addition assignment operator c#

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C# - Assignment Operators

There are following assignment operators supported by C# −

The following example demonstrates all the assignment operators available in C# −

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result −

C# Tutorial

C# examples, c# assignment operators, assignment operators.

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.

In the example below, we use the assignment operator ( = ) to assign the value 10 to a variable called x :

Try it Yourself »

The addition assignment operator ( += ) adds a value to a variable:

A list of all assignment operators:

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Operators are symbols that are used to perform operations on operands. Operands may be variables and/or constants.

For example , in 2+3 , + is an operator that is used to carry out addition operation, while 2 and 3 are operands.

Operators are used to manipulate variables and values in a program. C# supports a number of operators that are classified based on the type of operations they perform.

1. Basic Assignment Operator

Basic assignment operator (=) is used to assign values to variables. For example,

Here, 50.05 is assigned to x.

Example 1: Basic Assignment Operator

When we run the program, the output will be:

This is a simple example that demonstrates the use of assignment operator.

You might have noticed the use of curly brackets { } in the example. We will discuss about them in string formatting . For now, just keep in mind that {0} is replaced by the first variable that follows the string, {1} is replaced by the second variable and so on.

2. Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators are used to perform arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, etc.

For example,

Example 2: Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operations are carried out in the above example. Variables can be replaced by constants in the statements. For example,

3. Relational Operators

Relational operators are used to check the relationship between two operands. If the relationship is true the result will be true , otherwise it will result in false .

Relational operators are used in decision making and loops.

Example 3: Relational Operators

4. logical operators.

Logical operators are used to perform logical operation such as and , or . Logical operators operates on boolean expressions ( true and false ) and returns boolean values. Logical operators are used in decision making and loops.

Here is how the result is evaluated for logical AND and OR operators.

In simple words, the table can be summarized as:

• If one of the operand is true, the OR operator will evaluate it to true .
• If one of the operand is false, the AND operator will evaluate it to false .

Example 4: Logical Operators

5. unary operators.

Unlike other operators, the unary operators operates on a single operand.

Example 5: Unary Operators

The increment (++) and decrement (--) operators can be used as prefix and postfix. If used as prefix, the change in value of variable is seen on the same line and if used as postfix, the change in value of variable is seen on the next line. This will be clear by the example below.

Example 6: Post and Pre Increment operators in C#

We can see the effect of using ++ as prefix and postfix. When ++ is used after the operand, the value is first evaluated and then it is incremented by 1 . Hence the statement

prints 10 instead of 11 . After the value is printed, the value of number is incremented by 1 .

The process is opposite when ++ is used as prefix. The value is incremented before printing. Hence the statement

prints 12 .

The case is same for decrement operator (--) .

6. Ternary Operator

The ternary operator ? : operates on three operands. It is a shorthand for if-then-else statement. Ternary operator can be used as follows:

The ternary operator works as follows:

• If the expression stated by Condition is true , the result of Expression1 is assigned to variable.
• If it is false , the result of Expression2 is assigned to variable.

Example 7: Ternary Operator

To learn more, visit C# ternary operator .

7. Bitwise and Bit Shift Operators

Bitwise and bit shift operators are used to perform bit manipulation operations.

Example 8: Bitwise and Bit Shift Operator

To learn more, visit C# Bitwise and Bit Shift operator .

8. Compound Assignment Operators

Example 9: compound assignment operator.

We will discuss about Lambda operators in later tutorial.

Table of Contents

• Basic Assignment Operator
• Arithmetic Operators
• Relational Operators
• Logical Operators
• Unary Operators
• Ternary Operator
• Bitwise and Bit Shift Operators
• Compound Assignment Operators

Sorry about that.

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C# Assignment Operators with Examples

In c#, Assignment Operators are useful to assign a new value to the operand, and these operators will work with only one operand.

For example, we can declare and assign a value to the variable using the assignment operator ( = ) like as shown below.

If you observe the above sample, we defined a variable called “ a ” and assigned a new value using an assignment operator ( = ) based on our requirements.

The following table lists the different types of operators available in c# assignment operators.

C# Assignment Operators Example

Following is the example of using assignment Operators in the c# programming language.

If you observe the above example, we defined a variable or operand “ x ” and assigning new values to that variable by using assignment operators in the c# programming language.

Output of C# Assignment Operators Example

When we execute the above c# program, we will get the result as shown below.

This is how we can use assignment operators in c# to assign new values to the variable based on our requirements.

