nam wrote an essay in literature class this morning

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Chủ đề / Chương

Bài 2:    Chuyển những câu sau sang câu phủ định và nghi vấn

1.     Nam wrote an essay in Literature class this morning.

2.     I watched TV yesterday morning.

3.     Nam and you were in the English club last Tuesday

4.     They ate noodles two hours ago.

5.     We always had a nice time on Christmas holiday in the past.

6.     My father decorated the Christmas tree.

7.     She bought a new dress yesterday.

8.     They were late for school.

9.     Mr.Tam took his children to the museum last Sunday.

10.    Hoa made a cushion for her armchair.

1 Nam didn't write an essay in literature class this morning.

Did Nam write an essay in literature class this morning?

2 I didn't watch TV yesterday morning.

Did you watch TV yesterday morning?

3 Nam and you weren't in the E club last Tuesday.

Were Nam and you in the E club last Tuesday?

4 They didn't eat noodles two hours ago.

Did they eat noodles two hours ago?

5 We didn't always have a nice time on Christmas holiday in the past.

Did you always have a nice time on Christmas holiday in the past?

6 My father didn't decorated the Christmas tree 

Did your father decorated the Christmas tree?

7 She didn't buy a new dress yesterday.

Did she buy a new dress yesterday?

8 They weren't late at school.

Were they late at school?

9 Mr.Tam didn't take his children to the museum last Sunday.

Did mr.Tam take his children to the museum last Sunday?

10 Hoa didn't make a cushion for her armchair.

Did Hoa make a cushion for her airmchair?

• Nguyễn Hoàng Hà My

chuyển các câu sau sang bị động

1. John invited Fiona to his birthday party last night

2 the manager đin't phone the secretary this morning

3.Did Mary this beautiful dress?

4.The German didn't build this factory during the Second World War

5.The Greens are going to paint this house anh these cars for Christmas Day

6.Ann had  fed the cats before she went t the cinema

7. have the thieves stolen the most  valuable painting in the natinal moseum?

8. Some people will interview the new president on TV

9.How many languages do they speak in Canada?

10. Are you going to repair those shoes?

11.He has broken his nose in a football match

12.Have you finished the above sentences?

• Nguyễn Hằng

I. Give the correct form of the verbs

1. The sun always (rise) in the east. Look, it (rise)! …………………………..

2. I don’t think I (go) out tonight. I’m too tired. ………………………..

3. Where you (spend) your summer holiday last year, Tam? ……………………………..

4. Your dog ever (bite) anyone?   - Yes, he (bite) a policeman last week.

……………………………………………………………..……………..

5. There (be) many volunteers in Sea Games 22 nd in Viet Nam in 2003. …………………

6. By (work) day and night he succeeded in (finish) the job in time. ………………………

7. Mai (be) very happy when she (receive) a letter from her sister this morning. ……………

8. Would you like (join) my class next Sunday? We (visit) the local museum.

…………………………………………………………..………………..

9. My father (read) now. He always (read) a book after dinner……………………………

10. A friend of my brother’s (call) him last night, but he (not be) at home. So I (take) a message for him. …………………………………………………..………………………..

Put the following verbs in the correct PAST TENSES

1. My parents (not travel) ………………………. much when they were young.

2. I (chat) ………………………. to my friend for an hour on the phone yesterday.

3. He (stay) ………………………. at a fantastic hotel on holiday last summer.

4. I don’t want to go and see the film because I (see) ………………………. it last week.

5. I (meet) ………………………. Tom and Jane at the airport a few weeks ago.

6. Jenny (wait) ………………………. for me when I arrived.

7. Last night I (read) ……………………. in bed when suddenly I (hear) ………………………. a scream.

8. Yesterday, George (fall) ……………………. off the ladder while he (paint) …………………. the ceiling.

9. While Mike (watch) ………………………. TV, Sheila (do) ………………………. the washing up.

10. While the football teams (warm) ……………………. up, the fans (wave) …………………. their flags.

11. After I (post) ……………………. the letter, I (realize) ……………………. that I (write) ……………………. the wrong address.

12. They (go) ………………………. home after they (finish) ………………………. their homework.

13. They (already leave) ………………………. the village before the Sun (rise) ……………………….. .

14. As soon as she (finish) ……………….……. cleaning the floors, she (start) …………………. gardening.

15. All the tickets (be) ………………………. sold before the concert began.

• Nguyễn Thị Hằng

 Rewrite the sentence so that it means as the first one, beginning with the given words .

1. I haven’t seen my brother for a month.

ð I  didn’t_____________________________________________________________.

2. “How often do you go to the English club?” Nam asked Lan.

ð Nam asked Lan ________________________________________________________

3. I began learning in this school 20 years ago.

I’ve ____________________________________________________________

4. Reading newspapers in the morning gives him pleasure.

He enjoys  ____________________________________________________________

5. “ How long does the course take ? ” I asked her .

I asked her  ____________________________________________________________

6. I last saw her 10 years ago.

I haven't  ____________________________________________________________ ?

7. We must finish the project on time .

The project  ____________________________________________________________

8. “Mom, who should I call upon arriving at the airport?”

     Trang asked her mother ________________________________________

9. People believe that many more people will die of skin cancer over the next ten years.

It ____________________________________________________________________

10. They often went to school by bike when they were young.

They used _____________________________________________________________     

• Phạm Hà Nguyệt Anh

1.They (study) Japanese at Duyt Tan University last year 2.He (receive) your letter this morning 3.What you (do) when i (phone) you yesterday morning 4.He (stand) here when i (see) him by accident 5.They (sleep) on the floor at 8:00 this morning 6.When you last (see) him? I last (see) him 2 days ago 7.While i (walk) around the park, i (see) an accident 8.I (have) lunch while my father (have) a bath 9.Mrs Lanh (talk) to the man when she (hear) a loud noise 10.how many photographs you (take)? Only three

1."I'm working in a restaurant, and don't care much for it."she said

- She said______________________________________________________________.

2.It takes Minh 2 hours to do his homework every day.

- Minh spends____________________________________________________________.

3.We were late for school because of the heavy rain.

- Because it_____________________________________________________________.

4.People say that they bought this shop last year.

- It is_______________________________________________________________________.

5.Do you know the man who sat next to me at Nam’s birthday party last night?

- You know______________________________________________________________.

Ex1:Change these sentences into the passive voice 1 The nilkman brings bottles of milk to house 2 How do people learn languages ? 3 John will collect me at the airport 4 the manager must sign the cheque 5 They kept me waiting for hafl an hour 6 They are building a new ring road round the city  7 We can't wear jeans at work 8 Will you invite her to your birthday party ? 9 They have buildt a new hospital near the airport  10 Do they speak French and English in Canada ? 11 The police caught the thieft  12 They didn't look after the children properly 13 They have changed the date of the morning 14 Tam Broke the glass 15 Nga left my handbag on the bus this morning 16 People speak English everywhere 17 Did her friends give her a lot of special presents on her birthday ? 18 Last night we saw a lot of films 19 They buldt the house in 2000

• Đavid Nguyễn

B1 : chuyển sang câu bị động  1 : They are tidying their room now 2: Jack repaints his house once every year 3: we are going to sell this computer 4: they use milk for making butter and cheese 5: do they teach English here? 6: she gives me two different  kinds of dictionaries 7:we must take good care of book borrowed from the library 8: my father often tells me many things about the war 9: will they intive her to your wedding party 10: he was repairing some electric devices then

b2: sử dụng các từ trong ngoặc để viết các câu dưới đây sao cho nghĩa ko đổi 1: the librarian allowed me to borrow three books (let) -> the librarian 2: i am happy to teach you how to use the software( mind) -> i 3:we plan to spend our holiday in Hong Kong ( are) 4: it wouldn't be a good idea to make them angry (had) -> you 5: she is responsible for records of the cafe expense ( duty) -> it -> her 6: some family experts think that single-parent family will be more and more common in the future ( according) 7: they will probably come late for the meeting ( likely) -> it

Part 4: Supply the correct verb form 1. His wife .............the last bus yesterday . (catch ) 2. A new school ................ in this area in 2018 . ( build ) 3. They .........to each other for a long time . ( not contact ) 4. Cattle and sheep ............on the farm at 4:00 yesterday morning . ( graze ) 5. Last night, I listened to music, but my father .........chess with my brother. (play ) 6. When he came, they...............................a party. ( hold) 7. The material that ............... from cotton is usually strong and hard-wearing.(make) 8. Mary’s the one in the corner. She ..................... jeans.(wear)

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Kiến Thức Tiếng Anh

Chia sẻ kiến thức mọi cấp độ từ cơ bản đến nâng cao

Câu khẳng định – phủ định – nghi vấn

22/12/2021 Admin

Kết thúc chuỗi các bài học về câu, chúng ta sẽ cùng tìm hiểu các mẫu câu cơ bản nhất mà người học tiếng Anh cần phải nắm. Đó là Câu khẳng định, câu phủ định và câu nghi vấn . Đây là các mẫu câu thông dụng trong cả văn nói và văn viết. Để nắm rõ hơn về các loại câu này, chúng ta hãy cùng bắt đầu bài học dưới đây nhé!

1. Định nghĩa

• Câu khẳng định: là một dạng của câu trần thuật, thường để truyền đạt thông tin hay tuyên bố về một điều gì đó.
• Câu phủ định: đây cũng một dạng của câu trần thuật, mang ý nghĩa trái ngược câu khẳng định. Trong câu này thường có “ not ”. Dùng để phủ định một thông tín hay điều gì đó.
• Câu nghi vấn: hay còn gọi là câu hỏi thường được dùng để hỏi về một vấn đề gì đó và kết thúc bằng dấu chấm hỏi (?)

