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Embarking on a cultural odyssey: unveiling the charms of France culture

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Reading time: 0 min Published on 3 August 2023, updated on 16 April 2024

As a hub of sorts including fashion, cuisine, art and architecture, Paris is what many people think of when it comes to French culture. Yet that is a rookie mistake… because life outside of the City of Lights is very different and varies by region. Prepare to set sail on a wondrous journey through the enchanting realm of France culture, where each step uncovers a dazzling tapestry of customs and traditions that have shaped this exquisite nation. From the iconic streets of Paris to the quaint countryside, every corner of La Belle France beckons with its own unique allure, inviting you to immerse yourself in its rich heritage.

Language in France: a melodic blend of voices

As you step foot on the cobblestone streets, the symphony of France culture begins, and at its heart lies the melodious French language. The language of love and romance, it flows like a gentle river through the conversations of over 70 million residents, weaving a harmonious medley of words that bind the nation together.

But listen closely, and you'll hear a delightful fusion of dialects and languages from every corner of the world. German, Flemish, Arabic, Italian, Chinese, Vietnamese, Creole, and Breton add vibrant hues to the cultural canvas, celebrating the nation's diversity and openness to the world.

Nevertheless, when you go, it pays to know some basic French phrases as locals often appreciate the efforts put in by visitors who try to speak their language. Just don’t confuse faire la tête (to sulk) with faire la fête (to party)!

French Cuisine: a gastronomic ballet

France is a foodie capital for a reason.

Prepare to be enchanted by the culinary ballet that unfolds in France, for this is the land where food becomes art, and dining is a celebration of life. France culture embraces gastronomy with a passion, elevating every meal to a symphony of flavors and textures that dance upon the taste buds.

French cuisine speaks of expression and passion; and much socialising is done around lengthy meals and is completelly part of the French culture and traditions.

From the sumptuous boeuf bourguignon , where tender beef melds with velvety wine sauce, to the savory coq au vin, where chicken and red wine unite in a harmonious duet, each dish is a masterpiece of culinary creativity. Savor the richness of ratatouille , a sun-kissed melody of vegetables that transports you to the idyllic gardens of Provence.

Over the years, cooking styles have evolved from the heavier, saucier and more complicated dishes to what is now a reflection of a modern yet still highly sophisticated society.

French food and cooking are generally considered the backbone of many cuisines across the Western world. A beloved tradition, the French Gastronomic meal is classified as a UNESCO intangible cultural heritage of humanity. Let’s go back in time and see its diverse journey…

Fashion in France: A Haute Couture Symphony

Behold the elegance that graces the boulevards of Paris, where the world of fashion becomes a symphony of style. France culture boasts a legacy of haute couture, with Paris reigning as the unrivaled fashion capital of the globe. Locals exude sophistication effortlessly, their outfits a work of art that combines classic elegance with contemporary chic.

The streets become a catwalk, where demure flowy dresses, well-cut suits, and stylish long coats waltz in harmony with scarves and berets. Embrace the enchanting magique of French style, and let your own fashion sense dance to the rhythm of Parisian glamour.

As a fashion capital , Paris __ is home to numerous high-end fashion houses including Chanel, Christian Dior, Hermes and Louis Vuitton .

You will notice that many locals have a distinct sophisticated style, which seems effortlessly thrown together. That’s the French magique! Typical outfits include demure flowy dresses, well-cut suits, long coats, scarves and berets.

Art and Architecture and culture in France

As you venture through the heart of France culture, prepare to be awestruck by the timeless beauty of art and architecture that adorn the cities and towns. Paris, a living art gallery, showcases a breathtaking array of cultural and architectural styles, each reflecting a different chapter in the nation's history. Marvel at the soaring Gothic cathedrals that touch the heavens, their majestic spires reaching for the divine. Embrace the graceful facades of Renaissance palaces, where opulence and refinement unite in a harmonious symphony. Each building tells a story, a testimony to the artistic brilliance that has shaped the nation.

The French LOVE their art . And we love that about the French! Art is everywhere and you simply cannot escape from it, particularly in Paris and other major cities. As you explore the cities and towns, you will no doubt appreciate the many different cultural and architectural styles that decorate the cities’ interior and skylines.

Gothic, Renaissance, Romanesque Rococo and Neoclassic influences can be seen in many churches and public buildings, mixed in with somef modern architecture.

As for some of history's most renowned artists such as Claude Monet, Edgar Degas and Camille Pissarro , Paris was a major source of their inspiration, which gave rise to the Impressionism movement in the 19th century. When you visit, you must make it a point to visit the Louvre Museum in Paris. It is among the world's largest museums and is home to many famous works of art, including the Mona Lisa and Venus de Milo.

Cinema is also a big part of the French Culture .

Cinema: A Love Letter to Life

France culture holds cinema in its heart, for it is through this magical art form that stories come alive and emotions find their voice. As you step into the world of French cinema, you'll be swept away by a love letter to life, where every frame is a canvas that paints the complexities of human emotions. Dive into the depths of French cinema, where drama and comedy intertwine, leaving audiences captivated by the magic of storytelling.

In the realm of French culture, cinema is an art form that holds a special place in the hearts of the French people. It is more than just entertainment; it is a powerful medium that offers a window to the soul of the nation. The French film industry has a rich and storied history, dating back to the birth of cinema itself. From the pioneering works of the Lumière brothers in the late 19th century to the avant-garde movements of the 20th century, French cinema has been a trailblazer in shaping the language of cinema worldwide.

Every year, the Alliance Française organizes the highly anticipated French Film Festival, a celebration of the finest cinematic treasures that France has to offer. With a carefully curated lineup of films spanning a diverse range of genres, from thought-provoking dramas to heartwarming comedies, the festival provides a captivating showcase of the art of storytelling. These films transport audiences to the heart of French culture, offering a glimpse into the intricacies of human emotions and experiences that resonate across borders and cultures.

At the French Film Festival, viewers are invited to embark on an exquisite journey through the lives of characters who grapple with love, loss, joy, and hope. The films delve into the complexities of human relationships, reflecting the nuances of French society and the human condition. The artful cinematography, evocative soundtracks, and compelling performances by some of France's most talented actors create an immersive experience that leaves a lasting impression on the audience.

French cinema is not confined to the glitz and glamour of mainstream productions; it also embraces the world of independent and art-house films. These often push the boundaries of storytelling, exploring themes that are thought-provoking and unconventional. The French filmmakers' unyielding commitment to artistic expression has earned them accolades and recognition at prestigious international film festivals, solidifying France's place as a powerhouse in the global film industry.

For cinephiles and enthusiasts alike, the French Film Festival is a cineaste's dream come true. It provides an opportunity to discover the works of emerging filmmakers and rediscover the masterpieces of legendary directors. Audiences can witness the evolution of French cinema over the decades, observing how it has mirrored and shaped society's changing values and aspirations.

Tip: Grab a Paris Pass to get access to over 50 of Paris’ cultural and art attractions.

For more travel inspiration and information on France Rail Passes and tickets, head to www.raileurope.com.au , where you can use the destination guide and interactive map to help with the trip planning.

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French Culture, Values, and Language Essay

Introduction.

