canadian educational system with our in-depth guide. we give newcomers to canada the crucial information they need for a successful educational experience in canada, from the school enrollment procedure in primary and high school to an understanding of post-secondary education options across this country., table of contents, is education free in canada for immigrants, is education in canada public or private, who pays for education in canada, what are the other education options for my child, which province in canada has the best education system.

• How do I enroll my child in school in Canada?

What is the school schedule in Canada?

What languages are taught in canadian schools, how are students graded in canada, what is special education called in canada, what are common school events and activities in canada, how can parents stay involved in their children's education in canada, what is the swis program for settlement workers in schools, contact canadavisa and cohen immigration law for assistance.

Welcome to your comprehensive guide on Canada's educational system. This manual will provide you with an in-depth understanding of the Canadian educational system's framework, from early childhood schooling to high school. It addresses important subjects such as school selection, enrollment procedures, grading systems, and the distinctions between public and private schools. We also explore practical topics like common school events and activities as well as parental involvement in a child’s education and the SWIS program. We'll also go over the assistance available for students with special learning needs and the significance of language classes in the classroom. Dive into this guide to prepare for a rewarding and successful educational journey in Canada for you and your family.

Yes. Getting an education for your child in Canada is free for all newcomers to Canada, including permanent residents, work permit holders and study permit holders.

As a permanent resident in Canada, you will not need to provide any extra documentation to allow your child to receive a free public school education in this country. In Canada, the public school education system covers the costs of school for all children of Canadian citizens and permanent residents from kindergarten to the end of high school. Typically, this means that school is free for children from the ages of 5 or 6 to 18 years old. This is because the Canadian education system is jointly funded through the taxes paid by all residents.

On the other hand, temporary residents (including study permit and work permit holders) may need to supply their local school board with certain documents to verify their child’s eligibility for a free public school education. The required documents may vary based on the province or territory you choose to settle in, as each region in Canada has unique rules that govern its education system.

In other words, for work and study permit holders in Canada with temporary resident status, their child’s eligibility for a no-cost public school education will depend on the rules of the school board in their community .

Example: Toronto District School Board (TDSB) in Ontario

In Toronto, the most populated city in Canada’s most popular immigrant destination province, the TDSB notes that children of work permit holders “may” qualify for “fee-exempt status” under certain conditions.

The same is true for any children of study permit holders under the age of 18. Under a specific set of conditions decided by the TDSB , including but not limited to the following, study permit holders in Canada can have their children educated in Canada’s public school education system for free.

• The parent must have a letter of acceptance from a designated learning institution that receives operating grants from the Government of Ontario
• The parent must maintain status as a full-time student
• The student must live with the parent who is studying in Ontario
• The parent must be accepted into a full-time program leading to a post-secondary degree, diploma, or certificate program. Certificate programs must be at least 2 semesters long and meet the Ministry requirement for total instructional hours (minimum 600+ hours).

According to the TDSB, if the fee-exempt status applies, the student may begin school 1 week before the start date of the parent’s program fees will apply to students who wish to enroll prior to this date.

Government and school board resources in the province and community you settle in will be able to provide policy information specific to your situation.

Note: If newcomers to Canada want to have their children educated outside of the public school system, they will incur out-of-pocket costs to enrol their child in a private school or boarding school (more on private vs public education to follow).

Canada has both public and private education options in most communities across the country, allowing families to decide on their child’s educational path based on their available financial resources and educational preferences.

Public schools are, as the name suggests, institutions funded by taxes collected from the public in each province/territory. These schools offer free education for children from kindergarten until they graduate from high school. Public schools are all governed by the province/territory they are in. This means that the material that their students are taught is chosen by the governments of each region.

Private schools, on the other hand, are owned by private entities that charge parents an annual tuition fee to enrol their children. Tuition fees vary significantly based on the institution. Private schools are not restricted to the curriculum decided by the province in which they are located, allowing them to independently decide what to teach students enrolled at their institution.

Newcomers to Canada can incur costs for their child’s education depending on the type of institution they want their child to attend.

While a public school education is free for most residents of Canada (see above note regarding children of work and study permit holders) from when they begin kindergarten to when they graduate high school, these costs can range from between $15,000 and $30,000 annually for their child to attend a private/independent day school or $63,000 to $83,000 every year to obtain a private/independent boarding school education.

Beyond public and private education options, parents interested in educating their children themselves may partake in homeschooling. Similar to how public schooling systems differ by province or territory, rules and regulations for homeschooling your child also vary based on the region you are living in.

Note: Parents can often find suggested curriculum and supporting material online. Less than one percent of children in Canada are homeschooled.

Generally, Canada has a high quality of education regardless of where you settle across this country.

Determining which province has the “best” education system, however, is a matter of understanding your family’s needs and preferences. Educational curriculums for the public school system are decided at the provincial/territorial level, meaning that each region makes its own choices about what students learn.

For instance, while French is mandatory in the Ontario education system's curriculum for students in grades 4 through 8, learning French is only a recommendation in Alberta. Meanwhile, French is the predominant language of educational instruction in Quebec, as it is the first language of the province.

To the extent possible, it may be worth using the internet to assess the different curriculums across Canada before picking the province or territory you would like to settle your family in.

