mastersthesis bibtex

BibTeX mastersthesis template

The mastersthesis entry type is intended to be used for a Master's thesis.

Minimal template

Minimal template with required fields only for a BibTeX mastersthesis entry.

Full template

Full template including required and optional fields for a BibTeX mastersthesis entry.

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Guide to Writing Your Thesis in LaTeX

The bibliography and list of references.

The Graduate School requires a Bibliography which includes all the literature cited for the complete thesis or dissertation. Quoting from the Graduate School’s Guidelines for the Format of Theses and Dissertations :

“Every thesis in Standard Format must contain a Bibliography which lists all the sources used or consulted in writing the entire thesis and is placed at the very end of the work. The complete citations are arranged alphabetically by last name of the author. Individual citations are not numbered. No abbreviations in titles of published works will be accepted. The full title of a book, journal, website, proceedings, or any other published work must be italicized or underlined. Citations must follow standards set by the style manual that the student is using. The bibliography for URI theses is not broken into categories.”

The List of References is not required by the Graduate School, but is the style commonly used in Engineering, Mathematics, and many of the Sciences. It consists of a numbered list of the sources used or consulted in writing the thesis in the order that they are referenced in the text. There can be either one List of References for the entire thesis, or a List of References at the end of each chapter.

Both the Bibliography and the List of References will be generated by the urithesis LaTeX class. All you need to do is add information about your sources to the references.bib file, which is a database containing all of the necessary information about the references, then cite the reference in your thesis using the \cite{} command.

Generating the Bibliography and References

The bibliography and list of references are generated by running BibTeX. To generate the bibliography, load the file thesisbib.tex into your editor, then run BibTeX on it.

If each chapter has its own list of references, you will need to run BibTeX on each chapter to update its list of references. If there is one list of references for the whole thesis (because you used the oneref option, you will only need to run BibTeX on the top level file thesis.tex .

How to Add a Bibliography Entry

When we want to refer to a source in the thesis, we place an entry for that source in the file references.bib , then cite the source in the thesis with the \cite{LABEL} command. The syntax for an entry in the references.bib file is of the form:

ENTRYTYPE is the type of bibliographic entry such as Book , Article , or TechReport , that this entry describes. At the end of this page is a list of all possible entry types .

LABEL is a unique string that is used to refer to this entry in the body of the thesis when using the \cite{LABEL} command.

The FIELDNAMEn entries are the fields that describe this entry, (ie. author, title, pages, year, etc.). Each entry type has certain required fields and optional fields. See the list of all entry types for a description of the available fields.

As an example, suppose we have a paper from a conference proceedings that we want to cite. First we make an entry in the our references.bib file of the form:

We then cite this source in the text of our thesis with the command \cite{re:toolan:as03} . This will generate a Bibliography entry that looks something like:

and a List of References entry that looks something like:

Types of List of References

The Graduate School requires that the bibliography is always at the end of the thesis and sorted alphabetically by author, therefore there is no options that affect it. The list of references is optional, therefore there are a few different ways that it can created.

By default a separate list of references appears at the end of each chapter, and are sorted by the order that they are cited in that chapter. The option oneref (see options ) will create a single list of references for the whole thesis, which due to the requirements of the Graduate School, will appear after the last chapter and before any appendices.

The option aparefs will cite references using the APA style, which is the last name of the author and year of publication, such as (Toolan, 2006), instead of the default IEEE style, which is a number, such as [1]. This option will also sort the references alphabetically by author, instead of in order of citation. The options oneref and aparefs can be used together to create a single list of references using the APA style.

Supported Bibliography Entry Types

The following is a list of all the entry types that can be used. Click on the desired type to see a detailed description of how to use that type.

• Article – An article from a journal or magazine
• Book – A book with an explicit publisher
• InBook – A part of a book, such as a chapter or selected page(s)
• InCollection – A part of a book having its own title
• Booklet – Printed and bound works that are not formally published
• Manual – Technical documentation
• InProceedings – An article in a conference proceedings
• Proceedings – The entire proceedings of a conference
• MastersThesis – A Master’s thesis
• PhDThesis – A Ph.D. dissertation
• TechReport – A report published by a school or other institution
• Unpublished – A document that has not been formally published
• Electronic – An internet reference like a web page
• Patent – A patent or patent application
• Periodical – A magazine or journal
• Standard – Formally published standard
• Misc – For use when nothing else fits

Articles that have not yet been published can be handled as a misc type with a note. Sometimes it is desirable to put extra information into the month field such as the day, or additional months. This is accomplished by using the BIBTEX concatenation operator “#“:

Example .bib using this type:

Books may have authors, editors or both. Example .bib using this type:

Inbook is used to reference a part of a book, such as a chapter or selected page(s). The type field can be used to override the word chapter (for which IEEE uses the abbreviation “ch.”) when the book uses parts, sections, etc., instead of chapters

Incollection is used to reference part of a book having its own title. Like book , incollection supports the series, chapter and pages fields. Also, the type field can be used to override the word chapter.

Booklet is used for printed and bound works that are not formally published. A primary difference between booklet and unpublished is that the former is/was distributed by some means. Booklet is rarely used in bibliographies.

Technical documentation is handled by the manual entry type.

References of papers in conference proceedings are handled by the inproceedings or conference entry type. These two types are functionally identical and can be used interchangeably. Example .bib using this type:

It is rare to need to reference an entire conference proceedings, but, if necessary, the proceedings entry type can be used to do so.

Master’s (or minor) theses can be handled with the mastersthesis entry type. The optional type field can be used to override the words “Master’s thesis” if a different designation is desired:

The phdthesis entry type is used for Ph.D. dissertations (major theses). Like mastersthesis , the type field can be used to override the default designation. Example .bib using this type:

Techreport is used for technical reports. The optional type field can be used to override the default designation “Tech. Rep.” Example .bib using this type:

The unpublished entry type is used for documents that have not been formally published. IEEE typically just uses “unpublished” for the required note field.

The electronic entry type is for internet references. IEEE formats electronic references differently by not using italics or quotes and separating fields with periods rather than commas. Also, the date is enclosed within parentheses and is placed closer to the title. This is probably done to emphasize that electronic references may not remain valid on the rapidly changing internet. Note also the liberal use of the howpublished field to describe the form or category of the entries. The organization and address fields may also be used. Example .bib using this type:

The nationality field provides a means to handle patents from different countries

The nationality should be capitalized. The assignee and address (of the assignee) fields are not used, however, they are provided. The type field provides a way to override the “patent” description with other patent related descriptions such as “patent application” or “patent request”:

The periodical entry type is used for journals and magazines.

