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What is a Trial Presentation? Everything You Need to Know

by Carolina Barbalace | Jul 31, 2023 | Present in Court | 0 comments

Attorneys go to court ready with a trial presentation. So should you. 

You may be asking yourself, what is a trial presentation?

A trial presentation is a visual and legal aid designed to present your evidence, argument, and legal analysis in a way that is easy for the judge to follow and understand. 

Why is it important to use a Trial Presentation?

Make your case stronger: .

You want to be as persuasive as possible when you’re in court. A trial presentation helps you present your evidence in a way that’s easy for the judge to understand and see the strength of your case.

Preparing a Trial Presentation not only helps you present your evidence effectively but also assists you in organizing your thoughts and arguments. With a well-structured outline and identified key points, you can ensure that you cover all the important information in a logical and easy-to-follow way.

Show the Judge You’re Credible:  

When you’re in court, it’s important to come across as credible and prepared. With a trial presentation, you can showcase your evidence professionally and organized. The judge will see that you’ve made the effort to build a strong case and deserve their serious attention. It also demonstrates that you value the judge’s time and are conscientious.

Also, a trial presentation can make the judge more engaged and focused. By using visual aids, such as graphs, charts, and photographs, you can capture the judge’s attention and help them to better understand your argument. These visuals bring your case to life and make it easier for the judge to follow along.

What should be included in a Trial Presentation?

Opening statement:.

The beginning of your trial presentation is crucial. It all starts with an opening statement that sets the stage for your case. This statement introduces the judge to the important facts, aligning them with the specific legal elements involved. It’s your chance to clearly state what you seek from the judge.

When crafting your opening statement, remember that it shapes the impression of your entire case. You want to convey confidence, organization, and preparedness. Keep it concise, focusing on the key facts that support your argument. Avoid overwhelming the judge with unnecessary details.

Include a chronological timeline of the events and evidence in your case. This timeline is a valuable asset that helps the judge follow the events leading up to your case. By visually organizing your evidence on a timeline, you can demonstrate when crucial facts occurred and how they connect. Doing this gives the judge a deeper understanding of your case’s context and empowers them to make an informed decision.

To make the most of your timeline, ensure that each piece of evidence on the timeline is assigned a page number corresponding to its location in your trial presentation. This way, the judge can easily navigate to the relevant evidence, facilitating a smooth and efficient review of your case.

Damages Table:

A damages table is a vital component that showcases all the damages you claim in a neat and structured format, complete with accurate calculations. This table plays a crucial role when presenting your case to the judge, allowing you to show the exact amount of money you deserve

Think of the damages table as a handy list that outlines the money you seek. By having a damaged table, you can ensure that you cover all the different types of money you need to ask for, leaving no important details behind. This organized approach presents a compelling case and helps the judge understand your arguments easily, making a favorable decision more likely.

Finally, include copies of all the evidence supporting your case in your trial presentation. From documents and text messages to emails, photographs, and videos, leave no stone unturned in presenting the full picture.

Also, ensure that each piece of evidence is clearly labeled. Moreover, organize your evidence logically and chronologically so the judge can easily navigate each piece.  

In conclusion, a trial presentation can help strengthen your case and be more persuasive. It allows you to organize your thoughts, gain the judge’s trust, and keep everyone engaged in the courtroom. By following the steps and including these important sections in your presentation, you can clearly present your case and increase your chances of winning. Take advantage of this opportunity to confidently share your side of the story, leave a lasting impression, and achieve a favorable outcome in your legal journey.

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Trial Presentation

Experienced litigators know that a smooth presentation of the evidence at trial is a critical variable in the courtroom. Even with sound evidence and solid demonstratives, the litigation team is not complete without a calm, skilled technician in the “hot seat” to seamlessly present the evidence supporting your argument. In both the War Room and the Court Room, a Trial Technician needs to “get it,” by understanding the dynamics of litigation, and appreciating the personalities of the players. Our role is to blend in with your team and provide you with the support and preparation that enables you to win. Armed with the experience and judgment to adjust as necessary to the fluid dynamics of the trial process, our professional team of trial consultants distinguishes DEG from the competition.

WHAT DISTINGUISHES DEG’S TRIAL TECHNICIANS?

Deg is experienced.

• We have assisted firms in securing over $2 billion in jury awards and favorable settlements
• Our company works regularly with top 100 law firms
• DEG assigns personnel with the knowledge and skill to best match your litigation needs
• Trial consultants can share prior litigation experiences, pitfalls to avoid, and specific courtroom knowledge

DEG Is Well Prepared

• Our technicians conduct dry runs of presentation and witness preparation
• It is standard to review attorney outlines, and rehearse presentations with attorney
• We establish a daily pattern at trial of receiving witness outlines, preparing direct examinations, preparing for cross-examinations and reviewing impeachment materials.

DEG Is Reliable and Works Under Your Schedule

• Our professionals conform to the style, preferences and working hours of the trial team
• We maintain and monitor courtroom equipment, backup suite of equipment
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Exhibit A: Top trial presentation tools

By Nicole Black

May 24, 2022, 11:30 am CDT

Nicole Black.

I’ve watched clips of Johnny Depp's defamation trial with interest. The proceeding offers a fascinating view into the lives of the rich and famous and also is a prime example of how court will likely be conducted post-pandemic. This trial is notable not only because it is televised, but also because it includes testimony from many in-person witnesses and several others via videoconference. Of those participating remotely, some testified live and the testimony of others was pre-recorded.

As the Depp trial exemplifies, in-person court proceedings aren’t going away. Trials will occur in brick-and-mortar courtrooms moving forward, and technology will facilitate in-person proceedings just as it does virtual ones.

This “hybrid” trial is likely a sign of things to come as we head into the next phase of the pandemic, one where COVID-19 surges come and go. This continued unpredictability means that courts will need to embrace flexibility to remain operable no matter the circumstances. That’s why in my last two columns, I focused on deposition and court reporting software that enables the remote recording of testimony; these tools will be essential to the ability to administer justice in the weeks and months ahead.

After my most recent column covering court reporting tools was published, an email arrived from a reader of this column who wondered if I had any recommendations about tools to facilitate the in-person trial presentation of exhibits.

While this isn’t a topic I’ve yet covered in this column, there are many tools now available in this category of software. Most of the tools discussed below are cloud-based, although I’ll also briefly cover the tried-and-true—and often clunky-and-complex—premises-based trial presentation platforms as well.

But before I dive into the offerings, it’s important to note, as I always do, that the majority of software programs discussed below are cloud-based, which means data will be housed on servers owned by a third party. Because you’ll be entrusting your law firm’s data to a third party, you have an ethical duty to vet the technology provider hosting and storing your data thoroughly. This includes ensuring you understand how that company will handle the data; where the servers that will store the data are located; who will have access to the data; and how and when it will be backed up, among other things.

Make your case

Now I’ll review some of the options available, with a focus on the more modern, cloud-based tools discussed first.

Let’s start with four companion products from Lit Software that facilitate trial preparation and presentation: TrialPad , TranscriptPad , DocReviewPad and ExhibitsPad . These tools are designed for use on iPads only. Each app has its own trial function and offers unique ways to present your case to the finder of fact. A 7-day free trial is available for each app, and the pricing for the suite of all four apps is $399 per year. The apps cannot be purchased separately.

With DocReviewPad, you can annotate, review and produce documents. The companion app, ExhibitsPad, enables sharing trial exhibits with the fact finder so long as you provide jurors and/or the judge with an iPad for viewing and interacting with the exhibits.

TranscriptPad allows you to import deposition transcripts from a number of different sources, including many typical cloud providers and AirDrop. Once imported, you can read, annotate and search transcripts.