2. Câu khẳng định, câu phủ định và câu nghi vấn với động từ “tobe”

2.1 câu khẳng định.

S + tobe + O (tân ngữ) …

Lưu ý : “tobe” ở thì hiện tại là “ am/ is/ are ” và ở quá khứ là “ was/ were ”.

Ví dụ: I am a teacher. (Tôi là giáo viên).

2.2 Câu phủ định

S + tobe + not + O …

Ví dụ: She is not beautiful. (Cô ấy không đẹp).

2.3 Câu nghi vấn

Tobe + S + O …?

Ví dụ: Are you a student? (Bạn có phải là học sinh không?)

3. Câu khẳng định, phủ định và nghi vấn với động từ thường

3.1 các thì đơn, 3.2 các thì tiếp diễn, 3.3 các thì hoàn thành, 4. câu khẳng định, câu phủ định và câu nghi vấn với động từ khiếm khuyết..

• Câu khẳng định: S + động từ khiếm khuyết (can/ could/ should/…) + V.inf + (O) … Ví dụ: You should study hard.
• Câu phủ định: S + động từ khiếm khuyết (can/ could/ should/…) + not + V.inf + (O) … Ví dụ: I can not swim. (Tôi không thể bơi).
• Câu nghi vấn: Động từ khiếm khuyết (can/ could/ should/…) + S + V.inf + (O)…? Ví dụ: Can you play tennis? (Bạn có thể chơi tennis không?)

5. Các lưu ý

5.1 câu phủ định.

• Một số trường hợp, trong câu sẽ chứa trạng từ phủ định thay cho “not”. Những câu đó ta không cần thêm “not”. Ví dụ: hardly, baredly, seldom, rarely,… Về vị trí của trạng từ trong câu, mời các bạn tham khảo ở bài viết trạng từ trong tiếng Anh .
• Đối với các động từ đặc biệt như: think (nghĩ), believe (tin tưởng), suppose (giả sử), image (tưởng tượng) khi đi với mệnh đề “that” thì “not” phải được chia ở vế trước với các động từ đặc biệt trên. Ví dụ: I don’t think that I can swim. NOT : I think that I can not swim.
• Trong câu phủ định, ta không dùng các đại từ như some, someone, somebody, something, somewhere. Mà thay vào đó, sử dụng các đại từ như any, anything, anyone, anybody, anywhere để thay thế. Ví dụ: Anyone brings me a chair. (AI đó mang cho tôi một cái ghế).

5.2 Câu nghi vấn

• Các câu nghi vấn bắt đầu bằng WH-questions bao gồm: When (khi nào), where (ở đâu), who (ai), why (tại sao), how (như thế nào), whose (của ai), what (cái gì), … Ví dụ: What do you like? (Bạn thích cái gì?) When do you arrive? (Khi nào bạn rời đi?)

6. Bài tập thực hành

Bài tập: Chuyển các câu khẳng định sau thành câu phủ định 1/Nam wrote an essay in Literature class this morning. 2/I watched TV yesterday morning. 3/Nam and you were in the English club last Tuesday 4/They ate noodles two hours ago. 5/We always had a nice time on Christmas holiday in the past. 6/My father decorated the Christmas tree. 7/She buys a new dress. 8/They will be late for school. 9/Mr.Tam took his children to the museum last Sunday. 10/Hoa had made a cushion for her armchair. 11/They are painting their house yellow. 12/This dress was fit. 13/I saw her two days ago.

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Bài 2: Chuyển những câu sau sang câu phủ định và nghi vấn 1. Nam wrote an essay in Literature class this morning. 2. I watched TV yesterday morning.

Bài 2:  Chuyển những câu sau sang câu phủ định và nghi vấn 1. Nam wrote an essay in Literature class this morning. 2. I watched TV yesterday morning. 3. Nam and you were in the English club last Tuesday 4. They ate noodles two hours ago. 5. We always had a nice time on Christmas holiday in the past. 6. My father decorated the Christmas tree. 7. She bought a new dress yesterday. 8. They were late for school. 9. Mr.Tam took his children to the museum last Sunday. 10. Hoa made a cushion for her armchair.

0 bình luận về “Bài 2: Chuyển những câu sau sang câu phủ định và nghi vấn 1. Nam wrote an essay in Literature class this morning. 2. I watched TV yesterday morning.”

1. Nam wrote an essay in Literature class this morning.

Did Nam write an essay in Literature class this morning?

Nam didn’t write an essay in Literature class this morning.

2) I watched TV yesterday morning.

Did you watch TV yesterday morning.?

I didn’t watch TV yesterday morning.

3) Nam and you were in the English club last Tuesday

Were Nam and you in the English club last Tuesday?

Nam and you weren’t in the English club last Tuesday

4. They ate noodles two hours ago.

 Did they eat noodles two hours ago.?

They didn’t eat noodles two hours ago.

5) We always had a nice time on Christmas holiday in the past.

Did you always have a nice time on Christmas holiday in the past.?

We always didn’t have a nice time on Christmas holiday in the past.

6. My father decorated the Christmas tree.

Did your father decorate the Christmas tree.?

 My father didn’t decorate the Christmas tree.

7)She bought a new dress yesterday.

Did she buy a new dress yesterday.?

She didn’t buy a new dress yesterday.

8)They were late for school.

Were they late for school.?

They weren’t late for school.

9)Mr.Tam took his children to the museum last Sunday.

Did Mr.Tam take his children to the museum last Sunday.?

Mr.Tam didn’t take his children to the museum last Sunday.

10. Hoa made a cushion for her armchair.

10. Did Hoa make a cushion for her armchair.?

10. Hoa didn’t make a cushion for her armchair.

→ Nam didn’t write an essay in Literature class this morning.

→ Did Nam write an essay in Literature class this morning ?

2. I watched TV yesterday morning.

→ I didn’t watch TV yesterday morning.

→ Did you watch TV yesterday morning?

3. Nam and you were in the English club last Tuesday.

→Nam and you didn’t are in the English club last Tuesday.

→Were Nam and you are in the English club last Tuesday?

→They didn’t eat noodles two hours ago.

→Did they eat noodles two hours ago?

5.We always had a nice time on Christmas holiday in the past .

→We always don’t have a nice time on Christmas holiday in the past.

→Do we always have a nice time on Christmas holiday in the past?

→ My father didn’t decorate the Christmas tree.

→ Did your father decorate the Christmas tree?

7. She bought a new dress yesterday.

→ She didn’t buy a new dress yesterday.

→ Did she buy a new dress yesterday?

8. They were late for school.

→ They weren’t late for school.

→ Were they are late for school?

9. Mr.Tam took his children to the museum last Sunday.

→ Mr.Tam dind’t take his children to the museum last Sunday.

→ Did Mr.Tam take his children to the museum last Sunday?

10 .Hoa made a cushion for her armchair.

→ Hoa didn’t make a cushion for her armchair.

→ Did Hoa make a cushion for her armchair?

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Bài 2:    Chuyển những câu sau sang câu phủ định và nghi vấn

1.     Nam wrote an essay in Literature class this morning.

2.     I watched TV yesterday morning.

3.     Nam and you were in the English club last Tuesday

4.     They ate noodles two hours ago.

5.     We always had a nice time on Christmas holiday in the past.

6.     My father decorated the Christmas tree.

7.     She bought a new dress yesterday.

8.     They were late for school.

9.     Mr.Tam took his children to the museum last Sunday.

10.    Hoa made a cushion for her armchair.

1 Nam didn't write an essay in literature class this morning.

Did Nam write an essay in literature class this morning?

2 I didn't watch TV yesterday morning.

Did you watch TV yesterday morning?

3 Nam and you weren't in the E club last Tuesday.

Were Nam and you in the E club last Tuesday?

4 They didn't eat noodles two hours ago.

Did they eat noodles two hours ago?

5 We didn't always have a nice time on Christmas holiday in the past.

Did you always have a nice time on Christmas holiday in the past?

6 My father didn't decorated the Christmas tree 

Did your father decorated the Christmas tree?

7 She didn't buy a new dress yesterday.

Did she buy a new dress yesterday?

8 They weren't late at school.

Were they late at school?

9 Mr.Tam didn't take his children to the museum last Sunday.

Did mr.Tam take his children to the museum last Sunday?

10 Hoa didn't make a cushion for her armchair.

Did Hoa make a cushion for her airmchair?

santa claus gives children presents on Christmas Eve ->

Hoa sent a Christmas card to Lan last Christmas

3.Santa Claus gives children presents on Christmas Eve

4.Mary’sparentssenther some money.

5.Each competitor must take a bottle on the river bank

6.Did theybuildthis monument ten years ago?

.7.They delayedthe football match

8.People put many kinds of newspapers on the table

9.Tom must write this essay.

10.My father has just boughta lot of new books

1.People will publish this novel in February

2.They are building a new hotel3.Betty has just sent Mai many postcards

4.Hoa sent her mother a gift

5.They will build many new schools in the future

6.Student smust write the answer in ink

7.He wrote all the songs on this new album

8.They held rice-cooking festival in Thon Trieu last year

9.We must solve this problem soon

10.Nguyen Du wroteTruyen Kieu

1.We must do something for these poor men

2.They have to separate the rice from the husk

3 .He shouldn’t do that silly thing

4.The boy operates that tape-recorder

5.They gave us a post card

6.The student cleaned the room every day

7.I had lost some of my books

8.We believe these boys to become better

9.The scientists found the problem

10.The cat pulls the pan into the sink

1.He gives her a novel about a love story

2.They were painting a house

3.She is watering those flowers

4.We had finished our reports in three months

5.He ought to sell that car

6.We have seen her at the station

7.The librarian will give students the books.