The standard entry type is used for formally published standards. Alternatively, the misc entry type, along with its howpublished field, can be used to create references of standards.

Misc is the most flexible type and can be used when none of the other entry types are applicable. The howpublished field can be used to describe what exactly (or in what form) the reference is (or appears as). Possible applications include technical-report-like entries that lack an institution, white papers and data sheets.

Additional Comments

Because we are effectively creating multiple bibliographies, (one for the actual bibliography, and one for each list of references), the two LATEX commands \bibliographystyle{} and \bibliography{} are not used. They have been redefined to do nothing, and the equivalent of these commands are done automatically when necessary.

When there is a reference that should be included in the bibliography, but does not need to be explicitly referenced in the thesis, use the \nocite{} command. This command works like the \cite{} command, except it does not put the citation in the list of references, only in the bibliography. The \nocite{} command must appear after the first \newchapter{} command, or it will be ignored.

When using the option aparefs , and a citation does not have an author, (such as often occurs with a web page), the key field can be used to specify what to use in the citation instead of the author’s name.

About the Bibliography Format

The bibliography format used by the urithesis class is based on the IEEE format. See the article “How to Use the IEEEtran BIBTEX Style” by Michael Shell for more details.

because LaTeX matters

How to use bibtex as a reference library for latex.

Having all your references in a BibTeX-file (*.bib) is more convenient for reusage than typing or copy the whole list of references everytime you are writing a new book, report or article. Therefore, it is worth to learn how to use BibTeX from the beginning, it will save you a lot of time…

BibTeX offers a whole list of entry fields, entry types and different bibliography styles. Entry fields (standard):

• address: Publisher’s address (usually just the city, but can be the full address for lesser-known publishers)
• annote: An annotation for annotated bibliography styles (not typical)
• author: The name(s) of the author(s) (in the case of more than one author, separated by and)
• booktitle: The title of the book, if only part of it is being cited
• chapter: The chapter number
• crossref: The key of the cross-referenced entry
• edition: The edition of a book, long form (such as “first” or “second”)
• editor: The name(s) of the editor(s)
• eprint: A specification of an electronic publication, often a preprint or a technical report
• howpublished: How it was published, if the publishing method is nonstandard
• institution: The institution that was involved in the publishing, but not necessarily the publisher
• journal: The journal or magazine the work was published in
• key: A hidden field used for specifying or overriding the alphabetical order of entries (when the “author” and “editor” fields are missing). Note that this is very different from the key (mentioned just after this list) that is used to cite or cross-reference the entry.
• month: The month of publication (or, if unpublished, the month of creation)
• note: Miscellaneous extra information
• number: The “number” of a journal, magazine, or tech-report, if applicable. (Most publications have a “volume”, but no “number” field.)
• organization: The conference sponsor
• pages: Page numbers, separated either by commas or double-hyphens
• publisher: The publisher’s name
• school: The school where the thesis was written
• series: The series of books the book was published in (e.g. “The Hardy Boys”)
• title: The title of the work
• type: The type of tech-report, for example, “Research Note”
• url: The WWW address
• volume: The volume of a journal or multi-volume book
• year: The year of publication (or, if unpublished, the year of creation)

Entry fields (non-standard):

• affiliation: The authors affiliation.
• abstract: An abstract of the work.
• contents: A Table of Contents
• copyright: Copyright information.
• ISBN: The International Standard Book Number.
• ISSN: The International Standard Serial Number. Used to identify a journal.
• keywords: Key words used for searching or possibly for annotation.
• language: The language the document is in.
• location: A location associated with the entry, such as the city in which a conference took place.
• LCCN: The Library of Congress Call Number.
• mrnumber: The Mathematical Reviews number.

In addition, each entry contains a key that is used to cite or cross-reference the entry. This key is the first item in a BibTeX entry, and is not part of any field.

Entry types:

An article from a journal or magazine. Required fields: author, title, journal, year Optional fields: volume, number, pages, month, note, key

A book with an explicit publisher. Required fields: author/editor, title, publisher, year Optional fields: volume, series, address, edition, month, note, key

A work that is printed and bound, but without a named publisher or sponsoring institution. Required fields: title Optional fields: author, howpublished, address, month, year, note, key

• @conference

The same as inproceedings, included for Scribe (markup language) compatibility. Required fields: author, title, booktitle, year Optional fields: editor, pages, organization, publisher, address, month, note, key

A part of a book, which may be a chapter (or section or whatever) and/or a range of pages. Required fields: author/editor, title, chapter/pages, publisher, year Optional fields: volume, series, address, edition, month, note, key

• @incollection

A part of a book having its own title. Required fields: author, title, booktitle, year Optional fields: editor, pages, organization, publisher, address, month, note, key

• @inproceedings

An article in a conference proceedings. Required fields: author, title, booktitle, year Optional fields: editor, pages, organization, publisher, address, month, note, key

Technical documentation. Required fields: title Optional fields: author, organization, address, edition, month, year, note, key

• @mastersthesis

A Master’s thesis. Required fields: author, title, school, year Optional fields: address, month, note, key

For use when nothing else fits. Required fields: none Optional fields: author, title, howpublished, month, year, note, key

A Ph.D. thesis. Required fields: author, title, school, year Optional fields: address, month, note, key

• @proceedings

The proceedings of a conference. Required fields: title, year Optional fields: editor, publisher, organization, address, month, note, key

• @techreport

A report published by a school or other institution, usually numbered within a series. Required fields: author, title, institution, year Optional fields: type, number, address, month, note, key

• @unpublished

A document having an author and title, but not formally published. Required fields: author, title, note Optional fields: month, year, key

[Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BibTeX ]

Example bibliography entry in bib-file:

@article{zhou2005ada, title = {Adaptive Successive Erosion-based Cell Image Segmentation for p53 Immunohistochemistry in Bladder Inverted Papilloma.}, author={Zhou, H. and Mao, K.}, journal={Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc}, volume={6}, year={2005}, }

Cross-referencing:

It is possible to cross-reference different entries by using the crossreference field, e.g. crossref = {zhou2005ada},

Usage in Latex:

Using your BibTeX-file in Latex is done by specifying a style: \bibliographystyle{style} as well as the bib-file \bibliography{filename1, filename2} (without the bib-extension, just the name). The most commonly used styles are: plain, acm, ieeetr, alpha, abbrv, siam.

