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Thesis, Vancouver BC

Community by alabaster.

Available homes

Thesis details

Pricing and fees, deposit structure, current incentives.

• Home goods valued up to $2,000 available for first 10 buyers (Q1-2024)

Features and finishes

Thesis marketing summary, thesis sales center.

Monday: 12:00 PM - 05:00 PM (By appointment)

Tuesday: 12:00 PM - 05:00 PM (By appointment)

Wednesday: 12:00 PM - 05:00 PM (By appointment)

Thursday: 12:00 PM - 05:00 PM (By appointment)

Friday: Closed

Saturday: 12:00 PM - 05:00 PM

Sunday: 12:00 PM - 05:00 PM

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Contact Mike

Thesis Vancouver by Alabaster Homes – Plans, Prices, Availability

131 West 49th Avenue, Vancouver

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Thesis Vancouver – At a Glance

• located at West 49th Avenue & Columbia Street on Vancouver’s Westside.
• 4-storey mixed-use building
• 68 condominiums
• 22,796 sq ft of commercial space
• across from Langara College
• 1 block from Langara Family YMCA
• short walk to Langara-49th Avenue Canada Line station
• close to Langara Golf Course
• near Oakridge Centre shopping

Pricing for Thesis Vancouver

Expect this presale pricing in the Summer of 2023:

• Jr. 1 bedroom & den – 473-520sf to start from $669,000
• 2 bedroom & den – 917-918sf to start from $1,239,900
• 3 bedroom & den – 1111-1127sf to start from $1,500,900

Please note these prices are subject to change. There are also possibly developer incentives. Please contact us for details.

A Cultured Living Experience

Thesis is a unified neighbourhood concept, coming soon to Vancouver’s Oakridge neighbourhood from Alabaster Homes . It consists of three levels of condominiums built above one level of commercial space with a mezzanine, and two levels of underground parking. Up to 10 commercial retail units face West 49th Avenue, while two floors of office space overlook the lane. The 68 condominiums offer 12 floorplan types that range from a 524-sq-ft Jr. 1-bedroom to a 1,510-sq-ft 3-bedroom + den suite. Homeowner amenities include a co-working space , an 868-sq-ft lounge with a kitchenette, and an adjacent patio with a barbeque dining space and a social area.

With three cycling routes, a frequent service bus route, and Langara-49th Avenue Station , you will enjoy a healthier, car-free lifestyle at Thesis. The redevelopments at Langara College, Langara Family YMCA , and what will become Oakridge Town Centre , will mean that most of your daily needs can be met within a 10-minute walk from your front door. Hop on a bike and you’ll be surprised by how close Queen Elizabeth Park , False Creek, Hillcrest Community Centre , and Granville Island are. And with Langara-49th Avenue Station only 500m away, it only takes 20 minutes to reach Downtown or YVR . Thesis offers a new kind of living experience: one where culture, location and form come together to enrich the way you live.

Join Mike’s Presale Condos VIP List! Be first to hear about new Presales and Gain Access to VIP Openings and Special Promotions

Your Privacy is important to us.  View our Privacy & Data Collection Policy .

Floor Plans for Thesis

Twelve floorplans on levels 2, 3, and 4 offer the following unit mix:

• 42 x Jr. 1-bedroom from 524 – 615 sq ft
• 17 x 2-bedroom + den from 975 – 1,305 sq ft
• 9 x 3-bedroom + den from 1,194 – 1,510 sq ft

Contact me today to discuss availability and plans according to your needs.

Thesis Vancouver Interiors

• Two colour schemes: Grey and White
• Wide plank laminate flooring throughout main living areas and bedrooms
• 9″ over-height ceilings
• Full-size front-loading washer & dryer (select homes)
• Efficient centralized Variable Refrigerant Flow system for warming and cooling fresh air into your home
• High-efficiency double-glazed windows for maximum sound attenuation and energy efficiency
• Roller shades to control privacy from large expansive windows
• Italian-made entry bench with custom-built storage in collaboration with Inform Projects (select homes)

• Custom-built, Italian-made kitchens in collaboration with Inform Projects with two-toned flat panel cabinetry
• Italian-made coffee bar with integrated lighting, floating shelves, and custom-built cabinetry in collaboration with Inform Projects
• Engineered stone countertops with a continuous backsplash that complement upper accent cabinetry
• 24″ induction cooktop and oven with integrated hood fan (for Jr. 1-beds)
• 30″ induction cooktop and oven with integrated hood fan (for 2- and 3-beds)
• 24″ fridge for Jr. 1-beds
• 30″ fridge for 2- and 3-beds
• 24″ Fulgor integrated dishwasher
• Built-in Panasonic microwave
• Polished chrome Kohler faucet with pull-out sprayer and three-function touch control
• Nested stainless-steel kitchen sink

• Custom wood-framed vanities in collaboration with Inform Projects with open shelving for added storage
• Porcelain floor and wall tile with engineered stone countertops and backsplash
• Contemporary undermount sinks by Kohler
• Polished chrome faucets and fixtures by Kohler
• Relaxing soaker tubs
• Frameless glass surround with a rain head and a hand-held shower in all en suites

Amenities at Thesis Vancouver

On the rooftop level, homeowner amenities support both work and leisure. Pavilion at Home, an exclusive partnership with award-winning co-working space, Pavilion Cowork, offers an elevated experience solely for Thesis residents. Meanwhile, the adjoining lounge and patio gives you space to relax amid sweeping views.

Parking and Storage

Two levels of underground parking will accommodate storage for 145 bicycles and stalls for 136 vehicles, of which 49 are commercial, 5 accessible, and 3 are visitor. All parking stalls are electrified for EV charging. Three loading bays are provided in the lane for commercial tenants.

Each residential suite comes with one parking stall with EV charger rough-in. Limited additional parking is available for purchase at $55,000 per stall. Storage lockers can be purchased for $5,000; bicycle lockers are $3,000.

Maintenance Fees at Thesis Vancouver

Expect maintenance fees to be around $0.64 per sq ft per month at Thesis Vancouver.

Developer Team for Thesis

Alabaster Homes is a Vancouver-based real estate development firm specializing in premier townhome and condominium projects. From the classic beauty of Shaughnessy to the urban energy of Oakridge, their vision is to enhance communities and create new legacies. Previous projects featured here include Rowen W47 , Eila on W49 , Spires Gate , and Yukon Residences .

Yamamoto Architecture is a young design-oriented firm focused on multi-family and mixed-use buildings. They are currently working on projects ranging in scale from single-family homes to concrete high-rises, including West 5 , Willow , Main & Twentieth , Monument , and 1220 and 1298 East Hastings .

Studio Roslyn is a full-service, interior design and creative consulting studio co-founded by principals, Jessica MacDonald and Kate Snyder, in Vancouver. The team specializes in developing considered design solutions for built environments across the milieu of commercial, institutional, and residential space. Studio Roslyn’s core belief is that true creativity is not to be in conflict with commerce, and that our work should not be bound by the divisions between art, design, fashion, and architecture.

Expected Completion for Thesis Vancouver

Are you interested in learning more about other homes in South Cambie, Oakridge , or Marpole?

Check out Balfour , Dahlia , Astrid , and these great Cambie Corridor Presales !

Walk Score®

In this location, with these tags.

New homes in BC are covered by warranty… Read more

  Life is better when you   meet in the middle .

Thesis sits in the heart of Vancouver, squarely between the storied west side and the lively east side. This central location offers seamless convenience—exceptional shopping, dining, green spaces, access to transit, and educational opportunities are all close at hand.

A VISION FOR THE FUTURE

A new chapter for a cherished neighbourhood.

The area surrounding Thesis is alive with newfound energy. Anticipated shops and cafés will transform 49th Avenue, alongside the revitalization of Langara College and the YMCA. Meanwhile, Cambie Street is evolving with more neighbourhood amenities, including new retail stores, a community centre, and the world’s largest Time Out Market food hall, which is coming soon to Oakridge Park.

Neighbourhood Highlights

Perfectly placed between west and east.

Thesis is surrounded by the parks, schools, and neighbourhood character that sets the west side apart. Yet the cultural vitality of the east side is equally accessible, with Main Street’s independent boutiques and exceptional dining only minutes away.

Access to Everything You Need

Retail & markets.

• Walrus Home
• Choices Market
• Organic Acres Market
• Nineteen Ten
• Nesters Market
• Oakridge Park
• Crate & Barrel
• Time Out Market Food Hall
• T&T Supermarket
• Marine Gateway

Health & Recreation

• Vancouver General Hospital
• Mount Saint Joseph Hospital
• The Park Theatre
• Hillcrest Aquatic Centre
• Sunset Community Centre
• Queen Elizabeth Park
• VanDusen Botanical Garden
• Langara Trail
• Langara Golf Course

Restaurants & Cafes

• Shiro Japanese
• Anh and Chi
• Published on Main
• Aperture Coffee Bar
• The Juice Truck
• Breka Bakery & Café
• Matchstick Riley Park
• Autostrada Osteria
• Chatime Langara
• Langara-49 th Avenue Station
• King Edward Station
• Oakridge-41 st Avenue
• Marine Drive Station

Education & Institutes

• Eric Hamber Secondary
• Sir William Van Horne Elementary
• Langara College
• Sir Winston Churchill Secondary
• University of British Columbia

Interiors by  Award-Winning Design Firm  Studio Roslyn

Visit our Presentation Centre to experience Thesis in person. We’re located at 34 W 7th Ave, Vancouver.