Table of Contents

• Assignment Operators in C# with Examples
• C# Assignment Operator Example
• Output of C# Assignment Operator Example

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Working with C Sharp Math Operators

We discussed C# data types in a previous article and today we will be following this up with a .Net tutorial that shows developers how to work with one of the data types we covered: numeric data types. Specifically, we will be learning how to use C# math operators and perform mathematical operations using C#. We will have plenty of code examples for you to practice along with, so open up your favorite integrated development environment (IDE) or code editor and let’s get started!

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Math Operators in C#

Below you will find code examples showing how to work with the various math and numeric operators in C#. Some of them work in a similar manner to the mathematical operators you are used to from school and every day life. Others, while they may seem similar, work in unexpected and even surprising ways. We will begin with one of the most used operators in all of C# – the assignment operator.

Assignment Operator in C#

You have no doubt seen the assignment operator many times in your life; it is written using the equals sign or = . There are several assignment operators available in C# and the most basic is used to assign a simple value to a variable. The item to the left of the = sign is the variable name, while the value to the right of the = sign is the value that you want to assign to the variable. Here is how you use the basic assignment operator in C# code:

In this code, we create an integer variable named age and assign it the value 44 . This is achieved in the line that says int age = 44; . Next, we use the print statement Console.WriteLine to print some text and the value of our variable to the screen. Running this code in your code editor would result in the following output:

You can also use other variables to assign a value to a variable using the assignment operator, as shown in the following example:

In this example, we have created three variables. The first variable, age , represents my age. The second variable, ageTwo , represents my age when I am twice as old as I am now. Finally, we create a third variable, futureAge , which we assign the value of age + ageTwo – this shows that you can assign the value of one or more variables to another variable with the assignment operator. The result of running this code is:

Another way to assign the value of an existing variable to a new variable would be to simply do the following:

This results in:

The Addition + Operator in C#

The addition operator – or + operator – is used in a similar fashion to its mathematical equivalent you have been using your entire life. You can use it to add two or more numbers to one another when you apply it to an integer value or a floating-point number. Note that there is a difference when you use the + operator on an int versus when you use it on a float . We will discuss that difference momentarily. First, however, check out the following example where we demonstrate how to use the C# mathematical + operator :

The result of this code, which adds the values of two integers together, is:

Another way to use the + operator on an int in C# is by using it to assign a value to a variable. Check out the following code example:

Here, we create a variable named valueOne and assign is the result of the equation 8+12 . The result of running this in your IDE is:

Anytime that you add an integer value to another integer, the result will always be an integer value. However, if you add an integer to a floating-point number, the result is always a float. Try running the following code to see this at work:

Running this code will create the following output:

A final thing to take note of: adding two floating point numbers will, as you might imagine, always result in a float.

The subtraction – operator in C#

The subtraction operator – or – operator – in C# works much as you would expect it to. Its purpose is to perform subtraction in a mathematical equation. Again, it works the same as its math equivalent. Like the + operator , when you subtract an integer from an integer, you always return an integer value. However, subtracting an integer from a floating-point number (or vice versa), the value is always a floating-point number.

Here is how you subtract two integer values from one another with the – operator in C#:

The output of this code is:

Here is some code showing what happens when you subtract an integer from a float or vice versa:

Here, the result of running this code is:

Finally, you can also assign a value to a variable by subtracting two variables from one another and storing the result of the equation in a variable. Here is how that looks in code:

This code adds the result of the equation 12 – 8 – or valueInteger2 – valueInteger1 – to the variable named valueInteger3. The result of running this code in your IDE?

The Mulitplication * Operator in C#

The mutiplication operator – or * operator – performs multiplication on two or more values, just as it does in mathematical equations, though you may also have used x for multiplying numbers in school, as in 4 x 2 = 8 . When you multiply two integers together, your result is always an integer. However, when you multiply an integer by a floating-point number, the result is always a floating-point number. Multiplying two or more decimals, meanwhile, always results in a decimal value.

