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How To Write a Bibliography (Three Styles, Plus Examples)

Give credit where credit is due.

Writing a research paper involves a lot of work. Students need to consult a variety of sources to gather reliable information and ensure their points are well supported. Research papers include a bibliography, which can be a little tricky for students. Learn how to write a bibliography in multiple styles and find basic examples below.

IMPORTANT: Each style guide has its own very specific rules, and they often conflict with one another. Additionally, each type of reference material has many possible formats, depending on a variety of factors. The overviews shown here are meant to guide students in writing basic bibliographies, but this information is by no means complete. Students should always refer directly to the preferred style guide to ensure they’re using the most up-to-date formats and styles.

What is a bibliography?

When you’re researching a paper, you’ll likely consult a wide variety of sources. You may quote some of these directly in your work, summarize some of the points they make, or simply use them to further the knowledge you need to write your paper. Since these ideas are not your own, it’s vital to give credit to the authors who originally wrote them. This list of sources, organized alphabetically, is called a bibliography.

A bibliography should include all the materials you consulted in your research, even if you don’t quote directly from them in your paper. These resources could include (but aren’t limited to):

• Books and e-books
• Periodicals like magazines or newspapers
• Online articles or websites
• Primary source documents like letters or official records

Bibliography vs. References

These two terms are sometimes used interchangeably, but they actually have different meanings. As noted above, a bibliography includes all the materials you used while researching your paper, whether or not you quote from them or refer to them directly in your writing.

A list of references only includes the materials you cite throughout your work. You might use direct quotes or summarize the information for the reader. Either way, you must ensure you give credit to the original author or document. This section can be titled “List of Works Cited” or simply “References.”

Your teacher may specify whether you should include a bibliography or a reference list. If they don’t, consider choosing a bibliography, to show all the works you used in researching your paper. This can help the reader see that your points are well supported, and allow them to do further reading on their own if they’re interested.

Bibliography vs. Citations

Citations refer to direct quotations from a text, woven into your own writing. There are a variety of ways to write citations, including footnotes and endnotes. These are generally shorter than the entries in a reference list or bibliography. Learn more about writing citations here.

What does a bibliography entry include?

Depending on the reference material, bibliography entries include a variety of information intended to help a reader locate the material if they want to refer to it themselves. These entries are listed in alphabetical order, and may include:

• Author/s or creator/s
• Publication date
• Volume and issue numbers
• Publisher and publication city
• Website URL

These entries don’t generally need to include specific page numbers or locations within the work (except for print magazine or journal articles). That type of information is usually only needed in a footnote or endnote citation.

What are the different bibliography styles?

In most cases, writers use one of three major style guides: APA (American Psychological Association), MLA (Modern Language Association), or The Chicago Manual of Style . There are many others as well, but these three are the most common choices for K–12 students.

Many teachers will state their preference for one style guide over another. If they don’t, you can choose your own preferred style. However, you should also use that guide for your entire paper, following their recommendations for punctuation, grammar, and more. This will ensure you are consistent throughout.

Below, you’ll learn how to write a simple bibliography using each of the three major style guides. We’ve included details for books and e-books, periodicals, and electronic sources like websites and videos. If the reference material type you need to include isn’t shown here, refer directly to the style guide you’re using.

APA Style Bibliography and Examples

Source: Verywell Mind

Technically, APA style calls for a list of references instead of a bibliography. If your teacher requires you to use the APA style guide , you can limit your reference list only to items you cite throughout your work.

How To Write a Bibliography (References) Using APA Style

Here are some general notes on writing an APA reference list:

• Title your bibliography section “References” and center the title on the top line of the page.
• Do not center your references; they should be left-aligned. For longer items, subsequent lines should use a hanging indent of 1/2 inch.
• Include all types of resources in the same list.
• Alphabetize your list by author or creator, last name first.
• Do not spell out the author/creator’s first or middle name; only use their initials.
• If there are multiple authors/creators, use an ampersand (&) before the final author/creator.
• Place the date in parentheses.
• Capitalize only the first word of the title and subtitle, unless the word would otherwise be capitalized (proper names, etc.).
• Italicize the titles of books, periodicals, or videos.
• For websites, include the full site information, including the http:// or https:// at the beginning.

Books and E-Books APA Bibliography Examples

For books, APA reference list entries use this format (only include the publisher’s website for e-books).

Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Publication date). Title with only first word capitalized . Publisher. Publisher’s website

• Wynn, S. (2020). City of London at war 1939–45 . Pen & Sword Military. https://www.pen-and-sword.co.uk/City-of-London-at-War-193945-Paperback/p/17299

Periodical APA Bibliography Examples

For journal or magazine articles, use this format. If you viewed the article online, include the URL at the end of the citation.

Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Publication date). Title of article. Magazine or Journal Title (Volume number) Issue number, page numbers. URL

• Bell, A. (2009). Landscapes of fear: Wartime London, 1939–1945. Journal of British Studies (48) 1, 153–175. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25482966

Here’s the format for newspapers. For print editions, include the page number/s. For online articles, include the full URL.

Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year, Month Date) Title of article. Newspaper title. Page number/s. URL

• Blakemore, E. (2022, November 12) Researchers track down two copies of fossil destroyed by the Nazis.  The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2022/11/12/ichthyosaur-fossil-images-discovered/

Electronic APA Bibliography Examples

For articles with a specific author on a website, use this format.

Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year, Month Date). Title . Site name. URL

• Wukovits, J. (2023, January 30). A World War II survivor recalls the London Blitz . British Heritage . https://britishheritage.com/history/world-war-ii-survivor-london-blitz

When an online article doesn’t include a specific author or date, list it like this:

Title . (Year, Month Date). Site name. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL

• Growing up in the Second World War . (n.d.). Imperial War Museums. Retrieved May 12, 2023, from https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/growing-up-in-the-second-world-war

When you need to list a YouTube video, use the name of the account that uploaded the video, and format it like this:

Name of Account. (Upload year, month day). Title [Video]. YouTube. URL

• War Stories. (2023, January 15). How did London survive the Blitz during WW2? | Cities at war: London | War stories [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/uwY6JlCvbxc

For more information on writing APA bibliographies, see the APA Style Guide website.

APA Bibliography (Reference List) Example Pages

Source: Simply Psychology

More APA example pages:

• Western Australia Library Services APA References Example Page
• Ancilla College APA References Page Example
• Scribbr APA References Page Example

MLA Style Bibliography Examples

Source: PressBooks

MLA style calls for a Works Cited section, which includes all materials quoted or referred to in your paper. You may also include a Works Consulted section, including other reference sources you reviewed but didn’t directly cite. Together, these constitute a bibliography. If your teacher requests an MLA Style Guide bibliography, ask if you should include Works Consulted as well as Works Cited.

How To Write a Bibliography (Works Cited and Works Consulted) in MLA Style

For both MLA Works Cited and Works Consulted sections, use these general guidelines:

• Start your Works Cited list on a new page. If you include a Works Consulted list, start that on its own new page after the Works Cited section.
• Center the title (Works Cited or Works Consulted) in the middle of the line at the top of the page.
• Align the start of each source to the left margin, and use a hanging indent (1/2 inch) for the following lines of each source.
• Alphabetize your sources using the first word of the citation, usually the author’s last name.
• Include the author’s full name as listed, last name first.
• Capitalize titles using the standard MLA format.
• Leave off the http:// or https:// at the beginning of a URL.

Books and E-Books MLA Bibliography Examples

For books, MLA reference list entries use this format. Add the URL at the end for e-books.