8.He showed me the way to Thames River

9.He was learning in his room at 8.30 yesterday

10.You can buy me an envelope

1.We have just bought a car

2.We have just met Jim

3.They visited the church two years ago

4.Mrs. Green is cooking the food in the kitchen.

5.The doctor examined the patients

6.These boys made that noise

7.I can’t do these exercises quickly

8.She had finished the report by noon

9.The movie has disappointed us very much

10.They have to pay the bill before the first of the month

1.They will ask you several questions.

2.My parents promised me a bicycle two days ago

3.Somebody has locked the box and I can’t open it

.4.Somebody calls the president every morning

5.Airplanes are carrying food to the flood region now.

.6.Nam can repair this sewing machine.

7.People advised us not to go out alone

8.The police ought to put the robbers in prison.

9.They had checked her handbag.

10.Susan’s father has promised her a new watch.

1.You will answer all the questions on the paper

2.The earthquake has destroyed many buildings

.3.He has just killed a tiger

4.Lan’s mother is making her a dress

.5.We saw Mrs. Quyen leave her house at 9 o’clock

.6.Mr. Lam must finish this work before June.

.7.My parents are going to buy a new TV tomorrow

.8.We haven’t seen Peter yet.

9.Nam and Ba are painting the fence.

10.Hoa reads a story book after dinner.

1.They were building a new school here when we came.

2.He will send his parents a gift

3.She has bought two new dresses recently

4.You must write these music lessons in ink

5.We saw our friends outside the church yesterday

6.Lan saw an accident on Le Loi street yesterday

7.People can grow potatoes in this farm

8.I have seen that exciting film many times.

9.My father drinks a cup of tea in the morning

10.Bill called his boss yesterday

1.Susan is phoning her boyfriend in the living room now

.2.Mr. and Mrs. Long were playing chess when we came

.3.His parents have just given him a new dictionary

4.We grow rubber trees in our country

5.He met his father at the front gate

6.People can’t plant rubber trees in the desert

santa claus gives children presents on Christmas Eve ->children are given presents by santa claus on christmas Eve

Hoa sent a Christmas card to Lan last Christmas=>A Christmas card was sent to Lan by Hoa last Christmas

3.Santa Claus gives children presents on Christmas Eve=>lap lai c1

4.Mary’sparentssenther some money.=>?

5.Each competitor must take a bottle on the river bank=>A bottle must be taken on the river baknk by each competitor

6.Did theybuildthis monument ten years ago?=>Was this monument built 10 years ago?

.7.They delayedthe football match=>The football match was delayed

8.People put many kinds of newspapers on the table=>Many kinds of newspapers are put ont the table

9.Tom must write this essay.=>This essay must be written by Tom

10.My father has just boughta lot of new books=>A lot of new books have just been bought by my father

PAST SIMPLE TENSE + PRESENT PERFECT TENSE (3) Exercise 1: Choose the best answer to complete the following sentences

1. There _________ a serious food in this area last year.

A. was B. has been C. were D. have been

2. She _________ me good health and success on my last birthday.

A. wished B. wishes C. has wished D. wishing

3. The last time they __________Ha Noi was in 2008.

A. visit B. visited C. visiting D. have visited

4. She __________her project yet.

A. hasn’t finished B. has finished C. finished D. didn’t finish

5. I __________English since I was a child.

A. have learn B. has learnt C. learnt D. have learnt

6. Last week, I ___________Ha Long Bay with my family.

A. visited B. visit C. am visiting D. have visited

7. She ___________five novels so far.

A. have written B wrote C. writes D. has written

8. They first __________each other in 2009.

A. meet B. met C. will meet D. have met

9. We have been good friends since we________at School.

A. are B. were C. have been D. was

10. There ________an outbreak of coronavirus in the world lately.

A. were B. was C. has been D. have been

Exercise 2: Rewrite the following sentences using past simple and present perfect tenses.

11. I began watching TV three hours ago.

A. I have watched TV for three hours.

B. I have watched TV for three hours ago.

C. I have watched TV since three hours.

12. The last time she ate fast food was in January.

A. She has eaten fast food since January.

B. She hasn’t eaten fast food since January.

C. She hasn’t eaten fast food for January.

13. He has played soccer since three o’clock.

A. He started to play soccer at three o’clock.

B. He started to play soccer three o’clock ago.

C. He started to play soccer three o’clock before.

14. I haven’t met her for a long time.

A. It’s a long time since I have met her.

B. It’s a long time since I haven’t met her.

C. It’s a long time since I last met her.

15. Tuan started to do his homework ten minutes ago.

A. Tuan has done his homework since ten minutes.

B. Tuan has done his homework for ten minutes.

C. Tuan have done his homework for ten minutes.

16. When did you study English?

A. How long have you studied English?

B. How long did you study English?

C. How long has you studied English?

17. They began building this house 2 months ago.

A. They haven’t built this house for 2 months.

B. They have built this house for 2 months ago.

C. They have built this house for 2 months.

18. My father started to work in this factory last week.

A. My father has worked in this factory in last week.

B. My father has worked in this factory for last week.

C. My father has worked in this factory since last week.

19. How long has he worked in the garden?

A. When has he worked in the garden?

B. When did he start to work in the garden?

C. When did he started to work in the garden?

20. How long ago did you learn music?

A. How long have you learnt music?

B. How long have you started to learn music?

C. How long did you learn music?

Complete the sentences using the suggested words

1. She/buy/new dress/yesterday

2. They/be/late/school

3. Hoa/make/cushion/her armchair

4. What/Liz/see/Tri Nguyen Aquarium?

5. They/arrive/airport/8 o'clock this morning

6.They/live/here/2 years old

7. I/speak/her/my vacation

8. The children/be happy/their trip/Nha Trang

9.I/be/happy/last night

10. She/watch/TV a lot

=> She bought a new dress yesterday.

=> They were late for school.

=> Hoa made a cushion for her armchair.

=> What did Liz see at Tri Nguyen Aquarium?

5. They/arrive/airport/8 o'clock this morning

=> They arrived at the airport at 8 o'clock this morning.

=> They have lived here for 2 years old.

=> I spoke to her about my vacation.

=> The children were happy about their trip to Nha Trang.

=> I was very happy last night.

=> She watched TV a lot.

Nam ( help ) his father repair the radio at this time .

she ( catch) a bad cold 2 days ago .

He ( not come) to the meeting last week .

Yesterday , Hoa and her aunt ( go ) to the supermarket

When you ( buy) this dress ? Two days ago .

Nga ( talk) to her friends now .

They ( live ) with their grandparents .

She ( have ) a meeting tonight .

Tomorrow I ( go ) to school by bus .

She ( study )maps in Geography .

She ( come ) here next month .

You often ( watch ) TV ?

Thanh and Mai always ( see ) a movie on Saturday .

She often (not do) homework in the evening.

They often (visit) their parents on Saturday

Nam ( help ) is helping his father repair the radio at this time .

she ( catch) caught a bad cold 2 days ago .

He ( not come) didn't come to the meeting last week .

Yesterday , Hoa and her aunt ( go ) went to the supermarket

When did you ( buy) buy this dress ? Two days ago .

Nga ( talk) is talking to her friends now .

They ( live ) live with their grandparents .

She ( have ) is going to have a meeting tonight .

Tomorrow I ( go ) am going to school by bus .

She ( study ) studies maps in Geography .

She ( come ) will come here next month .

Do You often ( watch ) watch TV ?

Thanh and Mai always ( see ) see a movie on Saturday .

She doesn't often (not do) do homework in the evening.

They often (visit) visit their parents on Saturday

Nam ( help ) is helping his father repair the radio at this time.

she ( catch) caught a bad cold 2 days ago.

He ( not come ) didn't come to the meeting last week.

Yesterday , Hoa and her aunt ( go ) went to the supermarket.

When did you ( buy) buy this dress ? Two days ago.

Nga ( talk) is talking to her friends now.

She ( have ) is going to have a meeting tonight.

Tomorrow I ( go ) will go to school by bus.

She ( study ) studies maps in Geography.

She ( come ) will come here next month.

Do you often ( watch ) watch TV?

Thanh and Mai always ( see ) see a movie on Saturday.

They often (visit) visit their parents on Saturday.

Những từ in đậm nghiêng là dấu hiệu nhận biết thì nha!

Match each pair of sentences with suitable relative adverb.

