directed writing speech format

Directed Writing: Format, Benefits, Topics, Common Mistakes and Examples

Pankaj dhiman.

• Created on December 5, 2023

What is Directed Writing, Importance, Benefits, Purpose, Tips and Examples of Directed Writing

Directed writing is a form of written assessment, where the students must follow instructions to create a piece of writing. In this Article, we discussed What is directed writing, importance of directed writing, directed writing format, key elements, purpose of directed, common mistakes, topic, tips and examples of directed writing.

What is Directed Writing 

In directed writing, the writer is given a specific assignment or challenge that directs the composition’s substance and organization. It is distinguished by its intentional and focused nature, necessitating compliance with particular rules or goals by the writer.

This type of writing is used in professional and academic contexts, where it is used as a useful instrument to evaluate communication abilities.

The value of directed writing comes from its capacity to teach people how to communicate ideas, target audiences with particular messages, and complete tasks as assigned. It places a strong emphasis on communication efficacy and clarity.

Must Read: Notice Writing Format, Importance, Examples and How to Prepare

Importance of Directed Writing 

This methodical way of expressing oneself not only develops the capacity for precise idea delivery but also for clear thought presentation. Directed writing is a crucial tool in academic contexts for evaluating students’ comprehension of a subject as well as their capacity for knowledge synthesis and efficient communication.

In the workplace, it becomes essential to express important details, putting forth strong arguments, and creating well-organized reports.

Directed writing also provides a realistic training ground for modifying language, tone, and style to fit various audiences and objectives, which promotes communication versatility and talent that is crucial for negotiating the intricacies of both the personal and professional arenas.

The ability of directed writing to provide people with the means of meaningful, effective, and audience-appropriate communication is ultimately what makes it so important.

Learn more: IGCSE English Language Study Resources

Directed Writing Format

Introduction: .

• Grab the reader’s interest right away with a succinct introduction.
• Clearly state the writing’s goal or aim.
• Give the background information that’s required to establish the scene.

Body Paragraphs: 

• Divide the text into thoughtful paragraphs that concentrate on different concepts or facets.
• To ensure unity, keep the paragraphs flowing logically from one another.
• Provide appropriate examples, facts, or evidence to back up your claims or arguments. 

Language and Style:

• Convey concepts with language that is straightforward and succinct.
• Observe the proper tone and style for the goal and target audience.
• A statement that is too complicated or full of jargon may make it harder to understand.

Guidelines for Formatting:

• Observe any particular formatting requirements that the question or guidelines may have given.
• Keep the font size constant throughout the document, and choose a readable typeface.
• Observe the necessary margins, indentation, and spacing.

Editing and proofreading:

• Check the article’s overall coherence, consistency, and clarity.
• Verify the text for punctuation, spelling, and grammar faults.
• Make sure that the writing stays within the allotted word count, if any.

About the Prompt’s objective:

• Check to see if the writing directly addresses the prompt or assignment.
• Avoid irrelevant content that could take attention away from the intended objective.

Conclusion: 

• Recap the key ideas discussed in the writing’s body.
• Summarize the main point or objective.
• Make a last point that will stick with the audience.

Must Read : IGCSE English Literature Study Resources

Key elements of Directed Writing 

Quick understanding:.

• It is essential to fully understand the assignment or prompt that has been assigned.
• Determine the essential needs, including the goal, target audience, and detailed guidelines.

Clearly Stated Introduction:

• Give a succinct opening outlining the writing’s primary idea or goal.
• To help the reader along, state the thesis or main point clearly.

A Well-Maintained Body:

• Make sure each paragraph in the body of the essay is well-developed.
• Each paragraph should concentrate on a distinct topic or point to add to the overall cohesion. To ensure a seamless flow of ideas across paragraphs, use logical transitions.

Editing and revision:

• Verify the text for correct spelling, grammar, and punctuation.
• Make sure the writing follows any formatting requirements that may be provided.

Flexibility:

• Show that you can modify your language and style to fit the demands of the assignment.
• Tailor the writing to suit the intended audience and purpose effectively.

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Benefits of Directed Writing

With so many advantages, directed writing is an essential instrument for improving communication abilities. First of all, it is a focused activity that improves the capacity to express ideas clearly and cohesively. Directed writing helps people concentrate on the crucial components of communication by giving them a task or suggestion, which promotes a methodical and deliberate approach to concept expression.

Must Read : Why and How To Develop Critical Thinking Skills in Student

Another notable advantage of directed writing lies in its capacity to promote critical thinking. By challenging writers to analyze information, structure their thoughts logically, and present compelling arguments, this form of writing fosters intellectual growth. It encourages individuals to think critically about the content they are conveying, enhancing their ability to synthesize and evaluate information coherently and purposefully.

Start today: English Tuition: Best Online English Tutors in Singapore

Purpose of Directed writing 

Directed writing serves as an organized means of accomplishing well-defined goals through communication. Directed writing helps people convey ideas intentionally within predetermined boundaries, whether it is in professional papers, assignments, or tests.

It promotes a focused approach and accuracy in communication by providing a defined task or prompt. Beyond only delivering information, this intentional communication fosters critical thinking, organizational, and context-adaptation abilities.

The main objective is to provide people with the tools necessary to express ideas coherently and fulfill the requirements of a particular assignment, which will improve their communication skills in a variety of contexts.

Start Learning : Free IGCSE Resources for Students

Examples of Directed Writing 

Academic essays:.