Many other styles are available, see here for an extensive list.

PDF generation:

Generating your PDF is a bit of a hassle, as you have to run Latex several times, you need to run the following series of commands:

• latex input-file : complains about undefined citations
• bibtex input-file : generates a bbl-file
• latex input-file

You will have to repeat the procedure every time you add or remove citations, as they will imply changes in the bbl-file.

• If you have been using Endnotes so far and want to switch to LaTeX/BibTeX, you won’t need to retype you whole references-database again. It is possible to create a BibTeX-references file from your library in Endnotes.
• Always look for bibtex-entries on the web. You can sometimes find them in article libraries or on the web page of the authors. They are complete and will save you a lot of time searching and typing the data.

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31 comments.

25. August 2007 at 20:08

I would like to reference newspaper articles and blog entries, which leads to two questions: – How does BibTeX accomodate day-of-month fields? – What bibstyles printout URL fields?

Thanks in advance.

26. August 2007 at 13:23

Thanks for your comment. I would suggest you use the @misc entry type (see above). To answer your questions: – Apparently, there is no day-of-month field, but you can add the day directly to the month field, e.g. month = {March 14,}, – In order to printout URL’s, you can make use of the howpublished field. Try this: howpublished = {\url{http://texblog.wordpress.com}}, You will have to add the url-package to your tex-document: \usepackage{url}.

Hope this was helpful.

20. April 2008 at 10:37

Hi there, I am not sure this is the appropriate place to post but I was wondering if you could help me out.

my file looks something like:

what can I do so that my section title says “References Cited” in the same format as the chapter heading but so that it has no numbering next to it?

thanks in advance

21. April 2008 at 20:02

First of all, does your question have to do anything with your renewcommand of the equation? If you only want to change the name of your “References”, you simply have to redefine it:

This is for books, in articles one would use:

By default, the chapter “References” is not numbered.

Does this answer your question?

9. June 2008 at 14:25

I collect all my references and put them in jabref (A refrence manager, you can download it at : http://jabref.sourceforge.net/ ). I get the bibtex code from google scholar and paste into jabref as an entry and it works very well.

12. July 2008 at 15:15

I am using TeXnicCenter (on Windows) for writing and compiling my latex files. I use the Latex to PDF option to compile my files, as I usually use pdf images in my files.

The problem is, I have not managed to successfully compile my first latex file that uses a bibtex library. I have some questions on that:

If I compile the latex file the first time, the included bibtex file will be converted automatically to bbl?

I tried to run the compiler 4 times but I still didn’t manage to get the references in the final pdf file.

Could you please give some instructions on what to do in order to make it work? Is there a possibility that the cause of the problem is the direct conversion from latex to pdf?

Thanks in advance for your time.

12. July 2008 at 22:06

I have never worked with TeXnicCenter, so I cannot really give you instructions on your problem. Nevertheless, I found this post which might help you: http://www.latex-community.org/viewtopic.php?f=31&t=119

Sorry for that,

27. September 2008 at 15:24

Hi, I was wondering if you’ve ever used a bib style to display library of congress LCCN with the rest of the citation info. I can’t seem to find a style that does this, and I’m trying to avoid writing my own.

1. July 2009 at 13:40

Do you know what should I do in order that the field “eprint” appears? Because even if compiling it does not give me back any error it does not show it! thanks, Diego

1. July 2009 at 14:09

I think I found a pair of styles that show up the eprint fields

h-elsevier2.bst and h-physrev3.bst

thanks any way

11. February 2010 at 20:41

Quite nice this article, gave me some great thoughts 🙂

15. November 2010 at 6:57

In your “Usage in Latex” section you are saying \bibliographySTYLE twice, the second one should only be \bibliography. It is also important to note that you place those two lines at the position within your document body where you want it to appear (typically the last line), and not in the document preamble.

8. March 2011 at 2:46

did you mean the second “\bibliographystyle{}” to be “\bibliography{}”?

8. March 2011 at 8:48

Yes, of course! Corrected. Thank you for pointing this out.

Regards, Tom.

6. September 2011 at 10:35

Hey, I am writing my thesis and found the following problem. In my bibliography, at the end of a reference, it displays a hyperlink to the page where it was cited for example:

Sala, J.J. (2003), Structural analysis, Concrete Factory. 2,4,5

where the 2,4,5 indicate the page numbers. How can I deactivate or remove this hyperlink function?

I made use of the following styles:

and a Bibtex bibliography file

6. September 2011 at 16:20

Either you are loading the hyperref package with the option shown below or another package is loading the backref package.

In case you are using the hyperref -option and you don’t want the page number, just remove it. However, I am not sure how to remove the hyperlink only and keep the page number. Maybe someone else can help…

Cheers, Tom.

6. September 2011 at 16:57

Found the hyperref package:

Turned off the backref part and it seems to look as expected by our institution (package below), without the page referencing. Normal hyperlinks are still active between references or citations, making the pdf nice to work with.

20. February 2012 at 14:34

Dear Tom, If I was trying bibliographystyle{IEEEbib} then in the generated pdf file, the whole Reference section is missing while trying bibliographystyle{ieeetr} instead of bibliographystyle{IEEEbib} its working properly. Please suggest me how could i get me reference section with all the references by using bibliographystyle{IEEEbib}.

I am working on latex (source file) template title “SPECIFICATION FOR COMMON IEEE STYLES” By Gregory L. Plett, Istvan Kollar.

With Regards Sarvesh

20. February 2012 at 14:35

Hmm, hard to say what went wrong. Make sure you have the IEEEbib.bst file in the same directory as the tex files. And run “latex” – “bibtex” – “latex” – “latex” to get the correct output. Here is a working minimal example, just replace the bibtex filename and use an existing citation:

Hope it helps, Tom.

20. February 2012 at 14:36

Yes, of course! its now working. Thank you for pointing this out. Thanks for your kind support and help.

With Regards sarvesh

Good to hear. Glad it worked out. Best, Tom.

20. February 2012 at 14:37

Dear Tom, I have to cite author name, year, and the reference by using \bibliographystyle{IEEEbib} in my survey paper table. Is it possible to extract name, year, reference number from it, As its working with \bibliographystyle{plainnat}. Please help me.