1. Last week I went to see the house. I used o live in it.

2. He used to go to work late. That's why he was sacked.

3. I never forget the park. We met each other for the first time at this park.

4. The report was prepared yesterday. There was a heavy rain outside yesterday.

5. Her husband was abroad in September. She bought this house at that time.

6. This is my beloved school. I studided here when I was young.

7. They came home very late last night. Most of the family member had gone to sleep at that time.

8. the shop is over there. I bought these pencils at the shop

9. John was absent from class yesterday. She knew the reason for this but she didn't tell the teacher.

10. Everybody is off on Sunday. The children often go swimming on Sunday.

1. Last week I went to see the house which I used to live in

2. He used to go to work late, so he was sacked.

3. I never forget the park where we met each other for the first time

4. The report was prepared yesterday when there was a heavy rain outside

5. Her husband was abroad in September when she bought this house

6. This school which I studided when I was young is my beloved

7. They came home very late last night when most of the family member had gone to sleep.

8. the shop that I bought these pencils is over there

9. John who was absent from class yesterday knew the reason for this but she didn't tell the teacher.

10. Everybody is off on Sunday that the children often go swimming

I. Use the correct verbs form : 1. He wish he (be) a doctor .......................................................................................................................................... 2. I wish they (be) here tomorrow ......................................................................................................................................... 3. They wish they (have) a new house ........................................................................................................................................... 4. I ( not meet ) him last week ......................................................................................................................................... 5. He wishes you ( help) him ........................................................................................................................................ 6. I wish that I ( know) how to mend this shirt ......................................................................................................................................... 7. What you (do) yesterday morning ? ......................................................................................................................................... 8. They ( go) to the party last Sunday? .......................................................................................................................................... 9. Mr.Ba (teach) French two years ago .......................................................................................................................................... 10. We last ( meet) our uncle last week .......................................................................................................................................... 11. When I was young . I (play) badminton for my local team. ......................................................................................................................................... 12. He (be) at school yesterday afternoon ......................................................................................................................................... 13. There (be) only a few people at the party last night ........................................................................................................................................... 14, It's ages since I last ( see) a comedy film on television .......................................................................................................................................... 15. Where ( be) your parents at 7pm last night? ......................................................................................................................................... 16. My younger sister ( not wear) T - shist when she went to school ......................................................................................................................................... 17. Tony ( stay)at home last night .He ( not go out). .......................................................................................................................................... 18.Five years ago, he ( live) in the country with his parents .......................................................................................................................................... 19. My mother and my brother (be) in America last year ......................................................................................................................................... 20. I ( not be) at Mary's party last night , but my friends (be) .......................................................................................................................................... 21. You ( go ) ou last night ? Yes . I (go ) to the cinema but I (not enjoy) the movie much ........................................................................................................................................................................... 22. He (be ) sick and he (have) to stay in bed all day yesterday .......................................................................................................................................... 23. Many years ago , most people in Viet Nam ( not have) TV sets .......................................................................................................................................... 24. When they ( be) young , they ( leave) their family and ( go) to HCM city ................................................................................................................................................... 25. When I( be) a child , I ( can/go) (swim) ......................................................................................................................................... 26. Lan ( not listen) to music last night ............................................................................................................................................ 27. I ( tidy) my desk yesterday .......................................................................................................................................... 28. We ( buy) this picture a long time ago ........................................................................................................................................ 29. I wish I ( can remember) her name .......................................................................................................................................... 30. Her granmother last ( make) a dress years ago ............................................................................................................................................

I. Use the correct verbs form : 1. He wish he (be) were a doctor 2. I wish they (be) would be here tomorrow 3. They wish they (have) had a new house 4. I ( not meet ) didn't meet him last week 5. He wishes you ( help) would help him 6. I wish that I ( know) knew how to mend this shirt 7. What did you (do) do yesterday morning ? 8. Did They ( go) go to the party last Sunday? 9. Mr.Ba (teach) taught French two years ago 10. We last ( meet) met our uncle last week 11. When I was young . I (play) played badminton for my local team. 12. He (be) was at school yesterday afternoon 13. There (be) were only a few people at the party last night 14, It's ages since I last ( see) saw a comedy film on television 15. Where ( be) were your parents being at 7pm last night? 16. My younger sister ( not wear) doesn't wearr T - shist when she went to school 17. Tony ( stay) stayed at home last night .He ( not go out) didn't go out . 18.Five years ago, he ( live) lived in the country with his parents 19. My mother and my brother (be) were in America last year 20. I ( not be) at Mary's party last night , but my friends (be) 21. Did You ( go ) go ou last night ? Yes . I (go ) went to the cinema but I (not enjoy) didn't enjoy the movie much 22. He (be ) was sick and he (have) had to stay in bed all day yesterday 23. Many years ago , most people in Viet Nam ( not have) didn't have TV sets 24. When they ( be) were young , they ( leave) left their family and ( go) went to HCM city 25. When I( be) was a child , I ( can/go) (swim) could go swimming 26. Lan ( not listen) didn't listen to music last night 27. I ( tidy) tidied my desk yesterday 28. We ( buy) bought this picture a long time ago 29. I wish I ( can remember) could remember her name 30. Her granmother last ( make) made a dress years ago

IV. Each sentence has a mistake find and correct it.

1. Having studied in English for three years, Lan is used to speak => speaking English with her classmate.

2. Sarah was the more=> most capable of the three girls who took part in the play.

3. They study=> have studied English for several years.

4. They work hardly=> hard from morning till night.

5. Nam’s father is accustomed to stay=> staying up late typing his documents.

6. His teacher doesn’t allow ( thêm students) to talk in class.

7. There were so much=> many people that there weren’t enough seat for every one.

8. They are believing=> believe in the story that he is making up.

9. He left the room without to say=> saying a word.

10. Lan wishes that she went=> had gone to the party last night

I,Write''where,when,or why''to complete the sentences

1,We visited the school ..................my father taught

2,I met her last month....................she came to our house

3,We all looked at the place..............the fire had started

4,Did they tell you the reason ........................they were late?

5,The cat sat on the wall ..........................it had a good view of the birds

6,They arrived in the evening ,at a time..........................we were all out

7,I couldn't understand the reason ......................they were so rude

8,I met him in the cafe .........................he was working as a waiter

9,I listen to music late at night ,....................the children have gone to bed

10,I bought them in August ,.....................I was in France

I,Write''where,when,or why''to complete the sentences

1,We visited the school ......... where .........my father taught

2,I met her last month......... when ...........she came to our house

3,We all looked at the place....... where .......the fire had started

4,Did they tell you the reason ........... why .............they were late?

5,The cat sat on the wall .......... where ................it had a good view of the birds

6,They arrived in the evening ,at a time............. when .............we were all out

7,I couldn't understand the reason .......... why ............they were so rude

8,I met him in the cafe ........... where ..............he was working as a waiter

9,I listen to music late at night ,......... when ...........the children have gone to bed

10,I bought them in August ,........ when .............I was in France

Bảng xếp hạng

• NL Nguyễn Lê Phước Thịnh 57 GP
• T Toru 10 GP
• NQ Nguyễn Quang Tâm 10 GP
• LQ Luu Quynh Anh 10 GP
• 7 789000 7 GP
• KV Kiều Vũ Linh 6 GP
• LS Lê Song Phương 5 GP
• P Pencil 3 GP
• VD Vũ Đức Thắng 3 GP
• NN Nguyễn Ngọc Anh Minh VIP 2 GP

Các khóa học có thể bạn quan tâm

Yêu cầu vip.

Học liệu này đang bị hạn chế, chỉ dành cho tài khoản VIP cá nhân, vui lòng nhấn vào đây để nâng cấp tài khoản.

Chuyển những câu sau sang câu phủ định và nghi vấn Nam wrote an essay in Literature class this morning. I watched TV yesterda

Chuyển những câu sau sang câu phủ định và nghi vấn Nam wrote an essay in Literature class this morning. I watched TV yesterday morning. Nam and you were in the English club last Tuesday They ate noodles two hours ago. We always had a nice time on Christmas holiday in the past. My father decorated the Christmas tree. She bought a new dress yesterday. They were late for school. Mr.Tam took his children to the museum last Sunday. Hoa made a cushion for her armchair.

1 bình luận về “Chuyển những câu sau sang câu phủ định và nghi vấn Nam wrote an essay in Literature class this morning. I watched TV yesterda”

Viết một bình luận hủy.

Lưu tên của tôi, email, và trang web trong trình duyệt này cho lần bình luận kế tiếp của tôi.

Câu hỏi mới

• 1.What activities do ou like doing your free time? 2. When do you star this hobby ? And why 3. WHO Helps you to this hobby ?
• Read the passage and answer the following questions Alexander Fleming was born in 1881 in Scotland. He went to a small school
• 1. I know more than he does. => He doesnt ……………………………………………………………………….
• Nêu tất cả dấu hiệu nhận biết của thì hiện tại hoàn thành
• rewrite i drive to work => i go
• Đề bài. Viết lại câu với so sánh hơn so sánh nhất và so sánh bằng 1.I have many American stamps. Hoa has some American stamps

Câu phủ định của thì quá khứ đơn-Công thức, bài tập có đáp án

Thì quá khứ đơn là dạng ngữ pháp quan trọng trong tiếng anh mà bất cứ những ai học tiếng anh cũng cần biết và nắm rõ. Để giúp các bạn nắm chắc hơn về kiến thức về thì quá khứ đơn, hôm nay Bhiu.edu.vn sẽ giới thiệu đến các bạn bài viết Câu phủ định của thì quá khứ đơn . Mời các bạn tham khảo bài viết sau đây!

Khái niệm câu phủ định của thì quá khứ đơn

Quá khứ đơn [hay past simple] là thì dùng khi muốn diễn tả các tình huống, sự kiện hoặc hành động đã diễn ra trong quá khứ.

Khi được dùng ở thể phủ định [hay negative], động từ phủ định, dùng để bác bỏ một cái gì đó về chủ ngữ.

Cấu trúc câu phủ định của thì quá khứ đơn

Quá khứ đơn [hay past simple] của động từ thường [regular] và bất quy tắc [irregular], ở thể phủ định, có cấu trúc:

Subject + did + not + verb + …

Đăng ký thành công. Chúng tôi sẽ liên hệ với bạn trong thời gian sớm nhất!