• Responding to essay prompts in standardized tests or academic assignments involves directed writing. Students must adhere to a specific topic, structure, and word limit.

Business Emails:

• Composing emails in a professional setting often requires directed writing. The writer must convey a clear message, follow a formal tone, and adhere to specific guidelines.

Reports and Proposals:

• Writing business reports or project proposals involves directed writing. The author must address a particular issue, provide relevant information, and follow a structured format.

Application Letters:

• Crafting letters of application for jobs, scholarships, or programs is a form of directed writing. The writer must convey their qualifications, intentions, and suitability for the position.

Creative Writing Prompts:

• Even in creative writing, prompts can serve as a form of directed writing. Authors may be tasked with creating a story based on specific themes or constraints.

Topics for Directed Writing

• The impact of social media on student wellbeing
• The importance of time management for academic success 
• The role of technology in modern education 
• The impact of fracking in Wildlife 
• The broader environmental of fracking 
• The challenges and opportunities of online learning 
• The influence of role models in students life 
• Benefits of reading for pleasure in student development 
• The importance of digital literacy in 21st Century 

Must Read : IGCSE English: Syllabus, Revision Notes & Preparation Tips

Tips for Directed Writing

Understand the Prompt: Ensure a clear understanding of the task or prompt before starting your writing.

Plan Your Structure: Outline your ideas before writing to maintain a logical and organized flow.

Stay Focused on the Task : Address the specific requirements of the task without deviating.

Use Clear Language: Choose words carefully to convey ideas precisely and avoid ambiguity.

Adapt to the Audience : Tailor your language and style to suit the intended audience and purpose.

Revise and Edit: Review your writing for coherence, clarity, and grammatical correctness.

Manage Time Effectively: Allocate time for planning, writing, and revising to meet deadlines.

Support with Examples: Use relevant examples or evidence to strengthen your arguments.

Vary Sentence Structure: Avoid monotony by using a mix of sentence structures for better readability.

Proofread Carefully : Check for spelling, punctuation, and grammatical errors before submitting your work.

  Must Read : Cambridge IGCSE: Benefits, Subjects, Grading Scheme, and Tips

Common Mistakes to Avoid in Directed Writing 

Lack of Planning: Writing without a clear structure or outline can lead to disorganized content.

Overly Complex Language: Using unnecessarily complex vocabulary that may hinder understanding.

Inconsistent Tone: Failing to maintain a consistent tone appropriate for the purpose and audience.

Rambling or Off-Topic Writing: Straying from the main point and including irrelevant information.

Neglecting Revision: Submitting the first draft without thorough review and edits.

Exceeding Word Limits : Not adhering to specified word counts, can result in loss of marks.

Poor Time Management: Spending too much time on one section and neglecting others.

Inadequate Support for Arguments : Failing to provide sufficient evidence or examples to support claims.

Neglecting Proofreading: Overlooking spelling, grammar, and punctuation errors in the final draft.

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Online Resources for Directed Writing 

In mastering directed writing, it’s crucial to avoid common pitfalls. Steer clear of vague language, prioritize thorough proofreading to eliminate errors, maintain a consistent notice writing format for clarity, consider your target audience’s preferences to enhance engagement, and craft a compelling heading to capture attention effectively.

Additionally, for comprehensive guidance and practice, Tutopiya offers valuable resources. Tutopiya provides specialized online courses, informative writing guides, and practical exercises tailored to notice writing.

With Tutopiya, you can refine your directed-writing skills, ensuring impactful and effective communication in various contexts.

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Speech Writing

• Updated on  
• Jan 16, 2024

The power of good, inspiring, motivating, and thought-provoking speeches can never be overlooked. If we retrospect, a good speech has not only won people’s hearts but also has been a verbal tool to conquer nations. For centuries, many leaders have used this instrument to charm audiences with their powerful speeches. Apart from vocalizing your speech perfectly, the words you choose in a speech carry immense weight, and practising speech writing begins with our school life. Speech writing is an important part of the English syllabus for Class 12th, Class 11th, and Class 8th to 10th. This blog brings you the Speech Writing format, samples, examples, tips, and tricks!

This Blog Includes:

What is speech writing, speech in english language writing, how do you begin an english-language speech, introduction, how to write a speech, speech writing samples, example of a great speech, english speech topics, practice time.

Must Read: Story Writing Format for Class 9 & 10

Speech writing is the art of using proper grammar and expression to convey a thought or message to a reader. Speech writing isn’t all that distinct from other types of narrative writing. However, students should be aware of certain distinct punctuation and writing style techniques. While writing the ideal speech might be challenging, sticking to the appropriate speech writing structure will ensure that you never fall short.

“There are three things to aim at in public speaking: first, to get into your subject, then to get your subject into yourself, and lastly, to get your subject into the heart of your audience.”- Alexander Gregg

The English language includes eight parts of speech i.e. nouns , pronouns , verbs , adjectives 410 , adverbs , prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections.

• Noun- A noun is a word that describes anything, such as an animal, a person, a place, or an emotion. Nouns are the building blocks for most sentences.
• Pronoun – Pronouns are words that can be used in place of nouns. They are used so that we don’t have to repeat words. This makes our writing and speaking much more natural.
• Verb – A verb is a term that implies activity or ‘doing.’ These are very vital for your children’s grammar studies, as a sentence cannot be complete without a verb.
• Adjective – An adjective is a term that describes something. An adjective is frequently used before a noun to add extra information or description.
• Prepositions- A preposition is a term that expresses the location or timing of something in relation to something else.
• Conjunction- Because every language has its own set of conjunctions, English conjunctions differ from those found in other languages. They’re typically used as a connecting word between two statements, concepts, or ideas.
• Interjections- Interjections are words that are used to describe a strong emotion or a sudden feeling.

