thesis and article writing ugc net

Thesis and Article Writing, Download UGC NET Study Notes PDF

Thesis and Article Writing is important section in UGC NET Exam. Download UGC NET Study Notes PDF for Thesis and Article Writing in below article.

Table of Contents

Thesis and article writing are both integral components of academic discourse, serving distinct purposes within the scholarly community. These contribute new knowledge to a specific field through extensive research, while articles disseminate information to a wider audience. While the former demands a structured, comprehensive approach, the latter prioritizes brevity and accessibility. By understanding the nuances of each form, researchers, scholars, and students can effectively communicate their ideas, contribute to their respective fields, and engage with the broader academic community.

What is Thesis?

The thesis refers to a document submitted in support of candidature for an academic degree or professional qualification (PhD) proposing the author’s research and results of that research. It is important to distinguish between the terms “dissertation”  and “thesis” because they are used interchangeably. The major distinction between “dissertation”  and “thesis” is the length of dissertations and thesis,  where earlier is having shorter length as compared to the latter one. Moreover, dissertations are submitted in the fulfilment of the master’s degree and thesis for the grant of a PhD degree.

What is Article Writing?

Article writing refers to writing meant to deliver information to the masses with the help of media sources like newspapers, magazines, journals, etc. The structure of the research article is  simple and brief with compact organisation of different headings. In contrast, thesis and dissertation writing is detailed and hefty.

Thesis and Article Writing Format

The generally accepted format of thesis or report writing tends to be produced in the following way:

Difference between Thesis and Article writing

The major differences between thesis writing and article writing are as follows:

Hence, thesis and article writing are important aspects of the research field. The researcher needs to understand the core in order to frame these in an effective way. Following are the tips that need to be kept in mind while writing a thesis and articles:

• Be as specific as possible
• Start writing early, don’t wait for the deadline to come
• Draft roughly before finalising the whole.
• Use logical sentences and flow.

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What is the main difference between a thesis and an article?

A thesis is a comprehensive research document written to obtain a master's or doctoral degree, contributing new knowledge to a specific field. An article, on the other hand, is a shorter piece of writing published in academic journals, magazines, or newspapers, aiming to disseminate information or present research findings to a broader audience.

How long does it take to write a thesis?

The time required to complete a thesis varies depending on several factors, including the degree level, research topic, research methodology, and individual circumstances. Generally, it can take several months to a few years to complete a thesis.

What is the typical structure of a thesis?

A thesis typically consists of several chapters, including an introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion. However, the specific structure may vary based on the discipline and institution's guidelines.

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Thesis and Article Writing: Format and Styles of Referencing with Examples UGC NET

Back to: UGC NET Paper 1- Unit 2

Thesis refers to the major claim or point made by an author in a work of writing. It refers to the part of an essay where the writer establishes his position regarding a topic. 

Steps for Arrangement of Thesis:

1. Cover page: includes the title, author, degree (“Thesis/Project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Ph.D. of … in …”), and date.

2. Cover page color: Pink

3. Thesis/Project Approval Form.

4. Plagiarism policy compliance statement.

5. Copyright page that grants MU the right to use and reproduce fully or partially the work being presented.

6. Dedication page (optional).

7. Acknowledgments page (optional).

8. Abstract: a concise summary of the essential information of the work being presented, namely of the study’s scope, purpose and results. The reference-free single spaced abstract should not exceed two pages.

9. Table of Contents: includes all the subsections of each chapter and the list of appendices (if applicable) and page numbers.

10. List of Figures: includes figure number, caption, and the page number.

11. List of Tables: includes table number, caption, and the page number.

12. Abbreviations page: lists all the abbreviations used in the text alongside their fully written unabbreviated form.

13. Thesis/Project text; the layout is described in the next section.

Layout of Thesis 

1. Introduction: background; statement of the problem; definition of terms; purpose of the study; theoretical basis; contributions of the study; organisation of the remainder of the study.