Last Name, First Name Middle Name. Title . Publisher, Date. URL

• Wynn, Stephen. City of London at War 1939–45 . Pen & Sword Military, 2020. www.pen-and-sword.co.uk/City-of-London-at-War-193945-Paperback/p/17299

Periodical MLA Bibliography Examples

Here’s the style format for magazines, journals, and newspapers. For online articles, add the URL at the end of the listing.

For magazines and journals:

Last Name, First Name. “Title: Subtitle.” Name of Journal , volume number, issue number, Date of Publication, First Page Number–Last Page Number.

• Bell, Amy. “Landscapes of Fear: Wartime London, 1939–1945.” Journal of British Studies , vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 153–175. www.jstor.org/stable/25482966

When citing newspapers, include the page number/s for print editions or the URL for online articles.

Last Name, First Name. “Title of article.” Newspaper title. Page number/s. Year, month day. Page number or URL

• Blakemore, Erin. “Researchers Track Down Two Copies of Fossil Destroyed by the Nazis.” The Washington Post. 2022, Nov. 12. www.washingtonpost.com/science/2022/11/12/ichthyosaur-fossil-images-discovered/

Electronic MLA Bibliography Examples

Last Name, First Name. Year. “Title.” Month Day, Year published. URL

• Wukovits, John. 2023. “A World War II Survivor Recalls the London Blitz.” January 30,   2023. https://britishheritage.com/history/world-war-ii-survivor-london-blitz

Website. n.d. “Title.” Accessed Day Month Year. URL.

• Imperial War Museum. n.d. “Growing Up in the Second World War.” Accessed May 9, 2023. https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/growing-up-in-the-second-world-war.

Here’s how to list YouTube and other online videos.

Creator, if available. “Title of Video.” Website. Uploaded by Username, Day Month Year. URL.

• “How did London survive the Blitz during WW2? | Cities at war: London | War stories.” YouTube . Uploaded by War Stories, 15 Jan. 2023. youtu.be/uwY6JlCvbxc.

For more information on writing MLA style bibliographies, see the MLA Style website.

MLA Bibliography (Works Cited) Example Pages

Source: The Visual Communication Guy

More MLA example pages:

• Writing Commons Sample Works Cited Page
• Scribbr MLA Works Cited Sample Page
• Montana State University MLA Works Cited Page

Chicago Manual of Style Bibliography Examples

The Chicago Manual of Style (sometimes called “Turabian”) actually has two options for citing reference material : Notes and Bibliography and Author-Date. Regardless of which you use, you’ll need a complete detailed list of reference items at the end of your paper. The examples below demonstrate how to write that list.

How To Write a Bibliography Using The Chicago Manual of Style

Source: South Texas College

Here are some general notes on writing a Chicago -style bibliography:

• You may title it “Bibliography” or “References.” Center this title at the top of the page and add two blank lines before the first entry.
• Left-align each entry, with a hanging half-inch indent for subsequent lines of each entry.
• Single-space each entry, with a blank line between entries.
• Include the “http://” or “https://” at the beginning of URLs.

Books and E-Books Chicago Manual of Style Bibliography Examples

For books, Chicago -style reference list entries use this format. (For print books, leave off the information about how the book was accessed.)

Last Name, First Name Middle Name. Title . City of Publication: Publisher, Date. How e-book was accessed.

• Wynn, Stephen. City of London at War 1939–45 . Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Military, 2020. Kindle edition.

Periodical Chicago Manual of Style Bibliography Examples

For journal and magazine articles, use this format.

Last Name, First Name. Year of Publication. “Title: Subtitle.” Name of Journal , Volume Number, issue number, First Page Number–Last Page Number. URL.

• Bell, Amy. 2009. “Landscapes of Fear: Wartime London, 1939–1945.” Journal of British Studies, 48 no. 1, 153–175. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25482966.

When citing newspapers, include the URL for online articles.

Last Name, First Name. Year of Publication. “Title: Subtitle.” Name of Newspaper , Month day, year. URL.

• Blakemore, Erin. 2022. “Researchers Track Down Two Copies of Fossil Destroyed by the Nazis.” The Washington Post , November 12, 2022. https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2022/11/12/ichthyosaur-fossil-images-discovered/.

Electronic Chicago Manual of Style Bibliography Examples

Last Name, First Name Middle Name. “Title.” Site Name . Year, Month Day. URL.

• Wukovits, John. “A World War II Survivor Recalls the London Blitz.” British Heritage. 2023, Jan. 30. britishheritage.com/history/world-war-ii-survivor-london-blitz.

“Title.” Site Name . URL. Accessed Day Month Year.

• “Growing Up in the Second World War.” Imperial War Museums . www.iwm.org.uk/history/growing-up-in-the-second-world-war. Accessed May 9, 2023.

Creator or Username. “Title of Video.” Website video, length. Month Day, Year. URL.

• War Stories. “How Did London Survive the Blitz During WW2? | Cities at War: London | War Stories.” YouTube video, 51:25. January 15, 2023. https://youtu.be/uwY6JlCvbxc.

For more information on writing Chicago -style bibliographies, see the Chicago Manual of Style website.

Chicago Manual of Style Bibliography Example Pages

Source: Chicago Manual of Style

More Chicago example pages:

• Scribbr Chicago Style Bibliography Example
• Purdue Online Writing Lab CMOS Bibliography Page
• Bibcitation Sample Chicago Bibliography

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How to Write a Bibliography for Assignments

Every written assignment must include a bibliography, which is just as important as the material itself. This phrase refers to a list of all the resources you used to complete a particular assignment.

These resources primarily fall under two categories:

Written down, such as in books, articles, reports, etc.

The majority of digital sources are found on the web.

Many students  find it difficult to finish the first, second, and third pages of their bibliography. Continue reading if you want to learn how to effectively compose a  Bibliography for a project  on any subject.

Every written assignment must include a bibliography, which is just as important as the material itself. This phrase refers to a list of all the resources you used to complete a particular assignment. These resources primarily fall under two categories:

The majority of digital sources are found on the web

Things to be noted while writing a Bibliography

A work's author should be credited using their full name;

Title in its entirety (for magazines, be sure to note the volume and number);

Date, location, and publication company (often, the city will suffice);

The name of the publishing house;

The page's border.

When using web sources, the following information is necessary

If there is a clear title, 

The name of the business that designed the website;

The date that you last used this source; 

Copy the URL in its entirety.

What is the Meaning of Bibliography 

A research paper may be required for several academic assignments. The chore of writing a paper for a school project can be challenging. You must keep track of the sources you utilize, whether you are writing for a college or high school audience, and cite them at the end of your paper. Your professor or you will determine the style of a reference list or bibliography you use for your academic project.

Better use end-to-end numbering when compiling a bibliographic list. Before you hit the submit button on your work, go over the basics and double-check that no sources were consulted. All sources must be cited in this manner.

Not sure about the proper order in which to list your sources? Generally, follow the accepted procedure. 

The official literature is the first to be cited in an academic publication. Therefore, the works by foreign authors ought to be removed. You should continue immediately to the native works in the other language.

The alphabet is your best buddy if one author uses a lot of sources.

Theses and term papers have no place in a bibliography. These are instructional pieces. The specific guidelines of a journal govern the sequence of links in a bibliography for academic articles. As a result, before turning in a paper, you should thoroughly research how to create a bibliography for an assignment using, for example, the MLA style.

Last but not least, remember that the bibliographic description includes crucial details about the document. Its presentation often adheres to a set of guidelines. Typically, the goal is the same: to identify and describe the document's general features in the bibliographic record.

Despite the intricacy, adhering to following general guidelines will help you succeed while creating bibliographies for your assignments. 