How do I enrol my child in school in Canada?

In Canada, the school enrollment process will vary depending on the level of school you’re interested in for your child and where you live. In any case, however, parents require the following four documents to enrol their children in primary (elementary) or secondary (high) schools across Canada:

• birth certificate
• proof of guardianship or custody
• proof of residency
• record of immunizations (to prove that your child’s vaccines are up to date)

The first step in the enrolment process for both elementary and high school in Canada is to contact your local school board.

Since a school board usually manages a number of schools in the community, you will often have more than one school to choose from in your region.

When a child is first enrolled in school across Canada, either the school board or the school they will be attending will assess their level of education and decide the level they should be placed at as well as whether they require free support (ex. English or French classes).

Schools operate between September and June every year, minus weekends and holidays such as Christmas or March Break.

Although this can vary at every school in Canada, elementary and high schools across this country typically begin their day between 8 and 9 am. The school day usually ends between 3 and 4 pm. In the case of universities and colleges across Canada, times tend to vary because they typically offer flexibility through evening and night classes for students that need such options.

Summer break in Canada is between the end of one school year (late June) and the start of the next (early September).

Students in Canada can study in either English or French. Some educational institutions offer instruction in both languages, but students are not required to be fluent in both languages to attend school at any level in Canada.

Across most of the country, the main language of education is English, but French language education is also widely available. Regardless of the main language of instruction, some level of French or English as a second language is generally taught from an early age.

In Quebec, however, students are usually required to be educated in French until the end of secondary school. This includes newcomers to Canada, although some private education options may be available for Quebec-bound newcomers who would like their child to be taught in English. In addition, temporary residents in Quebec (ex. on a study permit, work permit etc.) may enrol their child in school with English-language instruction.

In addition to standard class instruction in English and French, many institutions across Canada offer English as a Second Language (ESL) and French as a Second Language (FSL) classes to students of all ages. These classes are designed to aid newcomer students in Canada, whose first language is not English or French, with learning how to write, read and speak in one of Canada’s two official languages.

Especially for newcomers to Canada, specially designed and focused language classes are an integral part of the Canadian education system due to the advantages they provide children as they go through life, from when they begin learning French and English to when they become self-sufficient working adults. Knowledge of Canada’s official languages has been shown to be correlated with greater economic and career success in this country, meaning that your child could benefit greatly from receiving an education in both languages.

Although there are variations based on the province/territory of education, the following table includes the general grading system used in Canadian schools.

It is important for parents of children with disabilities/special needs to understand that Canada values the inclusion of all children within the education system. For that reason, many Canadian schools offer one or both of the following education options for students with intellectual and/or physical disabilities. The placement of your child in one of these situations will typically depend on the extent of their needs.

Note: Other resources available for children with special learning needs include resource workers inside a school who are trained to aid students with disabilities throughout their learning experience.

Immersion in standard classes with the help of an Individual Education Plan (IEP) or similar aid

For students with mild physical disabilities as well as some less severe intellectual disabilities, many of Canada’s schools will try to immerse them into standard classes with their classmates. Recognizing that they still may need special attention, many provinces and territories use Individual Education Plans (IEPs) to improve the learning experience of students with special needs. These plans outline how a school board will assist a student - through accommodations, services and special programs - to make sure that they are able to learn optimally and get the most out of their education.

Specialized classroom settings for students requiring extra help and attention

In the case of students with more advanced special needs, many Canadian schools offer special education classes where your child will be grouped alongside other students with special needs for a uniquely designed educational experience. In these classes, students will typically be taught different content than in standard classes, usually at a different pace that is more suitable for their needs.

Across Canada, schools often organize field trips that allow students to explore and learn while away from the classroom. Several examples of common field trip locations in Ontario, the top province for newcomer settlement, include the Ontario Science Centre and Black Creek Pioneer Village. These trips, which are typically organized to span a full school day, give children the opportunity to have fun and learn in a new environment.

Other common activities run by Canadian schools include extracurricular sports teams and clubs for children to interact with one another outside of school hours. Always involving the guidance of an adult (typically a teacher at the school), clubs may operate for such things as chess or student government in high school as well as art, math or photography. Available clubs and teams will depend on the school board where your child is enrolled.

Finally, many Canadian schools host annual events and spirit days that allow children to get involved with different parts of this country’s history. For instance, some communities across Canada celebrate Canadian icon Terry Fox with an annual Terry Fox Run. Likewise, it is common for schools in many areas of Canada to hold a moment of silence and a “ceremony” (often referred to as an “assembly”) on Remembrance Day in honour of Canada’s military.

In Canada, many schools have Parent-Teacher Associations (PTAs) that allow parents the opportunity to involve themselves at their child’s school through fundraising and event planning, as well as volunteering their time to chaperone events such as school dances or field trips.

A less time-consuming way to get involved in your child’s education is to attend their parent-teacher conferences, which give you the chance to get to know your child’s educators as well as get a better understanding of what they are learning, their strengths and weaknesses as a student and what you can do at home to help them succeed in the classroom.

Finally, one way to get very involved in your child’s education is by participating in events and meetings with the school board or school district. School boards across Canada hold regular meetings throughout the school year, as well as the summer months, to give parents and community members the opportunity to voice their opinion and influence the school board’s direction and decisions (curriculum etc.). There may even be opportunities for parents to obtain a seat on the school board committee, as positions open throughout the year and spots are voted on by the members of the community served by the board.