Để gặp tư vấn viên vui lòng click TẠI ĐÂY .

• Did là hình thức quá khứ của do.
• Dạng rút gọn của thể phủ định là didn’t.

Câu hỏi và phủ định của động từ bất quy tắc trong tiếng anh có cấu trúc giống như động từ thông thường.

Ví dụ câu phủ định của thì quá khứ đơn

• I didn’t plant some flowers yesterday.
• I didn’t study about flowers for the exams.
• The school didn’t decide that all students should play soccer. 
• They didn’t travel all over the place.

Cách dùng câu phủ định của thì quá khứ đơn

Các bạn có thể sử dụng thì quá khứ đơn [past simple] ở thể phủ định [negative] dùng để từ chối:

• Hành động, tình huống hoặc sự kiện đã xảy ra và đã kết thúc trong quá khứ;
• Các sự kiện hoặc thói quen lặp đi lặp lại nhiều lần trong quá khứ;
• Các sự kiện trong quá khứ và với các dấu hiệu thời gian như: hai tuần trước, năm ngoái, năm 2015, ngày hôm qua.

Xem thêm các bài viết liên quan:

• Câu nghi vấn của thì quá khứ đơn
• Câu nghi vấn của thì hiện tại hoàn thành
• Thể phủ định của thì hiện tại hoàn thành

Các bạn có thể sử dụng thì quá khứ đơn [past simple] ở thể phủ định [negative] dùng để từ chối các tình huống xảy ra và kết thúc trong quá khứ.

Khi các bạn sử dụng thì quá khứ đơn ở thể phủ định, các bạn sử dụng chủ ngữ theo sau là did not và dạng cơ bản của động từ.

They didn’t work in the company yesterday.–> Họ không làm việc ở công ty ngày hôm qua.

Bài tập câu phủ định của thì quá khứ đơn

1/Nam wrote an essay in Literature class this morning.

___________________________________________________________

2/I watched TV yesterday morning.

3/Nam and you were in the English club last Tuesday

4/They ate noodles two hours ago.

5/We always had a nice time on Christmas holiday in the past.

6/My father decorated the Christmas tree.

7/She bought a new dress yesterday.

8/They were late for school.

9/ Mr.Tam took his children to the museum last Sunday.

10/Hoa made a cushion for her armchair.

11/They painted their house yellow.

12/This dress was fit.

13/I saw her two days ago.

Bài viết trên đây là Câu phủ định của thì quá khứ đơn. Bhiu hy vọng với những thông tin hữu ích này sẽ giúp bạn học tiếng anh tốt hơn. Bạn hãy ghé thăm   Học ngữ pháp tiếng Anh   để có thêm kiến thức mỗi ngày .

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• Bài viết mới
• Tìm kiếm trên diễn đàn

Đổi câu khẳng định sang phủ định và nghi vấn

• Thread starter djbirurn9x
• Ngày gửi 3 Tháng một 2010
• Views 35,941
• Bạn có 1 Tin nhắn và 1 Thông báo mới. [Xem hướng dẫn] để sử dụng diễn đàn tốt hơn trên điện thoại
• LUYỆN THI QUỐC GIA HAI TRONG MỘT
• Chương trình luyện thi PEN - M
• Môn TIẾNG ANH
• 3 Tháng một 2010

tranthuha93

1/Nam did not write an essay in Literature class this morning. 2/I did not watch TV yesterday morning. 3/Nam and you were not in the English club last Tuesday 4/They did not eat noodles two hours ago. 5/We always did not have a nice time on Christmas holiday in the past. 6/My father did not decorate the Christmas tree. 7/She did not buy a new dress yesterday. 8/They were not late for school. 9/Mr.Tam did not take his children to the museum last Sunday. 10/Hoa did not make a cushion for her armchair. 11/Theydid not paint their house yellow. 12/This dress was not fit. 13/I did not see her two days ago. trời đất ạ bn tự làm đi, mấy cái này học thuộc cấu trúc là làm được mà, mình giúp vậy thôi  

olympuslord

1. An essay in Literature class was written by Nam this morning. 2. What did you do yesterday morning?. 3. 4. What did they do two hours ago?. 5. What did you always have on Christmas holiday in the past?. 6.The Christmas tree was decorated by my father. 7. A new dress was bought by her yesterday. 8. 9. Where did Mr. Tam take his children to, last Sunday? 10. A cushion was made by Hoa for her armchair. 11. Their house was painted yellow. 12. 13. She was seen by me two days ago. các bạn sửa giúp mình nha! các câu còn lại mong bạn chỉ giáo! có thể liên lạc: samurai_sword95( Yahoo ID) sai đề thông cảm! các câu phủ định mình nhìn ra là chủ động bị động. sorry bạn nhưng bạn thuha93 làm đúng rồi đó chỉ có điều không có câu nghi vấn!  

• 2 Tháng hai 2013

co cau truc khong .cho minh xem voi,chieu nay kiem tra  

ngolong898 said: co cau truc khong .cho minh xem voi,chieu nay kiem tra Bấm để xem đầy đủ nội dung ...

(+) S + V/ V(s;es) + ...... (có thể là trạng từ hay tân ngữ) . (-) S + do/ does not + V +................ (?) Do/ Does + S + V. Bấm để xem đầy đủ nội dung ...

(+) S + is/am/are + Ving. (-) S + is/am/are not + Ving. (?) Is/Am/ Are + S + Ving? Bấm để xem đầy đủ nội dung ...

(+) S + Ved/ P.P. Bấm để xem đầy đủ nội dung ...

(-) S + didn’t + V. (?) Did + S + V? Bấm để xem đầy đủ nội dung ...

(+) S + was/ were + Ving (-) S + was / were not + Ving. (?) Was/ Were + S + Ving. Bấm để xem đầy đủ nội dung ...

nhungsocola_hd

• 22 Tháng bảy 2013

Thì HTĐ: Trích: (+) S + V/ V(s;es) + ...... (có thể là trạng từ hay tân ngữ). (-) S + do/ does not + V +................ (?) Do/ Does + S + V. I, you, we, they, danh từ số nhiều + DO. He, she, it, danh từ số ít/ không đếm được + DOES. Hiện tại tiếp diễn: Trích: (+) S + is/am/are + Ving. (-) S + is/am/are not + Ving. (?) Is/Am/ Are + S + Ving? Quá khứ đơn: Trích: (+) S + Ved/ P.P. Trích: (-) S + didn’t + V. (?) Did + S + V? Quá khứ tiếp diễn: Trích: (+) S + was/ were + Ving (-) S + was / were not + Ving. (?) Was/ Were + S + Ving.  

• 24 Tháng hai 2014

Bạn vào đây học lại từ đầu đi ! Nếu ko là bạn xem như mất gốc đó : http://diendan.hocmai.vn/showthread.php?t=341005  

• Vui lòng cài đặt tỷ lệ % hiển thị từ 85-90% ở trình duyệt trên máy tính để sử dụng diễn đàn được tốt hơn.

Bài 2 Chuyên những câu sau sang câu phủ định và nghi van. 1. Nam wrote an essay in Literature class this morning. 2. I watched TV yesterday morning. 3. Nam

Giúp ik mà :))) plssssssssssssss ssss.

Lời giải 1 :

1. Nam didn't write an essay in literature class this morning

Did Nam wrIte an essay in literature class this morning?

2. I didn't watch tv yesterday morning

Did you watch tv yesterday morning?

3. Nam and you were not in the English club last Tuesday

Were Nam and you in the English club last Tuesday?

4. they didn't eat noodles two hours ago

Did they eat noodles two hours ago?

5. W e didn't always have a nice time on Christmas holiday in the past.

Did you always have a nice time on Christmas holiday in the past.?

6. M y father doesn't decorate the Christmas tree

Does your father decorate the Christmas tree?

7. She didn't buy a new dress yesterday.

Did she bought a new dress yesterday?

8.They weren't late for school.

Were they late for school? 9.Mr.Tam didn't take his children to the museum last Sunday.

Did Mr.Tam take his children to the museum last Sunday? 10.Hoa didn't make a cushion for her armchair.

Did Hoa make a cushion for her armchair?

 Công thức câu phủ định thì qkđ: 

 S + did not/didn't + V1+ O 

 Công thức câu hỏi thì QKĐ 

 Did + S + V1 + O...? 

#Chúc bạn học tốt

$@Thienmunz24$

Lời giải 2 :

1, Nam didn't write an essay in Literature class this morning.

   Did Nam write an essay in Literature class this morning?

2, I didn't watch TV yesterday morning.

    Did you watch TV yesterday morning?

3. Nam and you weren't in the English class.

    Were Nam and you in the English class?

4, They didn't eat noodles 2 hours ago.

    Did they eat noodles 2 hours ago?

5, We didn't always have a nice time on Christmas holiday in the past.

    Did we always have a nice time on Christmas holiday in the past?

6, My father didn't decorate the Christmas tree.

    Did my father decorate the Christmas tree?

7, She didn't buy a new dress yesterday.

    Did she buy a new dress yesterday?

8, They weren't late for school.

    Were they late for school?

9, Mr. Tam didn't take his children to museum lasr Sunday.

   Did Mr. Tam take his children to museum lasr Sunday?

10, Hoa didn't make a cushion for her armchair.

      Did Hoa make a cushion for her armchair?

#chucbanhoctot

Có thể bạn quan tâm

Bạn có biết.