2. Literature Review: chronological, categorical or related theoretical view points related to topic.

3. Proposed Solution/Methodology: research design or approach (quantitative, qualitative or algorithmic); population and / or sample; collection and tabulation of data; and data analysis procedures.

4. Solution Validation, Analysis of the Data, Results, and Discussion: presentation and discussion of the findings, including limitations.

5. Conclusions, Recommendations: summarises the entire research effort; addresses the initial purpose of the study (stated in the introduction); stresses the importance of the work accomplished; leaves a final impression on the reader. It can also include suggestions for further work.

6. Bibliography/References: references should acknowledge any work done by someone other than the author.

7. Appendices: material too detailed or lengthy for inclusion in the body of the study. 

Most Common Format of Thesis

1. TITLE PAGE: Title of project, Subtitle (optional), Date, Author, Organization, Logo

2. PROJECT BACKGROUND

3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 

4. SUMMARY

5. LIST OF CONTENTS

6. LIST OF TABLES

7. LIST OF APPENDICES

8. INTRODUCTION

9. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

10. OBJECTIVES

11. METHOD

12. RESULT/FINDINGS

13. DISCUSSION

14. CONCLUSIONS

15. RECOMMENDATIONS

16. REFERENCES

17. APPENDIX

Styles of Referencing:

The  four widely-used referencing styles or conventions are as follows: 

1. MLA (Modern Languages Association) system

2. APA (American Psychological Association) system

3. Harvard system

4. MHRA (Modern Humanities Research Association) system

A thesis statement is the sentence in a composition that introduces the main argument or main point of view.

Thesis and Article Writing: Format & Styles of Referencing

Thesis and Article writing: The thesis is a treatise that represents the fulfillment of the scholarly aspiration of the student. A good thesis should be clear and unambiguous and have a logical structure that should assist the reader’s understanding of the argument being presented and not obscure it. In order to achieve this objective, the layout and physical appearance of the thesis should conform to a set pattern.

Note: The following format of thesis writing is the general standard and accepted format. But, universities and institutions have their own prescribed formats with this core structure of thesis writing. Please consider the specific format suggested by your institutions, organisations, and universities.

Example: Guidelines for Thesis writing suggested by an Institution

Thesis and Article Writing

The generally accepted format of thesis or report writing tend to be produced in the following way:

• Title of the Research Project,
• Name of the researcher,
• Purpose of the research project, e.g., “A research project submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of National Council for Hotel Management and Catering Technology, New Delhi for the degree of PhD in Hospitality and Hotel Administration”
• Date of Publication

Table of Contents

This section consists of the contents of the report, either in chapters or in subheadings.

List of Tables

This section includes title and page number of all tables

List of Figures

This section contains the title and page number of all graphs, pie charts, etc.

Acknowledgements

Here, the researcher may acknowledge Institute Principal, Faculty Guide, both research guide and technical guide, research participants, friends etc.

Introduction

This section introduces the research setting out aims and objectives. It includes a rationale for the research.

Theoretical Framework and Review of Literature

This section is included all your background research, which may be obtained from the literature review. You must indicate where all the information has come, so remember to keep a complete record of everything you read. If you do not do this, you could be accused of plagiarism which is a form of intellectual theft. When you are referring to a particular book or journal article, use the Harvard system.

Research design

This section includes all practical details followed for research. After reading this, any interested party should be able to replicate the research study. The methods used for data collection, how many people took part, how they were chosen, what tool was used for data collection, how the data was analysed etc.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

If you have conducted a large quantitative survey, this section may contain tables, graphs, pie charts, and associated statistics. If you have conducted a qualitative piece of research, this section may be descriptive prose.

Summary and Conclusion

In this section, you sum up your findings and draw conclusions from them, perhaps in relation to other research or literature.

Recommendation

If you have conducted a piece of research for a hotel or any other client organization, this section could be the most important part of the report. A list of clear recommendations that have been developed from the research is included. Sometimes, this section is included at the beginning of the report.