France has many distinct ethnicities, and their traditions are essential for the nation. Celtic and Gallo-Roman civilizations, Francs, and Germanic tribes influenced its culture in past centuries. Nevertheless, the word “nationalism” was created by French thinkers during the Enlightenment era, instilling a passion for it in the citizens. This work aims to study a particular aspect of the culture of France, in this case, the area of cultural values.

To be French means to have French citizenship and to demonstrate the values central to French culture. Many people believe that the French are truly united people based on their attention to equality and brotherhood. Currently, individuals are reconsidering what it signifies to be French, particularly in light of the European Union’s expansion and the flood of immigrants. Nevertheless, there is a widespread belief that France should be the homeland of French citizens. As a result, the government restricts state entities from gathering background information on individuals to prevent religious and ethnic inequalities.

Nevertheless, the uniformity of modern France has become a sensitive issue. Despite an absence of evidence, it is often assumed that the French world has become more varied in the past few decades. For instance, it currently represents one of the largest Muslim societies in West Europe. In France, Muslim populations have made contributions to gastronomy, literature, and the arts. Others feel that immigrants should adapt to the predominant French culture, while some have welcomed the role of different civilizations. Nonetheless, individuals of French culture, especially immigrants, are constantly redefining what it means to be French.

Individualism is prevalent in French society, which means that the needs of oneself and one’s close family take precedence. Usually, suitable engagement is determined by whether or not an individual is in one’s circle of acquaintances. In France, there are numerous subtle social customs that reflect this tendency. From outsiders’ perspective, the French are polite and respectful and present themselves as good friends. In France, it is vital to adhere to societal expectations and maintain suitable formality. A ‘wrong step’ is an awkward or naive deed or comment in a social environment. An instance of a misstep would be addressing a friend by their first name. The French people’s formality and restrained attitude, along with the straightforwardness of the French language, might mistakenly come off as chilly or haughty to a stranger (Lodge et al., 2016). Nevertheless, correct etiquette often relaxes and relaxes in the presence of excellent friends and relatives. After being familiar, a French individual is inclined to demonstrate openness and kindness.

The French have a sense of national pride in their language since it is frequently associated with French nationality. People who seek to become residents of the nation and be acknowledged as members of the French people must be fluent in French. In the wake of globalization and the importation of American culture, the French language is also viewed as a crucial aspect in sustaining a distinct French personality (Sago, 2019). Furthermore, the expansion of the English language produced regret and dissatisfaction among the French as it signaled the demise of France’s global dominance.

To summarize, the values typical for France as a country and collectively shared by its citizens, regardless of their backgrounds, are somehow related to the unity of people and the unacceptability of discrimination. Despite the challenges caused by the mixture of cultures people bring from their homelands and the resulting confusion, these provisions are essential for addressing societal concerns. They are underpinned by a proper balance between individualism and communities in which the former is emphasized, whereas the latter matters for regulating people’s behavior which appears too formal. These characteristics are complemented by the language, which is at the center of the described system of French values, and external threats to this aspect are perceived as more critical than in any other area.

Lodge, R., Shelton, J., Ellis, Y., & Armstrong, N. (2016). Exploring the French language . Routledge.

Sago, K. (2019). Revisioning French Culture . Oxford University Press.

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IvyPanda. (2022, December 20). French Culture, Values, and Language. https://ivypanda.com/essays/french-culture-values-and-language/

"French Culture, Values, and Language." IvyPanda , 20 Dec. 2022, ivypanda.com/essays/french-culture-values-and-language/.

IvyPanda . (2022) 'French Culture, Values, and Language'. 20 December.

IvyPanda . 2022. "French Culture, Values, and Language." December 20, 2022. https://ivypanda.com/essays/french-culture-values-and-language/.

1. IvyPanda . "French Culture, Values, and Language." December 20, 2022. https://ivypanda.com/essays/french-culture-values-and-language/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . "French Culture, Values, and Language." December 20, 2022. https://ivypanda.com/essays/french-culture-values-and-language/.

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French culture: Customs & traditions

French culture, from art and fashion to food and language, is one of the most influential in the world today

Population of France

French language, religion in france, french values, french food, french fashion, holidays and celebrations, additional resources and reading:, bibliography.

French culture is most commonly associated with Paris, which is a center of fashion, cuisine, art and architecture, but life outside of the City of Lights is very different and varies by region.

France doesn't just have culture; the word "culture" is actually French. "'Culture' derives from the same French term, which in turn derives from the Latin 'colere,' meaning to tend to the earth and grow, cultivate and nurture," Cristina De Rossi, an anthropologist at Barnet and Southgate College in London, told Live Science.

Historically, French culture was influenced by Celtic and Gallo-Roman cultures as well as the Franks, a Germanic tribe. France was initially defined as the western area of Germany known as Rhineland but it later came to refer to a territory that was known as Gaul during the Iron Age and Ancient Roman era.

In the centuries that followed it was the home of some of the most powerful royal families of the medieval and early modern period and went on to be the center of the Enlightenment with the French Revolution . The rise of Napoleon saw French influence spread through Europe and beyond, becoming one of the major world powers through the 19th and 20th centuries, at the heart of the First and Second World Wars, all of which has shaped the France we know today.

The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (INSEE) places the population of France at 67.81 million people as of January 1, 2022. Of that population, 87.8% are believed to be French-born citizens with a further 4.8% acquiring French citizenship after birth, according to Statista . The most common nationalities of foreign-born residents in France, according to 2020 figures from The Institut National d'Études Démographiques (INED) are Algerian, Moroccan, Portuguese, Tunisian, Italian, Turkish and Spanish.

The INED calculates that around 48.35% of the population of France is Male and 51.65% is female, as of February 2021. Just under a quarter of the population is under the age of 20 and a little over 20% is age 65 and above.

The vast majority of French people live in urban areas, with Statista saying that 80.69% of the population lived in cities as of 2020. This is a large increase from the 61.88% that lived in cities back in 1960.

French is the official language and the first language of 88% of the population, according to the BBC . It is the dominant language of France, but there are a number of variants based on region. 

French is the second most widely learned foreign language in the world, with almost 2 million students learning it as a second language across 50 countries, according to the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Development . French is also the seventh most-spoken language in the world according to Statista , with around 267 million native speakers.

About 3% of the population speaks German dialects, and there is a small group of Flemish speakers in the northeast, according to the BBC. Arabic is the third-largest minority language.

Those living near the border of Italy may speak Italian as a second language, and Basque is spoken by people living along the French-Spanish border.

Other dialects and languages include Catalan, Breton (the Celtic language), Occitan dialects, and languages from the former French colonies, including Kabyle and Antillean Creole. 

Catholicism is the predominant religion of France. In a survey by the French Institute of Public Opinion (IFOP), 64% of the population (about 41.6 million people) identified themselves as Roman Catholic. The other religions in France include Islam, Buddhism and Judaism. From 33% to 42% of people in France do not subscribe to a religion, according to the CIA, although it points out that, "France maintains a tradition of secularism and has not officially collected data on religious affiliation since the 1872 national census, which complicates assessments of France's religious composition."

The French take immense pride in their nation and government and are typically offended by any negative comments about their country. Visitors, particularly Americans, often interpret their attitude toward foreigners as rude.