Relevant Read: Speech on the Importance of English

The way you start your English speech can set the tone for the remainder of it. This semester, there are a variety of options for you to begin presentations in your classes. For example, try some of these engaging speech in English language starters.

• Rhetorical questions : A rhetorical question is a figure of speech that uses a question to convey a point rather than asking for a response. The answer to a rhetorical question may be clear, yet the questioner asks it to emphasize the point. Rhetorical questions may be a good method for students to start their English speeches. This method of introducing your material might be appealing to the viewers and encourage them to consider how they personally relate to your issue.
• Statistics: When making an instructive or persuasive speech in an English class, statistics can help to strengthen the speaker’s authority and understanding of the subject. To get your point over quickly and create an emotional response, try using an unexpected statistic or fact that will resonate with the audience.
• Set up an imaginary scene: Create an imaginary situation in your audience’s thoughts if you want to persuade them to agree with you with your speech. This method of starting your speech assists each member of the audience in visualizing a fantastic scenario that you wish to see come true.

Relevant Read: Reported Speech Rules With Exercises

Format of Speech Writing

Here is the format of Speech Writing:

• Introduction : Greet the audience, tell them about yourself and further introduce the topic.
• Body : Present the topic in an elaborate way, explaining its key features, pros and cons, if any and the like.
• Conclusion : Summary of your speech, wrap up the topic and leave your audience with a compelling reminder to think about!

Let’s further understand each element of the format of Speech Writing in further detail:

After the greetings, the Introduction has to be attention-getting. Quickly get people’s attention. The goal of a speech is to engage the audience and persuade them to think or act in your favour. The introduction must effectively include: 

• A brief preview of your topic. 
• Define the outlines of your speech. (For example, I’ll be talking about…First..Second…Third)
• Begin with a story, quote, fact, joke, or observation in the room. It shouldn’t be longer than 3-4 lines. (For Example: “Mahatma Gandhi said once…”, or “This topic reminds me of an incident/story…”)

This part is also important because that’s when your audience decides if the speech is worth their time. Keep your introduction factual, interesting, and convincing.

It is the most important part of any speech. You should provide a number of reasons and arguments to convince the audience to agree with you.

Handling objections is an important aspect of speech composition. There is no time for questions or concerns since a speech is a monologue. Any concerns that may occur during the speech will be addressed by a powerful speech. As a result, you’ll be able to respond to questions as they come in from the crowd. To make speech simpler you can prepare a flow chart of the details in a systematic way.

For example: If your speech is about waste management; distribute information and arrange it according to subparagraphs for your reference. It could include:

• What is Waste Management?
• Major techniques used to manage waste
• Advantages of Waste Management  
• Importance of Waste Management 

The conclusion should be something that the audience takes with them. It could be a reminder, a collective call to action, a summary of your speech, or a story. For example: “It is upon us to choose the fate of our home, the earth by choosing to begin waste management at our personal spaces.”

After concluding, add a few lines of gratitude to the audience for their time.

For example: “Thank you for being a wonderful audience and lending me your time. Hope this speech gave you something to take away.”

Practice Your Speech Writing with these English Speech topics for students !

A good speech is well-timed, informative, and thought-provoking. Here are the tips for writing a good school speech:

Speech Sandwich of Public Speaking

The introduction and conclusion must be crisp. People psychologically follow the primacy effect (tendency to remember the first part of the list/speech) and recency effect (tendency to recall the last part of the list/speech). 

Use Concrete Facts

Make sure you thoroughly research your topic. Including facts appeals to the audience and makes your speech stronger. How much waste is managed? Give names of organisations and provide numerical data in one line.

Use Rhetorical Strategies and Humour

Include one or two open-ended or thought-provoking questions.  For Example: “Would we want our future generation to face trouble due to global warming?” Also, make good use of humour and convenient jokes that engages your audience and keeps them listening.

Check Out: Message Writing

Know your Audience and Plan Accordingly

This is essential before writing your speech. To whom is it directed? The categorised audience on the basis of –

• Knowledge of the Topic (familiar or unfamiliar)

Use the information to formulate the speech accordingly, use information that they will understand, and a sentence that they can retain.

Timing Yourself is Important

An important aspect of your speech is to time yourself.  Don’t write a speech that exceeds your word limit. Here’s how can decide the right timing for your speech writing:

• A one-minute speech roughly requires around 130-150 words
• A two-minute speech requires roughly around 250-300 words

Recommended Read: Letter Writing

Speech Writing Examples

Here are some examples to help you understand how to write a good speech. Read these to prepare for your next speech:

Write a speech to be delivered in the school assembly as Rahul/ Rubaina of Delhi Public School emphasises the importance of cleanliness, implying that the level of cleanliness represents the character of its residents. (150-200 words)

“Cleanliness is next to godliness,” said the great John Wesley. Hello, respected principal, instructors, and good friends. Today, I, Rahul/Rubaina, stand in front of you all to emphasise the significance of cleanliness.