Tiếng Anh hay Anh Ngữ (English /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/ ) là một ngôn ngữ German Tây, được nói từ thời thời Trung cổ tại Anh, ngày nay là lingua franca toàn cầu.Từ English bắt nguồn từ Angle, một trong những bộ tộc German đã di cư đến Anh (chính từ "Angle" lại bắt nguồn từ bán đảo Anglia (Angeln) bên biển Balt)

Lớp 6 - Là năm đầu tiên của cấp trung học cơ sở. Được sống lại những khỉ niệm như ngày nào còn lần đầu đến lớp 1, được quen bạn mới, ngôi trường mới, một tương lai mới!

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12.14: Sample Student Literary Analysis Essays

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• Page ID 40514

• Heather Ringo & Athena Kashyap
• City College of San Francisco via ASCCC Open Educational Resources Initiative

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The following examples are essays where student writers focused on close-reading a literary work.

While reading these examples, ask yourself the following questions:

• What is the essay's thesis statement, and how do you know it is the thesis statement?
• What is the main idea or topic sentence of each body paragraph, and how does it relate back to the thesis statement?
• Where and how does each essay use evidence (quotes or paraphrase from the literature)?
• What are some of the literary devices or structures the essays analyze or discuss?
• How does each author structure their conclusion, and how does their conclusion differ from their introduction?

Example 1: Poetry

Victoria Morillo

Instructor Heather Ringo

3 August 2022

How Nguyen’s Structure Solidifies the Impact of Sexual Violence in “The Study”

Stripped of innocence, your body taken from you. No matter how much you try to block out the instance in which these two things occurred, memories surface and come back to haunt you. How does a person, a young boy , cope with an event that forever changes his life? Hieu Minh Nguyen deconstructs this very way in which an act of sexual violence affects a survivor. In his poem, “The Study,” the poem's speaker recounts the year in which his molestation took place, describing how his memory filters in and out. Throughout the poem, Nguyen writes in free verse, permitting a structural liberation to become the foundation for his message to shine through. While he moves the readers with this poignant narrative, Nguyen effectively conveys the resulting internal struggles of feeling alone and unseen.

The speaker recalls his experience with such painful memory through the use of specific punctuation choices. Just by looking at the poem, we see that the first period doesn’t appear until line 14. It finally comes after the speaker reveals to his readers the possible, central purpose for writing this poem: the speaker's molestation. In the first half, the poem makes use of commas, em dashes, and colons, which lends itself to the idea of the speaker stringing along all of these details to make sense of this time in his life. If reading the poem following the conventions of punctuation, a sense of urgency is present here, as well. This is exemplified by the lack of periods to finalize a thought; and instead, Nguyen uses other punctuation marks to connect them. Serving as another connector of thoughts, the two em dashes give emphasis to the role memory plays when the speaker discusses how “no one [had] a face” during that time (Nguyen 9-11). He speaks in this urgent manner until the 14th line, and when he finally gets it off his chest, the pace of the poem changes, as does the more frequent use of the period. This stream-of-consciousness-like section when juxtaposed with the latter half of the poem, causes readers to slow down and pay attention to the details. It also splits the poem in two: a section that talks of the fogginess of memory then transitions into one that remembers it all.

In tandem with the fluctuating nature of memory, the utilization of line breaks and word choice help reflect the damage the molestation has had. Within the first couple of lines of the poem, the poem demands the readers’ attention when the line breaks from “floating” to “dead” as the speaker describes his memory of Little Billy (Nguyen 1-4). This line break averts the readers’ expectation of the direction of the narrative and immediately shifts the tone of the poem. The break also speaks to the effect his trauma has ingrained in him and how “[f]or the longest time,” his only memory of that year revolves around an image of a boy’s death. In a way, the speaker sees himself in Little Billy; or perhaps, he’s representative of the tragic death of his boyhood, how the speaker felt so “dead” after enduring such a traumatic experience, even referring to himself as a “ghost” that he tries to evict from his conscience (Nguyen 24). The feeling that a part of him has died is solidified at the very end of the poem when the speaker describes himself as a nine-year-old boy who’s been “fossilized,” forever changed by this act (Nguyen 29). By choosing words associated with permanence and death, the speaker tries to recreate the atmosphere (for which he felt trapped in) in order for readers to understand the loneliness that came as a result of his trauma. With the assistance of line breaks, more attention is drawn to the speaker's words, intensifying their importance, and demanding to be felt by the readers.

Most importantly, the speaker expresses eloquently, and so heartbreakingly, about the effect sexual violence has on a person. Perhaps what seems to be the most frustrating are the people who fail to believe survivors of these types of crimes. This is evident when he describes “how angry” the tenants were when they filled the pool with cement (Nguyen 4). They seem to represent how people in the speaker's life were dismissive of his assault and who viewed his tragedy as a nuisance of some sorts. This sentiment is bookended when he says, “They say, give us details , so I give them my body. / They say, give us proof , so I give them my body,” (Nguyen 25-26). The repetition of these two lines reinforces the feeling many feel in these scenarios, as they’re often left to deal with trying to make people believe them, or to even see them.

It’s important to recognize how the structure of this poem gives the speaker space to express the pain he’s had to carry for so long. As a characteristic of free verse, the poem doesn’t follow any structured rhyme scheme or meter; which in turn, allows him to not have any constraints in telling his story the way he wants to. The speaker has the freedom to display his experience in a way that evades predictability and engenders authenticity of a story very personal to him. As readers, we abandon anticipating the next rhyme, and instead focus our attention to the other ways, like his punctuation or word choice, in which he effectively tells his story. The speaker recognizes that some part of him no longer belongs to himself, but by writing “The Study,” he shows other survivors that they’re not alone and encourages hope that eventually, they will be freed from the shackles of sexual violence.

Works Cited

Nguyen, Hieu Minh. “The Study” Poets.Org. Academy of American Poets, Coffee House Press, 2018, https://poets.org/poem/study-0 .

Example 2: Fiction

Todd Goodwin

Professor Stan Matyshak

Advanced Expository Writing

Sept. 17, 20—

Poe’s “Usher”: A Mirror of the Fall of the House of Humanity

Right from the outset of the grim story, “The Fall of the House of Usher,” Edgar Allan Poe enmeshes us in a dark, gloomy, hopeless world, alienating his characters and the reader from any sort of physical or psychological norm where such values as hope and happiness could possibly exist. He fatalistically tells the story of how a man (the narrator) comes from the outside world of hope, religion, and everyday society and tries to bring some kind of redeeming happiness to his boyhood friend, Roderick Usher, who not only has physically and psychologically wasted away but is entrapped in a dilapidated house of ever-looming terror with an emaciated and deranged twin sister. Roderick Usher embodies the wasting away of what once was vibrant and alive, and his house of “insufferable gloom” (273), which contains his morbid sister, seems to mirror or reflect this fear of death and annihilation that he most horribly endures. A close reading of the story reveals that Poe uses mirror images, or reflections, to contribute to the fatalistic theme of “Usher”: each reflection serves to intensify an already prevalent tone of hopelessness, darkness, and fatalism.

It could be argued that the house of Roderick Usher is a “house of mirrors,” whose unpleasant and grim reflections create a dark and hopeless setting. For example, the narrator first approaches “the melancholy house of Usher on a dark and soundless day,” and finds a building which causes him a “sense of insufferable gloom,” which “pervades his spirit and causes an iciness, a sinking, a sickening of the heart, an undiscerned dreariness of thought” (273). The narrator then optimistically states: “I reflected that a mere different arrangement of the scene, of the details of the picture, would be sufficient to modify, or perhaps annihilate its capacity for sorrowful impression” (274). But the narrator then sees the reflection of the house in the tarn and experiences a “shudder even more thrilling than before” (274). Thus the reader begins to realize that the narrator cannot change or stop the impending doom that will befall the house of Usher, and maybe humanity. The story cleverly plays with the word reflection : the narrator sees a physical reflection that leads him to a mental reflection about Usher’s surroundings.

The narrator’s disillusionment by such grim reflection continues in the story. For example, he describes Roderick Usher’s face as distinct with signs of old strength but lost vigor: the remains of what used to be. He describes the house as a once happy and vibrant place, which, like Roderick, lost its vitality. Also, the narrator describes Usher’s hair as growing wild on his rather obtrusive head, which directly mirrors the eerie moss and straw covering the outside of the house. The narrator continually longs to see these bleak reflections as a dream, for he states: “Shaking off from my spirit what must have been a dream, I scanned more narrowly the real aspect of the building” (276). He does not want to face the reality that Usher and his home are doomed to fall, regardless of what he does.

Although there are almost countless examples of these mirror images, two others stand out as important. First, Roderick and his sister, Madeline, are twins. The narrator aptly states just as he and Roderick are entombing Madeline that there is “a striking similitude between brother and sister” (288). Indeed, they are mirror images of each other. Madeline is fading away psychologically and physically, and Roderick is not too far behind! The reflection of “doom” that these two share helps intensify and symbolize the hopelessness of the entire situation; thus, they further develop the fatalistic theme. Second, in the climactic scene where Madeline has been mistakenly entombed alive, there is a pairing of images and sounds as the narrator tries to calm Roderick by reading him a romance story. Events in the story simultaneously unfold with events of the sister escaping her tomb. In the story, the hero breaks out of the coffin. Then, in the story, the dragon’s shriek as he is slain parallels Madeline’s shriek. Finally, the story tells of the clangor of a shield, matched by the sister’s clanging along a metal passageway. As the suspense reaches its climax, Roderick shrieks his last words to his “friend,” the narrator: “Madman! I tell you that she now stands without the door” (296).