Understand the Bibliography Format 

You have completed your essay. Make an alphabetical list of all the books, magazines, and websites you used right now. This list is sometimes referred to as the bibliography. Get a sample of a bibliography in the MLA, APA, or Chicago styles because a bibliography example can be more persuasive than words. Then, educate yourself on the many kinds of bibliographies that are available and that you might utilize.

It can be complicated when it comes to bibliography examples. This is due to the fact that, in terms of writing styles, the word "bibliography" can have two different meanings.

A general term for all source listings in all writing styles is "bibliography." It also serves as the heading for the end citation in Chicago/Turabian. However, MLA and APA styles use reference lists rather than bibliographies in actuality. Following are the differences between each style: 

All the sources utilized to construct a piece of literature are included in the bibliography. Even if you didn't cite something in the writing itself, everything you used to create the work falls under this category. This may comprise background materials but need not be confined to them.

Only the sources that were specifically cited in the text of the essay or paper are listed in the references. These are genuine quotations and concepts that have been applied by other authors or materials.

Step-by-step Bibliography Writing

We have put together a thorough, step-by-step guide to help you better understand how to construct a bibliography for an assignment.

Choose your sources:     There aren't many things more crucial when it comes to academic tasks than sources. As a result, college students must become adept at conducting research and locating reliable sources. Here's an illustration for you. Let's say you are political science, security studies, or international relations major. On the other hand, the best strategy would be to search Scopus or Web of Science for the most reliable sources, such as the academic journals listed below: -   Security on a global scale; -   The world's affairs; -   Journal of American Political Science

Analyse Every Source:  Beyond having some seemingly excellent sources available, your primary duty while completing a bibliography goes beyond that. The task includes evaluating each and every one of them. Let's examine some typical traits of reliable sources: -   -  Find current publications, such as those that were released no earlier than 2011; -  The texts should, of course, be authored by reputable authors; -   Whenever a website is required, look for those of governmental and educational institutions; -   If you haven't already, look into the Google Scholar database as well as other academic databases.

Here are some indications that a source is not reliable for you:

Unqualified authors (those without academic degrees or institutional ties) have published texts;   avoid commercial websites to avoid blatantly biassed promotional content;

It is best to omit any texts that lack appropriate references;

Blog posts lack sufficient authority.

Examine the author's experience and credentials.

Lastly, you must be selective while choosing sources and writers if you want to create a stellar bibliography. Before adding a resource, please respond to the following questions at least twice:

Is the author authority in the subject matter of your research questions?

Are you and a certain researcher on any similar intellectual wavelengths? What school of thinking does this scientist represent?

Not everything will always function properly. However, these straightforward responses will enable you to select the appropriate writers to mention.

How to Cite Various Sources

You must follow specific guidelines while working on a variety of sources in order to create a stellar bibliography. You can learn how to cite someone for an assignment, regardless of the subject.

The bibliography item will closely mirror the one for a book if you use the one from the journal. Normally, mention the author's name and the article's title.

Name of the journal, volume, issue (sometimes, the year of publication is included), page range.

When you use evidence from one of your sources in your assignment, you will typically need to include a citation in the text of your paper (references). When you discuss or summarise an idea or piece of information in your either in your own words or a direct quote from that source.

Avoid using a lot of in-depth direct quotes. For direct quotations, even if your in-text citations are exact, these mostly indicate. You are able to point out a pertinent quotation to the reader. 

It is necessary to confirm the significance and intent of the quote after it has been used. transparent to your reader. How does the quotation help to make your point or support it?

The information you provide in your in-text reference must be sufficient for your reader to locate the complete specifics of the source of your evidence in your "List of References" (or "Bibliography").

The extent to which the information in your in-text citation will replicate the detail provided in the ‘List of References’ depends on the referencing system. Systems that use endnotes or footnotes typically provide more information about the entire source than Harvard in-text references that are enclosed in brackets. If a "brief direct quotation is given," Harvard often simply wants the author's last name and the date of publication, with page numbers provided. 

If you keep track of each book, encyclopedia, or article you use as you read and make notes, it will be simpler for you to create your final bibliography. Start a preliminary or draft bibliography by making a list of all your sources on a separate piece of paper. For each source, make a note of the whole title, author, publication location, publisher, and publication date.

List your sources (texts, articles, interviews, etc.) in alphabetical order by the last names of the writers when creating a final bibliography. Encyclopedias and movies are examples of sources without writers that should be arranged alphabetically by title. Use the format that your teacher likes if there are multiple options for bibliographies.

Final Take : 

You must include a specific list called a  bibliography for assignments  or in your essay whenever you refer to a book, magazine, or website. Even if you are only using the source to further your understanding of the subject without really quoting it, you still need to include it. You would just need to include the author's name and the source's publication date when citing the source in the text.

Additional information is required in your bibliography, where the citation about it will appear. The citation style and source type, though, would be important factors. Check out our guide if you're not familiar with the standards and the various citation formats.

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How to Write a Bibliography for a School Level Project

A bibliography is a complete list of resources you used to create a school project. This includes both sources you directly quoted in your project and those you only read for ideas or background information. When in doubt, always include an item. Bibliographies follow a specific format that is determined by the citation style specified by your teacher. The two most common styles in grades K-12 and college are MLA (Modern Language Association) and APA (American Psychological Association).

Write an MLA entry for one book with one author using the following template:

{Last Name of Author}, {First Name of Author}. {Book Title}. {Location of Publisher}: {Publisher Name}, {Publication Year}. Print.

Change the information inside the {} signs to fit your source, but do not include the {} marks. Italicize the book title.

For example:

Grass, Gunter. The Tin Drum. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009. Print.

Write an APA entry for one book with one author using the following template:

{Last Name of Author}, {First Name of Author}. ({Publication Year}). {Book Title}. {Location of Publisher}: {Publisher Name}.

Grass, Gunter. The Tin Drum (2009). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

Write entries for additional source types, like websites or magazine articles, by consulting an MLA or APA style guide. (See Resources.)

Alphabetize the list by the first line of each entry. Usually this means alphabetizing the list by the author's last name, but if certain resources (i.e., websites) lack authors, you can use the title of the page.

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How to Write a Bibliography

Last Updated: March 12, 2024 Fact Checked

This article was co-authored by Diane Stubbs . Diane Stubbs is a Secondary English Teacher with over 22 years of experience teaching all high school grade levels and AP courses. She specializes in secondary education, classroom management, and educational technology. Diane earned a Bachelor of Arts in English from the University of Delaware and a Master of Education from Wesley College. There are 14 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 654,562 times.

When you write a paper or a book, it's important to include a bibliography. A bibliography tells your reader what sources you've used. It lists all the books, articles, and other references you cited in or used to inform your work. Bibliographies are typically formatted according to one of three styles: American Psychological Association (APA) for scientific papers, Modern Language Association (MLA) for humanities papers, and Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) for the social sciences. Make sure you always check with your superior - whether a professor or boss - about which style they prefer.

Sample Bibliographies

Writing an APA Bibliography

• For example, if the author's name for a source is "John Adams Smith," you would list him as "Smith, J.A.," before listing the title of his piece.

• For example, if one source has twelve authors, and the seventh author is "Smith, J.A." and the twelfth is "Timothy, S.J.," you would list the first six authors, then write "Smith, J.A. ...Timothy, S.J."

• For example, if you have a World Health Organization Report without an author as one of your sources, you would write, "World Health Organization, "Report on Development Strategies in Developing Nations," July 1996."

• For example, an article citation might look like this: Jensen, O. E. (2012). "African Elephants." Savannah Quarterly , 2(1), 88.
• If the periodical the article comes from always begins with page number 1 (these types of periodicals are called “paginated by issue” periodicals, you should include the full page range of the article.
• If the article was retrieved online, end the citation with the words "Retrieved from" followed by the web address.