Talk to your child’s school and their teachers to get an even greater idea of how you can get involved with their educational experience in Canada.

The Settlement Workers in Schools (SWIS) program is an initiative from Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) that operates in many provinces across Canada. This program provides newcomer students and their families with settlement services and information through a SWIS worker assigned to your child’s school.

Through this program, SWIS workers assist students and their families with their transition to life in Canada by giving them information to help them get more comfortable in a new country while also referring them to resources provided by other entities (schools, agencies, community programs) that also assist them in this goal.

Please contact your school or the SWIS office directly (after enrolling your child at a school) to find out more about SWIS services available in your area.

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A Comprehensive Guide to the Canadian Education System

The Canadian education system is considered one of the best in the world. Graduates from Canadian universities and post-secondary institutions are highly sought after by employers in Canada and abroad.

In this article, we will outline the main stages of the Canadian education system, from kindergarten to university.

If you are considering moving to Canada with your family or are a student interested in studying in Canada , then you need to know about the Canadian education system .

Table of Contents

Canadian education system stages, kindergarten, primary education, i. intermediate education, ii. high school education, post-secondary education, final words, frequently asked questions.

The Canadian education system is divided into four stages: Kindergarten, Primary (Elementary) Education, Secondary education, and Post-secondary education.

Kindergarten is the first stage of formal education in Canada, but it is not mandatory for all children.   Primary education generally starts at age six and consists of grades one through eight. During these years, students typically learn the basics of math, science, language arts, and other disciplines.

Secondary education is the next stage and typically starts at age twelve. During these years, students study a combination of core subjects and specialised electives that give them more knowledge in different subject areas.

Canadian high schools are divided into two tracks: academic and applied.   Academic courses focus more on theoretical learning, while applied courses offer students hands-on experiences. After high school, Canadian students can go to college or technical school.   These post-secondary programs generally last two years and prepare students for a career in their chosen field.

Canadian students can attend university to pursue undergraduate and graduate degrees in various subjects, from business to engineering to social sciences.

Also read: UK Higher Education System

The Canadian education system begins with kindergarten; a stage commonly referred to as "Early Childhood Education". This period typically starts at age four and involves play-based learning activities designed to build upon children's physical, intellectual, emotional, and social development. During these formative years, children are encouraged to develop a lifelong enthusiasm for learning by engaging in activities such as singing, storytelling, pretend play, crafts, and games.

Kindergarten classrooms usually consist of between 20 and 25 students. However, classroom sizes may vary depending on the region or school district. The kindergarten curriculum typically covers topics related to language arts, mathematics, health and physical education, social studies, creative arts, and science.

In some cases, a student's kindergarten experience also includes learning about Canadian culture and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. This can be done through classroom discussions, reading stories, or engaging in activities related to Canadian history.

Also Read: UK Education System for International Students

The Canadian primary education stage typically begins when a child turns six and ends at around 12 or 13. Primary education in Canada focuses on teaching children the fundamentals of reading, writing and arithmetic, as well as introducing them to other basic topics such as science, social studies and the arts.

Canadian primary schools also emphasise developing children's character by teaching them respect for others, the value of hard work, and team-oriented activities.

The Canadian Education System also offers special programs designed to meet the needs of certain students, such as English as a Second Language (ESL) courses for those whose first language is not English.

Additionally, Canadian schools provide extra help to children who require it and support services to ensure their safety and well-being. Overall, the Canadian primary school stage is critical for a child's educational development, providing them with the essential skills needed to succeed.

At the end of this stage, students usually take standardised tests such as the Canadian Achievement Test (CAT) or the Canadian Cognitive Abilities Test (CCAT). These tests measure students' overall academic performance and help determine which secondary school level they should enter.

Secondary education

The secondary education stage is designed to give students the fundamental skills they need to pursue their educational goals or enter the workforce. 

Secondary education consists of two distinct levels:

• intermediate education 
• high school education

The intermediate education stage is considered the transition from childhood to adolescence. It refers to grades 7 and 8 of a student's academic career. At this stage, students begin preparing for more formalised academic requirements and taking elective courses that provide different experiences and opportunities.

In addition to the elective courses, students in the Canadian education system at the intermediate stage are required to take English/language arts, mathematics, science, and social studies classes along with physical education classes. Students have the option of taking French as a second language class if their school offers it.

In Canada, the high school stage begins with grades 9 to 12 and usually runs from ages 14 to 18. Canadian high schools are divided into two categories: public and private. Private schools often provide a more personalised learning environment and advantages such as smaller class sizes and better learning resources. High school students may participate in extracurricular activities such as sports, theater, or music.

At the end of their high school education, Canadian students typically write an exam called the Provincial Exam (or something similar). This exam tests their knowledge of the subjects they studied and serves as a way to evaluate their academic performance.

Also read: Is higher education free in Canada?

Post-Secondary education is the final stage of the Canadian educational system. At this stage, students can pursue a multitude of avenues—from certificate courses to career colleges and universities. In Canadian post-secondary education, certificates are usually offered through career colleges and involve shorter courses of study lasting anywhere from six months to two years. These programs offer students the chance to achieve professional certification in a specific field, such as business administration or health care.