Monday – Wednesday: Open By Private Appointment

Thursday: Open 12:00 – 5:00 PM

Friday: Closed

Saturday + Sunday: Open 12:00 – 5:00 PM

t: 604.558.5857 e: [email protected]

Thesis Presentation Centre

• [email protected]

Vancouver Register Now

Description.

• Basic facts
• Neighborhood

• Property ID: 17268
• Post Updated: 2022-10-27 13:23:02
• Status: Active
• Type: Condo
• Website: liveatthesis.com
• Number of Units: 69
• Number of Stories: 4
• Selling Status: Registration
• Sales Start: 2023
• Construction Status: Preconstruction
• Construction Start: To Be Determined
• Estimated Completion: To Be Determined
• Builder(s): Alabaster
• Architect(s): Yamamoto Architecture Inc.

Thesis is a new condo development by  Alabaster currently in preconstruction at 131 West 49th Avenue, Vancouver. Thesis has a total of 69 units.

A Unified Neighbourhood Concept from Alabaster Homes

A Cultured Living Experience in the Heart of Vancouver

Thesis by Alabaster proves that a home is more than four walls—it’s all the elements that make up a connected life. In the heart of Vancouver, carefully selected retailers, premium residential amenities and discerning design unite in a beautiful mix.

Thesis offers a new kind of living experience: one where culture, location and form come together to enrich the way you live.

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Connect With Us

Presales BC

14908 104th Ave Surrey BC V3R 1M7

Email: [email protected]

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• Referencing
• Vancouver Referencing | A Quick Guide & Reference Examples

Vancouver Referencing | A Quick Guide & Reference Examples

Published on 18 February 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on 19 August 2022.

Vancouver is a system of referencing commonly used in biomedicine, among other scientific disciplines. In Vancouver style, you place a reference number in the text wherever a source is cited:

This number corresponds to an entry in your reference list – a numbered list of all the sources cited in your text, giving complete information on each:

This quick guide presents the most common rules for Vancouver style referencing. Note that some universities and journals have their own guidelines for the formatting of Vancouver references.

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Table of contents

Vancouver in-text citations, creating a vancouver reference list, vancouver reference examples, missing information in vancouver references, frequently asked questions about vancouver referencing.

In Vancouver style, citations are marked in your text with numbers. These numbers appear either in parentheses or in superscript – choose one option and stick to it consistently:

The numbers usually appear after the name of the author or after a direct quote. They may also appear at the end of the sentence:

Naming authors

You will often need to mention the author when referring to a work or introducing a quote. Only use the author’s last name in your text. If a source has multiple authors, name only the first author followed by ‘et al.’:

It’s not always necessary to mention the author’s name in your text – but always include the reference number when you refer to a source:

Numbering references

Sources are numbered based on the order in which they are cited in the text: the first source you cite is 1, the second 2, and so on.

If the same source is cited again, use the same number to refer to it throughout your paper. This means that the numbers might not appear in consecutive order in your text:

Citing multiple sources

You can also cite multiple sources in the same place:

To cite several sources that appear consecutively in your numbered list, you can use an en dash to mark the range.

In this case, the citation refers the reader to sources 1, 4, 5, 6, and 7.

Citing page numbers

You must specify a page number or range when you directly quote a text, and it can be helpful to do so when you are paraphrasing a particular passage.

Place the page number after the reference number inside the same parentheses, preceded by ‘p.’:

If you’re using superscript numbers, the page number also appears in superscript, in parentheses after the reference number:

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Your reference list is where you provide the information your readers will need in order to look up the sources cited in your text. It consists of a numbered list of all your sources, providing key information including the author, title and publication date of each source.

The list appears in numerical order at the end of your paper. Each entry ends with a full stop, unless the last element is a DOI or URL.

Vancouver reference list example

Author names

Each entry starts with the author’s last name and initials.

When a source has more than one author, their names are separated by commas. If a source has more than six authors, list the first six followed by ‘et al.’

Source titles

Only the first word of the title and subtitle, along with any proper nouns, are capitalised:

Titles in Vancouver referencing are consistently written in plain text. Do not use italics or quotation marks.

The information you provide differs according to the type of source you’re citing, since different details are relevant in different cases. Formats and examples for the most commonly cited source types are given below.

• Book chapter
• Journal article

Some sources will be missing some of the information needed for a complete reference. See below for how to handle missing elements.

As shown in the website example above, when no individual author is named, you can usually name the organisation that produced the source as the author.

If there is no clear corporate author – for example, a wiki that is created and updated collaboratively by users – you can begin your reference with the title instead:

Sources such as websites may lack a clear publication date. In these cases you can omit the year in your reference and just include the date of your citation:

No page numbers

You may want to show the location of a direct quote from a source without page numbers, such as a website. When the source is short, you can often just omit this, but where you feel it’s necessary you can use an alternate locator like a heading or paragraph number:

Harvard referencing uses an author–date system. Sources are cited by the author’s last name and the publication year in brackets. Each Harvard in-text citation corresponds to an entry in the alphabetised reference list at the end of the paper.

Vancouver referencing uses a numerical system. Sources are cited by a number in parentheses or superscript. Each number corresponds to a full reference at the end of the paper.

A citation should appear wherever you use information or ideas from a source, whether by quoting or paraphrasing its content.

In Vancouver style , you have some flexibility about where the citation number appears in the sentence – usually directly after mentioning the author’s name is best, but simply placing it at the end of the sentence is an acceptable alternative, as long as it’s clear what it relates to.

In Vancouver style , when you refer to a source with multiple authors in your text, you should only name the first author followed by ‘et al.’. This applies even when there are only two authors.

In your reference list, include up to six authors. For sources with seven or more authors, list the first six followed by ‘et al.’.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the ‘Cite this Scribbr article’ button to automatically add the citation to our free Reference Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2022, August 19). Vancouver Referencing | A Quick Guide & Reference Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved 22 April 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/referencing/vancouver-style/

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The UBC Theses and Dissertations collection promotes open and comprehensive access to a significant body of unique knowledge created by graduate students to support further research and for private study. The authors retain copyright ownership and moral rights to their theses. The content of theses may not be re-purposed or exploited for commercial gain without the explicit permission of the authors.

UBC graduate students began submitting their theses online via cIRcle, UBC’s digital repository, in fall 2007, a practice that both simplified the submission process and also ensured the availability of this research to a global audience in a timely manner. As of March 2012, UBC Library has digitized and made openly accessible the full-text of more than 32,000 theses submitted by graduate students between 1919 and 2007. In addition to providing information about specific fields of study these theses also reveal important information about changes in pedagogy at the University and within academic disciplines. Authors concerned about having their pre-2007 theses included as part of this collection can notify [email protected] to have their thesis removed. Similarly, if copyrighted material appears in a thesis the copyright owner can request that material be removed.

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Vancouver Style Guide: Theses

• Introduction
• Vancouver Tutorial
• Book with one author
• Book with two to six authors
• Book with more than six authors
• Book with a corporate author
• Book with an editor
• Chapter in an edited book
• Print journal article
• Print journal article, multiple authors
• eJournal article
• eJournal article, ahead of print (Epub)
• Generative AI
• Email communication or interviews
• Official publications
• Conferences
• Television or film
• Group or individual assignments
• Secondary sources
• Lecture notes
• Online video (e.g. YouTube)

Back to Academic Integrity guide

Reference : #. Author(s) Last name Initials. Title of thesis [dissertation]. [Place of publication]: Publisher, year of publication. Total number of pages.                                                                                                                     

21. Allen SJ. The social and moral fibre of Celtic tiger Ireland [dissertation]. [Dublin]: University College Dublin; 2009. 270p.

In-Text-Citation :

Use a superscript number (like this: ¹) in the text at the place where you are indicating that you are citing from a source.

Questions have been raised that the values held by the majority in Irish society were significantly realigned during the Celtic tiger years. 21

Still unsure what in-text citation and referencing mean? Check here . 

Still unsure why you need to reference all this information? Check here . 

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• Last Updated: Mar 22, 2024 9:53 AM
• URL: https://libguides.ucd.ie/vancouverstyle

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Reference guide for Vancouver

This guide gives you information on how to format references in Vancouver style. The references are numbered sequentially, following the order in which they first appear in the text. The reference list should be placed in the end of the document and be arranged numerically. It should contain all necessary bibliographic information.

The guide is primarily intended for students at Karolinska Institutet. The references should be considered as recommendations based on  International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) Sample References  and  Citing Medicine  and in some cases with the support of Swedish cataloging rules for libraries.

When in doubt, double check with official manuals. You might also need to discuss with your supervisor or teacher at KI before submitting your thesis or assignment.

Book, 1-6 authors

Surname AA, Surname BB, Surname CC. Title of book. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication.

Lorig K. Patient education: A practical approach. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications; 2000.

Crossman AR, Neary D. Neuroanatomy: An illustrated colour text. 4th ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 2010.

In the text, numbers are used in parentheses. The citations are numbered and the reference list is arranged in the same order.

