legal ethics assignment

legal ethics

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Legal ethics broadly refer to the unique responsibilities of lawyers and the legal system given the important role and influence they have in society. Because of their role and their close involvement in the administration of law, lawyers are subject to special standards, regulation, and liability. Most commonly, legal ethics refers to these rules of professional responsibility : the actual responsibilities lawyers must follow by law such as client confidentiality. However, legal ethics can also refer to the discussion on broader moral principles that societies place on lawyers that may not be legally required. 

Professional Responsibility

The law governing the professional responsibility of lawyers, since they are admitted to practice by states, is largely governed by the law of each state. However, all states follow more or less the Model Rules of Professional Conduct created by the ABA , and federal courts and agencies set their own practice rules and apply specific rules like those in the Sarbanes-Oxley Act . While the laws of each state actually govern, the Model Rules and their comments greatly influence the decisions of courts applying professional responsibility laws. The Model Rules set mandatory and discretionary rules and principles on a wide variety of lawyer practice including: client confidentiality , conflicts of interest , fiduciary responsibilities , commingling , and general malpractice . Should a lawyer breach these rules, state courts and enforcement agencies have wide discretion to punish the lawyer and breaching some of the rules like conflicts of interest can impact the outcome of the lawyer’s matters. 

Broader Legal Ethics

Legal ethics can refer to a higher set of norms that lawyers should follow that may not be required by set legal rules. Many of the model rules try to include some of these broader principles. However, the model legal rules tend to be considered a floor of expected requirements of lawyers. Legal ethics can refer to the broader principles lawyers should strive for to ensure the protection and adequate representation of clients. While codes try their best to encourage ethical conduct of lawyers, the legal profession for centuries has struggled with balancing client protections with the often conflicting interests of lawyers and other clients. Thus, legal ethics often involves discussion of the ideals of lawyer conduct, irrespective of the mandates of legal rules.

Further Resources

For more information on the legal ethics rules and debates, see the Model Rules for Professional Conduct , this ABA Guide to State Ethics Resources , this Duke Law Guide to Legal Ethics Requirements , and this Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics, & Public Policy Article on the differences between and limitations of legal codes and ethical principles. 

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Legal Ethics Assignment (Doc)

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Structural analysis of types of Muslim religious consciousness

Axmed Abdurazakov 1 , Olga Garnaya 2 * , Michael Lebedev 2 and Emzari Yunusov 2

1 Federal State Institution of Additional Professional Education Interregional Training Center of Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia for Moscow Region, Novye Doma settlement, Elektrostal, Moscow Region, 142470, Russian Federation 2 Federal State Institution Research Institute of Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, Narvskaya str., 15 a, building 1, Moscow, 125130, Russian Federation

* Corresponding author: [email protected]

A separate theoretical and legal study should be devoted to essential features of legal consciousness of Muslims, which will be based on the study of perception of positive law through the prism of Islamic religious and legal doctrine. It is advisable to start the basis of this study with definition of its main structural element - the types of Muslim legal consciousness. Consideration of this issue from the standpoint of natural law will expand the traditional boundaries of theory of modern legal consciousness, open up additional applied and scientific horizons and, using the example of Islam, allow us to consider peculiarities of religious influence on legal consciousness of various categories of citizens. Knowledge of foundations of Muslim law, procedure for formation of moral and social religious attitudes, interpretation of religious canons and dogmas contribute to a better understanding of many processes taking place within Russian Muslim community and can form the basis of mechanism for formation of moral legal consciousness, which must be opposed, in its turn, to radical and criminalized forms of religious consciousness.

© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2021

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Investigate how living things interact and share an area of land.

We explore the natural and some unnatural ecological changes to a community over time.

Explore the parts an function of all forms of electric circuits.

The movement of current along a circuit is complex and can be used to our advantage.

We explore all these different classifications of matter and explain the differences for you.

Do you know how to identify the feelings of others?

Examine animals that are rare in nature and often forced to be in captivity to allow the species to continue on.

Where does your food come from? Learn how we create most of the human food supply.

Newton's pesky laws come into play for the first time here.