• Example: Worden, B. L. (1999). Echoing Eden. New York, New York: One Two Press.
• If the title is more than one word long and doesn’t contain any proper nouns, only the first word should be capitalized. Only the first letter of any subtitle should be capitalized as well.

• For example, a cited website might look like this: Quarry, R. R. (May 23, 2010). Wild Skies. Retrieved from https://wildskies.com.
• If no author is available, just start with the title. If no date is available, write "n.d."

Writing a MLA Bibliography

• You shouldn’t use an author’s title or degrees when listing their names in your bibliography. This is true even if they are listed that way on the source.

• For example, a book citation might look like this: Butler, Olivia. Parable of the Flower. Sacramento: Seed Press, 1996.

• For example, an article published in a scholarly journal might look like this: Green, Marsha. "Life in Costa Rica." Science Magazine vol. 1, no. 4, Mar 2013: 1-2.
• If you’re citing an article in a newspaper, you only need the name of the newspaper, followed by the date it was published, and the page number. A citation for that might look like this: Smith, Jennifer. “Tiny Tim Wins Award.” New York Times, 24 Dec 2017, p. A7.

• For example, a website citation might look like this: Jong, June. "How to Write an Essay." Writing Portal. 2 Aug. 2012. University of California. 23 Feb. 2013. <https://writingportal.com>
• Some websites, particularly academic ones, will have what’s called a DOI (digital object identifier). Write “doi:” in front of this number in place of the website’s url if a DOI is available.

Writing a CMS Bibliography

• Example: Skylar Marsh. "Walking on Water." Earth Magazine 4(2001): 23.

• For example, a book entry might look like this: Walter White. Space and Time . New York: London Press, 1982

• Example: University of California. "History of University of California." Last modified April 3, 2013. https://universityofcalifornia.com.
• Unless there is a publication date for the website you’re citing, you don’t need to include an access date. If you do have an access date, it goes at the end of the citation.

Expert Q&A

• Ask your teacher or professor which style they prefer you to use in your paper. Thanks Helpful 6 Not Helpful 2
• Be sure to include each and every source you reference in your work. Thanks Helpful 7 Not Helpful 5
• When writing a bibliography or a reference page, it really comes down to looking at an example and applying it to your own information. Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0

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• ↑ https://libguides.reading.ac.uk/citing-references/compilingbibliography
• ↑ https://morningside.libguides.com/APA7/references
• ↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/03/
• ↑ Cite articles
• ↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/08/
• ↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/10/
• ↑ https://www.scribbr.com/mla/works-cited/
• ↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/05/
• ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/mla_style/mla_formatting_and_style_guide/mla_works_cited_page_basic_format.html
• ↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/06/
• ↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/07/
• ↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/717/02/
• ↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/717/03/
• ↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/717/05/

About This Article

To create an APA bibliography, title a separate page at the end of your paper "References." Then, use the authors' last names to organize your list alphabetically, for example by writing the author John Adam Smith as "Smith, J. A." If a source has more than 7 authors, list the first 7 before adding an ellipses. To cite an article, include the author's name, year of publication, article title, publication title, and page numbers. When citing a book, begin with the author's name, then the date of publication, title in Italics, location of the publisher, and publisher's name. For tips on how to write an MLA or CMS bibliography, keep reading! Did this summary help you? Yes No

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31 Bibliography

Annotated bibliography.

A  bibliography  is an alphabetized list of sources showing the author, date, and publication information for each source.

An  annotation  is like a note; it’s a brief paragraph that explains what the writer learned from the source.

Annotated bibliographies combine bibliographies and brief notes about the sources.

Writers often create annotated bibliographies as a part of a research project, as a means of recording their thoughts and deciding which sources to actually use to support the purpose of their research. Some writers include annotated bibliographies at the end of a research paper as a way of offering their insights about the source’s usability to their readers.

Instructors in college often assign annotated bibliographies as a means of helping students think through their source’s quality and appropriateness to their research question or topic.  (23)

Formatting the Annotated Bibliography

The  citations  (bibliographic information – title, date, author, publisher, etc.) in the annotated bibliography are formatted using the particular style manual (APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.) that your discipline requires.

Annotations  are written in paragraph form, usually 3-7 sentences (or 80-200 words). Depending on your assignment your annotations will generally include the following:

• Summary:  Summarize the information given in the source. Note the intended audience. What are the main arguments? What is the point of this book or article? What topics are covered? If someone asked what this article/book is about, what would you say?
• Evaluate/Assess:  Is this source credible? Who wrote it? What are their credentials? Who is the publisher? Is it a useful source? How does it compare with other sources in your bibliography? Is the information reliable? Is this source biased or objective? What is the goal of this source?
• Reflect/React:  Once you’ve summarized and assessed a source, you need to ask how it fits into your research. State your reaction and any additional questions you have about the information in your source. Was this source helpful to you? How does it help you shape your argument? How can you use this source in your research project? Has it changed how you think about your topic? Compare each source to other sources in your annotated bibliography in terms of its usefulness and thoroughness in helping answer your research question.  (24)

Annotated Bibliography Examples

In the following examples, the bold font indicates the reflection component of the annotation that is sometimes required in an assignment.

APA style 6  th  edition for the journal citation:

Waite, L. J., Goldschneider, F. K., & Witsberger, C. (1986). Nonfamily living and the erosion of traditional family orientations among young adults.  American Sociological Review  , 51, 541-554.

The authors, researchers at the Rand Corporation and Brown University, use data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Young Women and Young Men to test their hypothesis that nonfamily living by young adults alters their attitudes, values, plans, and expectations, moving them away from their belief in traditional sex roles. They find their hypothesis strongly supported in young females, while the effects were fewer in studies of young males. Increasing the time away from parents before marrying increased individualism, self-sufficiency, and changes in attitudes about families.  In contrast, an earlier study by Williams cited below shows no significant gender differences in sex role attitudes as a result of nonfamily living.  (25)

MLA 8 style for a website citation:

Anderson, L.V. “Can You Libel Someone on Twitter?” Slate.com, The Slate Group, A Graham Holdings. Company, 26 Nov. 2012, http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/explainer/2012/11/libel_on_twitter_you_can_be_sued_for_libel_for_what_you_write_on_facebook.html . Accessed 2 Apr. 2018.

This article provides an overview of defamation law in the United States compared to the United Kingdom, in layman’s terms. It also explains how defamation law applies to social media platforms and individuals who use social media. Libelous comments posted on social media can be subject to lawsuit, depending on the content of the statement, and whether the person is a public or private figure. The article is found on the website, Slate.com, which is a web-based daily magazine that focuses on general interest topics. While the writer’s credentials are unavailable, she does thank Sandra S. Baron, Executive Director of the Media Law Resource Center and Jeff Hermes, director of the Digital Media Law Project for providing information. She also links to the United States laws that she cites.  I would use the article to compare United States law to United Kingdom law and for background information.  (1)

Information creation is a process. Scholars produce information in the forms of peer-reviewed journal articles, books, and conference presentations, to name a few. As a student researcher, you will be expected to create research projects such as essays, reports, visual presentations, and annotated bibliographies. Most scholarly writing makes an argument—whether it is to persuade your readers that your claim is true or to act on it. In order to create a sound argument, you must gather sources that will argue and counter-argue your claims.

When creating an argument, the researcher typically organizes their report or presentation with the claim/thesis at the beginning, which answers their research question. Then they provide reasons and supporting evidence to validate their claim. They acknowledge and respond to counter-arguments by citing sources that disagree with them, and refuting or conceding those counter-claims. Their conclusion restates their thesis and discusses why their research is important to the scholarly conversation, as well as potential areas for further research.