Hi Sarvesh,

What you can do is to use natbib with a compatible version of IEEEtran ( IEEEtranN.bst ). It may even be that you don’t need natbib , since IEEEtranN is based on plainnat . Have a look at the HOWTO for details.

19. April 2012 at 13:28

I am trying to achieve smaller font size for the text of bibliography entries by using following:

But this also resizes the heading “References” in footnote size.

How do I resize my all text entries in Reference without changing the font size of Reference heading?

Please help me. Thanks with regards sarvesh

19. April 2012 at 13:35

Dear Sarvesh,

One possibility would be to use the natbib package. Here is an example:

19. April 2012 at 18:12

Dear Sir, Thanks a lot for the help. I got the desired results after trying the above code of command.

Thanks for the help. With Regards Sarvesh

20. April 2012 at 0:55

You are welcome. Best, Tom.

27. April 2012 at 22:20

I have created a test.bib file using Mendeley desktop and saved this file in the same folder where my .tex file is located.

\cite{} does not seem to work. Is there anything i have missed out?

I add these to my latex file:

30. April 2012 at 4:26

Did you run “bibtex” after typesetting the document? If you did, you’ll find a .bbl file (apart from the .bib and .aux files) in your folder. Finally, you’ll need to typeset the file again with “latex”, twice.

Let me know if you have further questions.

25. July 2013 at 11:10

hello tom could you please help me how to order my refrences in alphabetical order according to the surnames of the authers in latex?

Many Thanks. Suhear

29. July 2013 at 6:27

I strongly suggest using Biblatex . It uses biber instead of bibtex as a backend. If it helps, post a minimal working example with a few references here and I’ll rewrite it using Biblatex. Generally, the structure is as follows:

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Overleaf for LaTeX Theses & Dissertations: Home

• Using Templates on Overleaf
• Reference Managers and Overleaf
• Adding Tables, Images, and Graphs

Tips and tools for writing your LaTeX thesis or dissertation in Overleaf, including templates, managing references , and getting started guides.

Managing References

BibTeX is a file format used for lists of references for LaTeX documents. Many citation management tools support the ability to export and import lists of references in .bib format. Some reference management tools can generate BibTeX files of your library or folders for use in your LaTeX documents.

LaTeX on Wikibooks has a Bibliography Management page.

Find list of BibTeX styles available on Overleaf here

View a video tutorial on how to include a bibliography using BibTeX  here

Collaborate with Overleaf

Collaboration tools

• One version of your project accessible to collaborators via a shared link or email invitation
• Easily select the level of access for collaborators (view, edit, or owner access)
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• Labels help to organize and compare different versions
• Chat in real time with collaborators right within the project

How to get started writing your thesis in LaTeX

Writing a thesis or dissertation in LaTeX can be challenging, but the end result is well worth it - nothing looks as good as a LaTeX-produced pdf, and for large documents it's a lot easier than fighting with formatting and cross-referencing in MS Word. Review this video from Overleaf to help you get started writing your thesis in LaTeX, using a standard thesis template from the Overleaf Gallery .

You can upload your own thesis template to the Overleaf Gallery if your university provides a set of LaTeX template files or you may find your university's thesis template already in the Overleaf Gallery.

This video assumes you've used LaTeX before and are familiar with the standard commands (see our other tutorial videos  if not), and focuses on how to work with a large project split over multiple files.

Add Institutional Library contact info here.

Contact Overleaf   or email [email protected]

5-part Guide on How to Write a Thesis in LaTeX

5-part LaTeX Thesis Writing Guide

Part 1: Basic Structure corresponding  video

Part 2: Page Layout corresponding  video

Part 3: Figures, Subfigures and Tables   corresponding video

Part 4: Bibliographies with Biblatex corresponding video

Part 5: Customizing Your Title Page and Abstract corresponding video

ShareLaTeX Joins Overleaf!

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BibTeX Style Examples

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Citation Management Tools: BibTeX

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BibTeX Reference Formatting

B ib T E X references are formatted in the following style:

@type { unique_identifier ,    field1 = "value",    field2 = "value",    field3 = "value",     ... }

Field values can either be enclosed in quotes, as above, or in curly braces (e.g.  field1 = {value} )

The  @type  field identifies the type of resource. Common types include:

• @conference (or @proceedings )
• @inbook (book chapter/section)
• @mastersthesis
• @misc (outside the normal categories, used for websites)

Various fields are available to use. Standard ones include:

• author (i.e. city)
• address  

BibTeX Basics

B ib T E X is the bibliographic side of L A T E X.  Technically speaking, B ib T E X is a specific program which  processes bibliographic data and interfaces between . tex  and .bib files.  However, it is used as a catch-all term for a number of L A T E X  bibliographic tools with  similar functionality. Collectively, these tools get lumped into the term “B ib T E X.”  In essence “using B ib T E X” has come to mean managing references in a .bib file, rather than doing them by hand.

Every B ib T E X citation needs a unique identifier. This is the first item after the opening curly brace, as shown in the example to the left. A best practice is to use a standard system for assigning identifiers, such as the author's last name and year (e.g. sackson1969 ).

Though they all work similarly, each bibliographic tool in  L A T E X has its own syntax. The UPenn dissertation template  uses the  natbib  package, in which the standard citation command is \citep{ identifier } . As an example, suppose you want to cite the following reference:

@book{  engel1961,    author = "Leonard Engel",    title = "Medicine Makers of Kalamazoo",    publisher = "McGraw-Hill",    address = "New York",    year = "1961" }

In your .tex file, use the command \citep{ engel1961 } . By default, the citation will be display as [Engel, 1961] . If you are using the UPenn dissertation template, the citations are pre-formatted, so it will instead display as (Engel, 1961) .

In order to use natbib , you must first add the proper commands to your .tex file. ( NOTE: If you are using the UPenn dissertation template, these commands are already included, so you can skip this step. ) There are three standard commands. The first two go in the preamble:

\usepackage{ natbib } \bibliographystyle{ plainnat }

And the last one goes just before the \end{ document }  command:

\bibliography{ filename }

Note that the filename does not include the .bib  extension.

There are various ways to customize your references and citations. Ample documentation can be found on Overleaf and elsewhere.