TrialPad is designed for trial presentation. You can organize, annotate and present trial evidence via an intuitive and easy-to-use interface using this app. Once files are imported from major cloud providers, AirDrop and more can be displayed using VGA or HDMI-compatible projectors. As is the case with most trial presentation software programs, you can call out certain sections of documents, zoom in and out and much more.

Next is ExhibitView Solutions . This company offers a number of trial preparation tools as well as both premises-based and cloud options. ExhibitView Trial Presenter is a premises-based trial presentation software tool that is compatible with PCs only. There is a 14-day trial available for ExhibitView, and the cost is $549 for two installations.

For lawyers seeking the ease and intuitiveness of an iPad interface, the company also offers a trial presentation iPad app, iTrial , which costs $99.99 and can be used as a standalone trial presentation tool. It also integrates with ExhibitView via Dropbox, which means you can prepare for trial using ExhibitView and then present at trial using iTrial.

TranscriptPro is another PC-compatible software tool that supports video deposition editing and facilitates digital transcript review. A 14-day trial is offered, and the cost is $249 for two installations.

Exhibit Presenter is another PC-based trial presentation tool. With this software, you can share and manipulate PDF exhibits in court as you present your case. This tool is an affordable one and costs $99 to download . There is a free demo version available as well.

Once it’s released, another option to consider for trial presentation is iLitigate , an iPad app. Right now, this software is available only to beta testers and pricing is not available. This software will provide tools to facilitate a legal team’s pre-trial case preparation and collaboration and includes document review functionality and trial presentation capabilities.

Finally, because I include premises-based software in this article, I would be remiss if I failed to mention TrialDirector and OnCue , two of the most well-known and robust trial presentation software suites. Both have been around for years and are popular choices, especially among larger law firm users, in part because those firms have the staff and resources needed for the implementation and training required to use these tools. The cost for TrialDirector is not available on the company’s website, and pricing for OnCue ranges from $80 per month to $780 per year for two activations per license.

The bottom line: If you’re in the market for trial presentation software, there is likely a tool that fits your needs. Your task will be to choose a program compatible with your firm’s operating systems and budget. Narrow your options accordingly, and take advantage of any free trials offered. Give the software a test run and determine if the interface is intuitive and robust enough for your needs. From there, you should be well on your way to effectively presenting your client’s case with ease.

Nicole Black is a Rochester, New York-based attorney, author and journalist, and she is the legal technology evangelist at MyCase , a company that offers legal practice management software for small firms. She is the nationally recognized author of Cloud Computing for Lawyers and is co-author of Social Media for Lawyers: The Next Frontier , both published by the American Bar Association. She also is co-author of Criminal Law in New York , a Thomson Reuters treatise. She writes regular columns for ABAJournal.com and Above the Law; has authored hundreds of articles for other publications; and regularly speaks at conferences regarding the intersection of law and emerging technologies. Follow her on Twitter @nikiblack , or she can be reached at [email protected] .

This column reflects the opinions of the author and not necessarily the views of the ABA Journal—or the American Bar Association.

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Trials & litigation | practice management | technology | business development | practice technology | career & practice | litigation management | columns, you might also like:, a return to civil, pragmatic conflict resolution.

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iTrial iPad App for Trial Presentation

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Trial Presentation Services

Get the edge you need to improve your case by using our experienced personnel and state-of-the-art courtr oom technology.

When you choose Litigation Services for the preparation of trial exhibits, presentation, support and other services, you will have access to a team of experienced professionals and some of the most advanced trial preparation technology available.

Our innovative courtroom presentation services are customized to meet each client’s case profile and working preferences.

At Litigation Services, our highly trained trial preparation consultants are available to provide the expertise and support your case needs, creating and delivering cost-effective multimedia presentations and trial exhibits. By leveraging the power of engaging courtroom presentations, we will work hard to make sure your legal exhibits stand out.

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Why Outsource Trial Presentation Services?

If you are like most of the attorneys and firms we work with, your expertise is in preparing legal arguments to help your client — not in technology or preparing exhibits for trial.

Litigation Services support technicians are experienced and adept at what they do, providing the peace of mind you need to know that trial exhibits and presentation will run smoothly and as planned.

In-Court Technicians

At trial, having an experienced, engaged and intelligent presentation technician improves the power and sophistication of your message to the judge and jury.

In preparing exhibits for court, Litigation Services uses the latest annotation, comparison and emphasis tools. These strategies are designed to bring the attention of the jury to areas of the documents that you need them to quickly and fully understand.

Let our trial presentation services help you accentuate your arguments, present important memory points to the jury for lasting impressions, and provide vivid imagery to capture, and keep, the interest of judges and juries.

When you choose Litigation Services, you can be confident knowing you have a reliable trial presentation specialist there to ensure the technology runs smoothly.

War Room Support

As a valuable member of your litigation team, our technicians provide engaged and strategic support in preparing exhibits for court.

We organize the evidence, prepare trial exhibits, create video clips and work with you to determine and design simple and complex visual flow plans for maximum impact.

In the heat of the battle, Litigation Services is there to help facilitate dynamic adjustments to your approach, helping you create powerful responses to your opposition.

Trial Exhibits

A well-planned and expertly presented exhibit can leave a lasting impression. When preparing exhibits for court, Litigation Services uses state-of-the-art technology to focus the attention of the judge and jury with dynamic exhibits created with proven design techniques.

Litigation Services provides a variety of dynamic ways to bring exhibits to life in the courtroom, including:

• Illustrations

From trial boards to 2D and 3D courtroom animation, Litigation Services helps support your case by providing powerful, sophisticated tools that create compelling imagery.

Our legal support professionals will work closely with you to create and prepare visual trial graphics and other trial exhibits designed to complement, and enhance, your case strategy.

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Trial Presentation 101: Impactful Courtroom Demonstratives

• Michael Beumer

TRIAL PREPARATION SERIES | PART THREE of THREE

A looming trial or hearing date is no reason to panic. As we have described in PART 1 and PART 2 of our blog series, if your trial team has kept a well-organized and thoughtful document review and deposition process, your trial preparations and courtroom presentation should come together naturally. 

The key to making impactful trial presentations and graphics is not necessarily doing anything novel, but creating a cadence and drawing attention to the key points you’re trying to make. Your review team should have identified most of your key points when reviewing evidence. Organize it so that the most important and clear-cut examples can be easily found by the trial team.  

You must relate the most compelling story possible when your matter is tried in front of a judge, panel, or jury. Here’s how to do it.

★  In Trial Presentation, Simple Is Better

Above all, keep your courtroom presentation simple. Even if you have uncovered a mountain of damning evidence, your job in presenting your case is to tell a simple and clear story. When presenting, don’t overwhelm your audience and don’t die by bullet point. The less clutter on a slide, the more memorable your language and imagery, the more powerful the message will be. 

Once ESI has been reviewed for relevance, only a few key pieces or passages might actually be presented at a deposition , hearing, or trial. Consider how you’re organizing your presentation. 

The bullet points you use should be descriptive but succinct. Your timeline should be clear and easy to understand. Use charts, quotes and visual images to draw the viewer in and tell your story, not just illustrate a chronology. As discussed in our Taking Depositions post, a timeline not only organizes your evidence, but helps find patterns to define and accentuate your story. 

★  Timelines in Trial Presentation

To ensure your presentation is on point, use analytics to see date ranges and help determine your starting and ending points. Metadata can sort evidence by date so that you can organize it in a timeline view and can see patterns over time. 

These timelines are functional, but they can also be given to a professional graphic designer who can create a simplified, polished timeline slide for presenting in court. ( Reach out to Nextpoint for help with your trial graphics.)

Once your trial team and creative team understand key themes, the timeline becomes a roadmap or case brief. It will help set the stage for the audience and identify your cast of characters. Just like a good novel, consider the conflicts. Consider the rising action that brought conflict in the case. Then help lead the audience to a logical conclusion.  