"From around the 16th century, in Europe, culture became a term for the cultivation of the mind, the intellect, knowledge, learning, creative faculties and acceptable ways of behaving," said De Rossi. The French embrace style and sophistication and take pride in the fact that even their public spaces strike a regal tone.

The French believe in égalité , which means equality, and is part of the country's motto: "Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité." Many say they place a higher importance on equality than liberty and fraternity, the other two words in the motto.

The French embody romance and passion, and there is an open attitude toward sex outside of marriage, according to a study by France's National Research Agency on AIDS quoted by " Time ." Even the country's top politicians have been known to carry out extramarital affairs without making an effort to conceal them. As a reflection of the country's secular nature, it is not uncommon for children are born to unmarried couples.

In addition to traditional marriage, French couples also have the choice of getting a pacte civil de solidarité (PACS). This is a union that has many of the same benefits of marriage, like tax breaks, but can be dissolved with a notice or by marrying someone else or instead of a divorce. Two-thirds as many French couples are in a PACS as are married, according to " The Economist ." 

Food and wine are central to life at all socioeconomic levels, and much socializing is done around lengthy dinners in French households.

While cooking styles have changed to emphasize lighter fare, many still associate French cooking with heavy sauces and complicated preparation. Some classic French dishes include boeuf bourguignon — a stew made of beef braised in red wine, beef broth and seasoned with garlic, onions and mushrooms — and coq au vin, a dish made with chicken, Burgundy wine, lardons (small strips or cubes of pork fat), button mushrooms, onions and optional garlic. 

French food is also associated worldwide with haute cuisine (which translates to "high cooking"), but its family meal tradition is equally important. "Authentic French cuisine represented by the family meal belongs to the people, and rhetorically to the provinces. Nostalgic 'cuisine de grandmère' rivals French haute cuisine for the crown of identifiably French food," wrote Maryann Tebben, professor of language and literature at Bard College, in her book " Savoir-Faire: A History of Food in France " (Reaktion Books, 2020).

French fries, interestingly enough, may not be French. According to " National Geographic ," they may actually be from Spain or Belgium. The reason why Americans call fried potatoes French fries is because Thomas Jefferson discovered the treat while in France while serving there as American Minister from 1784 to 1789. He brought the idea back to the States.

Paris is known as the home to many high-end fashion houses, such as Dior, Hermes, Louis Vuitton and Chanel. Many French people dress in a sophisticated, professional and fashionable style, but it is not overly fussy. Typical outfits include nice dresses, suits, long coats, scarves and berets.

The term "haute couture" is associated with French fashion and loosely means fancier garments that are handmade or made to order. In France, the term is protected by law and is defined by the Paris Chamber of Commerce, according to Eva Domjian, a London-based fashion writer and editor, writing on " Dressful ." Domjian writes on her blog:

"To earn the right to call itself a couture house and to use the term haute couture in its advertising and any other way, a fashion house must follow these rules:

• Design made-to-order for private clients, with one or more fittings.
• Have a workshop (atelier) in Paris that employs at least fifteen people full-time.
• Each season (i.e. twice a year) present a collection to the Paris press, comprising at least thirty-five runs/exits with outfits for both daytime wear and evening wear."

Art is everywhere in France — particularly in Paris and other major cities — and Gothic, Romanesque Rococo and Neoclassic influences can be seen in many churches and other public buildings.

Many of history's most renowned artists, including Claude Monet, Edgar Degas and Camille Pissarro, sought inspiration in Paris, and they gave rise to the Impressionism movement. This was followed by the Art Nouveau movement. "Based on asymmetrical, organic forms and influenced by Japanese art, the Art Nouveau style emerges in painting and the graphic arts as well as in architecture and the design of everyday objects," according to The Metropolitan Museum of Art .

The Louvre Museum in Paris is among the world's largest museums and is home to many famous works of art, including the Mona Lisa and Venus de Milo. Paris is also home to some extraordinary examples of architecture, such as the Louvre itself, the Eiffel Tower and more.

The French celebrate the traditional Christian holidays of Christmas and Easter. They mark May Day, also known as Labor Day, on May 1. Victory in Europe Day on May 8 commemorates the end of hostilities in Europe in World War II. Bastille Day is celebrated on July 14. This is the day the Bastille fortress in Paris was stormed by revolutionaries to start the French Revolution.

Additional reporting by Alina Bradford, Live Science Contributor.

For more about the French Revolution and, more specifically, the period that immediately followed you should read about the Reign of Terror from 1793 to 1794.

One of the common questions about French history is did Marie Antoinette really say 'let them eat cake'? We can give you the answer.

• National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies
• "Share of the population in France in 2020, by nationality status," Statista
• "How many immigrants are there in France?" The Institut National d'Études Démographiques
• "Languages across Europe: France," BBC "Teaching and learning French," French Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Development
• "The most spoken languages worldwide in 2021," Statista
• "Le Catholicisme En France En 2010," French Institute of Public Opinion
• World Fact Book: France, CIA
• "More Sex Please, We're French," by Bruce Crumley, " Time "
• "Carriage and horse," " The Economist "
• " Savoir-Faire: A History of Food in France " by Maryann Tebben (Reaktion Books, 2020)
• "Are French Fries Truly French?," by Rebecca Rupp, " National Geographic "
• "What is the true definition of haute couture?," by Eva Domjian, " Dressful " 
• "Timeline of art history: France, 1800–1900 A.D." The Metropolitan Museum of Art

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Jonathan is the Editor of All About History magazine, running the day to day operations of the brand. He has a Bachelor's degree in History from the University of Leeds . He has previously worked as Editor of video game magazines games™ and X-ONE and tech magazines iCreate and Apps. He is currently based in Bournemouth, UK.

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Oui In France

French culture: Big roundup of what you need to know

France · on life in France

In a lot of ways, French culture is very different from what you’re used to — even if you don’t realize it at first. From eating habits, to social norms, to mindsets and much more, here’s what you need to know about French culture if you’re going to be spending any time in France or around the French.

Over the years, I’ve written a bunch of posts on French culture , so let me round up everything I’ve covered for you into one big ol’ post.

French people & food

Photo credit: Shutterstock.com / Tatyana Vyc

The French love food and for good reason. They have some of the best food in the world and it’s serious business that’s worthy of a celebration. From wine and cheese to gastronomic delights, the French know a thing or two about food. If you visit France, you’ll want to be aware of some of the food-related norms so you don’t commit a faux pas or have any misunderstandings.

First, French meals tend to be strict in terms of timing and the French typically don’t snack. If you want to eat out at a French restaurant , especially outside of major cities that cater to tourists, be aware that lunch is generally served from 12-2 and dinner from 7 p.m. (sometimes not until 8) at the earliest. If you want to catch a late lunch or early dinner, you’re out of luck. It’s important for tourists to be aware of French mealtime norms. Also, take into account French tipping culture . The French don’t leave a 20% tip!

The one perfectly acceptable time to snack is the goûter around 4:30 p.m. Generally reserved for kids, the goûter is a sweet afternoon snack that holds their appetites over until dinner. Adults are welcome to indulge too. Things like a baguette with Nutella, some wafer cookies, or a pain au chocolat are common goûter options for kids in need of their afternoon snack.