More information

• Information about the edition shall be stated if you use any other edition than the first one. If there is no information about the edition of your source, you can assume that it is the first edition.Use the abbreviation “ed.”
• If there is no year of publication, use year of copyright instead, preceded by c. If neither a year of publication nor a year of copyright can be found, use [date unknown]
• The terms that are used in the references (for example editor, chapter, edition) are determined by the language of your text and not by the language of the source

Book, more than 6 authors

Surname AA, Surname BB, Surname CC, Surname DD, Surname EE, Surname FF, et al. Title of book. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication.

Doornbos MM, Groenhout ER, Hotz GK, Brandsen C, Cusveller B, Flikkema M, et al. Transforming care: a Christian vision of nursing practice. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company; 2005.

Mer information

• The first six authors are mentioned, followed by “et al.”
• Information about the edition shall be stated if you use any other edition than the first one. If there is no information about the edition of your source, you can assume that it is the first edition. Use the abbreviation “ed.”

Surname AA , Surname BB, editor(s). Title. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication.

Pryor JA, Ammani Prasad S, editors. Physiotherapy for respiratory and cardiac problems: adults and paediatrics. 4th ed. Edinburgh: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone; 2008.

• Editor(s) is noted after the names
• Up to six editors are stated in the reference list. If there are more than six editors, this is indicated by “et al.”, see the reference example for “Book, more than 6 authors”

Chapter in edited book

Author of chapter’s Surname AA, Surname BB, Surname CC. Title of chapter. In: Editor(s) Surname AA, editor(s). Title of book. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication. p. xx-x.

Spatz D. The use of human milk and breastfeeding in the neonatal intensive care unit. In: Wamback K & Riordan J, editors. Breastfeeding and human lactation. 5th ed. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2014. p. 469-522.

Skoog T. Adolescent and adult implications of girls' pubertal timing. In: Andershed A-K, editor. Girls at risk: Swedish longitudinal research on adjustment.New York, Heidelberg, Dordrecht, London: Springer; 2012. p. 9-34.

• Up to six authors or editors are stated in the reference list. If there are more than six, this is indicated by “et al.”, see the reference example for “Book, more than 6 authors”
• Editor(s) is noted after the editors names
• State the chapter's first and last page. Omit the numbers that the first and the last page have in common, for example 12-8 instead of 12-18

Chapter in authored book

Surname AA. Title. Place of publication: Publisher; Year. Number of chapter, Title of chapter; p. x..

Moody HR. Aging. Concepts and controversies. (6th ed.) Los Angeles: Pine Forge Press; 2010. Basic Concepts I, A life course perspective on aging; p. 1-26.

Steketee G, Frost RO. Treatment for hoarding disorder. Therapist guide [Internet]. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2014. Chapter 2, Evidence-based treatment for hoarding disorder; p. 13-22. Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/ki/detail.action?docID=1573147

• The reference is constructed in the same way as the reference to the entire book, followed by information about the chapter
• For more information on how to format references to books and report, see these reference types
• Use the same name and number for the chapter as in the source. If a number is lacking, omit this information
• State the chapter's first and last page. Omit the numbers that the first and the last page have in common, for example 12-8 instead of 12-18. If page numbers are lacking, omit this information

Conference contribution

Author of contribution’s Surname AA, Surname BB, Surname CC. Title of contribution. In: Editor(s) Surname AA, editor(s). Title of proceedings. Title of conference. Date of conference; Place of conference. Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication. p. xx-x.

Haglund L, Hanson UC. Making yourself indispensable: Experiences from 25 years of networking. In: Bakker S, editor. Health Information Management: What Strategies? Proceedings of the 5th European Conference of Medical and Health Libraries. September 18-21, 1996; Coimbra, Portugal. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1997. p. 45-8.

• Conference contributions can also be published as articles in journals; in such cases, follow the template for journal articles
• State the conference contribution's first and last page. Omit the numbers that the first and the last page have in common, for example 12-8 instead of 12-18
• If the material comes from an electronic source, state [Internet] after the title and state [cited date] “Available from: current URL” at the end of the reference

Surname AA, Surname BB, Surname CC. Title [Internet]. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication. [cited date]. Available from: URL

Fromm HJ, Hargrove M. Essentials of Biochemistry [Internet]. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2012. [cited 2014 Jan 17] Available from: http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-3-642-19624-9

Translated book

Author’s surname AA, Surname BB, Surname CC. Title. Edition. Translator’s surname AA, translator. Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication.

Foucault M. Madness: The invention of an idea. Sheridan A, translator. New York: Harper Perennial Modern Thought; 2011.

• Up to six authors are stated in the reference list. If there are more than six authors, this is indicated by “et al.”, see the reference example for “Book, more than 6 authors”.
• Information regarding the title, edition, publisher, and place of publication should apply to the translation (not the original)
• Information about the translator is not mandatory and can be omitted
• If there is no information regarding publication year, use [date unknown]

Forthcoming book

Surname AA, Surname BB, Surname CC. Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher. Forthcoming Planned publication year.

Fleischman AR. Pediatric Ethics. Protecting the Interests of Children. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Forthcoming 2016.

• Unpublished material is normally only cited in the text, and not included in the reference list
• If a book has been accepted for publication it may be included in the reference list even if it has not been published yet. State Forthcoming and planned publication year (if known) in the end of the reference
• Please see the examples for books to find more information about how to refer to books with more than six authors or edited books.

Journal article, 1-6 authors

Surname AA, Surname BB, Surname CC, Surname DD, Surname EE, Surname FF. Title of article. Abbreviated title of journal. Year;volume(issue):pages xx-x.

Müllersdorf M, Ivarsson A. Use of creative activities in occupational therapy practice in Sweden. Occup Ther Int. 2012 Sep;19(3):127-34.

• The same template applies to printed and electronic journals
• Use the abbreviated title of the journal in accordance with PubMed
• Sometimes, the day and month are stated in PubMed in connection to years (for example Dec 25) and then this should be stated in the reference
• State the article's first and last page. Omit the numbers that the first and the last page have in common, for example 12-8 instead of 12-18
• If information is missing, for example regarding issue or page numbers, this information is omitted from your reference
• You can chose to add a unique number from the database that the references is collected from, for example the PMID number in PubMed – you add the following after the page number: PubMed: PMID: 22489029
• Surname AA, Surname BB, Surname CC, Surname DD, Surname EE, Surname FF. Title of article. Abbreviated title of journal. Year;volume(issue):pages xx-x. Available from: URL

Journal article, more than 6 authors

Surname AA, Surname BB, Surname CC, Surname DD, Surname EE, Surname FF, et al. Title of article. Abbreviated title of journal. Year;volume(issue):pages xx-x

Walsh JP, Ward LC, Burke V, Bhagat CI, Shiels L, Henley D, et al. Small changes in thyroxine dosage do not produce measurable changes in hypothyroid symptoms, well-being, or quality of life: results of a double-blind, randomized clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Jul;91(7):2624-30.

• State the article's first and last page. Omit the numbers that the first and the last page have in common, for example 12-8 instead of 12 -18
• Surname AA, Surname BB, Surname CC, Surname DD, Surname EE, Surname FF, et al. Title of article. Abbreviated title of journal. Year;volume(issue):pages xx-x. Available from: URL

Forthcoming journal article

Surname AA, Surname BB, Surname CC, Surname DD, Surname EE, Surname FF. Title of article. Abbreviated title of journal. Forthcoming Planned publication year.

Fasano A. Importance of response time of esophageal thermal probes. Heart Rhythm. Forthcoming 2016.

• If an article has been accepted for publication it may be included in the reference list even if it has not been published yet, State Forthcoming and planned publication year (if known) in the end of the reference
• It is possible to add a DOI number in the end of the reference: DOI: 10.1002/oti.1327
• Please see Journal articles, more than 6 authors for information on how to refer to articles with more than six authors

Newspaper articles, printed form

Surname AA, Surname BB, Surname CC. Title of article. Title of newspaper. Date; Ev section:beginning page.

Konnikova M. The joy of psyching myself out. International New York Times. 2016 Jan 11:8

• Up to six authors are stated in the reference list. If there are more than six authors, this is indicated by “et al.”, see the reference example for “Journal article, more than 6 authors”

Newspaper articles, electronic form

Surname AA, Surname BB, Surname CC. Title of article. Title of newspaper [Internet]. Date [cited date]; Available from: URL

Medina J. California set to mandate childhood vaccines amid intense fight. New York Times [Internet]. 2015 Jun 25 [cited 2015 Sep 11]. Available from http://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/26/us/california-vaccines-religious-and-personal-exemptions.html

Entry in encyclopaedia

Unsigned article.

Title of encyclopedia [Internet]. Place of publication: Publisher; Year. Entry term. [cited date]. Available from: URL

Unsigned articlel

Encyclopaedia Britannica [Internet]. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc; c2015. Anemia. [cited 2015 Sep 14]. Available from: http://academic.eb.com/EBchecked/topic/24269/anemia

Signed article

Surname AA. Entry term. In Title of encyclopedia [Internet]. Place of publication: Publisher; Year [cited date]. Available from: URL

Delinsky SS, St Germain SA. Anorexia Nervosa. In Cash T, editor. Encyclopedia of body image and human appearance [Internet]. London, San Diego, Waltman, Oxford: Academic Press; 2012 [cited 2015 Dec 18]. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978012384925000002X

• Up to six authors or editors are stated in the reference list. If there are more than six, this is indicated by “et al.”, see the reference example for “Journal article, more than 6 authors”..
• When referring to an entire encyclopaedia, see the example for books

Reports in printed form by named author(s)

Surname AA. Title. Place of publication: Publisher; Year. Series; serial number.