Career colleges provide more extensive, hands-on training than universities and are often tailored toward a particular industry. They usually have smaller class sizes and a range of practical experiences for students. Universities are the most prestigious Canadian post-secondary institutions and offer a variety of undergraduate, graduate, and professional degree programs.

Post-secondary education in Canada is also highly regulated, with all Canadian universities and career colleges meeting certain standards and guidelines set by the Canadian government. All Canadian post-secondary institutions must be publicly funded and are subject to ongoing evaluation by Canadian accreditation bodies.

Also read: Are studies difficult in Canada?

Canadian education is an excellent investment for those looking to further their education or start a new career. Canadian educational institutions offer students access to rigorous academic standards, student services and support, extracurricular activities, and the opportunity to participate in international exchanges and volunteer programs.

1. What are the different stages of the Canadian education system?

The Canadian education system is divided into four stages: Kindergarten, Primary (Elementary) Education, Secondary Education, and Post-Secondary Education.

2. What does the kindergarten stage of the Canadian education system focus on?

The kindergarten stage of the Canadian education system focuses on covers topics related to language arts, mathematics, health and physical education, social studies, creative arts, and science.

3. What does primary education in Canada focus on?

Primary education in Canada focuses on teaching children the fundamentals of reading, writing, and arithmetic and introducing them to other basic topics such as science, social studies, and the arts.

4. What are the different levels of Secondary education in Canada?

Secondary education consists of two distinct levels: intermediate and high school. The intermediate education stage refers to grades 7 and 8 of a student's academic career, while the high school stage begins with grades 9 to 12 and usually runs from ages 14 to 18.

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Education in Canada - Statistics & Facts

High education levels, high but valuable tuition fees, key insights.

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Canada: university and college student enrollment 2000-2022

Percent of Canadian adults 25-64 with at least upper secondary education 2021

Canada: enrollment in public elementary and secondary schools 1999-2022

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Enrollment of students in postsecondary institutions in Canada 2021/22, by province

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Education System in Canada : Framework, Academic Year & More

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Updated on 21 March, 2024

upGrad Abroad Team

Upgrad abroad editorial team.

The Canadian government prioritizes education over many other aspects. This single-minded focus has worked to build an excellently equipped and globally renowned education system in Canada. Children, between four-five years, in the country majorly go to kindergarten for one to two years. 

School becomes compulsory afterward, with kids starting Grade 1 at six. Based on the province in question, schools may be up to Grades 11 or 12 in most cases. Children study under this system until they are 16. After that, they will get a choice about continuing in the higher education system in Canada across colleges or universities. 

Study and Settle in Canada – Fix a Free Appointment Now

Important Link : Best Education Systems in World  

Table of Contents

Pre-elementary level-, country-wise education systems, secondary level-, post-secondary level-, universities-, university colleges-, technical and career colleges-, community colleges-, cooperative education-.

• Academic Year in Canada:
• Pedagogy Aspects:
• Tuition Costs:

For Undergraduate Students

For postgraduate students, vocational schools-, private schools-, religious schools-.

• Standard Systems & Provinces:
• Equal Educational Opportunities:

Primary Level-

Free education and healthcare in canada:, the framework of the education system in canada: .

The education system in Canada for immigrants is the same as it is for the citizens. Children have to get schooling till 16 years of age compulsorily. It is divided into four segments-: 

Kindergarten or the pre-elementary category is the first educational stage in the country. It is available for children between four and five years before commencing elementary education. It is compulsory in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, while it is optional in all other regions. It is offered across private, public, and federal schools in Canada and the first year is mostly free. Some provinces even provide extra years without any charges. Quebec, for instance, provides kindergarten education at zero costs for people from lower-income backgrounds or even for specially-abled kids. Children enjoy a more satisfying educational curriculum while learning basics like counting, art, reading, playing with peers, music, reading, etc. 

Primary education is compulsory for kids in Canada, right from Grade 1 onwards. It is usually at six-seven years and goes on till Grade 6 (when the children are11-12 years old). There is one teacher who instructs them on all the subjects at this level. Special classes are also provided upon request. The pre-elementary stage has subjects like Mathematics, Reading, Science, History, English Language or French (in provinces like Quebec), Social Studies, Music, Art, and Physical Education. 

Secondary Canadian education comes with junior high school and high school sub-categories. The former is two years, comprising Grades 7 and 8. Students gradually adjust to changing teachers and classrooms while preparing for the advanced level of difficulty. The high school covers four years until Grade 11 or 12 or 16-18 years, depending upon the province and other factors. Students should compulsorily remain till 16 years of age in school. The law in New Brunswick and Ontario states that they should study until 18 when they get high-school diplomas. Quebec mandates secondary education till Grade 11, and this is followed by the CEGEP (publicly funded college, exclusive to Quebec) or the two-year pre-university curriculum. 

After high-school graduation, Canadians can start applying to universities and colleges. Colleges in the country are majorly trade schools or community colleges which are smaller. Many Canadian students go to college as a means of preparation for university studies. They also get credits that are transferable to their university programs. Universities offer higher education to Canadians with diverse subjects, courses and academic degrees on offer. The structure is similar to the US, beginning with a UG degree, followed by a postgraduate course, and culminating with a PhD qualification. In the case of public colleges and universities, they receive provincial government sponsorship. The remainder is covered by research grants, federal government sponsorship and nominal tuition fees from students. 