Cleanliness is the condition or attribute of being or remaining clean. Everyone must learn about cleaning, hygiene, sanitation, and the different diseases that are produced by unsanitary circumstances. It is essential for physical well-being and the maintenance of a healthy atmosphere at home and at school. A filthy atmosphere invites a large number of mosquitos to grow and spread dangerous diseases. On the other side, poor personal cleanliness causes a variety of skin disorders as well as lowered immunity.

Habits formed at a young age become ingrained in one’s personality. Even if we teach our children to wash their hands before and after meals, brush their teeth and bathe on a regular basis, we are unconcerned about keeping public places clean. On October 2, 2014, the Indian Prime Minister began the “Swachh Bharat” programme to offer sanitation amenities to every family, including toilets, solid and liquid waste disposal systems, village cleanliness, and safe and appropriate drinking water supplies. Teachers and children in schools are actively participating in the ‘Clean India Campaign’ with zeal and excitement.

Good health ensures a healthy mind, which leads to better overall productivity, higher living standards, and economic development. It will improve India’s international standing. As a result, a clean environment is a green environment with fewer illnesses. Thus, cleanliness is defined as a symbol of mental purity.

Thank you very much.

Relevant Read: Speech on Corruption

You are Sahil/Sanya, the school’s Head Girl/Head Boy. You are greatly troubled by the increasing instances of aggressive behaviour among your students. You decide to speak about it during the morning assembly. Create a speech about “School Discipline.” (150 – 200 words)

INDISCIPLINE IN SCHOOLS,

It has been reported that the frequency of fights and incidences of bullying in our school has increased dramatically in the previous several months. Good morning to everyone present. Today, I, Sahil/Sanya, your head boy/girl, am here to shed light on the serious topic of “Increased Indiscipline in Schools.”

It has come to light that instructor disobedience, bullying, confrontations with students, truancy, and insults are becoming more widespread. Furthermore, there have been reports of parents noticing a shift in their children’s attitudes. As a result, many children are suffering emotionally, psychologically, and physically. The impact of this mindset on children at a young age is devastating and irreversible.

Not to mention the harm done to the school’s property. Theft of chalk, scribbling on desks, walls and lavatory doors, destruction of CCTV cameras and so forth. We are merely depriving ourselves of the comforts granted to us by doing so.

Following numerous meetings, it was determined that the main reasons for the problem were a lack of sufficient guidance, excessive use of social media, and peer pressure. The council is working to make things better. Everyone is required to take life skills classes. Counselling, motivating, and instilling friendly ideals will be part of the curriculum. Seminars for parents and students will be held on a regular basis.

A counsellor is being made available to help you all discuss your sentiments, grudges, and personal problems. We are doing everything we can and expect you to do the same.

So, let us work together to create an environment in which we encourage, motivate, assist, and be nice to one another because we are good and civilised humans capable of a great deal of love.

Relevant Read: How to Write a Speech on Discipline?

The current increase in incidences of violent student misbehaviour is cause for alarm for everyone. Students who learn how to manage their anger can help to alleviate the situation. Write a 150-200-word speech about the topic to be delivered at the school’s morning assembly. (10)

HOW TO CONTROL ANGER

Honourable Principal, Respected Teachers, and Dear Friends, I’d like to share a few “Ways to Manage Anger” with you today.

The growing intolerance among the younger generation, which is resulting in violence against teachers, is cause for severe concern. The guru-shishya parampara is losing its lustre. Aggressive behaviour in students can be provoked by a variety of factors, including self-defence, stressful circumstance, over-stimulation, or a lack of adult supervision.

It has become imperative to address the situation. Life skills workshops will be included in the curriculum. Teachers should be trained to deal with such stubborn and confrontational behaviours. Meditation and deep breathing are very beneficial and should be practised every morning. Students should be taught to count to ten before reacting angrily. Sessions on anger control and its importance must also be held.

Remember that Anger is one letter away from danger. It becomes much more crucial to be able to control one’s rage. It’s never too late to start, as a wise man once said.

“Every minute you stay angry, you lose sixty seconds of peace of mind.”

Relevant Read: English Speech Topics for Students

Martin Luther King Jr’s ‘I Have A Dream’ is one of his most famous speeches. Its impact has lasted through generations. The speech is written by utilising the techniques above. Here are some examples:

“still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination” – emotive Language

“In a sense, we’ve come to our nation’s capital to cash a check” – personalising the speech

“to stand up for freedom together” – a call to action.

Importantly, this is an example of how the listener comes first while drafting a speech. The language chosen appeals to a specific sort of audience and was widely utilised in 1963 when the speech was delivered.

• The Best Day of My Life
• Social Media: Bane or Boon?
• Pros and Cons of Online Learning
• Benefits of Yoga
• If I had a Superpower
• I wish I were ______
• Environment Conservation
• Women Should Rule the World!
• The Best Lesson I Have Learned
• Paperbacks vs E-books
• How to Tackle a Bad Habit?
• My Favorite Pastime/Hobby
• Understanding Feminism
• Fear of Missing Out (FOMO): Is it real or not?
• Importance of Reading
• Importance of Books in Our Life
• My Favorite Fictional Character
• Introverts vs Extroverts
• Lessons to Learn from Sports
• Beauty is in the eye of the beholder

Also Read: How to Ace IELTS Writing Section?

Ans. Speech writing is the process of communicating a notion or message to a reader by employing proper punctuation and expression. Speech writing is similar to other types of narrative writing. However, students should be aware of some different punctuation and writing structure techniques.