Bánóczy J, Petersen PE, Rugg-Gunn AJ, editors. Milk fluoridation for the prevention of dental caries. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009.

• If information is missing, for example regarding series or serial numbers, this information is omitted from the reference

Reports in printed form by agencies/institutions/organisations

Organisation. Title. Place of publication: Publisher; Year. Series; serial number.

World Health Organization. WHO child growth standards: Growth velocity based on weight, length and head circumference: Methods and development. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009.

• If information is missing, for example regarding series and serial number, this information is omitted from the reference

Reports in electronic form by named author(s)

Surname AA. Title [Internet]. Place of publication: Publisher; Year. Series; serial number. [cited date]. Available from: URL

Lucas R, McMichael T, Smith W, Armstrong B. Solar ultraviolet radiation: Global burden of disease from solar ultraviolet radiation [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2006. Environmental Burden of Disease Series; No. 13. [cited 2015 Sep 14]. Available from: http://www.who.int/uv/health/solaruvradfull_180706.pdf

• Up to six authors are stated in the reference list. If there are more than six authors, this is indicated by “et al.”, see the reference example for “Book, more than 6 authors”
• If information is missing, for example regarding series or serial number, this information is omitted from the reference

Reports in electronic form by agencies/institutions/organisations

Organisation. Title [Internet]. Place of publication: Publisher; Year. Series; serial number. [cited date]. Available from: URL

World Health Organization. Guideline: Vitamin D supplementation in pregnant women [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012. [cited 2015 Sep 14]. Available from: http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/micronutrients/guidelines/vit_d_supp_pregnant_women/en/

Dissertations and degree projects

Degree projects, bachelor's & master's theses.

Surname AA. Title [degree project/master's thesis on the Internet]. Place: University; Year [cited date]. Available from: URL

Duque-Arrubla M. Exploring the use of health communication in health policy implementation: response to the Ebola outbreak in Sierra Leone [master's thesis on the Internet]. Stockholm: Karolinska Institutet; 2015 [cited 2017 Jan 17]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10616/44903

• Up to six authors are stated in the reference list
• If there is no year of publication, use year of copyright instead, preceded by c. If neither a year of publication nor a year of copyright can be found, use [date unknown
• For degree projects and theses in printed form, omit date cited and URL

Doctoral and licenciate theses

Surname AA. Title [dissertation/ licentiate thesis (on the Internet)]. Place of publication: Publisher; Year [cited date]. Available from: URL

Mattsson J. Uncovering pain and caring for children in the pediatric intensive care unit: nurses' clinical approach and parent's perspective [dissertation on the Internet]. Stockholm: Karolinska Institutet; 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 14]. Available from: http://publications.ki.se/xmlui/handle/10616/41340

Saidi S. An exploration of self-care practice and self-care support of patients with type 2 diabetes in Malaysia [dissertation on the Internet]. Manchester; University of Manchester; 2015 [cited 2015 Sep 14]. Available from: https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/uk-ac-man-scw:269816

• For theses, the academic department constitutes the publisher
• If a thesis is published as a part of a series, this information is stated at the end of the reference

Organisation/Surname AA. Title [Internet]. Place of publication: Publisher; Year [updated date; cited date]. Available from: URL

World Health Organization. Global Health Observatory (GHO) data. Dracunculiasis (guinea-worm disease) [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014. [cited 2015 Nov 19] Available from: http://www.who.int/gho/neglected_diseases/dracunculiasis/en/

• Documents, for example reports, pdf-files or books, that have been downloaded from websites are referenced in the same way as printed documents. The only difference is that the supplement [Internet] comes after the title, and the URL in question, or any eventual DOI no. is stated at the end of the reference
• If information is missing, for example regarding author or when the web page was updated, this information is omitted from your reference

X post (Tweet)

Author/User name. Title [X post or tweet if before 2023]. Date [cited date]. Available from: URL

Biden, J. We're back in the Paris Climate Agreement. [X post]. 2021 January 21 [cited 2024 February 20]. Availble from: https://twitter.com/POTUS/status/1352072818847068163

Obama B. Women can no longer be charged more for health coverage just for being women [tweet]. 2015 June 25 [cited 2015 Nov 26]. Available from https://twitter.com/POTUS/status/614111236620427265

• Use the twitterers real name if this is known. If the twitter user is a group or organization, use the real name of the group
• If the real name of the twitterer is unknown, use the Twitter user name without brackets
• The terms that are used in the references (for example X post, cited, Availiable from) are determined by the language of your text and not by the language of the source

Title of blog [Internet/Blog on the Internet]. Place of publication: Publisher; Publication date/Beginning date- . [cited date]. Available from: URL

Aspiring docs diaries [Blog on the Internet]. Washington: Association of American Medical Colleges; 2012 Aug 20- . [cited 2015 Dec 17]. Available from: http://aspiringdocsdiaries.org/

In the text, numbers are used in parentheses. The citations are numbered and the reference list is arranged in the same order. You can read more about how citations are inserted in the text in accordance with the Vancouver style  here

• If it is not clear from the title that the reference is a blog, this is included in accordance with the template above – [Blog on the Internet]

Surname AA. Title of blog post. Year of publication, date [cited date]. In: Title of blog [Internet/Blog on the Internet]. Place of publication: Publisher; Publication date/Beginning date- . Available from: URL

Besselink A. Is non-evidence-based clinical practice an ethical dilemma? 2011 Oct 3 [cited 2015 Nov 26]. In: Allan Besselink [Blog on the Internet]. Austin: Allan Besselink; 2006- . Available from: http://www.allanbesselink.com/blog/smart/854-is-non-evidence-based-clinical-practice-an-ethical-dilemma

With author

Surname AA. Title of article. Year [updated date; cited date]. In: Title of wiki [Internet/wiki on the Internet]. Place of publication: Publisher; Publication date / Beginning date - . Available from: URL

Without author

Title of wiki [Internet/wiki på Internet/wiki on the Internet]. Place of publication: Publisher; Publication date/Beginning date- . Title of article; [updated date; cited date]. Available from: URL

Smith D, Wijayagoonawardana PA. Direct inguinal hernia. 2009 [updated 2015 May, cited 2015 Dec 9]. In: Radiopaedia.org [wiki on the Internet]. [place unknown]: Radiopaedia.org; 2005- . Available from: http://radiopaedia.org/articles/direct-inguinal-hernia

Wikipedia [Internet]. St. Petersburg (FL): Wikimedia Foundation, Inc; 2001 - . Self care; [revised 2015 Nov 28; cited 2015 Dec 9]. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self_care

• If it is not clear from the title that the reference is a Wiki, this is included in accordance with the template above – [wiki on the Internet]

Database on the Internet

Name of the database [Internet]. Place of publication: Publisher; Beginning date - . [cited date]. Available from: URL

Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) [Internet]. Baltimore, Betsheda: McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, John Hopkins Medicine, National Human Genome Research Institute; 1966- .[cited 2015 Dec 10]. Available from: http://www.omim.org/

• If there is no beginning year, use year of copyright instead, preceded by c. If neither a beginning year nor a year of copyright can be found, use [date unknown]

Part of database on the Internet

Name of the database [Internet]. Place of publication: Publisher; Beginning date- . Title of part [updated date; cited date]. Available from: URL

Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) [Internet]. Baltimore, Betsheda: McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, John Hopkins Medicine, National Human Genome Research Institute; 1966- . 113705 Breast cancer gene, BTCA1; [updated 2015 Nov 10; cited 2015 Dec 10]. Available from:http://www.omim.org/entry/113705

Documents on closed networks

Karolinska institutet University Library. Searching with subject headings or free text [video file]. 2016, Nov 9 [cited 2018 Jul 31]. Available from https://pingpong.ki.se/courseId/15752/content.do?id=18249165/

• As a general rule, you should only refer to sources that are available to the general audience. Avoid references to documents on closed networks, for example password protected intranets or learning platforms
• In some situations you may refer to this kind of documents. This might be the case if the readers of your text also have access to the website, or if the information isn’t available elsewhere. Use the template for the appropriate source, for example web page or report

Surname AA/Organisation/Agency. Title [Internet]. Version. Place of publication: Publisher; Year. [updated date; cited date]. Available from: URL

Palin K, Pitkänen E, Turunen M, Sahu B, Pihlajamaa P, Kivioja T et al. Contribution of allelic imbalance to colorectal cancer [Internet]. Geneva: Zenodo; 2018. [cited 2019 Apr 3]. Available from: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1222172

Andersen LM. Data for group analyses in the Frontiers Reseach Topic: From raw MEG/EEG to publication: How to perform MEG/EEG group analysis with free academic software [Internet]. Version 2. Geneva: Zenodo; 2017. [cited 2019 Apr 3]. Available from: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1134776

World Health Organization. Adolescent birth rate. Data by country [Internet]. Geneva: Global Health Observatory data repository; [date unknown]. [updated 2018 Apr 9; cited 2019 Apr 4]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.REPADO39?lang=en

• Up to six creators are stated in the reference list. If there are more than six creators, this is indicated by “et al.”, see the reference example for “Book, more than 6 authors”
• Information about the version shall be stated if you use any other version than the first one. If there is no information about the version of your source, you can assume that it is the first version

Government publications

Laws and legislation, template printed form.