If you’re invited to a French home, dinner will most likely not be served before 8 p.m. Yes, the French eat dinner later than most American households and the meal will have several courses. A few cheese options are normal — not considered something fancy or a special occasion — at the end of the meal. Most of the time, dessert is a must as well, but keep in mind it can be as simple as a yogurt or piece of fruit and isn’t a huge portion of cake or something similar. I nearly made a faux pas one Christmas with my soup choice . Not all dishes are seen in the same way they might be seen at home. Also, the French kitchen might be different than what you’re used to. Keep an eye out for a bread drawer . In fact, there are many differences between French and American homes including the building materials, the roof, and even the window shutters , for starters.

Something I noticed about French mealtimes is how important they are to the family unit. Meals are an experience and highlight of the day, not something to be rushed through and blown off as we multitask our way through the day. The French celebrate mealtime and delight in preparing good quality food. I talk about my favorite French mealtime habit here that we can all learn from. Even business lunches can be well over an hour and include a couple of courses and wine!

Also, it’s not a stereotype that a baguette is a must with every meal. French bakery culture is a topic of its own and it’s quite common to get fresh bread daily. Here’s some baguette etiquette to know. Most people get bread from the bakery and even the French grocery store has decent bread. When both of those options are closed, you can find baguette vending machines in some areas that make getting fresh bread a breeze. Keep in mind that bread is big business in France and there are so many different kinds. You don’t just call French bread, well, bread. French bread varieties have different names .

Photo credit: Shutterstock.com / Phovoir

French healthcare

France has universal healthcare and it is not connected to one’s job status. If you lose your job, you do not lose healthcare for you and your family. The French healthcare system is funded by the central government as well as employee/employer, and self-employed contributions. Everyone pays into the system, which consists of a network of public hospitals, private hospitals, doctors and other medical service providers. Services are much cheaper than in the USA, but keep in mind French healthcare is not free. I talk about French healthcare myths here .

Regular doctors’ visits cost 25 euros as of 2020 and you pay that at the appointment directly to the doctor. Citizens and permanent residents are then reimbursed 70% by the French social security system. For further reimbursement, many people pay for additional insurance called a mutuelle that provides extra coverage as well as options for dental care , eye care, etc. I’ve visited many doctors in France, including the gynecologist , and find them skilled and competent like doctors anywhere else in the world, but not everyone is a 10/10, which is normal. As a tourist, you can see a French doctor and pay French prices. The difference is you won’t be reimbursed like a French person would.

French pharmacies are huge parts of French healthcare and are marked by the big green flashy sign out front. They are all privately owned and aren’t part of large corporate chains like you’d see at pharmacies in the USA . I find the level of pharmacists’ competency second to none. They advise, treat, and listen to customers’ issues and recommend medicine and treatment. There are no untrained cashiers that work in the pharmacy. Everyone working in the pharmacy is trained, to some degree, in pharmacology. I find them excellent countrywide and very hands on, especially for a minor issue when a doctor’s visit can be avoided. Sometimes the pharmacy is a great place for a funny story too.

There’s a huge selection of non-prescription products and medications in the parapharmacie section (small pharmacies won’t have this), including cosmetics, skincare, and bath products, to name a few. Many of the beauty products have cult followings, although there are some weird French pharmacy products out there.

Speaking of beauty, hair salons are very popular in France and almost every shopping area has one. Town centers have several. Read this for my tips on getting a haircut in France . French women don’t get their nails done as much as Americans so nail salons are much less common in France.

Photo credit: Shutterstock.com / Jacob Lund

Social customs & etiquette

Public vs. private life

The French are often labeled arrogant by foreigners. Sure, while some French people might indeed be arrogant, like any group of people in the world, this label more often arises from not understanding French social customs. 

There’s a very important concept that we must understand about the French and it’s one that took me years to fully grasp. It’s the difference between public versus private life and how regular American things, like small talk with a few seemingly normal personal questions, may be perceived differently in France. Conversation subject matter tends to be more open between American acquaintances, but personal topics — about family, where you’re from, where you’re going, etc. — are not the norm in France. Even if they’re curious, the French have a social rule that would tell them to hold back and not pry into something they consider one’s private life. These unspoken boundaries are strict and it would be unusual, even rude, to cross boundaries with strangers.

My husband tackled this topic in his Ask Tom Tuesdays column on social differences . He explains, “In France, Diane is sometimes annoyed about this aspect of French ‘manners’; it makes her upset sometimes that people don’t ask questions like where she’s going on vacation or follow-up questions after she says something — because it makes her think that people don’t care, whereas they’re just ‘respecting’ the boundary of private space. They’re just being polite by doing that! So while asking certain more private questions in France appears rude, it’s normal in the U.S. and even welcomed. Not asking those questions is seen as polite in France when it’d be almost proof of disinterest in the U.S.”

Social politeness

The French are quite socially polite and greet people in waiting rooms, in stores, and pretty much everywhere. If you don’t start off an interaction with a bonjour that lets others know  you actually see them, it’s considered incredibly bad form and the French will let foreigners know. The greeting is one of the things tourists often forget when interacting with the French. There are all types of French politeness rules we need to take into consideration as well as polite French greetings . You say hello, thank you, and goodbye and make sure to always use the “vous” form of you for someone you don’t know.

When saying hello and goodbye in a social situation among friends or family, the expected and most common greeting is a cheek kiss. You can’t just show up to a small get-together at friend’s house and wave or just say hey. You acknowledge everyone in the room . To give a cheek kiss is called faire la bise and you generally give one kiss on each side of the face, starting right cheek to the other person’s right cheek (although sometimes this varies by region). Keep in mind the French do not hug to say hello . While you may find someone who prefers a hug, the cheek kiss is the default greeting.

That’s my dog Dagny

French pet culture

The French love their pets and you’ll see no shortage of dogs out and about, of all breeds, colors and sizes. Adopting pets from a shelter is common too. Well-behaved dogs are generally accepted at restaurants under the table as long as they don’t disturb other guests. This is especially true for outdoor seating. Many restaurants even bring out water bowls for their doggie guests.

In terms of veterinary care , it’s very easy to find a vet for your pet, even in smaller towns. Most cities have specialty clinics and 24-hour pet services for emergencies. Veterinary care has been comparable to the care my pets have received in the USA, although costs are significantly cheaper in France . I find French veterinarians to be less profit-focused and concerned with the business of being a vet and more personable and hands on, but that’s my personal opinion. I’m very happy with the care my dog Dagny has received in France.

One difference is that raw food diets for dogs in France , what my dog eats, are less common. Brands like Stella & Chewy’s, Primal, etc. don’t exist here and there are no mainstream French brands of dehydrated raw dog food or raw-coated kibble — yet. There are pet stores, like Maxizoo, which have all kinds of regular kibble and wet food options, though.

Despite what you’ve heard, French pet owners are making a little progress with picking up after their dogs. While dog poop can be a problem , especially in days past, many parks and public areas now have free waste bag dispensers to making picking up after your pet a no-brainer. You can easily buy waste bags at pet stores and online. That said, still watch where you walk because not everyone has caught on.