Survey how different organisms make copies of themselves to keep their species going.

Inspect all the layers of the past and what dead organisms and substances can tell us about that past.

These aren't your everyday birds, in fact, there aren't many birds in here at all. You would be amazed by some of the animals that can take flight.

What is in your DNA? See how traits are passed on to offspring with this section.

An important skill in many disciplines, but we specifically focus on how graphing can be used to help you solve problems.

Habits that improve our overall health.

The human body is fascinating and we will assess how it works.

You have five of them to help you complete these worksheets.

Learn how to maintain your health through basic body care.

This is really informative for students.

The most extensive network ever put together changed how we communicate for ever.

We have all of the people that shaped history in a major way here in here including: Bell, Biro, Edison, Ginsburg, Ford, Gutenberg, Whitney, Morse, Ben Franklin, The Wright Brothers

Often overlooked, this is how we collect data that will help us better understand what we are examining. It's probably important to know we can do it best and how to stay safe doing it.

What are all the natural features of Earth?

How do body cells and sex cells make copy of themselves? These are the processes you need to know.

Learn all about Luna our only natural satellite.

When chaos strikes Earth, these are usually the culprits.

Students explore the use and function of Newton's Laws of Motion.

There are some animals that often slip our mind and we take for granted that are right in our backyards. We take a look at those animals in this section.

Do you know how all organisms take in food?

We take a look at some really cool critters that are in that big, blue mystery. Includes: Sharks, Whales, Rays, Octopi, Dolphins, Jellyfish, Crabs, Coral, Seals, and Sea Turtles

What lives in the ocean? What are the key dynamics and physics behind oceans? For instance, "Where do waves come from?"

A breakthrough that shows how elements have likenesses and differences.

Explore the biology behind our friends that we spend some much time with.

We compared various phases of the same substances.

The process that provides the mass of energy for all living things.

The organism that doesn't move much, if ever, but can make their own food. Don't think I'd move much if I could make my own pizza without doing so.

This section tries to answer some common questions that many have about the return of water to planet Earth. These are things that we often take for granted like rainbows.

Did you know that over half of the world's plant and animal species live in rainforest areas, but rainforest only covers 2% of the Earth surface area?

The treasures of Mother Earth affect life on the planet a great deal.

Reading comprehension sheets to use with your reading in the content area courses.

The revolutionaries who shaped the world and technology as we know it. Einstein, Galileo, Darwin, Newton, Hubble, Maxwell, Kepler, Pasteur, Dirac, and Fischer

These machines have been used to help humans do work since the dawn of time.

Those amazing super computers sitting in our pockets right now.

Scrutinize the top layer of the Earth's surface that provides home for animals and plant life.

Why not learn about things that are out of this world?

Grouping things is the first steps towards for classification.

It gives us warmth. Gives plants and algae food. We explore our nearest star.

A look at the movement of the plates of the Earth.

We use this to better understand landforms.

A look at the various vehicles we use to travel.

Get very detailed with your understanding of these great structures left all over the Earth.

Look at how water changes form over the course of the planet.

A look at the movement of light and the paths they take.

Created by the sun and the heat shifts created by warming weather affects all of us every single day.

How To Do Better In Science Class

Science is a daunting subject even for intelligent students. It is not just about the concepts that the scientists have passed down over the years. A good understanding is required for the reasoning behind each scientific theory makes a difference in your results.

What makes science so complex? In a typical textbook, you may find chapters from all branches of science, such as biology, chemistry, and physics. These branches are not just branches; they are whole new dimensions. The deeper you probe, the clearer the bigger picture gets. Studying science requires some extra tips and tricks, unlike other subjects. Here are eight secrets on how to study science effectively.

Seven Tips To Improve In Science At School

Science is just like a pandora's box. Each class is essential since every concept is linked to one another. It is a smart move to go to a class with questions that only arise once you have read about it. Always do the assigned reading and extra credit research. It doesn't only boost your confidence in a subject, but also you have a good amount of credits to graduate early.

2. Work on the end of chapter problems

The end-of-chapter problems are extremely crucial; you need to work on each and note how the question is presented to you. Try to work out the problems in a quiet room and have an uninterrupted homework session.