A Roman numeral outline is one way to organize your argument before you begin writing. It helps to identify sources for each section of your outline, so you know if you need further research to support your argument.

An annotated bibliography is one way to present research, and can be used as a cumulative assignment, or a precursor to your actual research paper. A good annotated bibliography will provide a variety of sources that met all your research needs—background, evidence, argument, and method. In other words, you should be able to take your annotated bibliography and write a complete research report based on those sources.  (1)

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How to Write Bibliography for Assignment: Tips on Working with Your Sources

The most tedious and time-consuming part of any school or college written assignment is the bibliography. Sometimes, it can even be challenging! For example, if you’re confused by the variety of citation styles. This is probably when the most students wonder “Is there someone who could complete my assignment ?” That is why Custom-Writing experts prepared a brief guide about creating a perfect bibliography for a project. Some tips regarding the formatting are also included!

Our specialists will write a custom essay specially for you!

First of all, you shouldn’t be worried about how to write this dreadful part of your assignment. A bibliography is just a list of all the sources, such as books and articles, that you have used for creating your project. No matter how short your writing task is, you will most likely need to add a list of references.

📍 What Is a Bibliography?

• 👣 Writing Steps
• 📑 Referring to Different Sources

🔨 Reference Generators

🔗 references.

Every time you use a book, magazine, or a webpage for your essay , you need to mention it in a special list called a bibliography. Even if you are not quoting the source but just using it for the general understanding of the topic, you should still include it there. For citing the source in the text , you would only need to write the author’s name and the publication date. Then, the reference about it goes into your bibliography, and that’s where extra information is needed. However, it would depend on the type of source and the citation style. In case you’re not familiar with the variety of the citation styles and the requirements, have a look at our guide , which can save you some time!

Most of the time, your teacher would request to collect at least three printed sources, so try not to rely on the Internet solely.

👣 How to Write a Bibliography Step by Step

Now you know what a bibliography is. It is time to learn how to write it! We assure you: there is nothing complicated. Follow the steps below.

Select the Sources

The first thing you need to do is find the proper sources for your research assignment. When selecting the sources, you should consider the questions below.

Just in 1 hour! We will write you a plagiarism-free paper in hardly more than 1 hour

Evaluate Each Source

The next step in writing a bibliography is a brief assessment of each source’s importance.

In case you need a bibliography as part of an assignment, you should identify the reason why and the way how you want to use the source. If you’re assigned to write an annotated bibliography as an independent project, examine the source’s contribution to the research area.

By the way, you may want to use the following questions for sources assessment.

Assess the Author’s Background and Credentials

When writing a bibliography for a project, you may need to examine the author’s credentials and experience. Here are some questions to help you.

Write a Summary for Each Source

Look through the following questions that will guide you. And don’t forget to search for the summarizing paragraphs. You may find them at the beginning or conclusion of each section. If there is none or you aren’t satisfied with its contents, you can take the role of a summary typer yourself and create your own custom summary.

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Make a Proper Bibliography

Well, you’re almost there. You’ve evaluated your sources, took short notes, wrote an outline for each reference.

Use your notes and write your bibliography. How?

📑 How to Refer to Different Sources

You will have to use different writing patterns for different sources. Check these guidelines for bibliography writing:

• Book with one author: Author’s last name, first name. Title of the book. City: Publisher, Date of Publication.

Jones, Edward. The Toy. New York: Random House, 1987.

• Book with two authors: Author’s last name, first name, and second author’s full name. Title of the book. Place of publication: Publisher, date of publication.

Jones, Edward and Amelia Smith. Strangers. New York: Random House, 1987.

• Book without an author: Title of the book. City: Publisher, Date of Publication.

Old Lake. New York: Random House, 1987.

• Article in a book without an author: Name of the article. Title of the book. City: Publisher, Date of Publication.

Swans. Flora and Fauna. New York: Random House, 1987.

• Book with an editor: Editor’s last name, first name, ed. Title of the book. Place of publication: Publisher, date of publication.

Jones, Edward. 100 Recipes for You. New York: Random House, 1987.

• Short story or chapter of a book: Author’s last name, first name. “Title.” Title of the book that the source comes from. Editor (ed.) of the book’s full name. Place of publication: Publisher, date of publication. Pages of the source.

Jones, Edward. “Learning to communicate.” The Toy. Ed. Helen Stevenson. New York: Random House, 1987.

• Encyclopedia article with an author/a signed article: Author’s last name, first name. “Title”. Encyclopedia Title. Volume Number. Place of publication: Publisher, date of publication.

Jones, Edward. “The Wild Swans.” World Book Encyclopedia. Volume 13. New York: Random House, 1987.

• Encyclopedia article without an author/an unsigned article: “Title”. Encyclopedia Title. Volume number. Place of publication: Publisher, date of publication.

“The Wild Swans.” World Book Encyclopedia. Volume 13. New York: Random House, 1987.

• Journal article: Author’s last name, first name “Article Title.” Name volume number:issue number (year of publication): page numbers.

Jones, Edward, “The Wild Swans.” Flora and Fauna 15:1, (2007): 8-11.

• Magazine article: Author’s last name, first name. “Article title.” Magazine title date of publication: page numbers.

Jones, Edward. “Never been kissed” Us Sept 23, 2002: 221-2.

• Newspaper article: Author’s last name, first name. “Article title.” Newspaper title [city of publication, if not in title] date of publication, edition if necessary: section if necessary: page numbers.

Jones, Edward. “Handbags are Health Hazard.” Daily News [New York] Oct 31 2002: 26.

• Interview: Full name (last name first). Occupation. Date of interview.

Jones, Edward. Writer. February 10, 2006.

• Film: Title, Director, Distributor, Year.

Titanic, Dir. James Cameron, 20th Century Fox, 1998

• Email message: Author of message, (Date). Subject of message. Electronic conference or bulletin board (Online). Available email: LISTSERV@ email address.

Edward Jones, (May 23, 2006). New Winners. Teen Booklist (Online). Edward [email protected]

• Web page: URL (Uniform Resource Locator or WWW address). Author (or item’s name, if mentioned), date.

(Boston Globe’s www address) https://www.boston.com/. Today’s News, May 23, 2006.

Nobody wants to do routine work. So you may want to use a citation builder for your assignment. Try one of the source-generating apps or websites below!

By the way,

Get an originally-written paper according to your instructions!

Have you checked our citation guidelines already?

✏️ Bibliography FAQ

A preliminary bibliography is basically the draft of all the sources you think might help your research. You create it when you are still not too familiar with the topic and scanning all the sources available. It’s not the final version of your bibliography since you might find some of the books not as useful as you thought and never use them.

A bibliography card is used to make the process of gathering and categorizing the sources easier. It’s a small piece of paper the size of a standard sticky note. You would take a new one every time you find a useful source. There you need to mention all the information for later referencing. On the back, you can write a brief summary.

Writing a bibliography for a science project is usually no different from creating one for other assignments. It’s a list of the sources the student uses for completing their task. Every source mentioned in the bibliography needs to have some specific publication information as well.

First of all, you need to make sure that your bibliography follows the citation style you are required to use. Otherwise, it will not be alphabetized correctly. Then, if you’re using the MS word program or a similar one, it’s easy to alphabetize your list by choosing the option “Sort.”

• Bibliography Definition by Cambridge English Dictionary
• American Psychological Association Style
• The Chicago Manual of Style Online
• Information on DOI (digital object identifier)
• Free DOI Lookup at Crossref
• Writing a Bibliography as a Part of Research Paper
• Evaluating Bibliographic Citations // Purdue Writing Lab
• The Annotated Bibliography – Cornell
• Bibliography – National Library of Medicine – NIH
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• Referencing
• Bibliographies

How to create a bibliography or reference list

A list of all cited source materials, known as a bibliography or reference list , must be included at the end of your essay.