• Education System in Australia
• Education System in Ireland

Read More: 

Check Eligibility to Study in Canada

Institution Types in Canada:

Students may apply for their postgraduate and undergraduate degrees, diplomas, and certificates along with doctorates and professional degrees at Canadian universities. 

Various types of university colleges offer programs such as university transfer courses and diplomas. 

Numerous diplomas and certificate courses are available for those interested in pursuing technical education. 

Students may obtain diplomas, certificates, undergraduate degrees, associate degrees, and postgraduate diplomas. 

Cooperative education is disseminated via a novel platform that combines classroom teaching and practical assignments. It ensures structured and fulfilling learning experiences for children, offering a great opportunity for international students. 50% of the program also covers work experience, and students should have work permits. 

Recommended Read: Canada Provincial Nominee Program | Québec Arrima Portal

Academic Year in Canada: 

The key intake month is September in Canada, where the highest number of admissions usually take place. Most universities and colleges provide September and January intake options. Students may also apply for admission in the summer intake that begins around April or May. 

Pedagogy Aspects: 

Analysis, research, presentations, active engagement and participation, laboratory tests and assignments are core components of education in Canada. Classes are a fusion of tutorials, lectures, laboratory sessions, and more. 

Student strength in these classes is usually around 30-200 children. While a higher number of students can be found at classes or lectures, tutorials usually take place with smaller student groups for deep and intensive learning and understanding of core concepts. Universities in Canada usually emphasize offering more holistic and fulfilling experiences for students, where they get numerous opportunities to enhance their career and academic prospects. 

Read More: Student Direct Stream

Tuition Costs: 

As compared to Australia, the UK, and New Zealand, Canada is one country that has the lowest possible tuition costs for international students. Yearly tuition fees are usually between CAD 7,000-29,000 or INR 4.10-17 lakhs on average. However, prices may vary, depending on several factors like the location, preferred lifestyle of the student, and their chosen educational program. 

Read More: Visitor Visa in Canada

Financial Support: 

Financial support is readily available for international students who are applying to study at universities in Canada. They can benefit from grants, scholarships, tuition waivers, bursaries, etc. The amount of the scholarship and its nature/type will differ across multiple educational courses and institutions. Since obtaining a scholarship is a highly competitive procedure, aspirants should begin this process approximately eight or twelve months before the commencement of the chosen intake. 

Undergraduate students may avail themselves of provincial government scholarships along with those based on merit. Depending on their specific needs and requirements, they can also apply for bursaries and grants at their colleges. They may also apply for waivers on tuition fees, Commonwealth scholarship programs, and organizational or private scholarship options. 

Postgraduate students can apply for the provincial government, Commonwealth and organizational/private scholarships. Some added choices include merit-based scholarships, fellowships, research associateships, and teaching assistantships, to name a few. 

Important Resources to Read About Canada:

Alternative Education in Canada:

There are many other types of Canadian education that you should know a little more about: 

Students can learn specific professions or trades at vocational or technical schools. These schools are present throughout the country and recently require students to have high school diplomas at least. Earlier, this requirement was not there. Vocational schools help students learn a specific trade or profession while getting invaluable real-life experience under qualified professional supervisors. 

The government does not fund these. They may charge higher fees for imparting education to children. It depends on the guardians and children as to whether they will invest in private schooling or not. Some parents often decide on private schools for their wards since they feel that specialized attention is required. For example, those unwilling to study lessons in French in Quebec and with a handsome budget may select a private school instead. 

Those sending their children to these Canadian institutions usually choose private organizations or Catholic schools. Their lessons adhere to the regular curriculum along with spiritual lessons. 

Recommended Read: NOC Code Canada

Standard Systems & Provinces: 

The compulsory education age will vary across provinces in the country. The youngest age for mandatory education is five, while the maximum age is up to seven in Manitoba. These are the ages when children necessarily have to attend school. The final year till which the students need to attend school is 16. However, some provinces need learners to remain in school till they are 18. Some of these provinces include Manitoba, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. 

The educational system has a standard procedure throughout a majority of provinces in Canada. However, Quebec is a little different. Students graduate from high schools in Quebec at Grade 11, unlike the Grade 12 requirement in most parts of Canada. They continue with their education after that at CEGEP, another institution for higher education. It is a program of two years where students get an opportunity to explore and examine future career opportunities while preparing to transition into university learning. English and French are Canada’s official languages. International students can study in either of the two languages, with most schools offering both of these options. 

English is the major school language throughout Canada, although provinces like Quebec emphasize lessons in French. Students here will study completely in French until they finish high school. Canadian students in Quebec may learn English only when they meet special conditions. This rule also applies to those students who will be in Quebec for a limited duration as well. All immigrants and new citizens have to attend their lessons in French. If they wish to learn English, they can opt for private schooling instead, although it is costlier. 

Canada has a sizable number of migrant pupils throughout schools, and more than 1/3rd of young adults in the country hail from immigrant households. Studies have found that immigrants usually integrate swifter into the new communities while attaining as much success and progress as their native peers. 