Roderick, who slowly falls into insanity, ironically calls the narrator the “Madman.” We are left to reflect on what Poe means by this ironic twist. Poe’s bleak and dark imagery, and his use of mirror reflections, seem only to intensify the hopelessness of “Usher.” We can plausibly conclude that, indeed, the narrator is the “Madman,” for he comes from everyday society, which is a place where hope and faith exist. Poe would probably argue that such a place is opposite to the world of Usher because a world where death is inevitable could not possibly hold such positive values. Therefore, just as Roderick mirrors his sister, the reflection in the tarn mirrors the dilapidation of the house, and the story mirrors the final actions before the death of Usher. “The Fall of the House of Usher” reflects Poe’s view that humanity is hopelessly doomed.

Poe, Edgar Allan. “The Fall of the House of Usher.” 1839. Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library . 1995. Web. 1 July 2012. < http://etext.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/PoeFall.html >.

Example 3: Poetry

Amy Chisnell

Professor Laura Neary

Writing and Literature

April 17, 20—

Don’t Listen to the Egg!: A Close Reading of Lewis Carroll’s “Jabberwocky”

“You seem very clever at explaining words, Sir,” said Alice. “Would you kindly tell me the meaning of the poem called ‘Jabberwocky’?”

“Let’s hear it,” said Humpty Dumpty. “I can explain all the poems that ever were invented—and a good many that haven’t been invented just yet.” (Carroll 164)

In Lewis Carroll’s Through the Looking-Glass , Humpty Dumpty confidently translates (to a not so confident Alice) the complicated language of the poem “Jabberwocky.” The words of the poem, though nonsense, aptly tell the story of the slaying of the Jabberwock. Upon finding “Jabberwocky” on a table in the looking-glass room, Alice is confused by the strange words. She is quite certain that “ somebody killed something ,” but she does not understand much more than that. When later she encounters Humpty Dumpty, she seizes the opportunity at having the knowledgeable egg interpret—or translate—the poem. Since Humpty Dumpty professes to be able to “make a word work” for him, he is quick to agree. Thus he acts like a New Critic who interprets the poem by performing a close reading of it. Through Humpty’s interpretation of the first stanza, however, we see the poem’s deeper comment concerning the practice of interpreting poetry and literature in general—that strict analytical translation destroys the beauty of a poem. In fact, Humpty Dumpty commits the “heresy of paraphrase,” for he fails to understand that meaning cannot be separated from the form or structure of the literary work.

Of the 71 words found in “Jabberwocky,” 43 have no known meaning. They are simply nonsense. Yet through this nonsensical language, the poem manages not only to tell a story but also gives the reader a sense of setting and characterization. One feels, rather than concretely knows, that the setting is dark, wooded, and frightening. The characters, such as the Jubjub bird, the Bandersnatch, and the doomed Jabberwock, also appear in the reader’s head, even though they will not be found in the local zoo. Even though most of the words are not real, the reader is able to understand what goes on because he or she is given free license to imagine what the words denote and connote. Simply, the poem’s nonsense words are the meaning.

Therefore, when Humpty interprets “Jabberwocky” for Alice, he is not doing her any favors, for he actually misreads the poem. Although the poem in its original is constructed from nonsense words, by the time Humpty is done interpreting it, it truly does not make any sense. The first stanza of the original poem is as follows:

’Twas brillig, and the slithy toves

Did gyre and gimble in the wabe;

All mimsy were the borogroves,

An the mome raths outgrabe. (Carroll 164)

If we replace, however, the nonsense words of “Jabberwocky” with Humpty’s translated words, the effect would be something like this:

’Twas four o’clock in the afternoon, and the lithe and slimy badger-lizard-corkscrew creatures

Did go round and round and make holes in the grass-plot round the sun-dial:

All flimsy and miserable were the shabby-looking birds

with mop feathers,

And the lost green pigs bellowed-sneezed-whistled.

By translating the poem in such a way, Humpty removes the charm or essence—and the beauty, grace, and rhythm—from the poem. The poetry is sacrificed for meaning. Humpty Dumpty commits the heresy of paraphrase. As Cleanth Brooks argues, “The structure of a poem resembles that of a ballet or musical composition. It is a pattern of resolutions and balances and harmonizations” (203). When the poem is left as nonsense, the reader can easily imagine what a “slithy tove” might be, but when Humpty tells us what it is, he takes that imaginative license away from the reader. The beauty (if that is the proper word) of “Jabberwocky” is in not knowing what the words mean, and yet understanding. By translating the poem, Humpty takes that privilege from the reader. In addition, Humpty fails to recognize that meaning cannot be separated from the structure itself: the nonsense poem reflects this literally—it means “nothing” and achieves this meaning by using “nonsense” words.

Furthermore, the nonsense words Carroll chooses to use in “Jabberwocky” have a magical effect upon the reader; the shadowy sound of the words create the atmosphere, which may be described as a trance-like mood. When Alice first reads the poem, she says it seems to fill her head “with ideas.” The strange-sounding words in the original poem do give one ideas. Why is this? Even though the reader has never heard these words before, he or she is instantly aware of the murky, mysterious mood they set. In other words, diction operates not on the denotative level (the dictionary meaning) but on the connotative level (the emotion(s) they evoke). Thus “Jabberwocky” creates a shadowy mood, and the nonsense words are instrumental in creating this mood. Carroll could not have simply used any nonsense words.

For example, let us change the “dark,” “ominous” words of the first stanza to “lighter,” more “comic” words:

’Twas mearly, and the churly pells

Did bimble and ringle in the tink;

All timpy were the brimbledimps,

And the bip plips outlink.

Shifting the sounds of the words from dark to light merely takes a shift in thought. To create a specific mood using nonsense words, one must create new words from old words that convey the desired mood. In “Jabberwocky,” Carroll mixes “slimy,” a grim idea, “lithe,” a pliable image, to get a new adjective: “slithy” (a portmanteau word). In this translation, brighter words were used to get a lighter effect. “Mearly” is a combination of “morning” and “early,” and “ringle” is a blend of “ring” and "dingle.” The point is that “Jabberwocky’s” nonsense words are created specifically to convey this shadowy or mysterious mood and are integral to the “meaning.”

Consequently, Humpty’s rendering of the poem leaves the reader with a completely different feeling than does the original poem, which provided us with a sense of ethereal mystery, of a dark and foreign land with exotic creatures and fantastic settings. The mysteriousness is destroyed by Humpty’s literal paraphrase of the creatures and the setting; by doing so, he has taken the beauty away from the poem in his attempt to understand it. He has committed the heresy of paraphrase: “If we allow ourselves to be misled by it [this heresy], we distort the relation of the poem to its ‘truth’… we split the poem between its ‘form’ and its ‘content’” (Brooks 201). Humpty Dumpty’s ultimate demise might be seen to symbolize the heretical split between form and content: as a literary creation, Humpty Dumpty is an egg, a well-wrought urn of nonsense. His fall from the wall cracks him and separates the contents from the container, and not even all the King’s men can put the scrambled egg back together again!

Through the odd characters of a little girl and a foolish egg, “Jabberwocky” suggests a bit of sage advice about reading poetry, advice that the New Critics built their theories on. The importance lies not solely within strict analytical translation or interpretation, but in the overall effect of the imagery and word choice that evokes a meaning inseparable from those literary devices. As Archibald MacLeish so aptly writes: “A poem should not mean / But be.” Sometimes it takes a little nonsense to show us the sense in something.

Brooks, Cleanth. The Well-Wrought Urn: Studies in the Structure of Poetry . 1942. San Diego: Harcourt Brace, 1956. Print.

Carroll, Lewis. Through the Looking-Glass. Alice in Wonderland . 2nd ed. Ed. Donald J. Gray. New York: Norton, 1992. Print.

MacLeish, Archibald. “Ars Poetica.” The Oxford Book of American Poetry . Ed. David Lehman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2006. 385–86. Print.

Attribution

• Sample Essay 1 received permission from Victoria Morillo to publish, licensed Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International ( CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 )
• Sample Essays 2 and 3 adapted from Cordell, Ryan and John Pennington. "2.5: Student Sample Papers" from Creating Literary Analysis. 2012. Licensed Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported ( CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 )

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Making Literary Analysis Engaging With Student-Created Companion Books

Literary analysis is rarely students’ favorite task, but having them write for their peers can make it more engaging.

The literary analysis essay is rarely a favorite among English language arts (ELA) teachers and their students. Creativity, student choice, relevance, and authentic audience seem more difficult to incorporate into this traditional, though ubiquitous, genre. 

This challenge is partly because students’ analytical essays rarely have an audience or purpose beyond the English classroom. I’ve tackled this challenge by incorporating technology and student collaboration, inviting students to create guidebooks or companion books for literature.

Many teachers have developed and adapted the companion book strategy to suit their goals and needs, but the following approach is what I’ve found most successful. The activity has made literary analysis a favorite among my students.

Companion Book Basics

Companion books accompany and elaborate on already-published texts (books, series, movies, video games, or TV shows). They target an audience who has already read—and enjoyed—the text but want to know more about it or wish it never ended. 

Companion books aim to provide readers a deeper understanding of concepts in the original work. They give information and teach readers about ideas, concepts, or references they may have missed. Fans of many famous series ( Star Wars , Harry Potter , Marvel comics, etc.) have long made companion books, like the subgenre of “ fanfic ” that supplements these popular texts.