3. Don't run from formulas

4. Learn from diagrams

Diagrams are the visual representation of a topic. For example, a series of diagrams of a chromatograph to identify dyes in a mixture can help you visualize the framework behind the movement of the solvents.

5. Reference materials

The internet is a wonderful invention; it has made school easier. You don't need to spend hours in libraries or wait on a book. Everything is just one click away. Reference materials for every chapter can help give you information about the subject matter and show its advancements.

6. Try it out with a study group

Group sessions with the right party can lead to successful outcomes. Just like scientists work as a team to discover a scientific phenomenon, you can study as a team to interpret it. The exchange of ideas and information provides a healthy discussion session and makes you more confident.

7. Peer tutoring

We hope these points added to your study routine & will help you improve in science at school and make you fall in love with the subject.

How a simple teacher became the head of the testing department - School of a gray-haired tester

I grew up in an ordinary family. Nobody from the environment worked in IT, especially in the field of testing.

These are things in general terms. And then I realized: enough, it's time to change everything.

One day I came across information about testing. The more I learned, the more it attracted me. It was insanely interesting to search and read articles on the topic. And certainly not a bit sorry to waste time on this. A sure sign that it's time to try yourself in this area)

****************************** And now - fragmentary knowledge and first attempt at a job. Test. Interview. It was terrible, how scary ... The support of my girlfriend helped a lot then.

Therefore, he quickly pulled himself together and began to collect information bit by bit. The theory was immediately applied on the project. Of course, he made mistakes. Sometimes critical. And yet, with each stuffed cone, the quality of testing grew.

Finally, I figured everything out, built the process and ... The company unexpectedly closed. I was fired.

To say that it was a shock is to say nothing. Well, let's move on. Submit resume and interview again. I'm going back to my new job.

It seems that here it is - a happy ending!

****************************** But not everything in life goes smoothly. Sometimes you have to leave your favorite job. Even if a wife with a six-month-old child is on her shoulders ... Now I understand that everything is for the best. And then he was horrified. And in such a situation, the wife supported.

Another interview, and I join another team. Everything is new again: project, tasks, challenge. And this is far from the end…

******************************

I really enjoy testing and everything about it. The profession brings pleasure. I want everyone to be able to get joy and financial stability from work as quickly as possible.

P.S. No matter what anyone says, anyone can become a tester. Even a simple teacher. Or an accountant. Or a builder. Or a chef. It doesn't matter who you are now. The only thing that matters is the desire to master a profession that arouses interest. After all, this is where it all begins ... And then the matter is small. I and other novice testers will help you!

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Spatial Variations of the Activity of 137 Cs and the Contents of Heavy Metals and Petroleum Products in the Polluted Soils of the City of Elektrostal

• DEGRADATION, REHABILITATION, AND CONSERVATION OF SOILS
• Open access
• Published: 15 June 2022
• Volume 55 , pages 840–848, ( 2022 )

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• D. N. Lipatov 1 ,
• V. A. Varachenkov 1 ,
• D. V. Manakhov 1 ,
• M. M. Karpukhin 1 &
• S. V. Mamikhin 1  

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The levels of specific activity of 137 Cs and the contents of mobile forms (1 M ammonium acetate extraction) of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, Cr, Pb) and petroleum products were studied in the upper soil horizon of urban landscapes of the city of Elektrostal under conditions of local radioactive and chemical contamination were studied. In the soils within a short radius (0–100 m) around the heavy engineering plant, the specific activity of 137 Cs and the contents of mobile forms of Pb, Cu, and Zn were increased. The lognormal distribution law of 137 Cs was found in the upper (0–10 cm) soil layer; five years after the radiation accident, the specific activity of 137 Cs varied from 6 to 4238 Bq/kg. The coefficients of variation increased with an increase in the degree of soil contamination in the following sequence: Co < Ni < petroleum products < Cr < 137 Cs < Zn < Pb < Cu ranging from 50 to 435%. Statistically significant direct correlation was found between the specific activity of 137 Cs and the contents of mobile forms of Pb, Cu, and Zn in the upper horizon of urban soils, and this fact indicated the spatial conjugacy of local spots of radioactive and polymetallic contamination in the studied area. It was shown that the specific activity of 137 Cs, as well as the content of heavy metals and petroleum products in the upper layer (0–10 cm) of the soils disturbed in the course of decontamination, earthwork and reclamation is reduced.