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Equal Educational Opportunities: 

Canada gives all its students fair and equal opportunities to access training and education, irrespective of all other factors. Canada has maintained a system where students have negligible differences. Students are hailing from affluent local households, while some come from minority communities, and some are immigrants. These sections of society are not as disadvantaged in Canada as in many other nations. Some people feel that higher immigration may potentially impact student success in the country. 

However, a majority feels that they are the reason behind future progress. These students come from households with an innate desire to progress swiftly, and they have high expectations. 

Read More: Educational Credential Assessment Canada

Basic public learning is free of cost for those studying till Grade 11 or Grade 12, depending upon the province where you are present. International students are, however, required to pay the complete fees. 

Many educational institutions are subsidized, enabling students of diverse backgrounds to get equal opportunities for pursuing higher education. The Canadian government is already working on expanding this educational blueprint while bringing in new opportunities for university education, as far as young children are concerned. 

Canada has a health insurance network that gets public funding, i.e., the money paid by taxpayers will go into establishing this healthcare benefit. Every province has its dedicated healthcare plan along with other regulations. 

However, the best part is that Canadians will continue getting basic medical facilities without paying anything. Additional health issues beyond the basics may have to be paid for in some cases. Employers also offer coverage for these costs in some scenarios. Canada takes good care of all citizens concerning medical needs and provides nurseries and daycare facilities to families.

More Resources to Read About Canada:

Study and Settle in Canada – Fix a Free Appointment Now The framework of the education system in Canada: 

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Education System in Singapore: Unique Features, Grading System, & More

Humboldt's Ghost, Pt 1: Origins of our 200 year-old public education system

• Duration 53:57

Two hundred years ago, Wilhelm von Humboldt created the public education system as we know it today. At the heart of his philosophy of education was the concept of Bildung — reaching one's inner potential. Yet over the years, as his public education system was adopted, Bildung may well have been the critical piece left out. *This is part one of a two-part series.

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Transcript: How Canada’s education system works

Are you interested in studying in Canada, and want to know more about how our education system works?

Canada is known to have one of the best education systems in the world.

Each of Canada's 13 provinces and territories  runs their own school system and follows government standards to ensure high quality public education across the country.

School is mandatory from about the age of 6 years old to 18 years old.

After secondary school, students may choose between college and university.

Both education systems help students prepare for their futures.

Here's why a Canadian post-secondary education may be a great choice for your future.

At college, students can get hands-on, practical or technical skills training for a specific career.

You can study things like graphic design, web development, culinary arts, occupational health and more.

Colleges often work with employers in different industries to develop the latest curriculum. 

Depending on your college program, you might study anywhere from one to three years.

When you graduate, you'll receive a certificate or diploma. 

At university, students often study in-depth, theoretical subjects, like law, medicine, art history, engineering and much more.

Depending on your program, you might study anywhere from three to seven years.

When you graduate, you'll receive a Bachelor's, Master's or PhD degree.

In the province of Quebec, the education system is unique.

After secondary school, you can attend a collège d'enseignement général et professionnel , known as CÉGEP .

There, you may choose a three-year technical program to prepare you for a job in your field, or a two-year academic program to prepare you for continued studies at university.

No matter in which province you study, choosing between college and university depends on your interests and goals.

Consider this: Canadian colleges and universities offer flexibility.

If you study at one school and wish to transfer to another, you might receive academic credit for courses you've already completed. 

Several of Canada's universities appear on well-known university rankings lists.

Some Canadian college and university programs offer co-operative or work-integrated learning experiences where students alternate between studying in class and working in their field of study.

Some people even choose to attend both college and university.

Whatever your choice, Canada is a great place to study.

For more information about studying in Canada, visit  EduCanada.ca .

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The Difference Between Canadian and American Education Systems: Borderline Academics

The education systems in Canada and America share similarities due to their geographical proximity and cultural influences.

They exhibit distinct differences in structure, governance, and educational philosophy. These variations reflect the unique societal values and historical developments of each country.

Now, we will explore the key distinctions between the two systems, shedding light on how they shape the educational experience of students in North America.

Governance and Funding of Schools

The governance of education in Canada and the U.S. reflects each country’s political structure and values.

In Canada, the absence of a federal education system means that educational policy is largely shaped by provincial governments , allowing for tailored approaches that align with regional needs and cultures.

In the U.S., while the federal government sets broad educational standards and provides funding through initiatives, local school boards have significant autonomy, leading to a diverse educational landscape.

• Division of Responsibilities In Canada, the federal government’s role is limited to special populations, such as Indigenous peoples, while in the U.S., federal influence comes with conditions attached to funding, which can drive local educational reform.
• Local Impact: The quality and nature of education in both countries can be heavily influenced by local governance. This can lead to disparities, with affluent areas often providing better resources and educational outcomes than underprivileged ones.

Funding Models and Their Impact

The way schools are funded in Canada and the U.S. has a profound impact on the quality and equity of education. Both systems rely on a mix of funding sources, but the allocation and amount of resources can differ greatly, affecting educational quality and access.