Ans. Before beginning with the speech, choose an important topic. Create an outline; rehearse your speech, and adjust the outline based on comments from the rehearsal. This five-step strategy for speech planning serves as the foundation for both lessons and learning activities.

Ans. Writing down a speech is vital since it helps you better comprehend the issue, organises your thoughts, prevents errors in your speech, allows you to get more comfortable with it, and improves its overall quality.

Speech writing and public speaking are effective and influential. Hope this blog helped you know the various tips for writing the speech people would want to hear. If you need help in making the right career choices at any phase of your academic and professional journey, our Leverage Edu experts are here to guide you. Sign up for a free session now!

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Directness in Speech and Writing

Glossary of Grammatical and Rhetorical Terms

• An Introduction to Punctuation
• Ph.D., Rhetoric and English, University of Georgia
• M.A., Modern English and American Literature, University of Leicester
• B.A., English, State University of New York

In speech and writing , directness is the quality of being straightforward and concise : stating a main point early and clearly without embellishments or digressions . Directness contrasts with circumlocution , verbosity , and indirectness .

There are different degrees of directness, which are determined in part by social and cultural conventions. In order to communicate  effectively with a particular audience , a speaker or writer needs to maintain a balance between directness and politeness . 

Examples and Observations

• "The whole world will tell you, if you care to ask, that your words should be simple & direct . Everybody likes the other fellow's prose plain . It has even been said that we should write as we speak. That is absurd. ... Most speaking is not plain or direct, but vague, clumsy, confused, and wordy. ... What is meant by the advice to write as we speak is to write as we might speak if we spoke extremely well. This means that good writing should not sound stuffy, pompous, highfalutin, totally unlike ourselves, but rather, well—'simple & direct.' "Now, the simple words in the language tend to be the short ones that we assume all speakers know; and if familiar, they are likely to be direct. I say 'tend to be' and 'likely' because there are exceptions. ... "Prefer the short word to the long; the concrete to the abstract; and the familiar to the unfamiliar. But: "Modify these guidelines in the light of the occasion, the full situation, which includes the likely audience for your words." (Jacques Barzun, Simple & Direct: A Rhetoric for Writers , 4th ed. Harper Perennial, 2001)
• Revising for Directness "Academic audiences value directness and intensity. They do not want to struggle through overly wordy phrases and jumbled sentences. ... Examine your draft . Focus specifically on the following issues: 1. Delete the obvious: Consider statements or passages that argue for or detail what you and your peers already assume. ... 2. Intensify the least obvious: Think about your essay as a declaration of new ideas. What is the most uncommon or fresh idea? Even if it's a description of the problem or a slightly different take on solving it, develop it further. Draw more attention to it." (John Mauk and John Metz,  The Composition of Everyday Life: A Guide to Writing , 5th ed. Cengage, 2015)
• Degrees of Directness "Statements may be strong and direct or they may be softer and less direct. For example, consider the range of sentences that might be used to direct a person to take out the garbage: Take out the garbage! Can you take out the garbage? Would you mind taking out the garbage? Let's take out the garbage. The garbage sure is piling up. Garbage day is tomorrow. "Each of these sentences may be used to accomplish the goal of getting the person to take out the garbage. However, the sentences show varying degrees of directness, ranging from the direct command at the top of the list to the indirect statement regarding the reason the activity needs to be undertaken at the bottom of the list. The sentences also differ in terms of relative politeness and situational appropriateness. ... "In matters of directness vs. indirectness, gender differences may play a more important role than factors such as ethnicity, social class, or region, although all these factors tend to intersect, often in quite complex ways, in the determination of the 'appropriate' degree of directness or indirectness for any given speech act ." (Walt Wolfram and Natalie Schilling-Estes, American English: Dialects and Variation . Wiley-Blackwell, 2006)
• Directness and Gender "While some of us will think that without the skills of 'good' writing a student cannot truly be empowered, we must be equally aware that the qualities of 'good' writing as they are advocated in textbooks and rhetoric books —  directness , assertiveness and persuasiveness , precision and vigor—collide with what social conventions dictate proper femininity to be. Even should a woman succeed at being a 'good' writer she will have to contend with either being considered too masculine because she does not speak 'like a Lady,' or, paradoxically, too feminine and hysterical because she is, after all, a woman. The belief that the qualities that make good writing are somehow 'neutral' conceals the fact their meaning and evaluation changes depending on whether the writer is a man or woman." (Elisabeth Daumer and Sandra Runzo, "Transforming the Composition Classroom."  Teaching Writing: Pedagogy, Gender, and Equity , ed. by Cynthia L. Caywood and Gillian R. Overing. State University of New York Press, 1987)
• Directness and Cultural Differences "The U.S. style of directness and forcefulness would be perceived as rude or unfair in, say, Japan, China, Malaysia, or Korea. A hard-sell letter to an Asian reader would be a sign of arrogance, and arrogance suggests inequality for the reader." (Philip C. Kolin, Successful Writing at Work . Cengage, 2009)

Pronunciation: de-REK-ness

• Brevity in Speech and Writing
• Fluency in Language
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• Plain Style in Prose
• The Power of Indirectness in Speaking and Writing
• Definition and Examples of Plain English
• Definition, Examples, and Observations on Writing
• How to Use Indirect Quotations in Writing for Complete Clarity
• What Is Clarity in Composition?
• 5 Tips on How to Write a Speech Essay
• Ellipsis: Definition and Examples in Grammar
• What Is Tone In Writing?
• How to Write a Narrative Essay or Speech
• Pause (Speech and Writing)
• AP English Exam: 101 Key Terms

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English lessons and resources

Direct speech writing rules in English

7th January 2019 by Andrew 14 Comments

In the above picture, Mark is talking to Jane. The words inside the blue box are the exact words that he speaks.