One of the most difficult questions is how to manage complex electronic data. Data is an important part of most litigation today. The aim is to create custom graphics to complement the data and make it more digestible for a judge, arbitration panel, or jury to follow. 

Alternatively, you can employ a true exhibit presentation platform (such as Nextpoint, Trial Director or OnCue) to present data using callouts to make the data or financial information easily comprehensible. 

★  The Tools of the Trial Presentation Trade

As you receive designations from opposing counsel, organize them side by side with yours. In Nextpoint, reporting features allow you to discover what designations have been made. You can also see if there are any discrepancies and any objections you might raise. Issue tagging and coding in review will help make your key points and themes clear. We pointed that out in our recent post  on trial preparation.

In addition, you can view designation types and search across all depositions easily. This means information can rise to the top so you can have a vertical view to leverage transcripts of depositions . This is especially useful for MDLs or large scale litigation which may involve depositions and evidence from other jurisdictions or matters. 

If you’ve done this work ahead of time, creating final exhibits will be much easier. In fact, many of our clients will run presentations from their trial database . Simply call up documents and video as needed and replay important designations or clips. 

Callouts make great visuals. But professional designers or a good slide template can make even more powerful presentation materials. 

Modern trial databases are great tools for organizing and presenting your case. But we also believe in old-fashioned courtroom presentation materials. As courts go back to in-person meetings, a mixed media presentation should include digital exhibits on your presentation platform. You can also include a poster board that you can point to in the courtroom or arbitration room to hammer home important points. 

★  Want to Learn More?

Check out Parts 1 and 2 of our Trial Preparation Series:

• Trial Preparation 101: Strategies for Building Winning Arguments outlines the strategic aspects of trial planning
• Taking Depositions: Preparation Strategies for Attorneys   explains how to get the most out of your depositions and manage them alongside the rest of your case

And download our comprehensive eGuides on case building and deposition prep

If you’re looking for help with your courtroom presentation or any part of the litigation process, please reach out to the experts at Nextpoint . We can help you create custom graphics for your presentation, provide assistance in person when you go to trial, and so much more.

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Home » Thought Leadership » How to Empower Your Trial Presentation

• June 19, 2023

How to Empower Your Trial Presentation

Trial presentations are an essential element of going to court; the balance between visuals and oral argument helps jurors to better understand the case. What is the objective of a trial presentation? For many, it is to tell a story compelling and convincing enough to win a case. When we think about empowering and improving a trial presentation, we need to consider the narrative of that presentation and how to maximize its impact.

What to Avoid

Presentations should complement the trial attorney, highlighting their arguments as they are made. Because listening and reading demand the same cognitive faculties, keep presentation text to a minimum so it does not compete with what the speaker is saying.

Each slide of your presentation should be comprehended within about five seconds. If it takes longer than that for the intended audience to read and understand, they will begin to cease retention of the information. Think of text as an anchor to the spoken presentation, rather than a copy of that language. It should be minimal and impactful.

Similarly, avoid using the presentation as notes for the speaker to read. A relaxed, confident tone delivered without constantly reading from notes will be more engrossing for listeners, who want to be told a story rather than a lecture.

Where possible, use visuals like pictures or timelines to tell a more emotionally-engaging narrative. Not only do these images help retain your narrative’s grip on jurors’ minds, but they do not compete for their cognitive space like text does. Images and spoken words work together, with each reinforcing the message of the other. The reason this works is because people tend to retain material better when they have thought it through and made their own connections, rather than simply being told information. Compelling visuals and minimal text spark jurors’ curiosity, allowing them to make their own stronger connections to the story told by the trial attorney.

Where there is text in a presentation, ensure it is large enough to read easily. Small, illegible words only serve as a distraction and will take attention away from the larger message in the presentation.

How does the presentation flow? Consider using slight and subtle motion, such as grow/shrink animation or slide transitions with some movement. This need not be so excessive as to be distracting; motion can maintain the audience’s attention even if it is hardly noticeable. The goal is always to support the flow of the presentation, not jar the audience. Depending on the images, background, and animation used, a simple PowerPoint presentation can look just as impressive as if it were produced with a more advanced program.

Ultimately, a trial presentation should help the audience understand and retain your message. There will always be manifold ways to do this, including the way the speaker talks through their narrative. Keep visuals simple and opt for fewer, bigger images with more impact than an array of convoluted pictures that do not tell a complete story. Blending powerful visuals with minimal text can help ensure a trial presentation delivers a compelling narrative that jurors can understand and believe.

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Trial Presentation

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• The Power of mRNA
• Responsibility

News Details

Moderna advances multiple vaccine programs to late-stage clinical trials.

Announces next-generation COVID-19 vaccine candidate as fourth respiratory vaccine to successfully meet its Phase 3 endpoints

Expects two more Phase 3 readouts in 2024, including combination vaccine against flu and COVID-19, and vaccine against CMV

Announces positive clinical trial data from three new vaccines against viruses that cause significant burden (Epstein-Barr virus, Varicella-Zoster virus, norovirus) and advances programs toward Phase 3 development

Anticipates U.S. launch of vaccine against RSV following FDA approval and ACIP recommendation in 2024

Announces development and commercialization funding agreement with Blackstone Life Sciences for up to $750 million to advance flu program

"Our mRNA platform continues a remarkable track record across our broad vaccine portfolio. Today, we are excited to share that four vaccines in our pipeline have achieved successful clinical readouts across our respiratory, latent and other virus franchises," said Stéphane Bancel, Chief Executive Officer of Moderna. "With five vaccines in Phase 3, and three more moving toward Phase 3, we have built a very large and diverse portfolio addressing significant unmet medical needs. We are focused on execution to further build momentum across our pipeline and business, and to deliver for patients who are impacted by these infectious diseases."

Portfolio Overview

The vaccine portfolio seeks to address infectious diseases that cause considerable health burdens and includes 28 vaccines addressing respiratory, latent and other pathogens.

Latent and Other Vaccine Portfolio

Moderna is advancing five vaccine candidates against viruses that cause latent infections, all of which are in clinical trials. When latent, a virus is present in the body but exists in a resting state, typically without causing any noticeable symptoms. Latent viruses can reactivate and cause clinical symptoms as a person ages, during times of stress or when immunity is compromised. The capacity for latency is a defining feature of members of the Herpesviridae family, including cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), herpes simplex virus (HSV) and Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV).

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

CMV is the most common infectious cause of birth defects in the U.S. and is responsible for several billion dollars in annual healthcare costs. One in 200 babies in the U.S. are born with a congenital CMV infection, and of those affected, one in five will have severe, life-altering health problems. Possible short- and long-term sequelae of CMV infection include microcephaly, chorioretinitis, seizures, sensorineural hearing loss, cognitive impairment and cerebral palsy. There is currently no approved vaccine to prevent congenital CMV.

CMVictory is a pivotal Phase 3 trial evaluating mRNA-1647 against primary CMV infection in women 16 to 40 years of age. The trial is a randomized, observer-blind, placebo-controlled study designed to evaluate the efficacy, safety and immunogenicity of mRNA-1647. The trial is fully enrolled with approximately 7,300 participants from 290 clinical sites globally.

To date, 50 primary infection cases have accrued and are undergoing confirmation. The first interim analysis for the evaluation of vaccine efficacy, which will be triggered when both 81 confirmed per-protocol cases and 12 median months of safety follow-up have occurred, is expected as early as the end of 2024.

Moderna's CMV vaccine candidate mRNA-1647 has advanced to indication expansion studies in adolescents 9 to 15 years of age and adult transplant patients, both of which have begun enrollment.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

EBV is a major cause of infectious mononucleosis (IM) in the U.S., accounting for more than 90% of IM cases annually. Importantly, EBV and IM are associated with a higher lifetime risk of more serious sequelae including certain cancers such as gastric carcinoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma and multiple types of lymphoma. The lifetime risk of developing multiple sclerosis (MS) is increased by 32-fold after EBV infection. There is currently no approved vaccine to prevent EBV.