They are divided into two sections: primary sources and secondary sources . Each of these sections need to be in alphabetical order .

Each bibliographical reference needs:

• the author's last name followed by their first initial(s)
• the year of publication
• the name of the work (in italics)
• the publication details

What is the difference between a bibliography and a reference list?

Depending on the assessment task, you will either be asked to create a bibliography or a reference list. Here are the differences between the two:

• A bibliography lists all of the materials that have been consulted during your research, regardless of whether or not you've quoted from them
• A reference list  states only the sources that you've quoted in your assignment

Regardless of which you're required to create, you must follow the formatting shown below.

Correct Format for Different Source Types

These examples use the popular APA (American Psychological Association) referencing style. 

Required Elements:

Author's Surname, First Initials. (Year of Publication).  Name of book . City of Publication: Name of Publishing Company.

Academic Journal Articles

Author's Surname, First Initials. (Year, Month day OR Season - if known - of publication). Article title.  Name of Journal the Article Appeared In ,  Journal Volume Number (Issue or Part Number), page number(s) of the article.

Newspaper or Magazine Articles

Author's Surname, First Initials. (Year, Month day of publication). Article title.  Name of Newspaper/Magazine , page number(s) of the article.

Speaker's Surname, First Initials. (Year, Month Day Speech was Given). Title of Speech.  Institution, City the Speech was Given at/in.

Author's Surname, First Initials. (Year of Publication). Name of webpage.  Retrieved from URL.

Ancient Sources

Ancient Author's Name.  Name of Ancient Work.  (Name of Modern Translator that You're Using, trans.). Location of Modern Translation's Publisher: Name of Modern Translation's Publishing Company, Year of Modern Translation's Publication.

Referencing a Source Found in Another Source

On some occasions you find a source in the pages of different source. Your first task should be to try and quote the source you have found separately from the book that it is in. Do this, look in the bibliography of the book in order to gain the necessary details.

However, if you cannot find the information necessary to create a separate bibliographical entry, you will need to create a bibliographical entry that acknowledges the book that the source was found in.

To do this you will need:

• as many of the details that you can find of the source you are using. (Anything you don't know is left out).
• the full bibliographical details of the book it was found in, along with the page number in the book where the source was found. This is preceded by the phrase "As found in" and the entire bibliographical reference is placed in brackets.

For example:

Nixon, R. (1969). (As found in US Government Printing Office 1969, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Richard Nixon , Washington D.C.: US Government Printing Office, pp. 903).

Example Reference List

Reference List

Primary Sources

Appian.  The Civil Wars .  (John Carter, trans). New York: Penguin, 1996.

Department of Defence. (1959). Strategic basis of Australian defence policy . Canberra: Department of Defence.

Department of Defence. (1976). Defence White Paper . Canberra: Department of Defence.

Millar, T. (1979). The political-military relationship in Australia . Strategic and Defence Studies Centre Working Paper , 6, p. 12.

Nixon, R. (1969). (As found in US Government Printing Office 1969, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Richard Nixon , Washington D.C.: US Government Printing Office, p. 903).

Secondary Sources

Dibb, P. (2007). The self-reliant defence of Australia: The History of an Idea . (As found in   Huisken, R., & Thatcher., M. (eds). History as policy: Framing the debate on the future of Australia’s defence policy . Canberra: ANU Press and Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, p. 11-26).

Horner, D. (1997). Security objectives . (As found in Mediansky, F. (ed). Australian foreign policy: Into the new millennium . South Melbourne: Macmillan, p. 73-92).

Lawson, E. (2009). The Australian defence environment . Australian Defence Force Journal , 179, p. 70-81.

White, H. (2007). Four decades of the defence of Australia: Reflections on Australian defence policy over the past 40 years . (As found in Huisken, R & Thatcher, M. (eds). History as policy: Framing the debate on the future of Australia’s defence policy . Canberra: ANU Press and Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, p. 163-187).

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How To Write Bibliography For Project? Complete Guide For Students

Sourav Mahahjan

If you are unaware that bibliographies are a part of your project, writing a bibliography can be confusing and challenging. Many times, bibliographies are considered the work of the last; however, completing the information required to complete the assignment can be very helpful in writing an adequate bibliography.

What is a Bibliography?

A bibliography in an assignment contains information regarding the different sources used to create the project.  The bibliography should include every piece of information that has been used in the assignment and also the information regarding the other sources of data that have been used to carry out the research required for the completion of the project.  The bibliography must also provide information that may have yet to be actively used in the project. However, they have contributed to the completion of the assignment by the students.

What is a Bibliography for a project?

The terms referencing and bibliography are often used interchangeably, although these have specific differences. The primary resources which are present in the tangible form are known as references in a project.  Research papers and books are considered an example of referencing in the project. Conversely, a bibliography contains primary and secondary information sources used to complete the project. Primary information in a bibliography is generally known as the stated information. However, secondary information refers to the ideas used in a project.  The ideas formed by the writer generally depend upon the reading done by the writer during the completion of the assignment. For instance, any vague idea created by the author without using any source can be included in the bibliography.

Importance of Bibliography in Project:

• Creating the bibliography of a project helps make the professor aware that you have conducted an in-depth analysis of the topic and are using valuable sources of information to complete the project.  The bibliography helps showcase the approach used by the writer in the project.
• Providing credit to the researcher is an essential aspect of any research work. This helps in increasing the credibility of the information provided in the research.  The bibliography includes references like the MLA style or the APA style. These are some of the most commonly used formats for reference. 
• The bibliography is also essential as it helps guide the researcher to the source of information used to complete the project.

Difference between Bibliography and Referencing:

Therefore, the bibliography is more extensive than a reference list. In the bibliography, the student provides information about the ideas and their origin rather than just citing the author's name as a case of reference. Also, the list of different books is also known as a bibliography.

Structure of a Bibliography:

Presenting the book's name and the author is one of the most critical aspects of the bibliography. However, the addition of the publication date of the book is essential for making the readers understand how recent the publication is. It helps in increasing the interest of the reader in the project.

Bibliography for book:

• Name and title of the book 
• Name of the author 
• Publication date 
• name of the publishers 

Bibliography for web referencing:

• Name of the editor and the author 
• Title of the website
• Source of the website and company
• Date visiting the website.

Location of the information required for the Bibliography

The information needed for writing a bibliography in a project is located in different places. However, there are some crucial places where the information required for the bibliography can be found, which are:

• On the content page of journals and magazines
• Editorial page, first page, or second page of the book
• Header and footer of any website
• The About page of the website 

Different styles of Bibliography:

Different types of bibliography styles are asked to be used by different instructors.  This makes it essential to present your bibliography per the instructor's required style.  Some of the significant bibliographic style and their referencing format are

MLA reference for Bibliography:

•  First name of the writer (the last name is the first).
• Name of the book
• Place of publication
• Name of the publisher
• Date of publication

Harvard/APA style of Bibliography:

• In the case of Harvard, the bibliography is aimed as reflected in the project. 
• Last name of the author
• First initial of the author
• Date of publication in brackets
• Title of the book

MHRA style for Bibliography:

• First and last name of the author 
• Name of the book 
• Area of publication of the book
• Name of the publisher 
• The date of book publication.

The place of publication, the name of the publisher, and the publication date should be provided in brackets. 