Here is how we express this:

This is direct speech. Direct speech is when we report the exact words that somebody says.

In this English lesson, you will learn:

• The rules for writing direct speech.
• The correct punctuation.
• Vocabulary to report direct speech.

Reporting clause before the direct speech

The reporting clause of direct speech is the short clause that indicates who is talking. It is the clause that is outside of the inverted commas. It is therefore not the words being spoken.

We can write the reporting clause either before or after the direct speech. If the reporting clause is before the direct speech, we write it as follows:

Grammar rules – If the reporting clause is before the direct speech:

We write a comma (,) before the direct speech. We write the exact words inside the inverted commas. The first letter is a capital letter. We write a full stop (.) before the closing inverted commas.

Reporting clause before a question or exclamation

If the reporting clause is before a question or exclamation:

We write a comma (,) before the direct speech. We write the exact words inside the inverted commas. The first letter is a capital letter. We write a question mark (?) before the closing inverted commas. or We write an exclamation mark (!) before the closing inverted commas.

Reporting clause after the direct speech

If the reporting clause is after the direct speech:

We write the exact words inside the inverted commas. The first letter is a capital letter. We write a comma (,) before the closing inverted commas. We write a full stop (.) at the end of the reporting clause.

Reporting clause after a question or exclamation

If the reporting clause is after a question or exclamation:

We write the exact words inside the inverted commas. The first letter is a capital letter. We write a question mark (?) before the closing inverted commas. or We write an exclamation mark (!) before the closing inverted commas. We write a full stop (.) at the end of the reporting clause.

Advanced rules for direct speech

Sometimes we break up the direct speech into 2 parts:

The second part of the direct speech starts with a small letter if it is the same sentence as the first part of the direct speech.

The second part of the direct speech starts with a capital letter if it is a new sentence.

Vocabulary of direct speech

We have several names for the above punctuation marks:

Inverted commas Speech marks Quotation marks Quotes

Other reporting verbs

Here are some other useful reporting verbs:

reply (replied) ask (asked) shout (shouted) agree (agreed) comment (commented) admit (admitted)

They are often used for writing direct speech in books, newspapers and reports. It is more common to use them in reporting clauses after the direct speech.

“I really don’t like her dress,” she commented . “I don’t love you anymore,” he admitted .

Other English lessons

Private online English lessons How to pass the IELTS with a band 8 Adverbs of frequency Indefinite article “a” and “an” The prepositions FOR and SINCE All of our lessons

Direct speech video lesson

Reader Interactions

Matěj Formánek says

3rd November 2019 at 5:54 pm

How about this sentence: I know the satnav is wrong!” exclaimed Zena. – Why the subject and predicate are swapped? It’s sentence from textbook so I’m confused.

17th June 2020 at 4:07 pm

Can we write multiple sentences in direct speech that comes before reporting clause? In case if this is allowed, what punctuation mark should be used after the last sentence?

Example: “I entered the class room. As I did not find anybody there, I left the class room and went to buy a coffee.” explained the student to the teacher for his delay to come to the class.

Should the punctuation mark after the word coffee be comma instead of full stop?

Joaquim Barretto says

14th September 2020 at 1:25 pm

No full stop, but comma after the word coffee.

19th January 2021 at 2:34 pm

HI IM DAISY

courtney says

27th January 2021 at 12:07 pm

Clare Hatcher says

12th March 2021 at 9:55 am

Hello I like the layout of this – very clear. Just wondering if it is correct to use a comma in between two separate sentences in direct speech. I think that now in published material you find this instead. ‘I’m tired,’ she said. ‘Let’s stay at home.’ Would appreciate your thoughts Thanks

27th March 2021 at 8:54 am

If I wrote something with a comma at the end to continue speech like this:

“Hello,” he waved to the new student, “what’s you’re name?”

Do I have to use a capital letter even if I’m continuing with a comma or is it lowercase?

Sylvia Edouard says

30th September 2023 at 9:17 am

Yes, you need to use a capital letter as speech from someone has to start with a capital letter. Always.

15th April 2022 at 12:12 pm

which of the following is correct?

1. Should the status go missing when the metadata states, “Sign & return document?”

2. Should the status go missing when the metadata states, “Sign & return document,”? (comma inside)

3. Should the status go missing when the metadata states, “Sign & return document.”? (full stop inside)

Jan Švanda says

7th September 2023 at 1:31 pm

I presume the quotation is there to specify the exact phrase (for the metadata entry). I also encounter this from time to time, when writing technical documentation. I believe in that case you should write the phrase as it is, proper grammar be damned; beautifully looking documentation is useless if it leads to incorrect results.

In this case, I don’t even think this is “direct speech”, the metadata entry isn’t walking around and saying things, the quotation mark is there to indicate precise phrase – similar to marking strings in programming languages. Because of this, I don’t think direct speech rules apply, or at least, they should take back seat. If the expected status includes full stop at the end, the sentence would be:

4. Should the status go missing when the metadata states “Sign & return document.”? (no comma before, since it is not a direct speech; full stop inside, as it is part of the quoted status)

From grammatical perspective the end looks a bit ugly, but again, if this should be technical documentation, that is less important than precision.