Moderna's EBV vaccine candidates are designed to tackle multiple EBV-associated conditions, including prevention of IM (mRNA-1189) and MS and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder, a subcategory of lymphoma in solid organ transplant patients (mRNA-1195) . The Phase 1 trial for mRNA-1189 was designed to test the safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of four different dose levels in participants 12 to 30 years of age in the U.S. The randomized, observer-blind, placebo-controlled study showed mRNA-1189 was immunogenic and generally well tolerated across all dose levels. The Company is advancing mRNA-1189 toward a pivotal Phase 3 trial.

The Phase 1 trial for mRNA-1195 was designed to test the safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of two drug products at four different dose levels in healthy EBV seropositive participants 18 to 55 years of age in the U.S. The randomized, observer-blind, placebo-controlled study is fully enrolled.

Herpes simplex virus (HSV)

Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infects approximately 13% of adults globally and is the primary cause of genital herpes. There are an estimated four billion people globally infected with HSV, of which 491 million cases are HSV-2. Recurrent genital herpes causes a reduction in quality of life, which antivirals (current standard of care) only partially restore. Moderna expects that if an HSV vaccine candidate could deliver similar efficacy as a suppressive antiviral treatment, compliance with recommended therapy and associated quality of life would improve. There is currently no approved vaccine to treat HSV-2.

The first in human, fully enrolled Phase 1/2 trial of mRNA-1608 is designed to test safety and immunogenicity and to establish a proof-of-concept of clinical benefit in adults 18 to 55 years of age with recurrent HSV-2 genital herpes. The randomized 1:1:1:1, observer-blind, controlled study is fully enrolled with 300 participants in the U.S.

Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV)

Herpes zoster, also known as shingles, is caused by reactivation of latent VZV, the same virus that causes chickenpox. Declining immunity in older adults decreases immunity against VZV, allowing reactivation of the virus from latently infected neurons, causing painful and itchy lesions. Herpes Zoster occurs in one out of three adults in the U.S. in their lifetime and the incidence increases at 50 years of age. There is potential to reach a growing and underserved patient population.

Moderna's VZV vaccine candidate mRNA-1468 has initial data available from a Phase 1/2 trial, which was designed to test safety and immunogenicity in healthy adults 50 years of age and older in the U.S. The randomized 1:1:1:1:1, observer-blind, active-controlled study of mRNA-1468 elicited strong antigen-specific T cell responses at one month after the second dose and was generally well tolerated. Results of the first interim analysis support the further clinical development of mRNA-1468 for the prevention of shingles. Additional results from the ongoing Phase 1/2 study will be available later this year, including persistence data. The Company is planning for a pivotal Phase 3 trial. Norovirus

Enteric viruses, including norovirus, are a leading cause of diarrheal diseases, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly among young children and older adults. Norovirus is highly contagious and a leading cause of diarrheal disease globally, associated with 18% of all acute gastroenteritis (AGE), resulting in approximately 200,000 deaths per year and substantial healthcare costs. Given the wide diversity of norovirus genotypes, a broadly effective norovirus vaccine will require a multivalent vaccine design. There is currently no approved vaccine to prevent norovirus.

The randomized, observer-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 1 trial was designed to evaluate the safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of trivalent  (mRNA-1403)  and pentavalent  (mRNA-1405) norovirus vaccine candidates in 664 participants 18 to 49 years of age and 60 to 80 years of age in the U.S. An interim analysis showed that a single dose of mRNA-1403 elicited a robust immune response across all dose levels evaluated with a clinically acceptable reactogenicity and safety profile. The Company is advancing mRNA-1403 toward a pivotal Phase 3 trial.

Respiratory Vaccine Portfolio

Moderna's approach to ease the global burden of respiratory infections includes vaccine candidates against major causative pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza virus. Respiratory infections are a top cause of death in the U.S. and are particularly harmful to the young, immunocompromised, and older adults who experience more severe illness, greater incidence of hospitalization, and greater mortality than younger adults.

Moderna's respiratory pipeline includes Phase 3 trials for investigational vaccines including a next-generation COVID-19 vaccine, an RSV vaccine, a flu vaccine, and a flu and COVID-19 combination vaccine. The pipeline includes three additional flu vaccine candidates with expanded antigen coverage as well as combination vaccine programs.

Moderna continues to address the needs of the endemic COVID-19 market by focusing on public health efforts to increase vaccination coverage rates to reduce the substantial burden of COVID-19 as well as by advancing next-generation vaccines. The Company's mRNA platform can produce variant-matched vaccines on an accelerated time horizon, consistent with recent U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) comments on the timing of potential strain selection for the fall booster season.

A recent announcement of positive interim results from the NEXTCove Phase 3 trial showed that mRNA-1283 elicited a higher immune response against both the Omicron BA.4/BA.5 and original virus strains of SARS-CoV-2 compared to mRNA-1273.222, Moderna's licensed COVID-19 vaccine. mRNA-1283 is designed to be refrigerator-stable and paves the way for a combination vaccine against influenza and COVID-19, mRNA-1083, enhancing the Company's overall respiratory portfolio. This is Moderna's fourth infectious disease vaccine program with Phase 3 data.

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

RSV is the leading cause of respiratory illness in young children, and older adults are at increased risk relative to younger adults for severe outcomes. In addition to acute mortality and morbidity, RSV infection is associated with long-term sequelae such as asthma and impaired lung function in pediatric populations, and exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in older adults. Annually, there are approximately two million medically attended RSV infections and 58,000 to 80,000 hospitalizations in children younger than five years old in the U.S. In the U.S., each year there are up to 160,000 hospitalizations and 10,000 deaths in adults 65 years and older due to RSV. Across high-income countries in 2019, RSV caused an estimated 5.2 million cases, 470,000 hospitalizations and 33,000 in-hospital deaths in adults 60 years and older.

Moderna's RSV vaccine candidate, mRNA-1345, is in an ongoing Phase 2/3, randomized, observer-blind, placebo-controlled case-driven trial (ConquerRSV) in adults over 60 years of age. In this study, approximately 37,000 participants from 22 countries were randomized 1:1 to receive one dose of mRNA-1345 or placebo.

Based on positive data from the ConquerRSV trial, Moderna has filed for regulatory approvals for mRNA-1345 for the prevention of RSV-associated lower respiratory tract disease (RSV-LRTD) and acute respiratory disease (ARD) in adults over 60 years of age.

The trial met both its primary efficacy endpoints, with a vaccine efficacy (VE) of 83.7% (95.88% CI: 66.1%, 92.2%; p<0.0001) against RSV-LRTD as defined by two or more symptoms, and a VE of 82.4% (96.36% CI: 34.8%, 95.3%; p=0.0078) against RSV-LRTD defined by three or more symptoms. These data were published in the New England Journal of Medicine in December 2023.

A subsequent analysis from the ConquerRSV study with a longer median follow-up duration of 8.6 months (versus 3.7 months in the primary analysis), with a range of 15 days to 530 days, and including subjects from the Northern and Southern Hemispheres was recently presented at the RSVVW'24 conference . In this supplemental analysis, mRNA-1345 maintained durable efficacy, with sustained VE of 63.3% (95.88% CI: 48.7%, 73.7%) against RSV-LRTD including two or more symptoms. VE was 74.6% (95% CI: 50.7%, 86.9%) against RSV-LRTD with ≥2 symptoms, including shortness of breath and 63.0% (95% CI: 37.3%, 78.2%) against RSV-LRTD including three of more symptoms. The stringent statistical criterion of the study, a lower bound on the 95% CI of >20%, continued to be met for both endpoints.

mRNA-1345 has been granted Breakthrough Therapy designation by the FDA for the prevention of RSV-LRTD in adults over 60 years of age. The Company is awaiting regulatory approvals and the U.S. ACIP recommendation in 2024.