• Canada: Provincial funding tends to equalize the resources available to schools, with additional federal support for special programs. This model aims to provide a relatively consistent educational experience across each province.
• U.S.: The reliance on local property taxes as a primary funding source for schools creates significant disparities . Wealthier districts can afford more resources, better facilities, and higher teacher salaries, contributing to inequality in educational quality.

Primary and Secondary Education

The K-12 education structure in Canada and the United States shares a common framework but differs in implementation and organization. Both countries provide public education that includes elementary, middle, and high school levels, but the naming and division of these levels can vary.

Grade Levels

In general, Canadian and American students begin their education with kindergarten around age five and conclude with 12th grade around age 18.

The U.S. has a more diverse range of middle and high school configurations, such as junior high or combined middle-high schools, while Canadian schools typically follow a more standardized structure.

Curriculum Focus

Canadian education systems, being provincially governed, have a degree of uniformity in their curricula, with a strong focus on bilingualism in provinces like Quebec.

In contrast, the U.S. sees a wider variation in curricular content and requirements, with some states emphasizing certain subjects more than others due to local priorities and historical contexts.

Standardized Testing and Assessment

Standardized testing serves different roles in the educational systems of Canada and the United States, with varying implications for students, teachers, and schools.

• Role in the U.S.: Standardized tests in the U.S. are a cornerstone of the educational system, with significant consequences for students’ academic trajectories and schools’ funding. High-stakes testing can dictate curriculum and teaching methods, with schools often “teaching to the test” to ensure favorable results.
• Role in Canada: While standardized tests are administered in Canada, they are typically used to assess the education system’s performance rather than individual students’ progress. This approach aims to inform policy and identify areas for improvement without the high stakes associated with U.S. testing.

Special Education and Inclusive Practices

The commitment to inclusive education is evident in both the Canadian and American systems, though the execution and emphasis on special education services can differ.

• U.S. Policies: The U.S. has a well-defined legal framework for special education, mandating specific services and accommodations for students with disabilities . This framework is designed to provide equal educational opportunities, though implementation can be challenging due to resource constraints.
• Canadian Policies: Canada’s approach to special education is characterized by a focus on inclusivity and integration, with provincial policies guiding the provision of services. There is a strong emphasis on accommodating diverse learning needs within the regular classroom setting, whenever possible.

Higher Education

The journey to higher education in Canada and the U.S. reflects each country’s broader educational ethos, with distinct processes and structures that shape the university experience.

In the United States, the admissions process is multifaceted, considering a wide range of factors including GPA , standardized test scores, essays, and extracurricular activities. This holistic approach can make the process highly competitive and stressful for students.

Canadian universities, while also competitive, tend to focus more on academic performance, with less emphasis on extracurricular achievements, streamlining the admissions process.

Program Structure

American universities typically offer a liberal arts education, requiring students to take a variety of courses outside their major.

Canadian institutions, conversely, often allow students to specialize earlier, with less emphasis on breadth outside the chosen field of study.

Cost of Education and Financial Aid

The financial aspects of higher education are a major point of divergence between the Canadian and American systems, influencing accessibility and student debt levels.

• Tuition Fees: Tuition fees in the United States are the highest in the world , with significant variation between public and private institutions. Canadian universities generally charge lower tuition rates, especially for domestic students, making higher education more accessible.
• Financial Aid: Both countries offer a range of financial aid options, but the complexity and availability of aid differ. The U.S. has a vast array of federal grants, loans, and work-study programs, as well as private scholarships. Canada also offers loans and grants, with some provinces providing additional funding options.

Research and Innovation in Universities

The role of universities as centers of research and innovation is critical in both Canada and the United States, with each country taking pride in its contributions to global knowledge and technology.

• Research Contributions: The United States is a powerhouse of research, with substantial funding from both the federal government and private sector driving innovation. This investment has established numerous American universities as world leaders in research.
• Innovation Support: Canadian universities are also recognized for their research contributions, with significant support from the government in the form of research grants and initiatives. These institutions often collaborate with industry partners to translate research into practical applications, contributing to the country’s innovation ecosystem.

Is Canada more educated than the US?

Canada is often cited as one of the most educated countries in the world, with a higher percentage of the population having completed tertiary education compared to the United States. According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Canada has a significant lead in this area.

How do the approaches to physical education differ in Canada and the USA?

Physical education is a mandatory part of the curriculum in most provinces, with a focus on promoting long-term health and fitness.PE is required in many states, but the frequency and duration can vary, with some states facing challenges due to budget cuts.

Are there differences in the approach to arts and humanities education?

Arts and humanities are integrated into the curriculum, with variations depending on the province. Also values arts education, but the emphasis can vary greatly depending on school district funding and policy.

Are Canadian universities harder than American?

The difficulty of university programs often depends more on the specific institution and program rather than the country.

The Bottom Line

Canadian and American education systems offer diverse approaches to education, each with its strengths and areas for improvement.

The Canadian system’s emphasis on uniformity and inclusivity contrasts with the American system’s focus on local control and varied educational pathways.

As global education continues to evolve, these differences provide valuable insights for policymakers, educators, and students seeking to enhance the quality and accessibility of education across borders.