Steps for writing a Bibliography:

• Collect the source of information during the data collection process. 
• The citation provided should be in alphabetic order of the author's last name and as per the author's first name in case the project has adopted the MHRA style. 
• If it is impossible to provide the author's name, provide information about the article's title or book.
• In the case of multiple authors, alphabetise the article or book with the help of the first author. 
• All the information should be provided in the same manner as it helps increase the consistency of the writing. 
• The information of each source should be started from a new line 
• The biographies of the project should be provided at the end of the topic. 

Ways to create your Bibliography quickly:

It is essential to understand that bibliography and referencing are very much different from each other. There are different styles Of bibliographies used in various universities in the world.  The Microsoft doc provides an easy way to create a bibliography for your project. Find the reference tab on the top of the Microsoft window. You can select the referencing style, such as Harvard or APA. Add all the citations collected in the list provided in the drop-down menu, such as the book's name, author, and publication date, and enter.  This will generate the bibliography for your project.

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Bibliography Examples: How to Cite Sources Correctly

A bibliography is a list of sources that you consulted while writing your paper. It includes all the books, articles, and other sources you used to gather information for your research. A bibliography is an important part of academic writing, and it helps readers to locate the sources you used.

There are different styles of bibliographies, including MLA, APA, and Chicago, and each style has its own set of rules for formatting and citing sources. MLA style is commonly used in the humanities, while APA style is used in the social sciences. Chicago style is used in history and some social sciences. Each style has its own set of rules for formatting and citing sources, so it is important to follow the guidelines for the style you are using.

In this article, we will provide bibliography examples in different styles. We will also explain how to format your bibliography and how to cite sources correctly. Whether you are a student or a researcher, this article will help you create a bibliography that is accurate and complete.

Bibliography Examples

Understanding Bibliography

Bibliography is a list of sources that you have used in your research or writing. The sources can be books, articles, websites, or any other material that you have consulted while working on your project. A bibliography provides detailed information about each source, such as the author’s name, the title of the work, the publication date, and more. It is usually included at the end of a research paper, essay, or book.

The purpose of a bibliography is to give credit to the authors whose work you have used in your research. It also allows your readers to find the sources that you have used and to verify the accuracy of your information. A bibliography is an important part of any research paper or essay because it demonstrates the depth and breadth of your research. It also shows that you have taken the time to read and understand the work of other scholars in your field.

When creating a bibliography, it is important to follow the guidelines of the citation style that you are using. There are many different citation styles, such as APA, MLA, Chicago, and more. Each style has its own rules for formatting the bibliography, so it is important to consult a style guide or manual to ensure that your bibliography is accurate and complete. (ĐÃ DÙNG Ở INTRO)

In addition to the basic information about each source, a bibliography may also include annotations that provide a brief summary or evaluation of the work. An annotated bibliography can be a useful tool for researchers because it allows them to quickly evaluate the relevance and quality of a source.

Types of Bibliographies

When it comes to writing a bibliography, there are three main types that you should be aware of: enumerative, analytical, and annotated. Each type has its own unique characteristics and purposes.

Enumerative Bibliography

An enumerative bibliography is a list of works that are cited in a particular document. It is the most common type of bibliography and is used to provide readers with a comprehensive list of sources that were used in the creation of the document. This type of bibliography is typically organized alphabetically by the author’s last name and includes basic information such as the title, author, publisher, and date of publication.

Analytical Bibliography

An analytical bibliography is a more in-depth type of bibliography that provides detailed information about the physical characteristics of each cited source. This includes information such as the number of pages, type of binding used, and illustrations. Analytical bibliographies are often used in the study of rare books and manuscripts, as they provide valuable information about the history and evolution of a particular work.

Annotated Bibliography

An annotated bibliography is a type of bibliography that includes a brief summary or evaluation of each cited source. This type of bibliography is often used in academic research to provide readers with a deeper understanding of the sources used in a particular document. Annotations can include information such as the author’s credentials, the main arguments of the work, and its relevance to the research topic.

Formatting Styles

APA style is commonly used in the social sciences and is known for its emphasis on author and date information. When creating an APA-style bibliography, you should include the following information for each source:

• Author’s last name and initials
• Year of publication
• Title of the article or book
• Title of the journal or publisher
• Volume and issue number (if applicable)
• Page numbers

APA style also requires that you use hanging indents for each entry, meaning that the first line of each entry should be flush with the left margin, while subsequent lines should be indented.

MLA style is commonly used in the humanities and is known for its emphasis on author and page number information. When creating an MLA-style bibliography, you should include the following information for each source:

• Author’s last name and first name
• Medium of publication (e.g., print, web, etc.)

MLA style requires that you use a hanging indent for each entry, just like APA style.

Chicago Style

Chicago style is commonly used in history and other humanities fields. When creating a Chicago-style bibliography, you should include the following information for each source:

Unlike APA and MLA styles, Chicago style requires that you use footnotes or endnotes to cite your sources. These notes should be numbered and correspond to a superscript number in the text.

Book Example

When citing a book, the following information should be included in the bibliography:

• Author’s last name, first name.
• Title of the book.
• Publisher’s name.
• Year of publication.

Here is an example of how to format a book citation in the bibliography:

Smith, John. The History of America . Random House , 2020.

Journal Article Example

When citing a journal article, the following information should be included in the bibliography:

• Title of the article.
• Title of the journal.
• Volume and issue number.
• Page numbers.

Here is an example of how to format a journal article citation in the bibliography:

Johnson, Emily. “The Effects of Social Media on Mental Health.” Journal of Psychology , vol. 25, no. 3, 2022, pp. 45-60.

Website Example

When citing a website, the following information should be included in the bibliography:

• Title of the webpage.
• Title of the website.
• Publisher or sponsor of the website.
• Date of publication or last update.

Here is an example of how to format a website citation in the bibliography:

Doe, Jane. “The Benefits of Yoga.” Yoga Journal , Yoga Journal, 2021, www.yogajournal.com/benefits-of-yoga/.

Film Example

When citing a film, the following information should be included in the bibliography:

• Director’s last name, first name.
• Title of the film.
• Production company.
• Year of release.

Here is an example of how to format a film citation in the bibliography:

Spielberg, Steven. Jurassic Park . Universal Pictures, 1993.

Common Mistakes in Bibliographies

When creating a bibliography, it is important to avoid common mistakes that can lead to lower grades or even accusations of plagiarism. Here are some common mistakes to watch out for:

1. Missing References or Citations

One of the most common mistakes is missing references or citations. Remember that citations and references go hand in hand. A citation within the text needs a reference in your reference page or bibliography and vice versa.

2. Incomplete or Incorrect Information

Make sure that all of the information you include in your bibliography is complete and correct. This includes the author’s name, the title of the work, the publication date, and the publisher. Incomplete or incorrect information can make it difficult for others to find and use your sources.

3. Falsified Information

Falsifying information in your bibliography is a serious offense that can lead to accusations of plagiarism. Make sure that all of the information you include is accurate and truthful.

4. Improper Formatting

Proper formatting is essential for a well-organized and easy-to-read bibliography. Make sure that you follow the formatting guidelines provided by your instructor or use a standard formatting style such as MLA or APA.

5. Using Outdated or Inappropriate Sources

Using outdated or inappropriate sources can weaken the credibility of your work. Make sure that you use current and relevant sources that are appropriate for your topic.

By avoiding these common mistakes, you can create a well-organized and accurate bibliography that will enhance the credibility of your work.

Tips for Creating an Effective Bibliography

1. Know the Formatting Style

Before you begin creating your bibliography, make sure you understand the formatting style required by your instructor or publisher. Common styles include MLA, APA, and Chicago. Each style has its own rules for formatting citations, so it is important to be familiar with the specific requirements of the style you are using.

2. Use Reliable Sources

Your bibliography should only include sources that are reliable and relevant to your topic. Be sure to verify the credibility of your sources before including them in your bibliography. This can be done by checking the author’s credentials, the publisher, and the date of publication.