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Helpful Links

• Overleaf (natbib) Overleaf's information about bibliography management with natbib.
• Linking Overleaf to Mendeley/Zotero Overleaf's information about linking to citation management programs.
• UPenn Dissertation Template The official UPenn dissertation template.
• LaTeX LibGuide Penn Libraries' LibGuide about using LaTeX.
• Penn Libraries LaTeX Instruction A series of instructional videos demonstrating how to use LaTeX.
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• 1 Advisory note
• 2 Introduction
• 3.1 A note on compilation times
• 4.1 Some notes on using \(\mathrm{Bib\TeX}\) and .bib files
• 5.1 Multiple authors in \(\mathrm{Bib\TeX}\)
• 5.2 Multiple-word last names
• 5.3 I tried to use % to comment out some lines or entries in my .bib file, but I got lots of error messages instead?
• 6.1 Edit the .bib file as plain text
• 6.2 Help from GUI-based .bib editors
• 6.3 Export from reference library services
• 6.4 I’ve already got a reference list in a Microsoft Word/HTML/PDF file; can I somehow reuse the data without re-typing everything?
• 7.1 Further reading

Advisory note

If you are starting from scratch we recommend using biblatex because that package provides localization in several languages, it’s actively developed and makes bibliography management easier and more flexible.

Introduction

Many tutorials have been written about what \(\mathrm{Bib\TeX}\) is and how to use it . However, based on our experience of providing support to Overleaf’s users, it’s still one of the topics that many newcomers to \(\mathrm{\LaTeX}\) find complicated—especially when things don’t go quite right; for example: citations aren’t appearing; problems with authors’ names; not sorted to a required order; URLs not displayed in the references list, and so forth.

In this article we’ll pull together all the threads relating to citations, references and bibliographies, as well as how Overleaf and related tools can help users manage these.

We’ll start with a quick recap of how \(\mathrm{Bib\TeX}\) and bibliography database ( .bib ) files work and look at some ways to prepare .bib files. This is, of course, running the risk of repeating some of the material contained in many online tutorials, but future articles will expand our coverage to include bibliography styles and biblatex —the alternative package and bibliography processor.

Bibliography: just a list of \bibitems

Let’s first take a quick look “under the hood” to see what a \(\mathrm{\LaTeX}\) reference list is comprised of—please don’t start coding your reference list like this because later in this article we’ll look at other, more convenient, ways to do this.

A reference list really just a thebibliography list of \bibitems :

By default, this thebibliography environment is a numbered list with labels [1] , [2] and so forth. If the document class used is article , \begin{thebibliography} automatically inserts a numberless section heading with \refname (default value: References ). If the document class is book or report, then a numberless chapter heading with \bibname (default value: Bibliography ) is inserted instead. Each \bibitem takes a cite key as its parameter, which you can use with \cite commands, followed by information about the reference entry itself. So if you now write

together with the thebibliography block from before, this is what gets rendered into your PDF when you run a \(\mathrm{\LaTeX}\) processor (i.e. any of latex , pdflatex , xelatex or lualatex ) on your source file:

Figure 1: Citing entries from a thebibliography list.

Notice how each \bibitem is automatically numbered, and how \cite then inserts the corresponding numerical label.

\begin{thebibliography} takes a numerical argument: the widest label expected in the list. In this example we only have two entries, so 9 is enough. If you have more than ten entries, though, you may notice that the numerical labels in the list start to get misaligned:

Figure 2: thebibliography with a label that’s too short.

We’ll have to make it \begin{thebibliography}{99} instead, so that the longest label is wide enough to accommodate the longer labels, like this:

Figure 3: thebibliography with a longer label width.

If you compile this example code snippet on a local computer you may notice that after the first time you run pdflatex (or another \(\mathrm{\LaTeX}\) processor), the reference list appears in the PDF as expected, but the \cite commands just show up as question marks [?] .

This is because after the first \(\mathrm{\LaTeX}\) run the cite keys from each \bibitem ( texbook , lamport94 ) are written to the .aux file and are not yet available for reading by the \cite commands. Only on the second run of pdflatex are the \cite commands able to look up each cite key from the .aux file and insert the corresponding labels ( [1] , [2] ) into the output.

On Overleaf, though, you don’t have to worry about re-running pdflatex yourself. This is because Overleaf uses the latexmk build tool , which automatically re-runs pdflatex (and some other processors) for the requisite number of times needed to resolve \cite outputs. This also accounts for other cross-referencing commands, such as \ref and \tableofcontents .

A note on compilation times

Processing \(\mathrm{\LaTeX}\) reference lists or other forms of cross-referencing, such as indexes, requires multiple runs of software—including the \(\mathrm{\TeX}\) engine (e.g., pdflatex ) and associated programs such as \(\mathrm{Bib\TeX}\), makeindex , etc. As mentioned above, Overleaf handles all of these mulitple runs automatically, so you don’t have to worry about them. As a consequence, when the preview on Overleaf is refreshing for documents with bibliographies (or other cross-referencing), or for documents with large image files (as discussed separately here ), these essential compilation steps may sometimes make the preview refresh appear to take longer than on your own machine. We do, of course, aim to keep it as short as possible! If you feel your document is taking longer to compile than you’d expect, here are some further tips that may help.

Enter \(\mathrm{Bib\TeX}\)

There are, of course, some inconveniences with manually preparing the thebibliography list:

• It’s up to you to accurately format each \bibitem based on the reference style you’re asked to use—which bits should be in bold or italic? Should the year come immediately after the authors, or at the end of the entry? Given names first, or last names first?
• If you’re writing for a reference style which requires the reference list to be sorted by the last names of first authors, you’ll need to sort the \bibitem s yourself.
• For different manuscripts or documents that use different reference styles you’ll need to rewrite the \bibitem for each reference.

This is where \(\mathrm{Bib\TeX}\) and bibliography database files ( .bib files) are extremely useful, and this is the recommended approach to manage citations and references in most journals and theses. The biblatex approach, which is slightly different and gaining popularity, also requires a .bib file but we’ll talk about biblatex in a future post.

Instead of formatting cited reference entries in a thebibliography list, we maintain a bibliography database file (let’s name it refs.bib for our example) which contains format-independent information about our references. So our refs.bib file may look like this:

You can find more information about other \(\mathrm{Bib\TeX}\) reference entry types and fields here —there’s a huge table showing which fields are supported for which entry types. We’ll talk more about how to prepare .bib files in a later section.