Here is an example showing how to use the multiplication * operator in C# on two integer values:

Here is the result of running this code:

Likewise, here is some code showing what happens when you multiply an integer by a floating-point number in C#

The outcome of this code snippet is:

Finally, as with the + operator and the – operator , you can of course assign a value to a variable by assigning it the result of two variables multiplied by one another. Here is a sample of that in code:

The result of running this code would give you:

The Division / Operator in C#

The division operator – or / operator – is used to divide two or more numeric values. When using the division operator, be aware that dividing an integer by an integer always results in an integer – even if there is a remainder. In the event of a remainder, C# rounds down. Consider the following code:

Normally, if you divided 7 / 4 , you would expect to get a result of 1 with a remainder of three. However, since we are dividing two integers, all that C# can return is an integer, so you get the following result instead:

If you divide an integer by a floating-point number, you always receive a floating-point number:

The result of this code is:

Finally, you can assign a value to a variable by dividing two numbers and assigning their value to a variable:

This results in the following output:

The Modulo % Operator in C#

If you do want to retrieve the remainder from a division, you are in luck, because C# has a built-in math operator for just such a function: the modulo operator – or % operator . Note that using this mathematical operator only returns the remainder from the division and nothing more. Here is how you use the modulo operator in C#:

Since 7 / 4 equals 1 with a remainder of 3 , using the modulo will result in the output:

Remember – only the remainder is returned when using the modulo operator.

Of course, we can use modulo to create a variable as well:

Other Assignment Operators in C#

In addition to the basic or normal assignment operator we discussed at the beginning of this tutorial, C# also offers a slew of other assignment operators. We do not have space left in this article to cover all of them, so we will have to follow up with another article to show you the rest of them. However, we can show you a few here, and give you a sneak peek of the others. Note that not all assignment operators are mathematical in nature, which is another reason we will not review them here. Some belong to Bitwise and Shift operators.

The remaining C# assignment operators include:

• = operator A regular assignment operator.
• += Addition assignment operator
• -= Subtraction assignment operator
• *= Multiplication assignment operator
• /= Division assignment operator
• %= Modulo assignment operator

Run the following code to see each of these C# assignment operators in action:

The += operator works by basically saying x = x +5 in this example. For instance, we started off by assigning additionAssignmentExample the value of 0 . We then use the += assignment operator to add assign the value of additionAssignmentExample to itself, plus add 5 to it.

The rest of the assignment operators work in a similar fashion, only they subtract , multiply , divide , or return the modulo of the number to the right of the = sign.

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Operators in c#: an overview.

Operators play a crucial role in any Programming Language, including C#. They allow us to perform various operations on data types, making our code more efficient and concise. In this article, we will explore the different types of Operators in C# and understand how they can enhance our coding efficiency.

Different Types of Operators in C# *{padding:0;margin:0;overflow:hidden}html,body{height:100%}img,span{position:absolute;width:100%;top:0;bottom:0;margin:auto}span{height:1.5em;text-align:center;font:48px/1.5 sans-serif;color:white;text-shadow:0 0 0.5em black} ▶ " frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="">

C# provides a wide range of operators that cater to different requirements. Let's take a look at the different types of operators in C#:

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Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators are used to perform mathematical calculations in C#. They include addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (*), division (/), and modulus (%). These operators allow us to manipulate numerical values and perform calculations with ease. For example, if we want to add two numbers together, we can simply use the addition operator (+).

Arithmetic Operators Example

Using system; namespace arithmetic { class dnt { static void main (string[] args) { int result; int x = 10 , y = 5 ; result = (x + y); console. writeline ( "addition operator: " + result); result = (x - y); console. writeline ( "subtraction operator: " + result); result = (x * y); console. writeline ( "multiplication operator: " + result); result = (x / y); console. writeline ( "division operator: " + result); result = (x % y); console. writeline ( "modulo operator: " + result); } } } run code >>, explanation.

This C# code in the C#  Compiler defines a console application that performs basic arithmetic operations. It initializes two integers (x=10 and y=5), then calculates and prints the results of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and modulo operations between these two numbers using appropriate operators.

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Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables in C#. They include the simple assignment operator (=), as well as compound assignment operators such as +=, -=, *=, and /=. These operators not only assign values but also perform an operation simultaneously. For instance, the += operator adds the right-hand operand to the left-hand operand and assigns the result to the left-hand operand.

Assignment Operators Example

This C# code demonstrates various assignment operators and their usage. It initializes an integer variable "x" and then performs operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, modulo, left shift, right shift, bitwise AND, bitwise XOR, and bitwise OR using their corresponding assignment operators, modifying and printing the value of "x" at each step.

Comparison Operators

Comparison operators are used to compare values in C#. They include == (equality), != (inequality), > (greater than), < (less than), >= (greater than or equal to), and <= (less than or equal to). These operators return a Boolean value (true or false) based on the comparison result. For example, if we want to check if two numbers are equal, we can use the equality operator (==).