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Minister Miller issues statement on international student allocations for provinces and territories

From: Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada

The Honourable Marc Miller, Minister of Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship, issued the following statement

Ottawa, April 5, 2024— The Honourable Marc Miller, Minister of Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship, issued the following statement:

“On January 22, I announced a national cap on study permit applications to address the rapid increase of international students in Canada. Provincial and territorial allocations for 2024 have now been finalized. I would like to take this opportunity to share those figures and explain how we made these decisions.

Net zero first year growth model

“The national cap is based on the amount of expiring study permits this year. This means that the number of international students coming to Canada in 2024 should be the same as the number of students whose permits expire this year. For 2024, the target is 485,000 approved study permits.

“About 20% of students apply for an extension each year and remain in the country. Therefore, IRCC subtracted that amount (97,000) from the target of 485,000 and set aside a small buffer to allow for other variations, resulting in a revised target of 364,000 approved study permits in 2024.

“Accordingly, based on the national approval rate of 60% for study permit applications, the target of 364,000 approved study permits translates into a cap of 606,000 study permit applications received for 2024.

“Some international students are exempt from the cap, such as primary and secondary school students and master’s or doctoral degree students. IRCC deducted the estimated volume of these groups (140,000 based on 2023 data) from the 2024 target number of approved study permits. This resulted in a target of 236,000 approved study permits for 2024, which converts to roughly 393,000 study permit applications to be allocated.

Finalizing provincial and territorial allocations

“IRCC distributed the adjusted number of study permit applications, 393,000, based on the population share of each province and territory. Under this model, some provinces and territories would get more students in 2024 than in 2023, while others would see fewer new students.

“For provinces that would receive more international students in 2024 than in 2023 based on population share, we adjusted their allocation to limit growth to 10% compared to 2023.

“For provinces that would receive fewer international students in 2024 than in 2023, we adjusted their allocation to lessen the negative impact in the first year and support broader regional immigration goals.

“IRCC also topped up allocations for provinces whose approval rate was lower than 60%. The top­-ups will help provinces with lower approval rates reach their expected number of approved study permits in 2024.

“As a result, a total of about 552,000 study permit applications have been allocated to provinces and territories under the national cap. These allocations are expected to yield approximately 292,000 approved study permits, representing a 28% reduction from 2023 for the groups included under the cap.

“Many variables may influence the number of new international students who arrive in Canada in 2024, for example

• provinces and territories with room to grow may not end up using their full allocations
• approval rates may change
• in-year adjustments may be required

“These results will help me make decisions on allocations for 2025. I have included the full allocation model below.

“We will continue to work collaboratively with provinces and territories to strengthen the International Student Program and to provide international students with the supports they need to succeed in Canada.”

Allocation model

For further information (media only), please contact:

Bahoz Dara Aziz Press Secretary Minister’s Office Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada [email protected]

Media Relations Communications Sector Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada 613-952-1650 [email protected]

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A Tale of Two Teachers in Canada’s ‘Woke’ Education System

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This teacher drapes herself in a pride flag and speaks openly of her pansexuality as well as her subscription to social justice and DEI.

Northrop Frye wrote in “The Great Code” that the aim is “to see what the subject means, not to accept or reject it.” There is nothing wrong with the teaching of either me or the Surrey high school teacher as long as we are not steering students toward belief. In a 100-page investigation report on my teaching, an assistant superintendent of the Abbotsford School District wrote:

“It in my view cannot be overemphasized that Mr. McMurtry having no knowledge of his students and more particularly whether any of these students had Indigenous descent in making his comments that provoked a strong student response and which was contrary to the school’s message of condolences and reconciliation. Regardless of his intent he left students with the impression some or all the deaths could be contributed to ‘natural causes’ and that the deaths could not be called murder or cultural genocide.”

My fault was that I didn’t promote a “message of condolences and reconciliation.” Not only was this message never communicated to teachers, the message runs counter to the educational aim of seeing what a subject means. The message is also that the deaths of at least some residential school children were attributable to murder, for which there is still no evidence.

Some have criticized me for stating that the good, as well as the bad, of residential schools should be recognized. I stand by that statement. Others have criticized me for stating that the Truth and Reconciliation Report was not as balanced as it should be. I stand by that statement as well.

George Orwell wrote in 1945 in an introduction to “Animal Farm”: “At any given moment there is an orthodoxy, a body of ideas of which it is assumed that all right-thinking people will accept without question. It is not exactly forbidden to say this, that or the other, but it is ‘not done’ to say it.” Queen’s law professor Bruce Pardy wrote last year: “A new standard of practice is emerging for Canadian professionals: be woke, be quiet, or be accused of professional misconduct.”

The Truth and Reconciliation Commission, headed by two indigenous men and a woman married to an indigenous man, travelled for six years across Canada and heard from 6,000 former students. The commission’s bias was evident in its final report:

• the educational value of the schools;
• the alternative was no education at all in remote areas where a day school was not feasible;
• that both indigenous chiefs and parents saw them as a treaty right and petitioned to keep them open into the 1960s;
• that parents had to apply to send their children to residential schools;
• that the mandatory attendance which began in 1920 was to go to school (one-third going to day school, one-third to residential school, and one-third never going to any school);
• that the schools took in orphans and served as a refuge for children and in some cases adults who were abused on the reserve or without the necessities of life; and
• that many former students testified their time there was the happiest in their lives.