Suggestion for Further Research

It is useful in both academic reports and work-related reports to include a section that shows how the research can be continued. Perhaps some results are inconclusive, or perhaps the research has thrown up many more research questions that need to be addressed. It is useful to include this section because it shows that you are aware of the wider picture and that you are not trying to cover up something which you feel may be lacking in your own work.

List of References/Bibliography

• List of references contains details only of those works cited in the text.
• A bibliography includes sources not cited in the text, but which are relevant to the subject. (larger dissertations or thesis)
• Small research projects will need only a reference section. It includes all the literature to which you have referred in your report.

List of publications: List of publications obtained by the student from the PhD work should be included in the Thesis. Students are strongly encouraged to place the accepted versions of the manuscripts (maximum two), which were an integral part of thesis work.

Curriculum vitae (optional): Provide one-page giving academic qualifications, academic achievements and list of publications.

Appendices (optional): Appendices may include the formulas, diagrams, protocols, or any similar data that are not contained in the body of the thesis. The number can be given as A-1, A-2 and listed as such in the table of contents.

FORMAT OF CITATIONS/REFERENCES

Citations or in-text citations are similar to references but occur in the body of the text with direct quotes and paraphrases to identify the author/publication for the material you have used. Citations are used:

• to show which reference supports a particular statement
• for direct quotes – when you repeat a passage from a text (or speech, video, etc.) in your assignment without changing any words
• when you paraphrase – this is when you use your own words to restate the meaning of a text in your assignment.

One of the most important things to remember is that every citation should also have a corresponding entry in your reference list.

A reference list is a list of the resources that you used when writing your assignment or doing your research.

These resources may include:

• books, including electronic books, journals (online and paper-based)
• online sources including websites, blogs, and forums
• conference papers, proceedings, and theses
• other sources of information such as film, television, video, etc.

Reference lists come at the end of an assignment and are arranged in alphabetical order, usually by author or editor. If there is not an author or an editor, the title is used.

Comparison Between Citation and Reference

(source: keydifferences.com)

Types of Citation/ References Styles (Thesis Article Writing)

The followings are a few important styles of citation or referencing during thesis and article writing:

MLA (Modern Language Associatio n) style:

It is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities.

Book – Kothari, Chakravanti Rajagopalachari. Research methodology: Methods and techniques. New Age International, 2004.

Journal – Ghosh, Madhusudan. “Micro-Finance and Rural Poverty in India SHG-Bank Linkage Programme.” Journal of Rural Development 31.3 (2012): 347-363.

APA (American Psychological Association):

It is most commonly used to cite sources within the health sciences and social sciences fields.

Book – Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research methodology: Methods and techniques. New Age International.

Journal – Ghosh, M. (2012). Micro-Finance and Rural Poverty in India SHG-Bank Linkage Programme. Journal of Rural Development, 31(3), 347-363.

Chicago Manual of Style, are quite flexible and cover both parenthetical and note citation systems.

Journal – Ghosh, Madhusudan. “Micro-Finance and Rural Poverty in India SHG-Bank Linkage Programme.” Journal of Rural Development 31, no. 3 (2012): 347-363.

Parenthetical referencing, also known as Harvard referencing:

It is a citation style in which partial citations—for example, “(Smith 2010, p. 1)”—are enclosed within parentheses and embedded in the text, either within or after a sentence.

Book – Kothari, C.R., 2004. Research methodology: Methods and techniques. New Age International.

Journal – Ghosh, M., 2012. Micro-Finance and Rural Poverty in India SHG-Bank Linkage Programme. Journal of Rural Development, 31(3), pp.347-363.

The Vancouver system:

It is also known as Vancouver reference style or the author–number system, is a citation style that uses numbers within the text that refer to numbered entries in the reference list.

Book – Kothari CR. Research methodology: Methods and techniques. New Age International; 2004.

Journal – Ghosh M. Micro-Finance and Rural Poverty in India SHG-Bank Linkage Programme. Journal of Rural Development. 2012 Sep 1;31(3):347-63.

Standard Format for Printing a report:

Note: The format of Thesis and Article writing, mentioned above, is a general and standard format. Please follow your universities or institutions guidelines for writing a thesis and articles.

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