Comparison Operators: Example

Using system; class program { static void main ( string [] args ) { int num1 = 10 ; int num2 = 5 ; // equal to bool isequal = num1 == num2; console.writeline( $" {num1} == {num2} : {isequal} " ); // not equal to bool isnotequal = num1 = num2; console.writeline( $" {num1} = {num2} : {isnotequal} " ); // greater than bool isgreater = num1 > num2; console.writeline( $" {num1} > {num2} : {isgreater} " ); // less than bool isless = num1 < num2; console.writeline( $" {num1} < {num2} : {isless} " ); // greater than or equal to bool isgreaterorequal = num1 >= num2; console.writeline( $" {num1} >= {num2} : {isgreaterorequal} " ); // less than or equal to bool islessorequal = num1 <= num2; console.writeline( $" {num1} <= {num2} : {islessorequal} " ); } } run code >>.

This C# program compares two integer variables, num1 and num2, using relational operators. It checks if num1 is equal to num2, not equal, greater than, less than, greater than or equal to, and less than or equal to num2. The results of these comparisons are printed on the console.

Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to perform logical operations in C#. They include && (logical AND), || (logical OR), and ! (logical NOT). These operators are commonly used in conditional statements and loops. They allow us to combine multiple conditions and control the flow of our program based on the result. For instance, if we want to check if both condition A and condition B are true, we can use the logical AND operator (&&).

Logical Operators: Example

This C# code in the C# Editor demonstrates the usage of logical operators. It initializes two boolean variables, 'a' and 'b', and then computes and prints the results of logical AND, OR, and NOT operations between these variables. The code shows how these operators combine and negate boolean values to produce logical results.

Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators are used to perform operations at the bit level in C#. They include &, |, ^, ~, <<, and >>. These operators manipulate individual bits of an operand, allowing us to perform operations such as bitwise AND, bitwise OR, bitwise XOR, bitwise complement, left shift, and right shift. Bitwise operators are particularly useful in scenarios where we need to work with binary data or perform low-level operations.

Unary Operators

Unary operators are used to perform operations on a single operand in C#. They include ++ (increment), -- (decrement), + (positive), - (negative), ! (logical NOT), and ~ (bitwise complement). These operators allow us to modify the value of a variable or change its state based on specific conditions. For example, the increment operator (++) increases the value of a variable by 1.

Unary Operators: Example

This C# code illustrates the post-increment (a++) and post-decrement (a--) operators, as well as the pre-increment (++a) and pre-decrement (--a) operators. It initializes an integer 'a', performs these operations, and prints 'a' and the result of each operation to demonstrate how these operators affect the variable's value.

Ternary Operators

Ternary operators are unique to C# and allow us to write concise conditional expressions. The ternary operator (?:) takes three operands: a condition, a true expression, and a false expression. It evaluates the condition and returns the true expression if the condition is true, otherwise, it returns the false expression. Ternary operators are handy when we need to assign a value to a variable based on a condition in a single line of code.

Ternary Operators: Example

This C# program uses ternary operators to perform conditional operations in a concise way. It checks if 'number' is even or odd, finds the maximum of 'a' and 'b', and determines if a person can vote based on their 'age'. The results are then printed to the console. Ternary operators provide a compact way to write conditional expressions with a true/false outcome.

Precedence of Operators in C#

Operators in C# have different levels of precedence, which determines the order in which they are evaluated. It is essential to understand the precedence rules to avoid unexpected results in our code. For example, multiplication (*) has higher precedence than addition (+), so an expression like 2 + 3 * 4 will evaluate to 14, not 20. By understanding the precedence of operators, we can write code that accurately reflects our intended calculations.

Here is the Precedence of Operators in C#

In conclusion, operators are a fundamental aspect of C# programming. They allow us to perform various operations on various data types, enhancing our coding efficiency. By understanding the different types of operators in C#, their functionality, and the precedence rules, we can write code that is concise, efficient, and easy to understand. So, next time you write code in C#, remember to leverage the power of operators and take your coding efficiency to new heights!

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addition-assignment-operator.md

Latest commit, file metadata and controls, += operator (c# reference).

The addition assignment operator.

An expression using the += assignment operator, such as

is equivalent to

except that x is only evaluated once. The meaning of the + operator depends on the types of x and y (addition for numeric operands, concatenation for string operands, and so forth).

The += operator cannot be overloaded directly, but user-defined types can overload the + operator (see operator ).

The += operator is also used to specify a method that will be called in response to an event; such methods are called event handlers. The use of the += operator in this context is referred to as subscribing to an event . For more information, see How to: Subscribe to and Unsubscribe from Events . and Delegates .