3. Organize Your Sources

When creating your bibliography, organize your sources in alphabetical order by the author’s last name. If the author’s name is not available, use the title of the source instead. Be consistent with your formatting throughout your bibliography.

4. Include All Necessary Information

Each source in your bibliography should include all necessary information, such as the author’s name, title of the source, publication date, and publisher. For online sources, include the URL or DOI.

5. Proofread Your Bibliography

Before submitting your bibliography, take the time to proofread it for errors and inconsistencies. Check for spelling and grammatical errors, as well as formatting errors. A well-organized and error-free bibliography can enhance the credibility of your research.

By following these tips, you can create an effective bibliography that accurately reflects the sources you used in your research.

Frequently Asked Questions

What are some commonly used bibliography formats?

There are several commonly used bibliography formats, including MLA, APA, Chicago, and Harvard. Each format has its own set of guidelines for citing sources, so it’s important to choose the appropriate format for your project.

How can I write a bibliography for a school project?

To write a bibliography for a school project, you should first gather all of the sources you used in your research. Then, follow the guidelines for the appropriate bibliography format to create a citation for each source. Be sure to include all of the necessary information, such as the author’s name, title of the source, publication date, and publisher.

What is the Harvard style of bibliography and can you provide an example?

The Harvard style of bibliography is a commonly used format that is known for its simplicity and flexibility. In this format, sources are listed alphabetically by the author’s last name, and each citation includes the author’s name, publication date, and title of the source. Here’s an example of a Harvard-style bibliography entry for a book:

Smith, John. (2010). The History of Modern Art. New York: Penguin Books.

Can you suggest a reliable bibliography generator?

There are several reliable bibliography generators available online, including EasyBib, Citation Machine, and BibMe. These tools can help you create citations in the appropriate format quickly and easily.

What is the difference between a bibliography and references?

A bibliography is a list of all the sources you used in your research, while references are a list of the sources you cited in your paper. In other words, a bibliography includes all the sources you consulted, even if you didn’t use them in your paper, while references only include the sources you actually cited.

Can you provide an example of a simple bibliography?

Yes, here’s an example of a simple bibliography in MLA format:

Smith, John. The History of Modern Art. Penguin Books, 2010.

Jones, Sarah. “The Role of Women in the Renaissance.” Renaissance Quarterly, vol. 63, no. 2, 2010, pp. 345-362.

Brown, David. “The Impact of Technology on Society.” Scientific American, vol. 303, no. 3, 2010, pp. 48-55.

Note that each citation includes the author’s name, title of the source, publication date, and publisher (if applicable). The sources are listed in alphabetical order by the author’s last name.

Last Updated on September 5, 2023

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Bibliography For School Project Class 10 | Easy Concept

When working on school projects, whether it’s a research paper, presentation, or any academic assignment, it’s important to cite reliable sources and create a bibliography. Through Bibliography For School Project , you will be able to explore the importance of a bibliography, the key components of a bibliography, how to build one accurately, and some helpful tips for managing your sources effectively.

Table of Contents

What is Bibliography?

A bibliography is a list of all the sources you consulted while writing your paper. Every book, article, and even video you use to gather information for your paper should be cited in your bibliography so that your instructor can trace facts, figures, and insights back to their original sources.

The purpose of a bibliography is to provide a list of sources used in a research project, paper, or publication. It credits the original authors, adds credibility to the work, and allows readers to verify the information presented.

What Is A Bibliography With Examples?

The bibliography is a list of works written on a particular subject or by a particular author.

Students are taught that a bibliography with properly formatted in-text citations is important for properly citing one’s research and avoiding accusations of plagiarism. In formal research, all sources used, whether directly cited or summarized, should be included in the bibliography. , An annotated bibliography includes a brief descriptive and evaluative paragraph for each item in the list.

Examples: From the Greek, “writing about books” (Biblio, “book”, graph, “write”) Pronunciation: bib-li-oz-rah-fee

What is the easiest bibliography style?

There are three main styles of bibliographies:

Descriptive Bibliography : This type provides a detailed description of each source, such as the author’s background, publication history, and physical characteristics of the book.

Analytical Bibliography: It analyzes the sources in terms of their content, historical context, and importance of the subject.

Annotated Bibliography: It includes brief summaries of the relevance and quality of each source.

How to write Bibliography for project?

There are the following steps to write a bibliography for a school project:

• Choose the citation style specified by your school or professor, such as APA, MLA, Chicago, or Harvard.
• Gather all the necessary details for each source you have used, such as the author’s name, title, publication date, etc.
• Alphabetize the sources by author’s last name or title if there is no author.
• Follow the guidelines for the chosen citation style to format each source entry correctly.
• Verify all information to make sure your bibliography is error-free and consistent.

Bibliography For School Project Sample

Before writing your research paper reference list for that science fair or research project, you need to know the style you will use. This will be determined not only by your teacher or professor but also by the type of research project paper you are creating.

Bibliography For School Project Class 10

In class 10, your school project will be in MLA style. Because this style eases the sourcing of websites, audio-visual material, and advertisements. However, APA and Turabian can also be used in the mix. Use this MLA sample bibliography to see how to create a works cited page.

Best Bibliography For School Project

When it comes to bibliography examples, it can be confusing. Because the word “bibliography” can have a double meaning.

“Bibliography” may be an all-encompassing term for all source lists in all writing styles. This is also the title of the Chicago/Turabian end quote.

A bibliography lists all the references used to create a piece of writing. This includes everything that you used in the creation of the work. This may include background sources. A bibliography includes directly cited sources in the body of the paper or essay. These are actual quotes and thoughts that were used by other authors or materials. Now it’s time to explore a sample bibliography, reference lists, and works cited lists.

MLA Works Cited Example

APA Reference List Example

Chicago or Turabian Bibliography Example

It is a multiple style that can work well for fiction and nonfiction sources. You might use it in arts, history, philosophy, religion, or other subjects. 

Annotated Bibliography Example

It provides information for the reader about the sources, used to write a paper.

How do you write a good bibliography for a project?

To write a good bibliography for a project: Choose a Citation Style Gather Complete Information Organize Alphabetically Use Proper Formatting Check for Accuracy Include Relevant Sources Consistency is Key Proofread

How do you write a simple bibliography for a school project?

To write a simple bibliography for a school project: Collect information about each source (author, title, publication date, etc.). Arrange sources alphabetically. Format each entry based on the citation style (APA, MLA, etc.). Double-check for accuracy and completeness.

What are the 5 types of bibliography?

The five types of bibliography are: Descriptive Bibliography Analytical Bibliography Annotated Bibliography Systematic Bibliography Enumerative Bibliography

What is a bibliography for a project?

A bibliography is a list of all the sources you consulted while writing your paper like essays, research papers, and reports

What is the bibliography format?

The bibliography format is based on the citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago).

What is a good bibliography?

A good bibliography is accurate, complete, and follows the specified citation style like title, author’s name, date, etc.

What comes first in the bibliography?

The author’s last name comes first in the bibliography.

What is the best bibliography style?

The best bibliography style is APA Style . 

What is the bibliography for the school project?

A bibliography for a school project is a list of sources used, which gives credit and credibility to the research.

Why write a bibliography?

The purpose of a bibliography is to provide a list of sources used in a research project, paper, or publication.

Also Read: Power Sharing Class 10 Notes

Creating a well-crafted “Bibliography For School Project ” is important. A comprehensive and accurate bibliography not only adds value to the project but also paves the way for further exploration by curious minds. So, invest the time to build the best bibliography and elevate your academic journey to new heights!

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