A person says

15th August 2022 at 7:16 pm

One extra thing: YOU MUST NOT USE THE WORD SAID IN A REPORTING CLAUSE. EVER. IT’S UNIMAGINATIVE.

no joke, it’s actually discouraged and even close to banned at my school

7th September 2023 at 1:49 pm

This is stupid. You shouldn’t use it in _every_ sentence, there should be variety, but outright banning it doesn’t make sense.

Case in point:

Book: ‘Pride and Prejudice’. Phrase to search: ‘,” said’ (comma, followed by quotation mark, followed by space, followed by word ‘said’). Number of occurrences: 211. Total number of ‘,”‘ (comma, followed by quotation mark) strings is 436, so “said” is used in almost 50% cases of direct speech of this type.

I don’t think it would be right for your school to ban Jane Austin, do you?

blaire says

30th March 2024 at 5:36 pm

How do you use names in direct speech?

Is it: “I really don’t like her dress,” Ashley said. or “I really don’t like her dress,” said Ashley.

I’ve seen both and I’m so confused which one is correct, please help me.

Andrew says

3rd April 2024 at 11:31 am

Hello and thanks for your comment and question.

After the direct speech, both are correct.

Before the direct speech, only the first one is correct:

Ashley said, “I really don’t like her dress.” (correct) Said Ashley, “I really don’t like her dress.” (wrong)

I hope that helps you. Andrew https://www.youtube.com/@CrownAcademyEnglish/

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The Ultimate Guide to Speech Writing | Format and Samples

If you want to know, how to write a perfect speech , you will love this amazing step-by-step guide.

But, let’s start with a simple introduction.

In simple words, speech writing is an art (technique) of conveying your message to an audience through your words.

Think of it this way.

Whether for a ceremony, an election or a school assembly, you give a speech to interact with your audience.

Plus, a speech has logically connected ideas that are supported by evidence.

But, how do you write a speech? Let me tell you.

We'll take a look at:

Format of Speech Writing:

• Address your audience :

This is the first thing that you are going to do.

Addressing the audience simply means to start with a phrase such as: “Good morning everyone”, or “Good morning ladies and gentlemen”.

This will go on the top left of your page.

Note : If (in an exam) the question restricts you with the starting, you should follow the instructions. For example, if you are asked to start with “Good evening friends”, then you will start like that.

When you have addressed your audience (people listening to you), move on to the second step.

• Write an Introduction:

This is going to be the first paragraph of your speech. And trust me, it should be “epic”.

Let me tell you how to write a perfect introductory paragraph. An introduction should:

• Grab the attention of the audience
• Explain the topic (and the points that would be discussed)

If you want to hook your reader from the start, you can start with a question . This is because a question forces your reader to visualize and think about the topic.

For example, let’s suppose that you are writing about climate change. You can start your speech like this: “In your opinion, why is climate change a bigger problem today than it was 20 years ago?”.

The second thing you can do to grab your readers attention is to start with a fact .

I have a question for you. Would you be interested in hearing a speech that starts with a thrilling fact? At least, I would be!

A simple example of starting with a fact is:

“Do you know that one of the biggest global killers is pollution? Around 5000 people die every day due to the consumption of unclean water.” That is a HUGE number if you ask me…”

When you have grabbed your readers attention, move on and explain the purpose of your speech.

It is important to tell the purpose of your speech. It gives your reader an idea of what your speech will cover. It should also provide some background information on the issue or problem (if applicable).

When you are done with the introduction, move on to the body.

In the body paragraphs, you are going to cover the main topic (idea) in detail.

Each body paragraph should contain:

• A topic sentence that tells what the paragraph will cover
• The supporting sentences that discuss the idea of the topic sentence

But the real question is, how many body paragraphs should you make?

Well, it depends. Let me explain this to you.

You are going to make a paragraph in the body section for every main idea. In simple words, you will make a separate paragraph for a separate point (idea).

But ideally, it is recommended to make 3 body paragraphs (to cover three prominent ideas).

You will understand this after reading the sample speeches later in this article.

• Conclusion :

This is going to be the last part of your speech. But, a concluding paragraph is a little bit different.

Here’s how.

In the conclusion, you are first going to thank your audience for their patience and time. Then (just like other conclusions), you are going to summarise your discussion.

But remember, DO NOT introduce new points. The purpose of the conclusion is to wrap up your ideas and thank your audience.

So keep that in mind.

With this, it is time to move on and take a look at some samples for speech writing.

Recently, your class organized and helped to run an after-school activity for younger pupils in your school. The Principal asked you, as one of the organizers, to give a speech about it at the school assembly.

Write your speech. You must include the following:

• When and where the activity was held
• Description of the activity
• Benefits to younger pupils and classmates

“My respected schoolmates and the honourable administration, Good morning. I have a question for you. Would you actively participate in an event conducted by the school or by your friends?

I will come back to you with this question later, but first of all, let me introduce myself. I am Adam Sanders, a student of grade eleven, and I am here to talk about the recent sports activity our class organized after school.

( Introduction ↑ )

My honourable audience, my class conducted the planned sports activities immediately after the recent winter break. This means that the activity lasted for two weeks, from 1st January to 14th January 2021. Umm… And we conducted all our activities in this assembly area, where you all are currently standing.

( First Body Paragraph ↑ )

Any guesses how did we manage all this?