Now we can use \cite with the cite keys as before, but now we replace thebibliography with a \bibliographystyle{...} to choose the reference style, as well as \bibliography{...} to point \(\mathrm{Bib\TeX}\) at the .bib file where the cited references should be looked-up.

This is processed with the following sequence of commands, assuming our \(\mathrm{\LaTeX}\) document is in a file named main.tex (and that we are using pdflatex ):

• pdflatex main
• bibtex main

and we get the following output:

Figure 4: \(\mathrm{Bib\TeX}\) output using the plain bibliography style.

Whoah! What’s going on here and why are all those (repeated) processes required? Well, here’s what happens.

During the first pdflatex run, all pdflatex sees is a \bibliographystyle{...} and a \bibliography{...} from main.tex . It doesn’t know what all the \cite{...} commands are about! Consequently, within the output PDF, all the \cite{...} commands are simply rendered as [?], and no reference list appears, for now. But pdflatex writes information about the bibliography style and .bib file, as well as all occurrences of \cite{...} , to the file main.aux .

It’s actually main.aux that \(\mathrm{Bib\TeX}\) is interested in! It notes the .bib file indicated by \bibliography{...} , then looks up all the entries with keys that match the \cite{...} commands used in the .tex file. \(\mathrm{Bib\TeX}\) then uses the style specified with \bibliographystyle{...} to format the cited entries, and writes a formatted thebibliography list into the file main.bbl . The production of the .bbl file is all that’s achieved in this step; no changes are made to the output PDF.

When pdflatex is run again, it now sees that a main.bbl file is available! So it inserts the contents of main.bbl i.e. the \begin{thebibliography}....\end{thebibliography} into the \(\mathrm{\LaTeX}\) source, where \bibliography{...} is. After this step, the reference list appears in the output PDF formatted according to the chosen \bibliographystyle{...} , but the in-text citations are still [?].

pdflatex is run again, and this time the \cite{...} commands are replaced with the corresponding numerical labels in the output PDF!

As before, the latexmk build tool takes care of triggering and re-running pdflatex and bibtex as necessary, so you don’t have to worry about this bit.

Some notes on using \(\mathrm{Bib\TeX}\) and .bib files

A few further things to note about using \(\mathrm{Bib\TeX}\) and .bib files :

• You may have noticed that although refs.bib contained five \(\mathrm{Bib\TeX}\) reference entries, only two are included in the reference list in the output PDF. This is an important point about \(\mathrm{Bib\TeX}\): the .bib file’s role is to store bibliographic records, and only entries that have been cited (via \cite{...} ) in the .tex files will appear in the reference list. This is similar to how only cited items from an EndNote database will be displayed in the reference list in a Microsoft Word document. If you do want to include all entries—to be displayed but without actually citing all of them—you can write \nocite{*} . This also means you can reuse the same .bib file for all your \(\mathrm{\LaTeX}\) projects: entries that are not cited in a particular manuscript or report will be excluded from the reference list in that document.
• \(\mathrm{Bib\TeX}\) requires one \bibliographystyle{...} and one \bibliography{...} to function correctly—in future posts we’ll see how to create multiple bibliographies in the same document. If you keep getting “undefined citation” warnings, check that you have indeed included those two commands, and that the names are spelled correctly. File extensions are not usually required, but bear in mind that file names are case sensitive on some operating systems—including on Overleaf! Therefore, if you typed \bibliographystyle{IEEetran} (note the typo: “e”) instead of \bibliographystyle{IEEEtran} , or wrote \bibliography{refs} when the actual file name is Refs.bib , you’ll get the dreaded [?] as citations.
• In the same vein, treat your cite keys as case-sensitive, always. Use the exact same case or spelling in your \cite{...} as in your .bib file.
• The order of references in the .bib file does not have any effect on how the reference list is ordered in the output PDF: the sorting order of the reference list is determined by the \bibliographystyle{...} . For example, some readers might have noticed that, within my earlier example, the first citation in the text latex2e is numbered [2], while the second citation in the text ( texbook ) is numbered [1]! Have \(\mathrm{\LaTeX}\) and \(\mathrm{Bib\TeX}\) lost the plot? Not at all: this is actually because the plain style sorts the reference list by alphabetical order of the first author’s last name . If you prefer a scheme where the numerical citation labels are numbered sequentially throughout the text, you’ll have to choose a bibliography style which implements this. For example, if instead we had used \bibliographystyle{IEEEtran} for that example, we’d get the following output. Notice also how the formatting of each cited item in the reference list has automatically updated to suit the IEEE’s style:

Figure 5: IEEEtran bibliography style output.

We’ll talk more about different bibliography styles, including author–year citation schemes, in a future article. For now, let’s turn our attention to .bib file contents, and how we can make the task of preparing .bib files a bit easier.

Taking another look at .bib files

As you may have noticed earlier, a .bib file contains \(\mathrm{Bib\TeX}\) bibliography entries that start with an entry type prefixed with an @ . Each entry has a some key–value \(\mathrm{Bib\TeX}\) fields , placed within a pair of braces ( {...} ). The cite key is the first piece of information given within these braces, and every field in the entry must be separated by a comma :

As a general rule, every bibliography entry should have an author , year and title field, no matter what the type is. There are about a dozen entry types although some bibliography styles may recognise/define more; however, it is likely that you will most frequently use the following entry types:

• @article for journal articles (see example above).
• @inproceedings for conference proceeding articles:
• @book for books (see examples above).
• @phdthesis , @masterthesis for dissertations and theses:
• @inbook is for a book chapter where the entire book was written by the same author(s): the chapter of interest is identified by a chapter number:
• @incollection is for a contributed chapter in a book, so would have its own author and title . The actual title of the entire book is given in the booktitle field; it is likely that an editor field will also be present:
• you will often find it useful to add \usepackage{url} or \usepackage{hyperref} in your .tex files’ preamble (for more robust handling of URLs);
• not all bibliography styles support the url field: plain doesn’t, but IEEEtran does. All styles support note . More on this in a future post;
• you should be mindful that even web pages and @misc entries should have an author , a year and a title field:

Multiple authors in \(\mathrm{Bib\TeX}\)

In a .bib file, commas are only used to separate the last name from the first name of an author—if the last name is written first. Individual author names are separated by and . So these are correct:

But none of the following will work correctly —you’ll get weird output, or even error messages from \(\mathrm{Bib\TeX}\)! So take extra care if you are copying author names from a paper or from a web page.

