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PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: IT’S IMPACT ON RECENT DEVELOPMENT

In the contemporary society, science and technology are very much dominating in all part of the world, because the world is running with faster than ever before. The social and cultural values are shifting towards techno innovative. The philosophy will play a greater extent to understating the basic ethical and moral issues and crisis in science and technology of the global society. The science and technology as socially embedded enterprises, which change the intellectual paradigms. Philosophy of science is a new shift of epistemology in the light of emergency of technology and science. In the analytical philosophy the science and technological poses a new challenge in development and destruction are central issues in the modern debates. An enquiry into epistemological status of technological statement and technological statements are to be demarcated from scientific statement. The development of ethics of technology as a new system started as sub discipline of philosophy. The fundamental frame work on science and technology jobs are crucial in the given examples of the honesty, sincerity, truthfulness…etc. philosophy will deal all parts of science and technology and show the proper direction practically which will eradicate some issues change the society and lead into development and justify all part of the people and all areas

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How Political Transitions Affect Science, Technology, and Innovation Policies

Those interested in science, technology, and innovation policy (STIP) would be remiss to remove politics from the policy. With 49 percent of the world’s population heading to election polls this year, it is a real possibility that government transitions will upend countries’ current STIP trajectories. Interested stakeholders seeking metrics to track those priorities may want to read a recent article in Quantitative Science Studies , titled, “ The Policy is Dead, Long Live the Policy—Revealing Science Technology and Innovation Policy Priorities and Government Transitions via Network Analysis .” Colombian research partners Julián D. Cortés and María Catalina Ramírez Cajiao analyzed how frequent and enmeshed research topics were in public funding research calls (RC) in Colombia from 2007 to 2022. Since the funding for these RCs came from public sources, they could serve as one indicator of government priorities. The researchers found that, alongside a general increase in research field diversity and density, several research fields such as drug discovery and conservation, “Maintained their higher strategic relevance despite the government in office.” If generalized, methods such as network analysis may be helpful for analysts to track science, technology, and innovation priorities across different periods of government and identify which research sectors are politicized.

Based on a literature review of STIP evaluations in Europe, Cortés and Cajiao found that the most common methods for those evaluations included, “Descriptive statistics, context, documents, and case studies.” In addition to expanding methods of analysis, Cortés and Cajiao sought to expand the research geography to lower- and middle-income countries, which they considered to be an often-highlighted but rarely addressed research gap. Cortés and Cajiao reviewed public RC data oriented toward research in Colombia’s Ministry of STI open data portal and RC digital archive. Next, they coded research fields by manually reviewing each document for what fields each RC would support. They standardized research fields by utilizing the All Science Journal Classification Codes (ASJC) . For example, ASJC considers “Insect Science,” “Plant Science,” and “Soil Science,” as one overall topic, “Life Sciences.” Cortés and Cajiao did this analysis by year and matched RC priorities with periods of government (four years).

The authors also utilized co-word analysis first introduced by Callon et al. (1983) to visualize clusters of ASJC topics in trios. According to Cortés and Cajiao, “if a given RC has three ASJC, those ASJC (nodes) are collocated (linked) given that all of them are contained in the same RC.”

Figure 1: ASJC co-occurrence network ( Bastian, Heymann, and Jacomy, 2009 ; Callon et al., 1983 ; DNP, 2021 )

Research fields that were frequently part of ASJC co-word networks received high “Betweenness Centrality Scores,” which meant that they were research fields of interest. In contrast, research fields with lower scores may have more marginal or limited attention.

Results and Implications

From 2007 to 2022, the number of research fields in Colombia’s RCs increased. Despite changes in Colombia’s government, Physical Sciences retained its position as the top field with its high betweenness score compared the other top fields of Life, Health, and Social Sciences. Health Sciences topics are on an upward trend ever since an apparent dip in priority during the 2011–2014 government period, catching up to Life Sciences based on their betweenness scores. Despite these findings, Cortés and Cajiao caution that their research does “Not integrate the effects of STIP priority fluctuations and research/innovation outputs, nor the amount of funding by fields in the same framework.” They noted that although the Health Sciences sector’s betweenness score was not particularly impressive compared to other top fields, its research growth rate surpassed Physical, Life, and Social Sciences.

Figure 2: Number of fields Cortés and Cajiao identified in RCs with betweenness centrality score by area (left y-axis) and network density score (right y-axis) by period

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Green finance reform and application intensity of chemical fertilizer and pesticide: policy evidence from China

• Circular Economy and Sustainable Development
• Published: 01 April 2024

Cite this article

• Jianjun Miao 1 ,
• Xinming Wang 1 , 3 ,
• Chao Hua   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-7144-4472 1 &
• Jingwei Han 2  

The environmental hazards resulting from the excessive application of pesticides and fertilizers have been an inevitable agricultural production issue in various countries around the world. New technologies and policies are constantly trying to improve their application efficiency. This paper utilizes panel data of the provincial level in China from 2009 to 2019 to empirically study the effect of green finance reform policies on the chemical fertilizer application intensity (FAI) and pesticide application intensity (PAI). Standard difference-in-differences (DID), synthetic DID, difference-in-difference-in differences (DDD), and spatial DID models are constructed for specific empirical analysis. The findings can be concluded as follows: (1) A unit of the green finance reform policy reduces FAI by 0.0144 and PAI by 1.7921 by promoting green technology innovation. (2) Government financial extractive capacity hinders the reduction effect of green finance on PAI. (3) Coastal geographical location is conducive to reducing PAI through green finance reform. (4) FAI and PAI show positive spatial autocorrelations, and the influence of green finance reform overflows to surrounding areas. The research results can provide policy references for countries around the world to promote the green development of agriculture and reduce environmental pollution.

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Jianjun Miao, Xinming Wang & Chao Hua

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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Xinming Wang and Jianjun Miao. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Chao Hua. Jianjun Miao and Jingwei Han were responsible for data investigation, review and editing. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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• Green finance reform reduces pesticide and fertilizer application intensity.

• Green technology innovation is an intermediary factor.

• Government financial extracting hinders reducing pesticide application intensity.

• Coastal geographical location supports reducing pesticide application intensity.

• Negative spatial spillover effects of the policy are verified.

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Miao, J., Wang, X., Hua, C. et al. Green finance reform and application intensity of chemical fertilizer and pesticide: policy evidence from China. Environ Sci Pollut Res (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33113-3

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Title: aios: llm agent operating system.

Abstract: The integration and deployment of large language model (LLM)-based intelligent agents have been fraught with challenges that compromise their efficiency and efficacy. Among these issues are sub-optimal scheduling and resource allocation of agent requests over the LLM, the difficulties in maintaining context during interactions between agent and LLM, and the complexities inherent in integrating heterogeneous agents with different capabilities and specializations. The rapid increase of agent quantity and complexity further exacerbates these issues, often leading to bottlenecks and sub-optimal utilization of resources. Inspired by these challenges, this paper presents AIOS, an LLM agent operating system, which embeds large language model into operating systems (OS) as the brain of the OS, enabling an operating system "with soul" -- an important step towards AGI. Specifically, AIOS is designed to optimize resource allocation, facilitate context switch across agents, enable concurrent execution of agents, provide tool service for agents, and maintain access control for agents. We present the architecture of such an operating system, outline the core challenges it aims to resolve, and provide the basic design and implementation of the AIOS. Our experiments on concurrent execution of multiple agents demonstrate the reliability and efficiency of our AIOS modules. Through this, we aim to not only improve the performance and efficiency of LLM agents but also to pioneer for better development and deployment of the AIOS ecosystem in the future. The project is open-source at this https URL .

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