Let me make you aware of one last thing about pets in France. Something I knew nothing about until I moved here (since they don’t exist in the USA) is the danger of pine processionary caterpillars . If you have a pet, be aware of these pests and the problems they can cause.

Photo credit: Shutterstock.com / maziarz

The French enjoy life

Finally, a major French culture difference is that the French tend to have a slower pace of life and enjoy it. There’s a lot to learn from the French. As a whole, they aren’t as busy as Americans, always rushing around to the next thing and multitasking to do more and achieve more. The French are more relaxed . Take for example the fact that most stores and places of business are closed on Sundays and often during lunch. The everyday conveniences we might be used to aren’t available in France.  The culture makes people slow down and it’s not about packing as much as you can into each day. The hustle culture isn’t as apparent and it’s probably for the best.

Also, vacation time is sacred to the French and all full-time employees legally get 5 week of paid vacation per year. There’s even a special name for the people who vacation in the summer months . It’s completely normally to take 2 or even 3 weeks off in a row during the summer — and still have a job to return to! Vacation time is a right in France and not a benefit from an employer. The French take time to just be. Life seems to not pass you by when you take the time to enjoy it.

What French culture differences have you found to be the most surprising and interesting?

PIN THIS FRENCH CULTURE POST:

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January 14, 2020 at 7:39 pm

Diane, this was one of your best blogs yet. Summary was beautiful. Thank you for the links within the articles. I have been enjoying your videos as well, but don’t have understanding to “liking” on the actual site, since I do not have membership to the links.

Thank you gain for what you share.

bonne année,

January 14, 2020 at 8:21 pm

Hi Pamela, thank you so much for reading and your kind words. I’m not sure what you mean about having membership to the links? I want to try to help so please let me know… All of my content on my website and YouTube is 100% free so everything should be viewable. Thanks again

January 14, 2020 at 8:53 pm

Another interesting and informative post

January 15, 2020 at 2:13 am

Recently, I had a minor ear infection. I live in Canada, but somehow I remembered what you said about the excellent training of pharmacists in France (you mentioned it here in this wonderful blog post too) and decided that instead of waiting two hours at the walk-in clinic, I would just speak to the pharmacist. And voilà, I followed the pharmacist’s advice, bought the drops she recommended and my ear is fine now. And it’s all thanks to you, Diane. Un grand merci !

BTW, I just need to repeat how much I love your blog. I probably won’t be back in France until the spring of 2021, so reading your blog helps me to stay in touch with France.

January 15, 2020 at 6:58 pm

Oh wow, so happy the pharmacist was able to fix you right up! Before living here, if you told me ear drops from the pharmacist would fix the ear infection, I’d have said thanks but no thanks and gone to the doc. But I’ve learned there are more than one ways to get something done, especially when it comes to our health, so happy to hear you took the pharmacist’s recommendation and had great results! The mini “consult” was free and even though a doctor’s appointment is affordable, I’m sure the drops cost even less! And less hassle trying to get an appointment. Glad I was able to make that recommendation for you.

You’re so sweet. Thank you for the compliment. It feels so hollow typing “it means a lot. I appreciate it” but I really do. So happy I can bring you a little bit of France in the meantime until you can get back. 😉

January 20, 2020 at 12:17 am

France is such a beautiful country that I LOVE to visit. Some of the points you brought up about culture made me laugh a little, as I’ve had a few personal experiences with them. The cheek kiss instead of a hug greeting is one I’m still not used to.

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French Culture and History

Both the history and culture of France are complicated due to the constant conflicts and lack of regional unity during the country’s long centuries of settlement. Until about 200 years ago, difference and diversity were the bywords of the many small villages which formed France, and much of this regional culture still survives today.

French History

Excavations have proved France’s continual occupation since human settlement began, and its recorded history dates way back to the Iron Age. The conquering Romans arrived to find Celtic and other tribes already in occupation of the land, with the Greeks already entrenched along the Mediterranean coastline. After the fall of Rome, Emperor Charlemagne ensured France’s domination by the Frankish powers for several hundred years, and France’s medieval kingdom had emerged by 1000 AD. In 1066, Duke William of Normandy, a vassal of the French king, conquered England and became its ruler.

France was one of the first European countries to move from a feudal state towards a nation state, although for most of the last 1,000 years it has seen wars with neighboring countries. Traditionally, its armies were disciplined and professional with capable leaders, which led to many victories although the financial and manpower costs were high. France’s famous ‘Sun King’, Louis XIV, ascended the throne during the 30 Years’ War from 1618 to 1648, at the same time spending huge amounts of money building up France’s art scene. Expanding Versailles from a simple hunting lodge to a magnificent palace was his most impressive venture.

The dynasty’s extravagance and wars, continued until matters came to a head with the French Revolution in 1789 during a time of extreme hardship for the peasant classes. The revolution began in Paris with looting and riots, and soon descended into anarchy, causing the royal court to abandon the city and the insurgents to storm the Bastille. Conflict ended after five years with Robespierre’s Reign of Terror, during which the royal family and many French aristocrats met their fate at the guillotine.

Napoleon Bonaparte’s two brief attempts at being Emperor of France ended with his army’s defeat in Russia and again at the Battle of Waterloo when the French were defeated by the British. Equally brief reinstatements of the monarchy were crushed in 1830 and again in 1848, and in 1870 the country was finally established as a republic. During WWI, northern France was occupied by the German Army and saw fierce fighting, and in WWII the north became an occupation zone, with the rest of the country part of Vichy France, run by collaborators.

Post-war France saw the break-up of its remaining colonial outposts, first in Vietnam and later in Algeria. The Algerian conflict nearly spilt the nation until the then President Charles de Gaulle took steps to end the war and give Algeria independence. Subsequently, France relinquished its other holdings, ending with Vanuatu. The country, at that point committed to monetary union and a unified Europe, was at the forefront of the founding of the European Union and the Eurozone.

French Culture

The culture of France has been influenced over the centuries by the country’s turbulent history, its varied topography, and its long-standing contacts with neighboring countries, as well as its colonies. In the 19th century, Paris became the cultural hub of the world for its decorative Art Nouveau style, and for several centuries before that its upscale furniture makers had dominated Europe’s elite customer base with extravaganzas of inland woods and gilded ormolu decoration.

Until the 18th century, ‘French culture’ as an all-embracing concept didn’t exist, as each region and baronial area had its own distinct local customs and traditions. Even nowadays, the nation is a mass of multiple ethnicities and regional diversities. Social class is still important, as are the regional aspects of cuisine, dialect and language, and tradition. However, the French as a whole are very proud of their national identity.

Family values form a major part of culture in France, and responsibility to your namesake comes before all others in providing financial and emotional support. Romantic though they are, the French have a practical view of marriage and its survival as an institution in the modern world. Parents take their roles seriously, and there are fewer working mothers than in the rest of Europe. Cultural events such as opera, ballet, classical concerts, theater performances, and other traditional events are valued highly, as is the French natural ability for art.