Title (SFS Year:number) Place of publication: Publisher

Example printed form

Hälso- och sjukvårdslag (SFS 1982:763) Stockholm: Socialdepartementet

Template electronic form

Title (SFS Year:number) [Internet]. Place of publication: Publisher [cited date]. Available from: URL

Example electronic form

Hälso- och sjukvårdslag (SFS 1982:763) [Internet]. Stockholm: Socialdepartementet [cited 2014 Jan 14]. Available from: http://www.riksdagen.se/sv/Dokument- Lagar/Lagar/Svenskforfattningssamling/Halso--och-sjukvardslag-1982_sfs-1982-763/?bet=1982:763

• Most Swedish laws and regulations are now available electronically on the Internet

Socialstyrelsens författningssamling (HSLF-FS/SOSFS)

Title (HSLF-FS Year:number). Place of publication: Publisher

Title (SOFS Year:number). Place of publication: Publisher

Socialstyrelsens föreskrifter och allmänna råd om vissa åtgärder i hälso- och sjukvården vid dödsfall (HSLF-FS 2015:15). Stockholm: Socialstyrelsen

Socialstyrelsens föreskrifter om praktisk tjänstgöring för psykologer (SOSFS 2008:34). Västerås: Edita Västra Aros

Title (HSLF-FS Year:number). [Internet]. Place of publication: Publisher [cited date]. Available from: URL

Title (SOFS Year:number). [Internet]. Place of publication: Publisher [cited date]. Available from: URL

Socialstyrelsens föreskrifter och allmänna råd om vissa åtgärder i hälso- och sjukvården vid dödsfall (HSLF-FS 2015:15) [Internet]. Stockholm: Socialstyrelsen [cited 2018 Jul 31]. Available from https://www.socialstyrelsen.se/publikationer2015/2015-10-13

Socialstyrelsens föreskrifter om praktisk tjänstgöring för psykologer (SOSFS 2008:34). [Internet]. Västerås: Edita Västra Aros. [cited 2014 Jan 14]. Available from: http://www.socialstyrelsen.se/Lists/Artikelkatalog/Attachments/19244/2008-10-34.pdf

• Socialstyrelsens föreskrifter och allmänna råd is now published as a part of a series common to several governmental agencies in the field of health care, social service, pharmaceutical drugs and public health. Regulations published before 1 July 2015 are included in the new collection but retain their old names with the abbreviation SOFS

Statens offentliga utredningar (SOU)

Organisation. Title (SOU Year:number) Place of publication: Publisher

Nationella folkhälsokommittén. Hälsa på lika villkor: nationella mål för folkhälsan: slutbetänkande (SOU 2000:91). Stockholm: Fritze

Institution. Title (SOU Year:number) [Internet]. Place of publication: Publisher [cited date]. Available from: URLL

Nationella folkhälsokommittén. Hälsa på lika villkor: nationella mål för folkhälsan: slutbetänkande (SOU 2000:91) [Internet]. Stockholm: Fritze [cited 2014 Jan 14]. Available from: http://www.regeringen.se/sb/d/108/a/2822

• SOUs are handled as reports and the organisations are treated as the authors, for example the National Board of Health and Welfare
• The organisations often appoint committees or investigation groups who become the actual authors and who are to be listed as authors
• If the names of these authors cannot act independently (or if it is difficult to determine the name format) these shall be subservient to their respective administrative units. For example, authorities and departments or geographic units such as countries or cities
• The administrate unit for this example is “Sweden” but this can be omitted if it is entirely certain from the context that the organisation/committee is Swedish

Departementsserien (DS)

Organization. Title (Ds Year:number) Place of publication: Publisher

Socialdepartementet. Fysioterapeut: ny skyddad yrkestitel för sjukgymnaster (Ds 2013:4). Stockholm: Fritze

Institution. Title (Ds Year:number) [Internet]. Place of publication: Publisher [cited date]. Available from: URL

Sverige. Socialdepartementet. Fysioterapeut: ny skyddad yrkestitel för sjukgymnaster (Ds 2013:4). [Internet]. Stockholm: Fritze [cited 2014 Jan 14]. Available from: http://www.regeringen.se/sb/d/108/a/207575

• Reports in Departementserien are handled as reports and the organisations are treated as the authors, for example the National Board of Health and Welfare

University. Title of curriculum. [Internet]. Place of publication: University, department; Year. [cited date]. Available from: URL

Karolinska Institutet. Utbildningsplan för tandläkarprogrammet; 2013. [Internet]. Stockholm: Karolinska Institutet, Styrelsen för utbildning; 2013. [cited 2014 Jan 14]. Available from: http://www.ki.se/ua/utbildningsplan/2TL13.pdf

• If there is no information regarding year of publication, use [date unknown]

Sound and images

Film, video, tv-programme.

Producer's/Director's Surname AA, producer/director.Title [type of medium]. Ev title of series. Place of publication: Publisher/distributor; Publication date.

Film or standalone programme

Hauben L, Goldman B, Douglas M, Zaentz S, producers; Forman M, director. One flew over the cuckoo's nest [film]. Berkeley: Fantasy Films; N. V. Zvaluw; 1975.

Episode in series

Crichton M; Holcomb R, director. 24 hours [TV programme]. ER. Universal City: Constant C Productions/ Amblin Television/ Warner Bros Television; Sep 19 1994.

• Specify the role of the creator after the name of directors and producers
• If there is no publication date, use copyright date instead, preceded by c. If neither a publication date nor a copyright date can be found, use [date unknown]
• If the programme has been downloaded from the Internet, this should be stated in the reference. State Available from: URL at the end of the reference and state which date the references was cited in accordance with the template [cited date] directly before the URL

Youtube, TikTok

Publisher/producer/User name. Title [video file]. Year, date [cited date]. Available from: URL

Gapminder Foundation. The relation between ebola & extreme poverty goes both ways — Factpod #9 [video file]. 2014, Dec 9 [cited 2015 Dec 18]. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a7m1E5nIRqg

docamen. New Research: PLOS One 'Benzodiazepine use associated with brain injury, job loss and unaliving by University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus. [video file]. 2023, July 3 [cited 2023 Nov. 20]. Available from: https://www.tiktok.com/@docamen/video/7251705044372884778

• It is possible to use either the creator's real name or the user name
• The terms that are used in the references (for example video file, cited, available from) are determined by the language of your text and not by the language of the source

Author/producer/narrator. Title [podcast on the Internet]. Ev series. Place of publication/Place of recording: Publisher; Year [cited date]. Available from: URL

National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, producer. Meningococcal Immunizations for Preteens and Teens [podcast on the internet]. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2015 [cited 2015 Dec 9]. Available from: http://www2c.cdc.gov/podcasts/player.asp?f=9956

Sanford K. Chemical warfare at home [podcast on the Internet]. Dr Kiki’s science hour. Petaluma: Twit; 2015 [cited 2015 Dec 9]. Available from: https://twit.tv/shows/dr-kikis-science-hour/episodes/145

Image/table/figure that is part of another source

Reference to the source where the image/table/figure is included. Number of picture/table/figure, Title of image/table//figure; p. x

Cann AJ. Principles of molecular virology [Internet]. Burlington, MA: Elsevier Academic Press, 2005. Available from: http://site.ebrary.com/lib/kiub/detail.action?docID=10167025. Figure 2.6, Icosahedra with triangulation numbers of 1, 3 and 4; p. 36

• The reference is constructed in the same way as the reference to the entire source, followed by information about the image, table or figure
• Use the same name and number for the image, table or figure as in the source

Standalone image

Creator's Surname AA. Title [type of medium]. Place of publication: Publisher; Year.

Standalone image on the Internet

Creator' Surname AA/User name. Title [type of medium]. Year of publication [cited date]. Available from: URL. Licence

Monfils L. X-ray of the heelbone with plantar fasciitis [photography]. 2008 [cited 12 February 2015]. Available from: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Plantar_fasciitis#mediaviewer/File:Fasciitis.jpg. (CC BY 3.0) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

CB Du Rietz. Öga [photography]. 2014 [cited 11 February 2015] Available from: https://www.flickr.com/photos/cbdurietz/15687017165/. (CC BY 2.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/

• It is possible to use the creator's real name or user name.
• If there is no information regarding publication year, use [date unknown].
• For AI generated images, see Other sources - Software, apps and AI tools. Make sure you citation is places next to the images.
• For images with a Creative Commons license, state the license that applies, and the URL of the license.
• The terms that are used in the references (for example editor, chapter, edition) are determined by the language of your text and not by the language of the source.

Other sources

Surname AA, inventor; Organisation, assignee. Title. Country/region Patent number. Issue date/Grant date.