Multiple-word last names

If an author’s last name is made up of multiple words separated by spaces, or if it’s actually an organisation, place an extra pair of braces around the last name so that \(\mathrm{Bib\TeX}\) will recognise the grouped words as the last name:

Alternatively, you can use the Lastname, Firstname format; some users find that clearer and more readable:

Remember: Whether the first or last name appears first in the output (“John Doe” vs “Doe, John”), or whether the first name is automatically abbreviated “J. Doe” or “Doe, J.” vs “John Doe” “J. Doe”), all such details are controlled by the \bibliographystyle .

I tried to use % to comment out some lines or entries in my .bib file, but I got lots of error messages instead?

% is actually not a comment character in .bib files! So, inserting a % in .bib files not only fails to comment out the line, it also causes some \(\mathrm{Bib\TeX}\) errors. To get \(\mathrm{Bib\TeX}\) to ignore a particular field we just need to rename the field to something that \(\mathrm{Bib\TeX}\) doesn’t recognise. For example, if you want to keep a date field around but prefer that it’s ignored (perhaps because you want \(\mathrm{Bib\TeX}\) to use the year field instead) write Tdate = {...} or the more human-readable IGNOREdate = {...} .

To get \(\mathrm{Bib\TeX}\) to ignore an entire entry you can remove the @ before the entry type. A valid reference entry always starts with a @ followed by the entry type; without the @ character \(\mathrm{Bib\TeX}\) skips the lines until it encounters another @ .

How/where do I actually get those .bib files?

Edit the .bib file as plain text.

Because .bib files are plain text you can certainly write them by hand—once you’re familiar with \(\mathrm{Bib\TeX}\)’s required syntax. Just make sure that you save it with a .bib extension, and that your editor doesn’t surreptitiously add a .txt or some other suffix. On Overleaf you can click on the “Files…” link at the top of the file list panel, and then on “Add blank file” to create a fresh .bib file to work on.

Pro tip: Did you know that Google Scholar search results can be exported to a \(\mathrm{Bib\TeX}\) entry? Click on the “Cite” link below each search result, and then on the “\(\mathrm{Bib\TeX}\)” option search. You can then copy the \(\mathrm{Bib\TeX}\) entry generated. Here’s a video that demonstrates the process. Note that you should always double-check the fields presented in the entry, as the automatically populated information isn’t always comprehensive or accurate!

Help from GUI-based .bib editors

Many users prefer to use a dedicated \(\mathrm{Bib\TeX}\) bibliography database editor/manager, such as JabRef or BibDesk to maintain, edit and add entries to their .bib files. Using a GUI can indeed help reduce syntax and spelling errors whilst creating bibliography entries in a \(\mathrm{Bib\TeX}\) file. If you prefer, you can prepare your .bib file on your own machine using JabRef, BibDesk or another utility, and then upload it to your Overleaf.

Pro tip: If you’d like to use the same .bib for multiple Overleaf projects, have a look at this help article to set up a “master project”, or this one for sharing files from Google Drive (the instructions apply to other cloud-based storage solutions, such as Dropbox).

Export from reference library services

If you click on the Upload files button above the file list panel, you'll notice some options: Import from Mendeley, and Import from Zotero. If you’re already using one of those reference library management services, Overleaf can now hook into the Web exporter APIs provided by those services to import the .bib file (generated from your library) into your Overleaf project. For more information, see the Overleaf article How to link your Overleaf account to Mendeley and Zotero .

For other reference library services that don’t have a public API, or are not yet directly integrated with Overleaf, such as EndNote or Paperpile , look for an “export to .bib ” option in the application or service. Once you have a .bib file, you can then add it to your Overleaf project.

I’ve already got a reference list in a Microsoft Word/HTML/PDF file; can I somehow reuse the data without re-typing everything?

It used to be that you would have to hand-code each line into a \bibitem or an @article{...} entry (or another entry type) in a .bib file. As you can imagine, it’s not exactly a task that many people look forward to. Fortunately, these days some tools are available to help. They typically take a plain text file, e.g.

and attempt to parse the lines, converting it into a structured bibliography as a \(\mathrm{Bib\TeX}\) .bib file. For example, have a look at text2bib or Edifix . Be sure to go through the options of these tools carefully, so that they work well with your existing unstructured bibliography in plain text.

Summary and further reading

We’ve had a quick look at how \(\mathrm{Bib\TeX}\) processes a .bib bibliography database file to resolve \cite commands and produce a formatted reference list, as well as how to prepare .bib files.

Happy \(\mathrm{Bib\TeX}\)ing!

Further reading

For more information see:

• Bibtex bibliography styles
• Bibliography management with natbib
• Bibliography management with biblatex
• BibTeX documentation at CTAN web site
• tocbind package documentation
• Table of contents
• Management in a large project
• Multi-file LaTeX projects
• Documentation Home
• Learn LaTeX in 30 minutes

Overleaf guides

• Creating a document in Overleaf
• Uploading a project
• Copying a project
• Creating a project from a template
• Using the Overleaf project menu
• Including images in Overleaf
• Exporting your work from Overleaf
• Working offline in Overleaf
• Using Track Changes in Overleaf
• Using bibliographies in Overleaf
• Sharing your work with others
• Using the History feature
• Debugging Compilation timeout errors
• How-to guides
• Guide to Overleaf’s premium features

LaTeX Basics

• Creating your first LaTeX document
• Choosing a LaTeX Compiler
• Paragraphs and new lines
• Bold, italics and underlining

Mathematics

• Mathematical expressions
• Subscripts and superscripts
• Brackets and Parentheses
• Fractions and Binomials
• Aligning equations
• Spacing in math mode
• Integrals, sums and limits
• Display style in math mode
• List of Greek letters and math symbols
• Mathematical fonts
• Using the Symbol Palette in Overleaf

Figures and tables

• Inserting Images
• Positioning Images and Tables
• Lists of Tables and Figures
• Drawing Diagrams Directly in LaTeX
• TikZ package

References and Citations

• Natbib bibliography styles
• Natbib citation styles
• Biblatex bibliography styles
• Biblatex citation styles
• Multilingual typesetting on Overleaf using polyglossia and fontspec
• Multilingual typesetting on Overleaf using babel and fontspec
• International language support
• Quotations and quotation marks