Politeness and a degree of formality are customary in France, as the French are private people by nature. Etiquette plays a strong part in French lives, although they may relax standards to save embarrassment with foreign friends and acquaintances. When invited to a French home for a meal, guests should always arrive on time and bring a gift of flowers, wine (and a good one), or chocolates and dress to the nines as style is everything. When invited to a Paris dinner party, flowers should be sent the same morning as they will be displayed during the evening.

The dress code tends to be formal and elegant, especially when dining at good restaurants or visiting ancient churches and cathedrals. On the beaches, of course, it’s business as usual for designer bikinis and sunglasses. Visiting the country in July or August may cause problems as the entire country goes on holiday and many stores and restaurants not crammed with tourists may be closed. It’s best to wait until you’re invited to do so before you call a Frenchman by his first name, and handshakes are the most common form of greeting. When shopping, ‘bonjour’ (good morning) or ‘bonsoir’ (good evening), Monsieur (or Madame) is polite, as is ‘au revoir’ upon leaving the shop. France takes great pride in their language and appreciate you not just expecting them to speak English.

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Published on October 6th, 2023 | by Adrian Lomezzo

How to Write an Essay in French Without Giving Yourself Away as a Foreigner

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Bienvenue! Do you dream of unleashing your inner French literary genius, but worry that your writing might inadvertently reveal your foreign roots? Fret not, mes amis, as we have the ultimate guide to help you master the art of essay writing en Français!

Within these pages, we’ll navigate the intricate waters of linguistic nuances, cultural subtleties, and grammatical finesse, allowing you to exude the aura of a native French speaker effortlessly. Many students like you have embarked on this journey, seeking academic assistance from platforms like  https://paperwritten.com/  to conquer their writing pursuits.

From crafting a compelling introduction to fashioning impeccable conclusions, we’ll unveil the secrets that will leave your professors applauding your newfound linguistic prowess. So, bid adieu to those awkward linguistic giveaways and embrace the sheer elegance of French expression – all while keeping your foreign identity beautifully concealed! Let’s embark on this adventure together and unlock the true essence of writing like a native French virtuoso.

1.   Mastering French Grammar and Vocabulary: Building a Strong Foundation

To create a compelling French essay, it’s essential to lay a solid groundwork. Ensure that your French grammar is accurate and that you possess a rich vocabulary. Avoid relying on online translators, as they may yield awkward or incorrect sentences. Instead, embrace reputable dictionaries and language resources to enhance your language skills effectively.

2.   Mimic Sentence Structures: The Art of Authentic Expression

To truly immerse yourself in the French language, observe and mimic the sentence structures used by native speakers. Analyzing essays written by experienced writers can prove invaluable in grasping the authentic style required to compose a captivating essay.

3.   Use Transition Words: Crafting a Smooth Flow of Ideas

In French essays, the use of transition words and phrases plays a pivotal role in connecting ideas seamlessly. Incorporate expressions like “de plus,” “en outre,” “en conclusion,” “tout d’abord,” and “par conséquent” to add coherence and elegance to your writing.

4.   Embrace French Idioms and Expressions: Unveiling Cultural Fluency

Demonstrate a deeper understanding of the French language and culture by incorporating idioms and expressions where appropriate. However, remember to use them sparingly to avoid overwhelming your essay.

5.   Pay Attention to Formality: Striking the Right Tone

Tailor the formality of your writing to suit the context of your essay. Whether you are crafting an academic piece or a more personal creation, be mindful of your choice of vocabulary and sentence structures to match the required tone.

6.   Research Cultural References: The Power of In-depth Knowledge

If your essay touches upon French culture, history, or literature, extensive research is key. Delve into your subjects to avoid mistakes and showcase your genuine interest in the matter at hand.

7.   Avoid Direct Translations: Let French Be French

To avoid awkward phrasing, strive to think in French rather than translating directly from your native language. This will lead to a more natural and eloquent essay.

8.   Practice Writing Regularly: The Path to Proficiency

Mastering the art of French writing requires regular practice. Embrace writing in French frequently to grow more comfortable with the language and refine your unique writing style.

9.   Read French Literature: A Gateway to Inspiration

Explore the world of French literature to expose yourself to diverse writing styles. This practice will deepen your understanding of the language and immerse you further in French culture and history.

10.   Connect with French Culture: Bridges of Cultural Resonance

Incorporate cultural references that resonate with French readers, such as art, cuisine, festivals, historical figures, or social customs. Authenticity is key, so avoid relying on stereotypes.

11.   Use a French Thesaurus: Expanding Your Linguistic Palette

Discovering new contextually appropriate words can elevate your writing. Embrace a French thesaurus to find synonyms that may not be apparent through direct translations.

12.   Master French Punctuation: The Finishing Touch

Take care to use correct French punctuation marks, such as guillemets (« ») for quotes and proper accent marks. These subtle details add a professional touch to your essay.

13.   Practice French Rhetorical Devices: Crafting Eloquent Prose

Experiment with rhetorical devices like parallelism, repetition, and antithesis to lend depth and sophistication to your writing.

14.   Pay Attention to Word Order: Unlocking French Sentence Structure

French boasts a unique sentence structure distinct from English. Dive into the intricacies of subject-verb-object order and grasp the art of organizing sentences to sidestep common foreign mistakes. Embracing this essential aspect will elevate your writing to a truly native level.

15.   Use French Idiomatic Expressions: Infuse Cultural Flair

Enrich your prose with the colorful tapestry of French idioms, reflecting the vibrant essence of the culture. Yet, a word of caution – wield them with finesse, for the strategic placement of an idiom can imbue your essay with unparalleled flair and authenticity.

16.   Master Pronouns and Agreement: The Dance of Language

The dance of pronouns, nouns, and adjectives requires your keen attention. Like a skilled performer, ensure their seamless alignment to avoid inadvertently revealing your non-native status. Mastering this harmony is key to writing like a true Francophone.

17.   Understand Subtle Connotations: Unveiling Linguistic Shades

Delve into the labyrinth of French words, where subtle connotations diverge from their English counterparts. Familiarize yourself with these delicate nuances, for it is in their mastery that your writing shall find refinement.

18.   Study Formal and Informal Registers: Tailoring Language to Purpose

Akin to selecting the perfect outfit for each occasion, comprehend the art of using formal and informal language. Consider your essay’s purpose and audience, and with this knowledge, enhance your authenticity, seamlessly aligning with the appropriate linguistic register.

19.   Practice Dialogue Writing: Conversing with Eloquence

Embark on the journey of dialogue writing to enrich your linguistic repertoire. As you hone your conversational skills, watch as authenticity gracefully weaves itself into your written work, enchanting readers with its charm.

20.   Seek Feedback: A Second Set of Eyes

To refine your essay further, seek the guidance of a native French speaker or language tutor from the  best cheap essay writing services . Their valuable feedback can uncover any language or cultural mistakes you may have made, allowing you to make necessary improvements.

Equip yourself with these priceless tips and set forth on your quest to master the art of French writing. Embrace the language’s allure, immerse in its rich culture, and watch your words flow with grace and poise. À la plume! Let the pen become your ally in crafting captivating prose that echoes with authenticity and charm. 