Indication expansion studies for mRNA-1345

mRNA-1345 has the potential to protect all vulnerable populations from RSV. Moderna has initiated multiple Phase 3 expansion studies in adults over 50 years of age to evaluate co-administration and revaccination. Additional trials (Phase 1 - Phase 3) have been initiated for high-risk adults, as well as maternal and pediatric populations. Interim data from these studies could be available as early as 2024.

Influenza (Flu)

Worldwide, influenza leads to 3-5 million severe cases of flu and 290,000-650,000 flu-related respiratory deaths annually. Two main types of influenza viruses (A and B) cause seasonal flu epidemics, and the influenza A viruses lead to most flu-related hospitalization in older adults.

The Company has several seasonal influenza vaccine candidates in clinical development. Moderna's seasonal flu vaccine, mRNA-1010 , demonstrated consistently acceptable safety and tolerability across three Phase 3 trials. In the most recent Phase 3 trial (P303), which was designed to test the immunogenicity and safety of an optimized vaccine composition, mRNA-1010 met all immunogenicity primary endpoints, demonstrating higher antibody titers compared to a currently licensed standard-dose flu vaccine. In an older adult extension study of P303, mRNA-1010 is being studied against high dose Fluzone HD ® ; the trial is fully enrolled. The Company is in ongoing discussions with regulators and intends to file in 2024.

Combination Respiratory Vaccines

Moderna's combination vaccine candidates cover respiratory viruses associated with the largest disease burden in the category. The Phase 3 combination study of the Company's investigational combination vaccine against flu and COVID-19 (mRNA-1083) for adults aged 50 years and older is fully enrolled and data are expected in 2024. mRNA-1083 was granted Fast Track designation by the FDA in May 2023.

Commercial Updates

Respiratory viruses in addition to latent and other viruses represent large unmet or underserved medical needs, and the human and economic costs from these infectious diseases highlight the need for effective vaccines. To help address this need, Moderna expects multiple vaccine product launches in the next few years, each with significant addressable markets.

The 2024 global endemic COVID-19 vaccine market alone is estimated by Moderna to be approximately $10 billion. COVID-19 continues to show a high burden of disease, and while COVID-19 hospitalizations remain high relative to RSV and flu, the risks of Long COVID are also becoming better understood. Moderna is focused on improving education and awareness to increase vaccination rates as Long COVID data suggests even traditionally low-risk groups should be vaccinated. Moderna is also working with health authorities to align the timing of COVID-19 and flu vaccine launches to help improve public health.

For RSV, Moderna estimates the peak annual market to be approximately $10 billion. The Company expects a strong RSV vaccine launch into a large market in 2024. As the only mRNA investigational vaccine with positive Phase 3 data, Moderna's RSV vaccine candidate has a strong profile with consistently strong efficacy across vulnerable and older populations, a well-established safety and tolerability profile, and ease of administration with a ready-to-use, pre-filled syringe formulation, which could relieve some of the burden that falls on pharmacies during the fall vaccination season.

An interim analysis from an ongoing time and motion study evaluating differences in preparation time between a pre-filled syringe (PFS) presentation and vaccines that require reconstitution showed that a PFS presentation could relieve some of the burden that falls on pharmacies during the fall vaccination season. Results from this study suggest that pharmacies may be capable of preparing up to four times as many doses of PFS in an hour compared to vaccines requiring reconstitution.

Moderna estimates flu vaccines represent an approximately $7 billion market in 2024. The market is expected to grow with the rise of more effective vaccines and there is an opportunity to expand the market with next-generation premium flu vaccines as well as combination respiratory vaccines, adding increased value to the health ecosystem.

CMV is expected to be a $2-5 billion annual market. With no vaccine currently on the market and a potential vaccine launch in 2026, Moderna could be the first CMV vaccine in multi-billion-dollar latent vaccine market. In addition, EBV has the potential to address and reduce the burden and cost of EBV infection in multiple populations, while VZV provides the opportunity to enter a large and growing market, which could be $5-6 billion annually. The market for norovirus vaccines is similar to that of rotavirus in pediatrics with opportunity to expand into the adult population, and represents a $3-6 billion annual market.

Moderna's vaccine portfolio targets large addressable markets, with an estimated total addressable market (TAM) of $52 billon for Moderna infectious disease vaccines, which includes a respiratory vaccines TAM of more than $27 billion and a latent and other vaccines TAM of more than $25 billion.

Manufacturing

The Company's manufacturing innovation supports expanding commercialization of a diverse pipeline through efficiency and productivity gains. Its mRNA manufacturing platform enables benefits such as quality, speed, scale and cost efficiency across a footprint that broadly includes the manufacture of plasmid, mRNA, lipid nanoparticles, as well as fill/finish and quality control capabilities.

As the Company continues to build its footprint for the future, it is developing an agile global manufacturing network to meet commercial demand and support its growing pipeline. Pre-clinical through commercial manufacturing occurs at the Moderna Technology Center in Norwood, Massachusetts, which remains central to the Company's network. New facilities being constructed in Australia, Canada and the UK are expected to come online in 2025, and drug product capacity is achieved through a flexible contract manufacturing network. Additionally, the Company has purchased and started build-out of a manufacturing site in Marlborough, Massachusetts, to enable commercial scale of its individualized neoantigen therapy program.

By continuing to pioneer new technologies, including advanced robotics, applying AI and other digital solutions, and driving network and capital efficiency, Moderna's manufacturing network is expected to also drive more predictable cost of sales.

Research and Development Investment Strategy

Today's updates provide further evidence that Moderna's mRNA technology platform is working, and with a rate of success higher than industry standard. Looking ahead, research and development will continue to be the Company's top capital allocation priority.

As Moderna looks to create value through the research and development strategy for its vaccine portfolio, it is taking three prioritization parameters into consideration: pipeline advancement, revenue diversification and risk reduction. As part of its strategy, the funding options Moderna considers are self-funding, project financing and partnerships.

Moderna recently entered into a development and commercialization funding agreement with Blackstone Life Sciences to advance the Company's flu program. As part of the agreement, Blackstone will fund up to $750 million with a return based on cumulative commercial milestones and low-single digit royalties. Moderna expects to recognize the funding as a reduction in research and development expenses and will retain full rights and control of the Company's flu program. This funding does not result in any change to Moderna's 2024 research and development framework spending of approximately $4.5 billion.

About Moderna

Moderna is a leader in the creation of the field of mRNA medicine. Through the advancement of mRNA technology, Moderna is reimagining how medicines are made and transforming how we treat and prevent disease for everyone. By working at the intersection of science, technology and health for more than a decade, the company has developed medicines at unprecedented speed and efficiency, including one of the earliest and most effective COVID-19 vaccines.


Moderna's mRNA platform has enabled the development of therapeutics and vaccines for infectious diseases, immuno-oncology, rare diseases and autoimmune diseases. With a unique culture and a global team driven by the Moderna values and mindsets to responsibly change the future of human health, Moderna strives to deliver the greatest possible impact to people through mRNA medicines. For more information about Moderna, please visit modernatx.com and connect with us on X (formerly Twitter), Facebook, Instagram, YouTube and LinkedIn.

INDICATION (U.S.)

SPIKEVAX (COVID-19 Vaccine, mRNA) is a vaccine indicated for active immunization to prevent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in individuals 18 years of age and older.

IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION

• Do not administer to individuals with a known history of severe allergic reaction (e.g., anaphylaxis) to any component of the vaccine.
• Appropriate medical treatment to manage immediate allergic reactions must be immediately available in the event an acute anaphylactic reaction occurs following administration of the vaccine.
• Postmarketing data demonstrate increased risks of myocarditis and pericarditis, particularly within 7 days following the second dose. The observed risk is higher among males under 40 years of age than among females and older males. The observed risk is highest in males 18 through 24 years of age.
• Syncope (fainting) may occur in association with administration of injectable vaccines. Procedures should be in place to avoid injury from fainting.
• Immunocompromised persons, including individuals receiving immunosuppressive therapy, may have a diminished response to the vaccine.
• The vaccine may not protect all vaccine recipients.
• Adverse reactions reported in clinical trials following administration of the vaccine include pain at the injection site, fatigue, headache, myalgia, arthralgia, chills, nausea/vomiting, axillary swelling/tenderness, fever, swelling at the injection site, and erythema at the injection site, and rash.
• The vaccination provider is responsible for mandatory reporting of certain adverse events to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) online at https://vaers.hhs.gov/reportevent.html or by calling 1-800-822-7967.
• Please see the SPIKEVAX Full Prescribing Information . For information regarding authorized emergency uses of the Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine, please see the EUA Fact Sheet .

Spikevax ® is a registered trademark of Moderna. Fluzone ® is a registered trademark of Sanofi Pasteur. Forward-Looking Statements

This press release contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, as amended, including statements regarding: the advancement of Moderna's programs under clinical development; the timing for anticipated approvals of vaccine candidates; the efficacy, safety and tolerability of vaccine candidates; the total addressable markets for programs under development; the efficiencies and advantages of Moderna's mRNA platform; future capital allocation and financing efforts; and anticipated spending for R&D in 2024. In some cases, forward-looking statements can be identified by terminology such as "will," "may," "should," "could," "expects," "intends," "plans," "aims," "anticipates," "believes," "estimates," "predicts," "potential," "continue," or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology, although not all forward-looking statements contain these words. The forward-looking statements in this press release are neither promises nor guarantees, and you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements because they involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors, many of which are beyond Moderna's control and which could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. These risks, uncertainties, and other factors include, among others, those risks and uncertainties described under the heading "Risk Factors" in Moderna's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), and in subsequent filings made by Moderna with the SEC, which are available on the SEC's website at www.sec.gov . Except as required by law, Moderna disclaims any intention or responsibility for updating or revising any forward-looking statements contained in this presentation in the event of new information, future developments or otherwise. These forward-looking statements are based on Moderna's current expectations and speak only as of the date of this press release.

Moderna Contacts

Media: Chris Ridley Head, Global Media Relations +1 617-800-3651 [email protected]

Investors: Lavina Talukdar Senior Vice President & Head of Investor Relations +1 617-209-5834 [email protected]

SOURCE: Moderna, Inc.

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Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Randomized Study of the Tolerability, Safety and Immunogenicity of an Inactivated Whole Virion Concentrated Purified Vaccine (CoviVac) Against Covid-19 of Children at the Age of 12-17 Years Inclusive"

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Recruitment of volunteers will be competitive. A maximum of 450 children aged 12 to 17 years inclusive will be screened in the study, of which it is planned to include and randomize 300 children who meet the criteria for inclusion in the study and do not have non-inclusion criteria, data on which will be used for subsequent safety and immunogenicity analysis.

Group 1 - 150 volunteers who will be vaccinated with the Nobivac vaccine twice with an interval of 21 days intramuscularly.

Group 2 - 150 volunteers who will receive a placebo twice with an interval of 21 days intramuscularly.

In case of withdrawal of volunteers from the study, their replacement is not provided.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Volunteers must meet the following inclusion criteria:

Type of participants • Healthy volunteers.

Age at the time of signing the Informed Consent

• from 12 to 17 years inclusive (12 years 0 months 0 days - 17 years 11 months 30 days).

Paul • Male or female.

Reproductive characteristics

• For girls with a history of mensis - a negative pregnancy test and consent to adhere to adequate methods of contraception (use of contraceptives within a month after the second vaccination). Girls should use methods of contraception with a reliability of more than 90% (cervical caps with spermicide, diaphragms with spermicide, condoms, intrauterine spirals).
• For young men capable of conception - consent to adhere to adequate methods of contraception (use of contraceptives within a month after the second vaccination). Young men and their sexual partners should use methods of contraception with a reliability of more than 90% (cervical caps with spermicide, diaphragms with spermicide, condoms, intrauterine spirals).

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• Written Informed consent of a volunteer (14 years and older) and one of the parents to participate in a clinical trial.
• Volunteers who are able to fulfill Protocol requirements (i.e. answer phone calls, fill out a Self-observation Diary, come to control visits).

Non-inclusion criteria:

• Volunteers cannot be included in the study if any of the following criteria are present:

SARS-CoV-2 infection

• A case of established COVID-19 disease confirmed by PCR and/or ELISA in the last 6 months.
• History of contacts with confirmed or suspected cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection within 14 days prior to vaccination.
• Positive IgM or IgG to SARS-CoV-2 detected on Screening.
• Positive PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 at Screening / before vaccination.

Diseases or medical conditions

• Serious post-vaccination reaction (temperature above 40 C, hyperemia or edema more than 8 cm in diameter) or complication (collapse or shock-like condition that developed within 48 hours after vaccination; convulsions, accompanied or not accompanied by a feverish state) to any previous vaccination.
• Burdened allergic history (anaphylactic shock, Quincke's edema, polymorphic exudative eczema, serum sickness in the anamnesis, hypersensitivity or allergic reactions to the introduction of any vaccines in the anamnesis, known allergic reactions to vaccine components, etc.).
• Guillain-Barre syndrome (acute polyradiculitis) in the anamnesis.
• The axillary temperature at the time of vaccination is more than 37.0 ° C.
• Positive blood test for HIV, syphilis, hepatitis B/C.
• Acute infectious diseases (recovery earl

Exclusion Criteria:

- • Withdrawal of Informed consent by a volunteer and/or a parent of a volunteer;

• The volunteer was included in violation of the inclusion/non-inclusion criteria of the Protocol;
• Availability of inclusion/non-inclusion criteria before vaccination;
• Any condition of a volunteer that requires, in the reasoned opinion of a medical researcher, the withdrawal of a volunteer from the study;
• The established fact of pregnancy before the second vaccination;
• Taking unauthorized medications (see section 6.2);
• The volunteer's incompetence with the study procedures;
• The volunteer refuses to cooperate or is undisciplined (for example, failure to attend a scheduled visit without warning the researcher and/or loss of communication with the volunteer), or dropped out of observation;
• For administrative reasons (termination of the study by the Sponsor or regulatory authorities), as well as in case of gross violations of the protocol that may affect the results of the study.
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Trial begins for man accused of stabbing multiple people on the Apple River

An expected two-week jury trial began Monday for a Minnesota man accused of stabbing several people on Wisconsin’s Apple River and killing a 17-year-old.

Jury selection started at 8 a.m. in the case of 54-year-old Nicolae Miu of Prior Lake. The jury was seated shortly before noon and opening statements and testimony began Monday afternoon.

Prosecutors allege that in July of 2022, Miu got into a confrontation with a group of people who were tubing on the river at the time. Four adults in that group were injured and a 17-year-old, identified as Isaac Schuman, died from his injuries.

RELATED: St. Croix Co. Sheriff: Teen dead, 4 adults in critical condition following stabbing on Apple River

Court papers show when Miu first spoke with investigators, he told police he had a snorkel and was looking for a cell phone that went in the river, telling police a group attacked him and put him in “self-defense mode.”

Prosecutors say Miu pulled a knife from his pocket and lashed out at a group during a confrontation. Investigators allege Miu was bothering a group of teenagers on their tubes when court papers say another group on tubes stopped to help out.