Boiten H, inventor; Otto Bock HealthCare GmbH, assignee. Prosthetic knee joint. European patent EP 3089711. Dec 6 2017.

• Up to six inventors are stated in the reference list. If there are more than six inventors, this is indicated by “et al.”, see the reference example for “Book, more than 6 authors”
• The patent assignee might also be a person
• Use the same template if you want to refer to a patent application. State the patent applicant instead of the assignee. Use the phrase Patent application followed by the number of the patent application. Use the publication date instead of the issue date.

Reference to the source. Number of appendix, Title of appendix; p. x.

Stirling JD, Elliott R. Introducing neuropsychology. 2. ed. Hove, East Sussex: Psychology Press; 2008. Appendix, A primer of nervous system structure and function; p. 311-26.

Stoyanov SR, Hides L, Kavanagh DJ, Zelenko O, Tjondronegoro D, Mani M. Mobile app rating scale: a new tool for assessing the quality of health mobile apps. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2015 Mar 11;3(1):e27. Appendix 2, Mobile Application Rating Scale (MARS).

• The reference is constructed in the same way as the reference to the entire source, followed by information about the appendix
• Use the same name and number for the appendix as in the source. If a number is lacking, omit this information. If page numbers are lacking, omit this information too

Unpublished material

• Unpublished material such as an author's draft or manuscript for an article, book or other text is normally not included in the reference list, but only cited in the text
• In such a case, you must clearly state the nature of the source, the author and the date within parentheses
• Manuscripts that are available in an open and accessible archive can sometimes be included in the reference list. Then it is common to also specify where the source can be retrieved
• If a book or article has been accepted for publication it may be included in the reference list even if it has not been published yet. Please see Forthcoming article and Forthcoming book

Personal communication

• Personal communication includes letters, email, interviews, telephone conversations, non recorded lectures, study visits and similar material
• Personal communication should only be cited in the text, and is not included in the reference list. State the kind of source, inital of the person's given name, family name and date within parentheses Examples (Personal communication AB Higgins 10 Jan 2018) (Email A Svensson 22 May 2015) (Lecture L Jing 4 May 2017) (Study visit MT Bern 18 Feb 2017)
• Prefer other sources than personal communication, and check with teachers/supervisors if personal communication is an acceptable source
• Letters that are available in an open and accessible archive can sometimes be included in the reference list. Then it is common to also specify where the source can be retrieved

Pamphlets and brochures

Author. Title [pamphlet]. Place of publication: Publisher; Year.

American Heart Association, American Stroke Association. Let’s talk about Stroke, TIA and Warning Signs [pamphlet on the Internet]. Dallas: American Heart Association, American Stroke Association; 2015. [cited 2015 Dec 9]. Available from: http://www.strokeassociation.org/idc/groups/stroke-public/@wcm/@hcm/@sta/documents/downloadable/ucm_309532.pdf

• If the pamphlet/brochure is in electronic format, indicate this with [pamphlet on the Internet], state “Available from: URL” at the end of the reference and specify which day the reference was cited in accordance with the template [cited date] directly before the URL

Software, Applications and AI tools

Creator. Title of software/application/AI tool, version [computer program/mobile application/large language model/text-to-image model]. Place of publication: Publisher; Year. [cited date]. Available from: URL

Skyscape. Skyscape Medical Resourses, ver. 2.6.24 [mobile application]. Northborough (MA): Skyscape Medpresso Inc; 2020. [cited 20 April 2022]. Available from: http://www.skyscape.com/Apps/

Region Stockholm. AlltidÖppet, ver. 1.40.0 [mobile application]. Stockholm: Stockholms läns sjukvårdsområde; [date unknown]. [cited 23 September 2023]. Available from: https://www.slso.regionstockholm.se/vard-hos-oss/alltid-oppet/ 

OpenAI. ChatGPT, 2023. [Large language model]. San Fransisco: OpenAI; 2023 [cited 23 September 2023]. Available from: https://openai.com/ 

Microsoft Bing. Copilot, 2024. [Large language model]. Redmond: Microsoft Corporation; 2024. [cited 21 January 2024]. Available from: https://www.bing.com/chat 

You.com. YouImagine. [Text-to-image model]. Palo Alto: You.com; 2024. [cited 22 February 2024]. Available from: https://you.com/search?q=ai&fromSearchBar=true&tbm=imagine&chatMode=default 

• Common software and mobile apps mentioned in the text, but not paraphrased or quoted, do not need citations. “Common” is relative to your audience – exampes include Microsoft Office, social media apps (e.g. Facebook, Twitter), survey software, Adobe products, Java and statistical programs (e.g. SPSS).
• The year of a computer software or mobile app reference is the year of publication of the version used. If there is no information regarding the year, use [date unknown].
• For AI tools use the year you used the tool both as version number and in the slot for year. See examples above.
• You should never use a text generated in an AI tool as your own, but AI generated material can be used as e.g. study material or basis for discussion. Whenever you paraphrase, quote, or incorporate into your own work any content from a generative AI tool (whether text, image, data, or other) make sure you cite the tool you used to create it.
• AI generated material is always unique, therefore it is a good idea to copy the material (prompt and generated material) as an attachment to your work.
• The terms that are used in the references (for example large language model, mobile application) are determined by the language of your text and not by the language of the source.

Surname AA. Title [Internet/PowerPoint presentation on the Internet]. Place of publicationt: Publisher; Year. [cited date]. Available from: URL

Bramer WM. A unique method for fast, high-quality systematic searching [PowerPoint presentation on the Internet]. Rotterdam: Erasmus MC; 2015. [cited June 21 2016]. Available from: http://www.slideshare.net/rocheam/systematic-searching-in-embase-webinar-march-25-2015.

• Up to six authors are stated in the reference list. If there are more than authors, this is indicated by “et al.”, see the reference example for “Book, more than 6 authors”
• If it is not clear from the title that the reference is a PowerPoint presentation, this is included in accordance with the template above – [Powerpoint presentation on the Internet]

Secondary source

When citing a secondary source, only provide a reference list entry for the secondary source that you used. In text, identify the primary source and then write “as cited in” the secondary source that you used.

According to Glaser and Strauss, as cited in Polit & Beck 7 , the Grounded theory method is used...

Retzius, as cited in a book by Bahlo 4 from 2001, classified humans in several ways.

• A secondary source refers to content first reported in another source.
• Avoid secondary sources if possible. Use it only when the original work is out of print, unavailable or available in a language that you don’t understand. If possible, as a matter of good scholarly practice, find the original source, read it and cite the original source rather than citing a secondary source.
• The primary source is not listed in the reference list, only in the text.. In the reference list, only the sources that you’ve actually read is listed, in this case, the secondary source.
• For information how to cite the secondary source in the reference list, see the template for the source in question.

Numbering and location of the citations

... (1). ... (2).

The reference list

1. ... 2. ...

In Sweden, about 30,000 cases of lung cancer are diagnosed annually (1). Between 1986 and 2005, the number of cases among women has increased by about 3% per year, while the increase among men has stopped (2). The difference between the sexes is connected to the differences in smoking habits in men and women, respectively. Since it takes a long time for lung cancer to develop, these changes reflect smoking habits of many years ago. Socialstyrelsen has indicated a delay of an average of 30 years (1).

• Socialstyrelsen. Cancerincidens i Sverige 2014: nya diagnosticerade cancerfall år 2014. Stockholm: Socialstyrelsen; 2015. Retrieved from http://www.socialstyrelsen.se/publikationer2015/2015-12-26
• Koyi H, Hillerdal G, Brandén E. A prospective study of a total material of lung cancer from a county in Sweden 1997-1999: gender, symptoms, type, stage, and smoking habits. Lung Cancer. 2002 Apr;36(1):9-14.
• In the text, the citations are indicated with a number. The citations are numbered sequentially and the reference list is arranged in the same order
• Citations are placed next to the statement they refer to and before the full stop when they appear in the end of the sentence
• Square brackets and superscript numbers can also appear in the Vancouver style. If superscript numbers are used, these are placed after the full stop when the citation appears in the end of the sentence

Citing the same source several times

Studies indicate that lung cancer may grow more slowly in women. Lindell et al. (1) showed that 85% of the lung tumours that took more than 400 days to double in volume were found in women. This result is a reflection of the higher incidence among women of forms of cancer with a slower disease progression such as alveolar cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, but Lindell et al. found that the time it took for the volume to double was greater in women, regardless of the histological type of lung cancer. Their study also showed that …

• If an entire paragraph or more than one statement have the same source, this can be shown in the text and the citation only needs to be included once.

More than one citation in the same parentheses

... (1, 2). ... (1-3). ... (2, 4).

Among non-smokers, lung cancer is significantly more common among women than men. Fifteen per cent of all women who get lung cancer have never smoked, while five per cent of men who suffer from lung cancer are non-smokers (1, 3). It is still not clear why this is. Several studies have investigated women's exposure to known risk factors for lung cancer, such as radon (4, 5) and passive smoking (4, 6-8), but no statistically significant link has been found. Studies investigating the link between hormone replacement therapy and lung cancer have arrived at contradictory conclusions (5-7).

• If more than one source is cited at the same time, the citations are placed in the same parentheses and separated by a comma and a space
• If more than two sequential sources are cited, they are written with a hyphen in-between them

Author names in the text

Note on vancouver.