How to make it work

While students will likely balk at the task of writing an essay on the theme of The Outsiders , an assignment to collaborate with classmates and contribute a few chapters for a companion book to The Outsiders can almost sound fun, especially if students get to choose the focus of their own chapters (e.g., “Symbolism and Staying Gold” and “Foreshadowing Death”). I have my students draft a few potential tables of contents for their collaborative companion books and then divvy up the chapters based on who wants to write what. This way, I can still give them individual grades based only on their contributed chapters. 

It’s all the more enjoyable and meaningful if they are able to publish their work. I find Canva for Education is ideal, but I’ve also used Book Creator and other means of publication both digitally and in print. Our librarian supports our book-signing events in the school library, complete with barcoding and shelving students’ companion books—making them real, published authors who are searchable in our library database. I get to enjoy watching current students find and read the companion books of previous students on the library shelves.

Where to start

My favorite way to make this project a success is to have my students do this writing without even knowing it; by the time I present them with the task to write an entire companion book, the bulk of their writing is already done. 

I have them capture some written thoughts as they read a text (be it a whole-class novel, literature circle book, or independent choice book), but I never collect or grade this writing. I call it their “Deep Thoughts Notebook,” and I typically use Notice & Note signposts or other prompts that can work with any text to elicit deep thinking about reading—not just surface-level summaries. 

It’s downright fun when I task students with writing an entire book (cue tween outrage) and then tell them the good news that they’ve pretty much already written it. Each entry in their notebooks could easily become an interesting chapter in a companion book, and they’ve already quoted, cited, and elaborated on their unique thoughts about the text.

Infinite possibilities

Companion books are versatile and easily adaptable. The simplest way to incorporate collaborative companion books into the ELA classroom is with a whole-class novel. (My students have written companion books titled Inside The Outsiders , To Kill a Mockingbird: A Companion , and Everyone’s Monster: A Guide to A Monster Calls ).  

However, I do very few whole-class novel studies and have still used companion books to suit many ELA endeavors in lieu of the formal, traditional literary analysis essay. Companion books work with literature circles, short stories, author studies, and more. This year, I even had two seventh-grade ultra-fans of the Wings of Fire books write their own companion guide to this series, which they read independently throughout the year; they’d never been more motivated or productive readers and writers. 

What’s more, companion books don’t need to be collaborative. Individual students can work throughout the year on their book as a long-term project. 

Final tip for success

Be sure to clarify that the purpose of a companion book is not to simply summarize the original text. The content of companion books should look much more like a formal literary analysis than a book report. To engender the depth and quality of writing comparable to that of a literary analysis essay, provide examples of companion books, and have students determine how they are similar to and different from other forms of writing. 

Students should be able to readily observe that companion books do very little summarizing and instead function much like analysis—they cite and elaborate on direct quotes from the text that are highly relevant to the particular focus of the chapter, and they are bookended by a formal introduction and conclusion, to name just several features. 

I like to help students embrace the specific purpose and audience of companion books by explaining what I call the “ Easter egg effect.” I tell them: “Your readers don’t need you to tell them the basics of the text—they already know the main characters and setting and plot. But what did you notice, and think they probably missed? A true analysis reveals something through detailed examination. What’s your hot take? What Easter eggs will your writing reveal?” 

This framing focuses both their reading of the text and their writing about it.

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`-` Thì QKĐ :

`+` KĐ : S + Ved / V2 `-` S + was / were + adj / n

`+` PĐ : S + didn't + V `-` S + wasn't / weren't + adj / n

`+` NV : Did + S + V ? `-` Was / Were + S + adj / n ?

`=>` `DHNB` : yesterday , ago , last , in + Mốc thời gian trong Quá khứ , ...

`*` I , He , She , It `+` was

`*` You , We , They `+` were

`=>` Dùng để diễn tả hành động đã xảy ra trong Quá khứ

`( - )` Nam didn't write an essay in Literature class this morning

`( ? )` Did Nam write an essay in Literature class this morning ?

`( - )` I didn't watch TV yesterday morning

`( ? )` Did you watch TV yesterday morning ?

`( - )` Nam and you weren't in the English club last Tuesday

`( ? )` Were Nam and you in the English club last Tuesday ?

`( - )` They didn't eat noodles two hours ago

`( ? )` Did they eat noodles two hours ago ?

`( - )` We didn't always have a nice time on Christmas holiday in the past

`( ? )` Did you always have a nice time on Christmas holiday in the past ?

`( - )` My father didn't decorate the Christmas tree

`( ? )` Did your father decorate the Christmas tree ?

`( - )` She didn't buy a new dress yesterday

`( ? )` Did she buy a new dress yesterday ?

`( - )` They weren't late for school 

`( ? )` Were they late for school ?

`( - )` Mr.Tam didn't take his children to the museum last Sunday 

`( ? )` Did Mr.Tam take his children to the museum last Sunday ?

`( - )` Hoa didn't make a cushion for her armchair

`( ? )` Did Hoa make a cushion for her armchair ?

`\text{# TF}`

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What I’ve Learned From My Students’ College Essays

The genre is often maligned for being formulaic and melodramatic, but it’s more important than you think.

By Nell Freudenberger

Most high school seniors approach the college essay with dread. Either their upbringing hasn’t supplied them with several hundred words of adversity, or worse, they’re afraid that packaging the genuine trauma they’ve experienced is the only way to secure their future. The college counselor at the Brooklyn high school where I’m a writing tutor advises against trauma porn. “Keep it brief , ” she says, “and show how you rose above it.”

I started volunteering in New York City schools in my 20s, before I had kids of my own. At the time, I liked hanging out with teenagers, whom I sometimes had more interesting conversations with than I did my peers. Often I worked with students who spoke English as a second language or who used slang in their writing, and at first I was hung up on grammar. Should I correct any deviation from “standard English” to appeal to some Wizard of Oz behind the curtains of a college admissions office? Or should I encourage students to write the way they speak, in pursuit of an authentic voice, that most elusive of literary qualities?

In fact, I was missing the point. One of many lessons the students have taught me is to let the story dictate the voice of the essay. A few years ago, I worked with a boy who claimed to have nothing to write about. His life had been ordinary, he said; nothing had happened to him. I asked if he wanted to try writing about a family member, his favorite school subject, a summer job? He glanced at his phone, his posture and expression suggesting that he’d rather be anywhere but in front of a computer with me. “Hobbies?” I suggested, without much hope. He gave me a shy glance. “I like to box,” he said.

I’ve had this experience with reluctant writers again and again — when a topic clicks with a student, an essay can unfurl spontaneously. Of course the primary goal of a college essay is to help its author get an education that leads to a career. Changes in testing policies and financial aid have made applying to college more confusing than ever, but essays have remained basically the same. I would argue that they’re much more than an onerous task or rote exercise, and that unlike standardized tests they are infinitely variable and sometimes beautiful. College essays also provide an opportunity to learn precision, clarity and the process of working toward the truth through multiple revisions.

When a topic clicks with a student, an essay can unfurl spontaneously.

Even if writing doesn’t end up being fundamental to their future professions, students learn to choose language carefully and to be suspicious of the first words that come to mind. Especially now, as college students shoulder so much of the country’s ethical responsibility for war with their protest movement, essay writing teaches prospective students an increasingly urgent lesson: that choosing their own words over ready-made phrases is the only reliable way to ensure they’re thinking for themselves.

Teenagers are ideal writers for several reasons. They’re usually free of preconceptions about writing, and they tend not to use self-consciously ‘‘literary’’ language. They’re allergic to hypocrisy and are generally unfiltered: They overshare, ask personal questions and call you out for microaggressions as well as less egregious (but still mortifying) verbal errors, such as referring to weed as ‘‘pot.’’ Most important, they have yet to put down their best stories in a finished form.

I can imagine an essay taking a risk and distinguishing itself formally — a poem or a one-act play — but most kids use a more straightforward model: a hook followed by a narrative built around “small moments” that lead to a concluding lesson or aspiration for the future. I never get tired of working with students on these essays because each one is different, and the short, rigid form sometimes makes an emotional story even more powerful. Before I read Javier Zamora’s wrenching “Solito,” I worked with a student who had been transported by a coyote into the U.S. and was reunited with his mother in the parking lot of a big-box store. I don’t remember whether this essay focused on specific skills or coping mechanisms that he gained from his ordeal. I remember only the bliss of the parent-and-child reunion in that uninspiring setting. If I were making a case to an admissions officer, I would suggest that simply being able to convey that experience demonstrates the kind of resilience that any college should admire.

The essays that have stayed with me over the years don’t follow a pattern. There are some narratives on very predictable topics — living up to the expectations of immigrant parents, or suffering from depression in 2020 — that are moving because of the attention with which the student describes the experience. One girl determined to become an engineer while watching her father build furniture from scraps after work; a boy, grieving for his mother during lockdown, began taking pictures of the sky.

If, as Lorrie Moore said, “a short story is a love affair; a novel is a marriage,” what is a college essay? Every once in a while I sit down next to a student and start reading, and I have to suppress my excitement, because there on the Google Doc in front of me is a real writer’s voice. One of the first students I ever worked with wrote about falling in love with another girl in dance class, the absolute magic of watching her move and the terror in the conflict between her feelings and the instruction of her religious middle school. She made me think that college essays are less like love than limerence: one-sided, obsessive, idiosyncratic but profound, the first draft of the most personal story their writers will ever tell.

Nell Freudenberger’s novel “The Limits” was published by Knopf last month. She volunteers through the PEN America Writers in the Schools program.