Header Photo Credit by George Milton: https://www.pexels.com/photo/smiling-woman-in-eyeglasses-with-books-7034478/

About the Author

Adrian Lomezzo is a content writer and likes to write about technology and education. He understands the concern of parents due to the evolving technology and researches deeply in that area. When he is not researching, he buries himself in books along with his favorite cup of hot chocolate.

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Databases -- Start Here

• MLA International Bibliography This link opens in a new window The essential database for identifying scholarly and critical studies of literature and folklore around the world and from all time periods. It includes related fields, such as linguistics, film, and popular culture. more... less... Provides access to citations from journals, series, books, essay collections, working papers, proceedings, dissertations, and bibliographies. Subjects consist of literature, language and linguistics, folklore, literary theory & criticism, and dramatic arts in addition to the historical aspects of printing and publishing. The indexed materials coverage is international and includes almost 60 titles from JSTOR's language and literature collection as well as links to full text. Produced by the Modern Language Association.
• Artemis Literary Sources This link opens in a new window Artemis Literary Sources integrates full-text literary content with metadata and subject indexing and provides workflow tools to analyze information. more... less... You can research authors and their works, literary movements and genres. Search across your library's Literature databases to find full text of literary works, journal articles, literature criticism, reviews, biographical information and overviews.
• Project Muse This link opens in a new window Full text of scholarly journals in the humanities, social sciences, and mathematics more... less... Project Muse offers full text articles in the humanities, arts, and social sciences from quality journal titles provided by scholarly publishers. This database covers the fields of literature and criticism, history, the visual and performing arts, cultural studies, education, political science, gender studies, economics, and many others. Browse the list of available journals and view tables of contents.
• Historical Abstracts (Full-Text) This link opens in a new window Contains citations, abstracts, and full-text to literature on the history of the world from 1450 to the present (excluding the United States and Canada, which are covered in America: History and Life). NOTE: Only 6 simultaneous users allowed.

Specialized Databases

• ARTFL (American and French Research on the Treasury of French Language) This link opens in a new window Contains classic works of French literature to various kinds of non-fiction prose and technical writing. more... less... ARTFL (American and French Research on the Treasury of French Language) provides access to North America's largest collection of digitized French resources. It consists of nearly 3,000 texts, ranging from classic works of French literature to various kinds of non-fiction prose and technical writing. The eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries are about equally represented, with a smaller selection of seventeenth century texts as well as some medieval and Renaissance texts. Genres include novels, verse, theater, journalism, essays, correspondences, and treatises. Subjects include literary criticism, biology, history, economics, and philosophy. A number of Provencal texts have been added in their original spellings. In addition to the main ARTFL database, ARTFL-FRANTEXT, access is provided to the following subscription databases: French Women Writers; Provençal Poetry; Textes de Français Ancien (TFA); Journal de Trévoux; Dictionnaire historique et critique; Le Grand dictionnaire historique; and Opera del Vocabolario Italiano (OVI) Database.
• ARTstor This link opens in a new window A digital library of almost two million images in the arts, architecture, humanities, and social sciences, encompassing artistic and historical traditions across many time periods and cultures. more... less... ARTstor is a nonprofit, digital library comprised of almost two million images in the arts, architecture, humanities, and social sciences from outstanding museums, photographers, libraries, scholars, photo archives, and artists and artists' estates. The database encompasses artistic and historical traditions across many time periods and cultures, including architecture, painting, sculpture, photography, decorative arts, and design, as well as many other forms of visual culture. It is designed to be used by art historians, as well as researchers in fields that do not traditionally use images. The database can be searched by keyword, or, through the advanced search, by creator, title, location, repository, subject, material, style or period, work type, culture, description, technique, and/or number. A suite of software tools also allow users to view, present, and manage images for research and pedagogical purposes. Updated regularly.
• C19: The Nineteenth Century Index This link opens in a new window A super-index to nineteenth century books, periodical, official documents, newspapers and archives. more... less... C19: The Nineteenth Century is a source for discovering nineteenth-century books, periodicals, official documents, newspapers and archives.  It's a super-index to more than 16 million documents that includes the Wellesley Index to Victorian Periodicals, Poole's Index to Periodical Literature, the Nineteenth Century Short Title Catalogue, and the British Periodicals.  It links to other 19th century full-text sources in the UTA Library's collection such as American Periodical Series Online, Periodicals Archive Online and Palmer's Full-Text Online.
• International Medieval Bibliography Online (IMB) This link opens in a new window The International Medieval Bibliography Online (IMB), established in 1967, is the leading interdisciplinary bibliography of the Middle Ages. more... less... The International Medieval Bibliography Online (IMB), established in 1967, is the leading interdisciplinary bibliography of the Middle Ages. It indexes articles, notes, and similar literature on medieval subjects in journals, Festschriften, conference proceedings, and collected essays. It covers all aspects of medieval studies within the date range of 400 to 1500 for the entire continent of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. Discipline areas to which it is relevant: Archaeology, Art History, Classics, English Literature, French Language and Literature, History, Medieval & Renaissance Studies, and Philosophy.
• Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory and Criticism This link opens in a new window A comprehensive resource for scholars and students of literary theory and discourse that covers the fields most important figures, schools and movements. more... less... A comprehensive resource of literary theory and discourse that covers the fields most important figures, schools and movements. It includes more than 240 alphabetically arranged entries on critics and theorists, critical schools and movements, and the critical and theoretical innovations of specific countries and historical periods. It is updated annually.

Essential Journals

• Publications of the Modern Language Association of America PMLA is the journal of the Modern Language Association of America. Since 1884, PMLA has published members' essays judged to be of interest to scholars and teachers of language and literature. Four issues each year (January, March, May, and October) more... less... present essays on language and literature; a Directory issue (September) contains a listing of the association's members, a directory of departmental administrators, and other professional information; and the November issue is the program for the association's annual convention—PMLA
• The French Review "The French Review publishes articles and reviews in English and French on French and Francophone literature and culture. In May, a special issue is devoted to such topics as Martinique and Guadeloupe, Québec, Francophone cinema, Belgium, Francophonie in the United States, France-Algeria, Pedagogy, etc. Every issue includes a column by Colette Dio entitled 'La Vie des mots,' an exploration of new developments in the French language."
• French Studies "The journal publishes articles and reviews spanning all areas of the subject, including language and linguistics (historical and contemporary), all periods and aspects of literature in France and the French-speaking world, thought and the history of ideas, cultural studies, film, and critical theory."
• French History "Provides a broad perspective on contemporary debates from an international range of scholars, and covers the entire chronological range of French history from the early Middle Ages to the twentieth century. French History includes articles covering a wide range of enquiry across the arts and social sciences, as well as across historical periods . . . ."
• French historical studies publishes articles and commentaries on all periods of French history from the Middle Ages to the present. The journal’s diverse format includes forums, review essays, special issues, and articles in French, as well as bilingual abstracts of the articles in each issue.
• Yale French studies "A collection of essays on things French." Available from 1948 until 2007 in JSTOR.

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How to Write an Essay in French

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When it comes to expressing your thoughts in French , there’s nothing better than the essay.

It is, after all, the favorite form of such famed French thinkers as Montaigne, Chateaubriand, Houellebecq and Simone de Beauvoir.