Document structure

• Sections and chapters
• Cross referencing sections, equations and floats
• Nomenclatures
• Lengths in L a T e X
• Headers and footers
• Page numbering
• Paragraph formatting
• Line breaks and blank spaces
• Text alignment
• Page size and margins
• Single sided and double sided documents
• Multiple columns
• Code listing
• Code Highlighting with minted
• Using colours in LaTeX
• Margin notes
• Font sizes, families, and styles
• Font typefaces
• Supporting modern fonts with X Ǝ L a T e X

Presentations

• Environments

Field specific

• Theorems and proofs
• Chemistry formulae
• Feynman diagrams
• Molecular orbital diagrams
• Chess notation
• Knitting patterns
• CircuiTikz package
• Pgfplots package
• Typesetting exams in LaTeX
• Attribute Value Matrices

Class files

• Understanding packages and class files
• List of packages and class files
• Writing your own package
• Writing your own class

Advanced TeX/LaTeX

• In-depth technical articles on TeX/LaTeX

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Citing @mastersthesis in BibTex

• emilianoeheyns October 11, 2020 edited October 11, 2020 With BBT, you can set the type to mastersthesis and it will export as @mastersthesis .
• adamsmith October 11, 2020 Zotero will check for Master or MA in the type field of theses for biblatex export and export those as `@mastersthesis`, but if you want this to work in multiple languages etc., see Emiliano's post and use BBT
• bwiernik October 11, 2020 And in general if you are writing in BibTeX with Zotero, you will want to be using BBT.
• Rainshoots October 11, 2020 I am already using BBT. Having `tex.referencetype: mastersthesis` in the `Extra` field does translate to `@mastersthesis` in the `.bib` file, but `university` became `publisher` - could this be an export translator issue?
• Rainshoots October 11, 2020 The `place` field is also lost in the translation process.
• Rainshoots October 11, 2020 Having "MA" in the `Type` field does not export the `@mastersthesis` for me either. Is this a BBT settings issue? @phdthesis{LiuProblem2016 , title = {The {{Problem}} of {{Philosophy}} in {{Classical Chinese Thought}}: {{The Text Zhuangzi}} as {{Case Study}}}, shorttitle = {The {{Problem}} of {{Philosophy}} in {{Classical Chinese Thought}}}, author = {Liu, Jennifer}, year = {2016}, address = {{Seattle, WA}}, abstract = {This thesis is an attempt to look at the Zhuangzi and whether it can be appropriately understood as a philosophical text. The greater question is what is philosophy proper, and how has it been articulated in comparative approaches, particularly in regards to Classical Chinese texts. The following project will advance accordingly: In the introduction, I will look at the genesis and definition of the term 'philosophy' as translated into its Japanese/Chinese counterpart, tetsugaku/zhexue , and how the roles of the Meiji and early twentieth century Chinese scholars have shaped and created the meaning of 'philosophy,' and how these discourses have helped to form 'philosophy' as a discipline. Chapter one will be a brief discussion on the textual history and scholarship on the text of the Zhuangzi focusing mainly on the contributions of the Qing dynasty philologists, and modern scholars Guan Feng and A.C. Graham. Chapter two will be translations of selected passages from the Zhuangzi and will include textual notes on interesting and perplexing lexical, and grammatical features. It will also contain commentary regarding the 'philosophical' significance of each selected passage. Finally, this project will conclude with a general observation of how the themes in the Zhuangzi may or may not fit in with current conceptions of 'philosophy,' and suggest an alternative way in understanding both the Zhuangzi and philosophy}, collaborator = {{ProQuest Information {and} Learning Co}}, file = {/Users/satibodhi/Zotero/storage/PVWTFDWX/Liu－2016－The Problem of Philosophy in Classical Chinese Thought.pdf}, keywords = {Asian studies,Electronic books,Philosophy}, lccn = {TUL}, school = {University of Washington}, type = {{{MA}}} }

I am already using BBT. Having tex.referencetype: mastersthesis in the Extra field does translate to @mastersthesis in the .bib file, but university became publisher - could this be an export translator issue?

Using tex.referencetype only forces the reference type to the provided value. It will not do anything else, so the item translation will be done according to the rules for the Zotero item.

The place field is also lost in the translation process.

AFAICT that would indicate the Zotero item is a patent? In Better BibTeX (rather than Better BibLaTeX which I had in mind earlier), place always becomes address unconditionally. I'm not sure how it could get lost.

Having "MA" in the Type field does not export the @mastersthesis for me either. Is this a BBT settings issue?

Nope, BBT currently only responds to the exact type mastersthesis , but a build that accepts MA and Masters too is running now. If there's more you need, I'd appreciate you opening an issue on github. My support infrastructure is built around it.

• emilianoeheyns October 11, 2020 edited October 11, 2020 BBT 5.2.82 now also responds to type s MA and Masters for Zotero items of type thesis . I'd recommend using that over tex.referencetype for this case.

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Guide to BibTeX Type MasterThesis

Det här innehållet är inte tillgängligt på ditt språk än.

BibTeX is a reference management tool that is commonly used in LaTeX documents. The “masterthesis” BibTeX type is used for master’s theses. In this guide, we will explain the required and optional fields for the “masterthesis” BibTeX type.

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• Webbaserad, modern referenshantering
• Samarbeta och dela med forskarkollegor
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• Spara artiklar och webbplatser direkt från din webbläsare
• Sök efter nya artiklar i en databas med tiotals miljoner referenser

Required Fields

The “masterthesis” BibTeX type requires the following fields:

• author : The author of the thesis.
• title : The title of the thesis.
• school : The name of the institution that awarded the degree.
• year : The year the degree was awarded.

Optional Fields

In addition to the required fields, the “masterthesis” BibTeX type also has a number of optional fields that can be used to provide additional information. These fields include:

• type : The type of the thesis, such as “Master’s thesis”.
• address : The location of the institution.
• month : The month the thesis was submitted.
• note : Any additional information about the thesis.

Here is an example of how to use the “masterthesis” BibTeX type:

In this example, the BibTeX entry defines a master’s thesis authored by Jane Doe titled “A Study of Example”. The degree was awarded in 2022 by the University of Example, and the thesis was submitted in June in Example City, CA. The type of the thesis is specified as “Master’s thesis”, and a note is included that provides a URL for the thesis.

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Citing BibTeX @mastersthesis in Chinese #1677

sati-bodhi commented Oct 19, 2020 • edited

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