Vancouver only regulates the formatting of references (ie. the in-text numbering and the bibliography) and the example below is therefore to be considered a recommendation

Surnname (1) showed that ... According to Surname et al. (2) ...

Holloway (1) describes ... According to Lindell et al. (2) ....

• It is possible to mention the author in the text. Use the author's surname
• You should still insert the citation as a number in parentheses
• Only the first author is mentioned in the text, followed by the abbreviation et al. if there are more than one

Double names with hyphens

Surname-Surname AA Surname AA.

Rodriguez-Vieitez E Hulting AL

In the text, numbers are used in parentheses. The references are numbered and the reference list is arranged in the same order. You can read more about how references are inserted in the text in accordance with the Vancouver style  here .

• Keep the hyphen in hyphenated double surnames
• Abbrievate hyphenated first names to initials and omit the hyphen

"..." (1, s./p.).

"Evidence based medicine is the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients." (1, p. 71)

• If you use quotations in your text, you should give information about page number(s). Include the page number(s) after the citation in the same parentheses
• Use the abbreviation p./pp. for page number(s)

Please note that the Creative Commons license for the library's web content does not apply to this reference guide.

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Vancouver referencing style

• About Vancouver referencing style
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Thesis - print

Thesis retrieved from fulltext database or internet.

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Theses / Dissertations

Citing and referencing: theses / dissertations.

• In-text citations
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• Tables and Figures
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• Medicine and Health sources
• Foreign language sources
• Music scores
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• Government sources
• News sources
• Web and social media
• Games and apps
• Ancient and sacred sources
• Primary sources
• Audiovisual media and music scores
• Images and captions
• University lectures, theses and dissertations
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• Websites, newspaper and social media
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• Video and audio
• Images, graphs, tables, data sets
• Personal communications
• In-text Citations
• Journals / Periodicals
• Encyclopedias and Dictionaries
• Interviews and lectures
• Music Scores / Recordings
• Film / Video Recording
• Television / Radio Broadcast
• Online Communication / Social Media
• Live Performances
• Government and Organisation Publications
• Medicine & health sources
• Government/organisational/technical reports
• Images, graphs, tables, figures & data sets
• Websites newspaper & magazine articles, socia media
• Conferences, theses & university materials
• Personal communication & confidential unpublished material
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Vancouver Contents

• Introduction to Vancouver style
• Audio and visual media
• Dictionaries / Encyclopedias
• Drug information sources
• Evidence summaries
• Government / Technical reports
• Standards and Pharmacopoeias
• Tables and figures

Before using this guide check with your faculty, school or department for their specific referencing guidelines

Follow these examples closely for all layout, punctuation, spacing and capitalisation.

Enter author's surname, followed by no more than 2 initials.

Only the first word of the Thesis / Dissertation title and words that normally begin with a capital letter are capitalised.

The place of publication is the city in which the conferring institution is located. For US and Canadian cities follow with the two letter state code in Appendix E , for all other cities us the two letter country code in Appendix D .

In cases where the place of publication is not stated, source the location via alternative methods, e.g. location of University and place this in square brackets [ ].

Abbreviate months to their first 3 letters.

Insert Dissertation for a PhD or master's thesis for a master's degree in square brackets [ ] following the title.

If you are estimating the number of pages include the p. after the page number, if you know how many pages that are in the thesis / dissertation, include the p. before the page number.

For further details on citing Theses / Dissertations refer to Chapter 5 - Dissertations and Theses in Citing Medicine.

For electronic Theses / Dissertations include in the citation "on the Internet" inside the square brackets, after the title. Also include the date viewed / cited.

For electronic Theses / Dissertations include in the citation "on microfiche" inside the square brackets, after the title.

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Dissertation (thesis): how to cite in Vancouver Style?

Create a spot-on reference in vancouver, general rules.

According to the rules of Vancouver Style, the following bibliographic reference template should be used to cite a dissertation or a thesis in a list of references:

Author(s) . Title [ work type ]. City : University ; year . Number of pages .

Attention :

• In the City element, give the city where the university or another institution at which the thesis defence occurred is located. If the city is not commonly known, add the country in parentheses. If the city is not indicated in the dissertation, put it in square brackets.
• The Number of pages element is optional.

For a dissertation or a thesis available online, use the following template:

Author(s) . Title [ work type on the Internet]. City : University ; year [cited date cited ]. Number of pages . Available from: URL

Examples in a list of references

Stocks   T. Metabolic factors and cancer risk: prospective studies on prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, and cancer overall [doctoral thesis on the Internet]. Umeå: Umeå University; 2009 [cited 2021 Jun 28]. Available from: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-22567

Reed   BH. The genetic analysis of endoreduplication in Drosophila Melanogaster [Ph.D. thesis]. Cambridge: University of Cambridge; 1992. 292 p.

Other citation styles:

• What is APA Style (7th ed.)?
• Examples of bibliographic references in APA (7th ed.)
• APA 7 vs APA 6: key differences
• How to cite authors?
• How to format the references page with APA (7th ed.)?
• In-text citations
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• Conference paper
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• Dissertation (thesis)
• Journal article
• Newspaper article
• Press release
• Religious text
• Social media post
• Software / mobile app
• Video (online)
• Video game / computer game
• What is MLA Style (8th ed.)?
• Examples of references in works cited in MLA (8th ed.)
• How to format the works cited page in MLA (8th ed.)?
• What is Chicago Style?
• Examples of bibliographic references in Chicago Style – notes and bibliography (17th ed.)
• How to format the bibliography page?
• Notes and in-text citations
• Examples of bibliographic references in Chicago Style – author-date (17th ed.)
• What is Harvard referencing style?
• Examples of bibliographic references in Harvard style
• Online video
• What is IEEE Style?
• Examples of bibliographic references in IEEE Style
• How to format the references pages in IEEE Style?
• What is Vancouver Style?
• Examples of bibliographic references in Vancouver Style

• Free Tools for Students
• Vancouver Citation Generator

Free Vancouver Citation Generator

Generate citations in the Vancouver format quickly and automatically, with MyBib!

🤔 What is a Vancouver Citation Generator?

A Vancouver citation generator is an online tool that creates citations in the Vancouver citation style. It does this automatically by taking in an identifier for a document, such as a website URL, book ISBN, or journal DOI, and then locating the remaining details to format the full citation.

🤓 What is the Vancouver citation style?

The Vancouver citation style is a citation style used in the fields of biomedicine, health, and physical sciences. It is used to correctly attribute the authors of work cited within your paper.

The Vancouver style uses numbers within the article body that refer to formatted citations in the reference list at the end of the paper. The complete collection of rules for citing in Vancouver style are documented in the official handbook: Citing Medicine , by authors Karen Patrias and Dan Wendling.

👩‍🎓 Who uses a Vancouver Citation Generator?

The Vancouver style is used broadly across the physical sciences--especially health and medicine. If you are studying health or medicine, or you are writing to be published in a journal that uses the Vancouver style (such as The Lancet and Revista MÉDICA de Chile ), then you will need to cite your sources using the Vancouver style.

🙌 Why should I use a Vancouver Citation Generator?

Every academic field, not just the sciences, will recommend using a tool to record references to others' work in your writing. A citation generator like MyBib can record this data, and can also automatically create an accurate reference list from it.

A referencing tool can also keep a list of the sources you have used as you are writing your paper, so is great for organization too.

⚙️ How do I use MyBib's Vancouver Citation Generator?

MyBib's Vancouver citation generator was designed to be accurate and easy to use (also it's FREE!). Follow these steps:

• Search for the article, website, or document you want to cite using the search box at the top of the page.
• Look through the list of results found and choose the one that you referenced in your work.
• Make sure the details are all correct, and correct any that aren't. Then click Generate!

The generator will produce a formatted Vancouver citation that can be copied and pasted directly into your document, or saved to MyBib as part of your overall reference list (which can be downloaded fully later!).

MyBib supports the following for Vancouver style:

Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.

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Downtown living: for families? : the Vancouver, BC urban livability experience and lessons for other cities

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How do I reference a thesis or dissertation in Vancouver style? Last Updated: Mar 25, 2020     Views: 408

In the text

Cite your sources by using a number in brackets in the text which links with the relevant reference in the reference list at the end of the document:

• In a 2008 study Neelam (1) ...
• Glaser argued ...(2)

Any subsequent citation of the same source should use the same reference number:

• Neelam and colleagues found (1)...

Page numbers can be added to the citation to distinguish between references to the same source: (2: 45).

In the reference list

Required elements for a printed thesis:

Author. Title [Content Type]. [Place of publication]: Publisher; Date. Total number of pages.

Smith, NI. A corpus-based investigation of recent change in the use of the progressive in British English [Thesis]. [Lancaster, UK]: Department of Linguistics and English Language, Lancaster University; 2005. 271 p.

Required elements for an electronic thesis:

Author. Title [Content Type]. [Place of publication]: Publisher; Date [Date of citation]. Total number of pages. Availability. 