In this post, I’ve outlined the four most common types of essays in French, ranked from easiest to most difficult, to help you get to know this concept better. 

Why Are French Essays Different?

Must-have french phrases for writing essays, 4 types of french essays and how to write them, 1. text summary (synthèse de texte).

• 2. Text Commentary (Commentaire de texte)

3. Dialectic Dissertation (Thèse, Antithèse, Synthèse)

• 4. Progressive Dissertation (Plan progressif)

And one more thing...

Download: This blog post is available as a convenient and portable PDF that you can take anywhere. Click here to get a copy. (Download)

Writing an essay in French is not the same as those typical 5-paragraph essays you’ve probably written in English.

In fact, there’s a whole other logic that has to be used to ensure that your essay meets French format standards and structure. It’s not merely writing your ideas in another language .

And that’s because the French use Cartesian logic (also known as Cartesian doubt) , developed by René Descartes , which requires a writer to begin with what is known and then lead the reader through to the logical conclusion: a paragraph that contains the thesis. Through the essay, the writer will reject all that is not certain or all that is subjective in his or her quest to find the objective truth.

Sound intriguing? Read on for more!

Before we get to the four main types of essays, here are a few French phrases that will be especially helpful as you delve into essay-writing in French:

Introductory phrases , which help you present new ideas.

Connecting phrases , which help you connect ideas and sections.

Contrasting phrases , which help you juxtapose two ideas.

Concluding phrases , which help you to introduce your conclusion.

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The text summary or synthèse de texte  is one of the easiest French writing exercises to get a handle on. It essentially involves reading a text and then summarizing it in an established number of words, while repeating no phrases that are in the original text. No analysis is called for.

A  synthèse de texte  should follow the same format as the text that is being synthesized. The arguments should be presented in the same way, and no major element of the original text should be left out of the  synthèse.

Here is an informative post about writing a synthèse de texte , written for French speakers. 

The text summary is a great exercise for exploring the following French language elements:

• Synonyms , as you will need to find other words to describe what is said in the original text.
• Nominalization , which involves turning verbs into nouns and generally cuts down on word count.
• Vocabulary , as the knowledge of more exact terms will allow you to avoid periphrases and cut down on word count.

While beginners may wish to work with only one text, advanced learners can synthesize as many as three texts in one text summary. 

Since a text summary is simple in its essence, it’s a great writing exercise that can accompany you through your entire learning process.

2. Text Commentary  (Commentaire de texte)

A text commentary or commentaire de texte   is the first writing exercise where the student is asked to present an analysis of the materials at hand, not just a summary.

That said, a  commentaire  de texte  is not a reaction piece. It involves a very delicate balance of summary and opinion, the latter of which must be presented as impersonally as possible. This can be done either by using the third person (on) or the general first person plural (nous) . The singular first person (je) should never be used in a  commentaire de texte.

A commentaire de texte  should be written in three parts:

• An introduction , where the text is presented.
• An argument , where the text is analyzed.
• A conclusion , where the analysis is summarized and elevated.

Here is a handy in-depth guide to writing a successful commentaire de texte,  written for French speakers.

Unlike with the synthesis, you will not be able to address all elements of a text in a commentary. You should not summarize the text in a commentary, at least not for the sake of summarizing. Every element of the text that you speak about in your commentary must be analyzed.

To successfully analyze a text, you will need to brush up on your figurative language. Here are some great resources to get you started:

• Here’s an introduction to figurative language in French.
• This guide to figurative language  presents the different elements in useful categories.
• This guide , intended for high school students preparing for the BAC—the exam all French high school students take, which they’re required to pass to go to university—is great for seeing examples of how to integrate figurative language into your commentaries.
• Speaking of which, here’s an example of a corrected commentary from the BAC, which will help you not only include figurative language but get a head start on writing your own commentaries.

The French answer to the 5-paragraph essay is known as the  dissertation .  Like the American 5-paragraph essay, it has an introduction, body paragraphs and a conclusion. The stream of logic, however, is distinct.

There are actually two kinds of  dissertation,  each of which has its own rules.

The first form of  dissertation  is the dialectic dissertation , better known as  thèse, antithèse, synthèse . In this form, there are actually only two body paragraphs. After the introduction, a thesis is posited. Following the thesis, its opposite, the antithesis, is explored (and hopefully, debunked). The final paragraph, what we know as the conclusion, is the  synthesis , which addresses the strengths of the thesis, the strengths and weaknesses of the antithesis, and concludes with the reasons why the original thesis is correct.

For example, imagine that the question was, “Are computers useful to the development of the human brain?” You could begin with a section showing the ways in which computers are useful for the progression of our common intelligence—doing long calculations, creating in-depth models, etc.

Then you would delve into the problems that computers pose to human intelligence, citing examples of the ways in which spelling proficiency has decreased since the invention of spell check, for example. Finally, you would synthesize this information and conclude that the “pro” outweighs the “con.”

The key to success with this format is developing an outline before writing. The thesis must be established, with examples, and the antithesis must be supported as well. When all of the information has been organized in the outline, the writing can begin, supported by the tools you have learned from your mastery of the synthesis and commentary.

Here are a few tools to help you get writing:

• Here’s a great guide to writing a dialectic dissertation .
• Here’s an example of a plan for a dialectic dissertation , showing you the three parts of the essay as well as things to consider when writing a dialectic dissertation.

4. Progressive Dissertation ( Plan progressif)

The progressive dissertation is slightly less common, but no less useful, than the first form.

The progressive form basically consists of examining an idea via multiple points of view—a sort of deepening of the understanding of the notion, starting with a superficial perspective and ending with a deep and profound analysis.

If the dialectic dissertation is like a scale, weighing pros and cons of an idea, the progressive dissertation is like peeling an onion, uncovering more and more layers as you get to the deeper crux of the idea.

Concretely, this means that you will generally follow this layout:

• A first, elementary exploration of the idea.
• A second, more philosophical exploration of the idea.
• A third, more transcendent exploration of the idea.

This format for the dissertation is more commonly used for essays that are written in response to a philosophical question, for example, “What is a person?” or “What is justice?”

Let’s say the question was, “What is war?” In the first part, you would explore dictionary definitions—a basic idea of war, i.e. an armed conflict between two parties, usually nations. You could give examples that back up this definition, and you could narrow down the definition of the subject as much as needed. For example, you might want to make mention that not all conflicts are wars, or you might want to explore whether the “War on Terror” is a war.

In the second part, you would explore a more philosophical look at the topic, using a definition that you provide. You first explain how you plan to analyze the subject, and then you do so. In French, this is known as  poser une problématique  (establishing a thesis question), and it usually is done by first writing out a question and then exploring it using examples: “Is war a reflection of the base predilection of humans for violence?”

In the third part, you will take a step back and explore this question from a distance, taking the time to construct a natural conclusion and answer for the question.

This form may not be as useful in as many cases as the first type of essay, but it’s a good form to learn, particularly for those interested in philosophy. Here’s an in-depth guide  to writing a progressive dissertation.

As you progress in French and become more and more comfortable with writing, try your hand at each of these types of writing exercises, and even with other forms of the dissertation . You’ll soon be a pro at everything from a synthèse de texte to a dissertation!

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