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INTRODUCTION

Contaminants migrate and accumulate in urban ecosystems under the impact of both natural and technogenic factors. The processes of technogenic migration of 137 Cs are most pronounced in radioactively contaminated territories. It was found in urboecological studies that the intensity of sedimentation of aerosol particles containing radionuclides and heavy metals is determined by the types of the surfaces of roofs, walls, roads, lawns, and parks and by their position within the urban wind field [ 12 , 26 ]. Traffic in the cities results in significant transport of dust and associated contaminants and radionuclides [ 15 , 24 ]. During decontamination measures in the areas of Chernobyl radioactive trace, not only the decrease in the level of contamination but also the possibility of secondary radioactive contamination because of the transportation of contaminated soil particles by wind or water, or anthropogenic transfer of transferring of ground were observed [ 5 , 6 ]. Rainstorm runoff and hydrological transport of dissolved and colloidal forms of 137 Cs can result in the accumulation of this radionuclide in meso- and microdepressions, where sedimentation takes place [ 10 , 16 ]. Different spatial distribution patterns of 137 Cs in soils of particular urban landscapes were found in the city of Ozersk near the nuclear fuel cycle works [ 17 ]. Natural character of 137 Cs migration in soils of Moscow forest-parks and a decrease in its specific activity in industrial areas have been revealed [ 10 ]. Determination of the mean level and parameters of spatial variations of 137 Cs in soils is one of primary tasks of radioecological monitoring of cities, including both unpolluted (background) and contaminated territories.

Emissions and discharges from numerous sources of contamination can cause the accumulation of a wide range of toxicants in urban soils: heavy metals (HMs), oil products (OPs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and other chemical substances. Soil contamination by several groups of toxicants is often observed in urban landscapes [ 20 , 23 ] because of the common contamination source or close pathways of the migration of different contaminants. A comprehensive analysis of contamination of urban soils by radionuclides and heavy metals has been performed in some studies [ 21 , 25 ]. The determination of possible spatial interrelationships between radioactive and chemical contaminations in urban soils is an important problem in urban ecology.

A radiation accident took place in the Elektrostal heavy engineering works (EHEW) in April 2013: a capacious source of 137 Cs entered the smelt furnace, and emission of radioactive aerosols from the aerating duct into the urban environment took place. The activity of molten source was estimated at about 1000–7000 Ci [ 14 ]. The area of contamination in the territory of the plant reached 7500 m 2 . However, radioactive aerosols affected a much larger area around the EHEW, including Krasnaya and Pervomaiskaya streets, and reached Lenin Prospect.

Geochemical evaluation of contamination of the upper soil horizon in the city of Elektrostal was carried out in 1989–1991. This survey indicated the anomalies of concentrations of wolfram, nickel, molybdenum, chromium, and other heavy metals related to accumulation of alloying constituent and impurities of non-ferrous metals in the emissions of steelmaking works [ 19 ].

The aim of our work was to determine the levels of specific activity of 137 Cs, concentrations of mobile forms of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, Cr, and Pb) and oil products in the upper soil horizons in different urban landscapes of the city of Elektrostal under the conditions of local radioactive and chemical contamination.

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D. N. Lipatov, V. A. Varachenkov, D. V. Manakhov, M. M. Karpukhin & S. V. Mamikhin

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Lipatov, D.N., Varachenkov, V.A., Manakhov, D.V. et al. Spatial Variations of the Activity of 137 Cs and the Contents of Heavy Metals and Petroleum Products in the Polluted Soils of the City of Elektrostal. Eurasian Soil Sc. 55 , 840–848 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1064229322060072

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Received : 21 October 2021

Revised : 22 December 2021

Accepted : 30 December 2021

Published : 15 June 2022

Issue Date : June 2022

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1134/S1064229322060072

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