[!code-cs csRefOperators#35 ]

C# Reference C# Programming Guide C# Operators

C# Operators

• What is Operators in C#?
• Arithmetic operators (+, -, *, /, %)
• Comparison operators (==, !=, <, >, <=, >=)
• Logical operators (&&, ||, !)
• Assignment operators (=, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=)

What is Operator?

Operators in C# are symbols that perform operations on operands.

They are used to manipulate and perform calculations on variables and values.

Arithmetic Operators:

• + (Addition): Adds two operands.
• - (Subtraction): Subtracts the second operand from the first.
• * (Multiplication): Multiplies two operands.
• / (Division): Divides the first operand by the second.
• % (Modulus): Returns the remainder of the division of the first operand by the second.

Comparison Operators:

• == (Equality): Returns true if the operands are equal; otherwise, false.
• != (Inequality): Returns true if the operands are not equal; otherwise, false.
• < (Less than): Returns true if the first operand is less than the second; otherwise, false.
• > (Greater than): Returns true if the first operand is greater than the second; otherwise, false.
• <= (Less than or equal to): Returns true if the first operand is less than or equal to the second; otherwise, false.
• >= (Greater than or equal to): Returns true if the first operand is greater than or equal to the second; otherwise, false.

Logical Operators:

• && (Logical AND): Returns true if both operands are true; otherwise, false.
• || (Logical OR): Returns true if either operand is true; otherwise, false.
• ! (Logical NOT): Returns the opposite of the operand's value; if the operand is true, ! returns false, and vice versa.

Assignment Operators:

• = (Assignment): Interchanges the value for right operant to left operand.
• += (Addition assignment): Performs the operation of addition and the obtained value to the left operand is kept and the right operand is skipped.
• -= (Subtraction assignment): Sums up the value of the left operand and the right operand and returns their product to the left operand.
• *= (Multiplication assignment): More to the left, multiplies operands by the value from the right side. The output is assigned on the opposite (left) side.
• /= (Division assignment): Splits the value on the left by an occurrence of the value on the right and assigns the outcome to the left operand.
• %= (Modulus assignment): Performs a modulo operation that is the modulus of the left operand divided by the value of the right operand, and returns it to the left operand.

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C# Tutorial

By knowledgehut ., 1. c# tutorial, 2. c# introduction, 3. java vs c#, 4. ides to run c# program, 5. set environment, 6. first c# program, 7. data types in c#, 8. variables and constants in c#, 9. operators in c#, 10. namespaces in c#, 11. decision making statements in c#, 12. loops in c#, 13. arrays in c#, 14. strings in c#, 15. hashset collection in c#, 16. stack collection in c#, 17. queue collection in c#, 18. linkedlist collection in c#, 19. dictionary collection in c#, 20. sortedlist collection in c#, 21. bitarray collection in c#, 22. arraylist collection in c#, 23. methods in c#, 24. anonymous methods in c#, 25. classes and objects in c#, 26. constructors in c#, 27. static keyword in c#, 28. inheritance in c#, 29. interfaces in c#, 30. abstraction in c#, 31. delegates in c#, 32. structures in c#, 33. preprocessor directives in c#, 34. type conversion in c#, 35. exception handling in c#, 36. polymorphism in c#, 37. nullables in c#, 38. reflection in c#, 39. regular expressions in c#, 40. multithreading in c#, 41. indexers in c#, 42. file handling in c#, 43. attributes in c#, 44. generics in c#, 45. events in c#, 46. synchronization in c#, 47. serialization in c#, 48. properties in c#, 49. enum in c#, 50. unsafe code in c#, operators in c#.

Operators are used to perform mathematical or logical manipulations in a program. There are many types of built-in operators in C#. Some of these are the following: Arithmetic Operators, Relational Operators, Logical Operators, Bitwise Operators, etc.

Details about all these operators are given as follows:

Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators are used to perform arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division etc.

A table that shows all the arithmetic operators in C# is as follows: Table: Arithmetic Operators in C#

A program that demonstrates the arithmetic operators in C# is as follows:

Source Code: Program to implement arithmetic operators in C#

The output of the above program is as follows:

Relational Operators

Relational Operators are used for comparison purposes. This includes finding if a variable is greater than another variable, lesser than another variable etc.

A table that shows all the relational operators in C# is as follows: Table: Relational Operators in C#

A program that demonstrates the relational operators in C# is as follows: Source Code: Program to implement  relational operators  in C#

Logical Operators

The logical operators are used to perform specific logical operations in c#. There are three logical operators namely, logical AND, logical OR and logical NOT.