Witnesses say Miu then punched or slapped a woman who was in the group confronting him, and then Miu was punched by a man and fell in the river, which caused him to pull out a knife and start stabbing people around him.

Miu now faces six charges, including homicide, attempted homicide and battery. Miu pleaded not guilty in September of 2022 .

Investigators plan to emphasize to jurors that Miu had a chance to leave the fight instead of escalating it.

Stay up to date with the trial, which will be streamed live on KSTP’s website and mobile app after the jury is seated.

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Keeping Up With the Trump Trials: A New Gag Order Battle Is Brewing

Keeping up with Donald Trump’s court schedule is a dizzying task, since he faces two federal trials, a criminal trial in Georgia, and two separate civil and criminal trials in New York. (Oh, and he’s running for president .) To make it easier to follow along, each Monday we’ll be looking back at all the Trump trial–related developments you might have missed the previous week.

Donald Trump and the Manhattan district attorney have been sparring over the limits of a newly enacted gag order in his hush money case. Meanwhile, in Georgia, Trump’s attorneys tried to convince a judge that his rhetoric in the aftermath of the 2020 election should be considered protected political speech. And this week, Trump must post a (much lower) bond in his civil fraud case in order to stop his assets from being seized.

Trump goes on the attack

Last week, New York Supreme Court Justice Juan Merchan issued a gag order that bans Trump from publicly commenting on court staff and attorneys (plus their family members) working on the hush money case. Then, Manhattan District Attorney Alvin Bragg pushed Merchan to expand that order to include the judge himself, after Trump posted a series of comments on Truth Social attacking Merchan and his daughter.

Merchan first issued the gag order after considering how Trump had behaved in his federal election interference case—days after special counsel Jack Smith indicted him, he took to Truth Social and said, “If you go after me, I’m coming after you!” After that, Judge Tanya Chutkan placed the former president under a gag order. Merchan concluded that Trump has a history of making public statements that are “threatening, inflammatory, denigrating” and that go “far beyond defending himself against ‘attacks’ by ‘public figures.’ ” And with about three weeks left before the hush money case goes to trial, Merchan signed a gag order.

Yet, a few days later, Trump was at it again on Truth Social. “Judge Juan Merchan is totally compromised, and should be removed from this TRUMP Non-Case immediately,” the former president wrote —and he didn’t stop there. “His Daughter, Loren, Is a Rabid Trump Hater, who has admitted to having conversations with her father about me, and yet he gagged me.” Trump goes on to say that Merchan’s daughter worked for President Joe Biden and other Democrats. (Loren is a political consultant , and her firm has worked on Democratic campaigns, including Biden’s.)

The DA immediately flagged Trump’s posts in a letter to Merchan, asking the judge to clarify or confirm whether his gag order extends to himself, Bragg, and their respective family members. He also encouraged Merchan to demand that Trump “immediately desist from attacks on family members.” However, Trump’s attorneys pushed back, arguing that Merchan cannot direct Trump to do something the gag order doesn’t cover.

Merchan is expected to weigh in soon, with jury selection scheduled to begin April 15.

The Georgia Election Case Tries to Pick Up Where It Left Off

While Trump’s attorneys officially filed their appeal over Judge Scott McAfee’s decision to keep Fulton County District Attorney Fani Willis on her election interference case, a pretrial hearing was underway to consider if the indictment should be dismissed under First Amendment grounds.

Trump’s attorney argued that everything the former president said in the aftermath of the 2020 election was protected political speech, regardless of whether it was factually true, and that therefore the case against the former president is nonexistent. Prosecutors for Willis argued that that isn’t how the law works and that Trump’s statements don’t fall under the First Amendment because they hinged on criminal activity.

“What he is not allowed to do is employ his speech and his expression and his statements as part of a criminal conspiracy to violate Georgia’s RICO statute , to impersonate public officers, to file false documents, to make false statements to the government,” said Donald Wakeford, prosecutor for the DA.

The hearing also considered arguments for David Shafer, a co-defendant in Willis’ indictment and a former member of the Georgia Senate. As part of the fake electors scheme , Shafer signed a fake election certificate endorsing Trump, despite Biden winning the state of Georgia. Shafer’s attorney argued that his client believed he was complying with the Electoral Count Act and wasn’t a fake elector but a “contingent” one. Because technically it’s up to Congress to certify states’ electoral votes and there was an active legal challenge to Georgia’s 2020 election results, Shafer argues that he was representing a Trump elector in case the legal challenge was successful. (It wasn’t.)

Trump and Shafer are hoping to strike a chord with McAfee, who recently dismissed six charges (out of 41) from Willis’ indictment, though the judge made clear that the decision “does not mean the entire indictment is dismissed.”

Trump’s (Much Lowered) Bond Is Due This Week

A New York appeals court threw Trump a lifeline when it decided that his bond in Justice Arthur Engoron’s civil fraud ruling could be lowered from $454 million to $175 million. The court also gave the former president an extra 10 days to post bond, and this week that payment will come due. By Thursday, Trump must post an appeals bond worth $175 million or risk having his assets seized by New York Attorney General Letitia James.

Under New York state law, defendants who are seeking an appeal—and want to stop authorities from collecting the fine they owe while the appeals process plays out—must post a bond worth the full value of the judgment. In Trump’s case, that was $454 million, the penalty levied by Engoron, who found that Trump committed fraud when he overinflated the value of his assets on financial documents. He also banned Trump from serving as an executive of any New York–based company for the next three years, and from taking out any loans from a New York financial institution.

The new $175 million bond should be an easier get. Trump told reporters last week that he could post that “very quickly within the 10 days.” It’s not yet clear if Trump has managed to secure a bond, but he does have an array of options to pull the money together.

Great Moscow Show Trials

Oct 12, 2013

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Great Moscow Show Trials. Prelude to terror. Alleged Komsomol (Young Communist League) plot against Stalin by students in Gorky Hundreds of former oppositionists arrested and “auditioned” for roles

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• poor safety conditions
• monstrous falsification
• third moscow
• second show trial
• general staff

Presentation Transcript

Prelude to terror • Alleged Komsomol (Young Communist League)plot against Stalin by students in Gorky • Hundreds of former oppositionists arrested and “auditioned” for roles • Secret police officials arrested and ordered to testify as part of fulfilling of their “duties” to the USSR • Valentine Olberg promised freedom and promotion for confessing that Trotsky asked him to kill Stalin • Olberg, along with fellow secret police agents Fritz David and Konon Berman-Yurin became defendants in 1936 trial

First show trial:August 19-24, 1936 • “The Case of the Trotskyite-Zinovievite Terrorist Centre” • Judge Vasily Ulrich, prosecutor Andrei Vyshinsky • Allegations • Under orders from Trotsky, defendants created a counter-revolutionary organization that “strived to seize power at all costs” • Accused helped Leningrad group murder Kirov, plotted to kill Stalin and top Party leaders • To accomplish these murders Trotsky and his son Sedov sent German terrorists Berman-Yurin, Fritz David, N. Lurye and Olberg to the USSR • Principal defendants: Zinoviev (pictured), Kamenev, Smirnov, 13 more • All confessed. Two “witnesses,” Yakovlev and Safonova (Smirnov’s wife) testified that they were also involved in the plot. • All were convicted and shot the next day. World reaction was largely approving, except there was concern about the near-exclusive reliance on confession. • “Witnesses” were tried separately and shot. • During the trial accused implicated persons who would be tried later: • 1937 trial: Pyatakov, Radek, Sokolnikov and Serebryakov • 1938 trial: Bukharin and Rykov

Second show trial:January 23-30, 1937 • “The Case of the Anti-Soviet Trotskyite Centre”(also known as the “Pyatakov-Radek” trial) • Judge Vasily Ulrich, prosecutor Andrei Vyshinsky • Allegations: Defendants were members of a group that worked withthe 1936 defendants, caused wrecking, sabotage and murder infurtherance of a plot between Trotsky, Germany and Japan tooverthrow the Soviet government and restore capitalism. • Principal defendants: (Clockwise from top left) Pyatakov, Radek,Sokolnikov, 14 more • All confessed. Five “witnesses” testified that they were also involved. • Corroborated the testimony of the principal defendants • Used to counter criticisms of the 1936 trial’s reliance on confessions • All were convicted. Thirteen were sentenced to death and shot. • Radek, Sokolnikov, one other got 10 years; another got 8 years • Radek and Sokolnikov mysteriously died in prison within two years • Four of the witnesses were tried separately and shot • The fifth witness, a German expatriate, was turned over to theGestapo. He then disappeared.