Kavanagh AJ. Energy deposition in the lower auroral ionosphere through energetic particle precipitation [Thesis on the internet]. [Lancaster, UK]: Department of Communication Systems, Lancaster University; 2002 [Cited 2014 July 1]. 308 p. Available from: http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/6758/

Format of authors/editors:

• List the authors names in the order that they appear in the text
• Use initials for first and middle names of the authors, up to a maximum of two initials
• Do not use periods/stops between initals. e.g. JB not J.B.
• Separate names of authors using a comma and a space. e.g. Woods A, Frazier BR, Jones C
• Use et al. for the seventh and subsequent authors

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• Citing medicine: The NLM style guide
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Vancouver - Referencing Guide

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Standard format for citation

Unpbulished:

From the Internet:

Thesis in print: Unpublished

1. Borkowski MM. Infant sleep and feeding: a telephone survey of Hispanic Americans. PhD [dissertation]. Mount Pleasant (MI): Central Michigan University; 2002.

2. Hincks CL. The detection and characterisation of novel papillomaviruses. Biomedical Science, Honours [thesis]. Murdoch (WA): Murdoch University; 2001.

Thesis in print: Published

3. Gruszczynski L. Regulating health and environmental risks under WTO law: a critical analysis of the SPS agreement. New York: Oxford University Press; 2010.

Thesis from the Internet

4. Gethin, A. Poor suburbs and poor health : exploring the potential of a locational approach to reducing health disadvantage in Australian cities. PhD [dissertation]. Sydney: University of Western Sydney; 2007. Available from: https://researchdirect.westernsydney.edu.au/islandora/object/uws:89.

See the  All Examples  page for examples of in-text and reference list entries for specific resources such as articles, books, theses and web pages.

Reference list entries.

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Vancouver Referencing Style:  Theses

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Theses and dissertations

General rules:.

The exact format of references to theses and dissertations is dependent upon whether the thesis/dissertation is published or unpublished, and how it is available (online or in print). 

The elements common to references to an entire thesis/dissertation are:

• Author Name
• Thesis Title
• Use 'master's thesis' for work at the master's level and 'dissertation' for the doctorate.
• Academic Institution /University 
• The year the degree was granted
• If the document was consulted online, include the DOI if available, or a URL.

For citing published theses

• Cite  published theses  as books and add the publisher's name and date of publication in addition to the elements listed above.  

For citing parts of theses

• To cite parts of a thesis, such as chapters, figures, tables or appendixes, cite the thesis as a whole first, then follow it by the information about the part.    

Online theses and dissertations 

The following is the general format of a reference to an online thesis with example. For citing theses in print, see the tab above.  

See the  general rules for theses  for more details. 

Reference list entry: format and example

Citation No.   Author.   Title: subtitle  [type of thesis on the Internet].  Campus Location:   University;  Year of publication  [cited date] .  Page.  URL

1.           Rutting S. Dietary fatty acids and innate immune responses in primary human lung cells [dissertation on the Internet]. Callaghan (NSW): University of Newcastle; 2019 [cited 2020 Jan 8]. 195 p. Available from: https://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:35633

Print theses and dissertations 

The following is the general format of a reference to a thesis in print. For citing online theses see the tab above.  

Citation No.  Author.   Title: subtitle  [type of thesis].  Campus Location:   University;  Year of publication, Page.

1.           Weisbaum LD. Human sexuality of children and adolescents: a comprehensive training guide for social work professionals [master's thesis]. Long Beach (CA): California State University, Long Beach; 2005. 101 p.

2.           Baldwin KB. An exploratory method of data retrieval from the electronic medical record for the evaluation of quality in healthcare [dissertation]. Chicago: University of Illinois at Chicago, Health Sciences Center; 2004. 116 p.

Parts of theses and dissertations

To cite parts of a thesis, such as chapters, figures, tables or appendixes, cite the thesis as a whole first, then follow it by the information about the part.  

The following is the general format of a reference to a part of a thesis. 

Citation No.  Author.   Title: subtitle  [type of thesis].  Campus Location:   University;  Year of publication.  Part No, Part title; page range.

1.           Christensen PM. Infant nutrition and child health on Tarawa, Kiribati: a nutritional anthropological approach [master's thesis]. Sydney: University of New South Wales, Centre for South Pacific Studies; 1995. Chapter 3.1, Breastfeeding practices on Tarawa; p. 46-53.

2.           Kneale C. Health claims: an exploration of the current debate in Australia [master's thesis]. Sydney: University of Sydney, Nutrition Research Foundation; 1996. Appendix 4, Health claims questionnaire; p. 49.

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Cite a Thesis in VANCOUVER

Don't let plagiarism errors spoil your paper

Consider your source's credibility. ask these questions:, contributor/author.

• Has the author written several articles on the topic, and do they have the credentials to be an expert in their field?
• Can you contact them? Do they have social media profiles?
• Have other credible individuals referenced this source or author?
• Book: What have reviews said about it?
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• Do they take responsibility for the content? Are they selective about what they publish?
• Take a look at their other content. Do these other articles generally appear credible?
• Does the author or the organization have a bias? Does bias make sense in relation to your argument?
• Is the purpose of the content to inform, entertain, or to spread an agenda? Is there commercial intent?
• Are there ads?
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Vancouver author's graphic novel explores the fear of adulthood and running away

Adam de souza's the gulf aims to capture raw emotion of being a teenager nearing the end of high school.

Social Sharing

A remote island commune off the coast of Vancouver sets the scene for a coming-of-age graphic novel detailing a group of friends' fear of adulthood and the enticement of running away from home.

The Gulf,  written by Vancouver-based cartoonist and illustrator Adam De Souza, aims to capture the listlessness, restless energy and raw emotion of how it feels to be a teenager nearing the end of high school.

De Souza sat down with Margaret Gallagher, host of CBC Radio's  North by Northwest,  to discuss the book before an event on Thursday at Lucky's Books.

This interview has been edited for length and clarity.

What's behind the title  The Gulf?

It speaks to the geographic location of the book but also to the emotional place the characters find themselves between adolescence and adulthood.

They're kind of stuck there, so I wanted to address that.

Why did you want to write about this time of life?

We put so much pressure on kids to make good decisions that will impact their whole lives. What you want to do with your life is such an enormous question, and I think it's important to focus on what that actually means to a youth.

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Tell me about the friends who are at the centre of the story. How much of you went into Milo, Alvin, Oli and Liam?

They're a lot more out there than I was at that age. There's a bit of me in each of them, but they're much cooler and out there than I ever was. I remember feeling so strongly about how I wanted my life to be or how I thought things ought to be.

But writing a coming-of-age story that isn't neat and tidy is reflective of the reality I had growing up.

For those who haven't read it, can you describe the trajectory these kids are on?

They're about to graduate from high school, and they decide not to enrol in university to go to a commune, which Oli, the lead character, found a pamphlet for on her parents' shelf when she was young.

They're pursuing this [utopian] vision of a world that makes more sense to them.

This commune is called the Evergreen. It's on a Gulf Island. What inspired the Evergreen?

Whenever I visited the Gulf Islands growing up, I was always struck by how wild they felt. It's a place where the human is de-centred, which is what I like a lot about Vancouver itself. I've always found it easier to imagine other ways of doing things there.

Such a little thrill to encounter The Gulf at my favourite store <a href="https://twitter.com/pfbvan?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@pfbvan</a> <a href="https://t.co/oeQX80yvby">pic.twitter.com/oeQX80yvby</a> &mdash; @Kumerish

What is it about the Gulf Islands that speaks to you?

It is that remoteness, wildness and beauty of it all. It is really inspiring.

Writing about a commune on the island is also about me, as a city dweller, and my vision of what life could be like if I were to pack it all up and buy a cabin on the island.

Why did you choose to set the book in 2007?

I could write about that time well, because I was 13 or 14. Writing about a specific time allows you to reflect on what was happening. To me, 2007 was the tail end of the Bush years, and Obama was right around the corner.

So, writing about someone like me who grew up in that "War on Terror" era and has a memory of the Twin Towers falling informs how she feels politically, which is that she feels lost.

You also capture some of the folly of that youth. They make assumptions about adults, but you do this without judgment. How do you hold both the adult and the youth perspectives in balance?

It's important for me, as a writer, to write them with kindness so I understand they're coming from somewhere, even if they're reprehensible or terrible. A lot of the feelings in  The Gulf,  that Oli is feeling, are things that I felt.

I remember being in Grade 11 and being told to choose a career, apply to the university I wanted to attend, and have this whole plan. When you're forced to think about it, it's scary.

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You're an award-winning illustrator and cartoonist. How did you end up choosing this path?

Through a lot of idleness. I was in a band in high school. After high school, there was nothing I wanted to do in university.

I'd always drawn growing up. It's the only way I can spend my time and actively enjoy it.

How does the story of  The Gulf  lend itself to a graphic novel?

It's a lot more focused than my other storytelling. I came from doing a lot of zines and alternative comics, which allows you to be a lot less focused and a lot more vague.

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But writing a book with an editor allows you to sit down and think of every moment and ask yourself why it's happening. It's a lot more precise and a lot easier to get into.

Do you think you'll return to these characters? I want to know how their lives turn out.

A few people have asked me that. Since finishing the book, I have wondered, "Where is she now? Is she just working in a coffee shop? Is she still living on the island?" 

I don't have an idea for it, but I would love to figure that out for myself and see if there's a story.

With files from North by Northwest

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