Firstly, the younger pupils opted for their favourite sports through a survey. Secondly, my class finalized the teams based upon the skills of players and sports categories such as cricket and football.

This was a hectic task, wasn’t it? After that, as you all know, the teams competed against each other up till the final, where one team secured a victory.

( Second Body Paragraph ↑ )

My honourable audience, this activity proved to be a source of learning competitive skills for the participants. Likewise, these sports activities also allowed students to improve their physical, mental and emotional health.

Isn’t it? And if I talk about my class, we learned a lot about leadership and how to plan and conduct events.

( Third Body Paragraph ↑ )

My respected guests, I thank you all from the bottom of my heart for your valuable time. I hope that we conduct similar events in the future as well. This is Adam, and I hope to see you all in the future.”

( Conclusion ↑ )

Comments on the Sample:

(The strong aspects of this response)

• The format of this sample is appropriate.

This is because it starts and ends with inverted commas and contains paragraphs.

Further reading:

Argumentative Essay Made Simple

Narrative Writing | With Examples

Report Writing | Format and Sample

• There are rhetorical questions that engage the audience.

These questions are the ones for which the questioner does not expect a direct answer. Here are some examples of rhetorical questions:

“There is no point in this, is there?”

“This joke was funny, wasn’t it?”

“Why don’t you leave me alone?”

• The writer covers all three aspects (mentioned as bullet points in the question).

If you look at the question, there were some topics such as “when and where the activity was held”. The candidate addresses all these points using a separate paragraph for each.

• The tone and register (writing style) are appropriate.

With this, it is time to discuss some areas of improvement for this sample.

(The areas of improvement )

• Variety in sentence structure.

In the response, there are mostly simple and compound sentences. The speech can be improved by using complex and compound-complex sentences as well.

• Engaging the audience.

In speech writing, keeping your audience engaged is the MOST important task.

This is simple. If you do not engage your audience, they will not listen to you.

In this response, the student has tried well to retain the audience attention. But there are some places where the speech turns to more like storytelling .

For example, when the details about the event were discussed.

• The Conclusion:

In the concluding paragraph, the student thanks to the audience (which is good). But, the summary of the main points (brief recap) was missing.

You should remember that in the conclusion, you have to summarise your speech and then thank your audience.

Note : You can also add extra details, such as your contact details (if applicable).

Now, let me share another speech writing sample with you.

Write a speech about an event from your school life you will always remember. You should include details such as when the event happened and how the event affected you.

“My respected Principal, the honourable school staff and my friends, Good morning! I have a quick question for you. Is there any event from your school life about which you says: ‘I am going to remember this FOREVER’?

Well, there is one for me. But first of all, let me introduce myself to you. My name is John Ryan and I am a student of grade eleven. I think this is enough for an introduction, isn’t it?

Now, let me share my experience of an inter-region football competition in which I participated last year.

Umm… First of all, raise your hands if you have ever been to a football competition. Good, the majority of you have the experience. Let me tell you all that our preparation for the event started two months before the event.

And for your reference, let me tell you that the event was conducted on 22nd March 2021. A quick question, any guesses on where the event was conducted?

No idea? Well, this programme was held in the Peninsula Stadium (UK) where teams from all over the globe participated.

I know that you might be wondering, ‘How did this stadium accommodate so many people?’. The answer is that after the teams were shortlisted, this stadium was enough to carry out an event like this.

My respected audience, our coach Sir Jimmy ensured that all the preparations were complete. And as you are aware that we defeated all our opponents one by one and made our way to the final.

Can you imagine how hectic and tiresome this day was for all of us? But to be honest, the victory at the end made this effort completely worth it. Now you all know why I was excited to share this experience?

My friends, this experience of training and victory is what makes this event unforgettable.

My honourable guests, I claim that this event made a HUGE impact on my personality. Any guesses?

Participation in this competition massively increased my confidence. Moreover, I learned some great lessons about teamwork, leadership and success.

But there is something I am even more proud of. Raise your hands if you know the answer. The hint is, ‘school’. Yes, you are correct. This victory enhanced the reputation of our school as well.

Well, this brings us to the end of this speech. Thank you for your valuable time and energy. If you have any questions for me, you can raise your hands…

No? Well then, I hope that this speech was a source of motivation and learning for you. I hope to see you all soon. Bye”

Tips for Speech Writing:

• Use a conversational tone.

You should remember that speech writing is not like account writing or letter writing. The tone matters!

Having a conversational tone simply means that your speech should sound like you are talking to someone. For that, you can use the phrases such as: “My respected guests…” “My honourable audience…” etc

Important Note : You should use the “You” tone in your writing. This keeps your audience engaged.

• Use rhetorical questions .

This is very important if you want to keep your audience engaged . As I mentioned earlier, these are the questions for which you do not expect a direct answer.

But, why do you ask them? To keep your audience attentive.

Therefore, try to ask questions so that your speech does not turn into a story.

• Know your audience :

Who is your audience? Why do they want and why are they there?

These questions are very important to answer before you write a speech. Whether your speech is to entertain, motivate, inform or challenge your audience, knowing them is the first part.

This is because your tone should vary according to your audience.

Wrapping Up:

With this, our topic about speech writing has come to an end.

Now, I turn it over to you.

Which part of this topic did you find challenging? Or you enjoyed reading the samples? Either way, do let me know.

Thank You very much for reading and staying with me till the end. Stay tuned for more. And if you have any questions, feel free to leave them below.

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