The Dewey Commission • Reports in 1937 & 1938 by "Commission of Inquiry into the ChargesMade against Leon Trotsky in the Moscow Trials“ • Sponsored by wealthy American supporters of Leon Trotsky • Chaired by renowned academic John Dewey • Open hearings, interviewed Trotsky and many other witnesses • Concluded that the trial was completely falsified • Trotsky had never been in Paris, so he could not have met with witness Romm • Pyatakov did not meet Trotsky in Oslo, as there were no winter plane landings • The coffee house next to the Hotel Bristol could not exist as the meeting place for Romm and Sedov, as the hotel did not exist • Former Soviet inmates furnished detailed accounts of abuse and torture • Foreigners who had worked in the Soviet mines spoke at length about poor safety conditions and the unrelenting pressure to increase output • Mother of one of the defendants spoke of a woman mentioned in his confession: “She was an old woman who never left Riga, and had nothing whatever to do with politics. I often sent Valentine to her to collect money. For this reason I think that he mentioned the first name that came into his head, happening to recall the old lady.”

Aftermath of the second trial; preparing for the next • Sergo Ordzhonikidze, Commissar of Heavy Industry commits suicideshortly after 1937 trial • Realizing their peril, Nikolai Bukharin (Lenin’s top economist, opposedend of NEP and forced industrialization) and Alexei Rykov stronglyprotest their innocence at Party meetings, accuse Stalin of wrongdoing • Special Party Committee assigned to investigate reports thatboth were Rightist conspirators and knew of the Trotskyite center • Bukharin and Rykov arrested “on the spot” • Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization (“The Generals’ Trial”) • Eight top members of the General Staff including Marshal Mikhail Tukhachevsky (pictured) accused of conspiring with Trotsky and conducting espionage for Germany. Based strictly on confessions. • Linked to Radek’s mention of Tukhachevsky at 1937 trial • Each convicted of treason and executed in June 1937

Third Moscow show trial:March 2-13, 1938 • “Case of the Anti-Soviet Bloc of Rights and Trotskyites”(also known as the “Rykov-Bukharin trial”) • Judge Vasily Ulrich (bottom, reading the verdicts),prosecutor Andrei Vyshinsky (top, video link) • Allegations: At the direction of Trotsky, accused helpedGerman, Polish and Japanese intelligence commitwrecking in industry, transport, agriculture anddistribution, and commit murder and terrorism, withthe goals of overthrowing the government, dismembering theUSSR and restoring capitalism. • Twenty-one defendants. Main accused were Bukharin, Rykov,Yagoda (former secret police chief). • Yagoda testified he told his Leningrad agent not tointerfere with the murder of Kirov. He also testified that herecruited physicians to murder high Party officials throughpoisoning and incorrect treatments. • Physicians Bulanov, Levin and Pletnev confirmed Yagoda’s testimony in their confessions. • Principal defendants plus fifteen others were shot; three lesser accused got 25, 20 and 15 years. http://youtu.be/nFB9G1HINXI

A legacy of falsification • World reaction to the trials was largely positive • American Ambassador Joseph Davies was at the 1937 trialand said it was just. He later financed “Mission to Moscow,”a film that glorified Stalin. • N.Y. Times correspondent Walter Duranty, who won thePulitzer and denied the Ukraine famine of 1932-33,denounced the show trial defendants in his reports. He also liked Stalin. • End of the Purges • Propelled by the trials, spy and wrecker hysteria swept the USSR. Citizens and bureaucrats denounced each other. Secret police competed in making arrests. During 1937-38 authorities arrested 1,372,832 persons for counter-revolutionary crimes. A staggering 681,692 were shot. • Ordinary citizens became upset; many technical experts were liquidated • In 1939 Stalin ended the purges by having secret police arrested for railroading innocents • A majority of the nearly two-thousand delegates to the 1934 Party Congress were arrested as counter-revolutionaries. Ninety-eight of 139 members of the 1935 Central Committee, the second-highest stratum of the Party, were shot.

Why did Stalin do it? • Stalin died on March 5, 1953. Vyshinsky, now U.N.Ambassador, died twenty months later. • Shortly after Stalin’s death the USSR’s new leader,Nikita Khrushchev, ordered the execution of Stalin’s last secretpolice chief, Lavrentiy Beria. In 1956 he went after the old guard. In a major address to the Party known as the “secret speech” (image and video above) he condemned Stalin’s cult of personality and the injustices: “Many thousands of honest and innocent Communists have died as a result of this monstrous falsification of such ‘cases,’ as a result of the fact that all kinds of slanderous ‘confessions’ were accepted, and as a result of the practice of forcing accusations against oneself and others.” • Why did Stalin stage the show trials? • Paranoid of plots by those who had disagreed • Get rid of possible competitors to the Soviet throne • Install a new Communist cadre loyal only to him • Convince the world of the threat posed by Germany and Japan • Russia still backwards, would need aid if attacked • But America and England very isolationist http://youtu.be/UQAqkhb82jsSecret Speech section begins at 7:40

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Karen Read supporters protest proposed restrictions for trial

W e're just two weeks away from the high-profile murder trial against Karen Read and a group of her supporters gathered outside the Norfolk District Attorney's Office in Canton, Massachusetts, on Monday to protest a motion filed by the state.

Read is accused of killing John O'Keefe, her Boston police officer boyfriend, in Canton, Massachusetts, in 2022. Her lawyers have alleged that she is being framed amid a massive coverup, which the prosecution has denied.

The trial is scheduled to begin on April 16 .

Marching around District Attorney Michael Morrissey's office, "Free Karen Read" supporters gathered to protest a motion that calls for special restrictions at the trial .

If a judge approves it, demonstrations would have to be back at least 500 feet from the courthouse in Dedham, and people would not be allowed to wear any attire that suggests a "favorable or unfavorable opinion of either party."

That would include clothing on animals, such as some spotted Monday.

“Michael Morrissey here is asking for the world. His motion far overreaching and outrageous," Shirley resident Scott McGuinness said Monday.

Many say the motion is unjust and against the First Amendment.

“This has been a bad display. They’re weaponizing the laws in this town," Florida resident Mark Dufour, who attended the rally, said.

A former Canton police sergeant of more than three decades was among those who spoke out Monday, alleging a problem with the Canton Police Department.

“It’s cut and dry to me. There’s no way that she committed that crime and as it came out the other day in court, the car didn’t hit him and he didn’t get hit by a car," retired Sgt. Peter Murphy said.

The group is retaining an attorney to fight back.

“As a group we were able to raise some money and hire an attorney, Marc Randazza, and he’s going to be representing us in some sort of fashion," rally organizer Paul Cristoforo said.

Randazza said he intends to put forth a motion on Tuesday morning.

"If we take them out their word as what they’re trying to do, they’re trying to kill a fly with a shotgun. But I think what they’re really trying to do is hide from the public that a lot of the public opinion is not with them," Randazza told NBC10 Boston.

We reached out to the Norfolk County District attorney's Office for comment but have not yet heard back.

There is a special hearing scheduled for April 4 where a judge is set to consider the courthouse restrictions.