A table that shows all the logical operators in C# is as follows: Table: Logical Operators in C#

A program that demonstrates the logical operators in C# is as follows:

Source Code: Program to implement  logical operators  in C#

Bitwise Operators

The bitwise operators work at the level of bits and perform bit-by-bit operation. There are many bitwise operators such as bitwise AND, bitwise OR, bitwise XOR, bitwise NOT etc.

A table that shows all the bitwise operators in C# is as follows:

Table: Bitwise Operators in C#

A program that demonstrates the bitwise operators in C# is as follows: Source Code: Program to implement  bitwise operators  in C#

Assignment Operators

The assignment operators in C# are used to assign values to variables. There are various shorthand’s to assign values.

A table that shows all the assignment operators in C# is as follows: Table: Assignment Operators in C#

A program that demonstrates the assignment operators in C# is as follows:

Source Code: Program to implement assignment operators in C#

Miscellaneous Operators

There are many miscellaneous operators in C# such as sizeof(), & (address specifier),* (pointer dereference), ?: (conditional expression) etc.

A table that shows all the miscellaneous operators in C# is as follows: Table: Miscellaneous Operators in C#

A program that demonstrates different miscellaneous operators in C# is as follows:

Source Code: Program to implement  miscellaneous operators  in C#

Operator Precedence in C#

Operator precedence specifies the order in which operators will be evaluated. Some operators have more precedence than others have and are evaluated first. In the table given below, the operators with the higher precedence are given at the top and the precedence decreases further down the table. Table: Operator Precedence in C#

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austin faith

Avery good write-up. Please let me know what are the types of C# libraries used for AI development.

kariya arti

very satisfied!!

jean-Francois Michaud

Good tutorial. Small question: Say, there is : enum numbers { one, two, three} and a string field_enum ="one" how would I from the variable field_enum have a response with value numbers.one so that it can be treated as an enum and not as a string. making a list from the enum, and loop into the list. is not elegant... and may not work is forced value on field is forced ( one = 100).

Hi Team Knowledge Hut, Thank you for such an informative post like this. I am completely new to this digital marketing field and do not have much idea about this, but your post has become a supportive pillar for me. After reading the blog I would expect to read more about the topic. I wish to get connected with you always to have updates on these sorts of ideas. Regards, Kshitiz

The reason abstraction can be used with this example is because, the triangle, circle. Square etc can be defined as a shape, for example.....shape c = new circle(5,0)...the abstract object c now points at the circle class. Thus hiding implementation

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?? and ??= operators - the null-coalescing operators

• 9 contributors

The null-coalescing operator ?? returns the value of its left-hand operand if it isn't null ; otherwise, it evaluates the right-hand operand and returns its result. The ?? operator doesn't evaluate its right-hand operand if the left-hand operand evaluates to non-null. The null-coalescing assignment operator ??= assigns the value of its right-hand operand to its left-hand operand only if the left-hand operand evaluates to null . The ??= operator doesn't evaluate its right-hand operand if the left-hand operand evaluates to non-null.

The left-hand operand of the ??= operator must be a variable, a property , or an indexer element.

The type of the left-hand operand of the ?? and ??= operators can't be a non-nullable value type. In particular, you can use the null-coalescing operators with unconstrained type parameters:

The null-coalescing operators are right-associative. That is, expressions of the form

are evaluated as

The ?? and ??= operators can be useful in the following scenarios:

In expressions with the null-conditional operators ?. and ?[] , you can use the ?? operator to provide an alternative expression to evaluate in case the result of the expression with null-conditional operations is null :

When you work with nullable value types and need to provide a value of an underlying value type, use the ?? operator to specify the value to provide in case a nullable type value is null :

Use the Nullable<T>.GetValueOrDefault() method if the value to be used when a nullable type value is null should be the default value of the underlying value type.

You can use a throw expression as the right-hand operand of the ?? operator to make the argument-checking code more concise:

The preceding example also demonstrates how to use expression-bodied members to define a property.

You can use the ??= operator to replace the code of the form

with the following code:

Operator overloadability

The operators ?? and ??= can't be overloaded.

C# language specification

For more information about the ?? operator, see The null coalescing operator section of the C# language specification .

For more information about the ??= operator, see the feature proposal note .

• Null check can be simplified (IDE0029, IDE0030, and IDE0270)
• C# operators and expressions
• ?. and ?[] operators
• ?: operator

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