ai essay writer polish

AI Writer Polish

It’s free, easy to use and works in 13 languages. Get your perfect AI content in Polish.

Create Polish content by repurposing audio or video content

The AI works fully automated

No prompt engineering required

Experience the power of AI without needing prompts

Train your AI to exactly sound like you

You can train your AI on a piece of content of yours

AI Content in Polish

Create AI content in Polish based on the best templates from top marketers. You will get your insights in the best format possible.

Extracted from your existing content

Autogenerate AI content in Polish

Work with your team, edit and download your Polish content.

Polish content that sounds like you

You can train your AI Writer Polish to sound like you, so your content is always in your own tone and style—the opposite of generating generic-sounding content out of thin air.

AI-based content repurposing in Polish

Creating Polish content is part of every good content marketing strategy. And now it has become even more accessible with AI Writer Polish.

The best AI Writer Polish.

Create Polish content based on your insights and that sounds like you. Thanks to all the AI Writer Polish’s unique AI-powered features.

Your content is generated based on the best creator templates and hook frameworks.

Collaboration

Unifire is built for collaboration. Live editing, unlimited team members and workspaces included.

Train your AI

AI’s that can sound like you and learn your own writing style. From vocabulary to sentence structure.

What is an AI Writer Polish

Looking to give your written content that extra shine? AI Writer Polish is your go-to solution for refining and enhancing your writing with the help of artificial intelligence. This innovative tool uses advanced algorithms to review your text, suggesting improvements in grammar, style, and clarity to ensure your message is conveyed with precision and flair. Whether you’re crafting a blog post, a business report, or social media content, AI Writer Polish helps you present your ideas in the most polished and professional manner. Say goodbye to awkward phrasing and hello to smooth, compelling writing that captures your audience’s attention and keeps them engaged.

How to use the AI Writer Polish

It couldn’t be easier: Upload a piece of content, audio or video. Let the tool transcribe it and produce your AI content in Polish.

You can upload audio & video files, directly or via a link. After 2-4 mins you will receive your transcript. Autogenerated.

Auto transcription

We have the best transcription running in the background. 97% accuracy on even the most technical topics speaks for itself.

Edit your transcription

No AI is 100% perfect. So, we let you edit your transcript before hitting the generate content button.

Autogeneration

AI Writer Polish automatically generates your AI content, based on the best templates we could find. So your content is in the best shape when you get it.

Edit & Collaborate

AI Writer Polish is entirely collaborative and comes with unlimited team seats, workspaces and a full collaborative suite.

Once you’re ready to distribute, simply copy & paste your content into your favourite tools.

Questions about the AI Writer Polish

It’s free for your first upload. You get 900 credits every month for free to use.

This is dependent on the length of your upload. If you upload 5 hours it will create much more content than if you upload only 5 mins.

Yes, you can train the AI to adopt your own tone & style. This includes sentence structures, vocabulary and more.

Some of the best AI Writer Polish include Jasper, Reword, Anyword, and others.

More AI Writer

Ai youtube title generator, biography title generator, character description generator, subheading generator, ai text editor, event title generator, listing description generator, ai content generator tool, conclusion generator from introduction, blog text generator, your ai content in polish deserves to be perfect.

Repurpose and scale content whether you are a seasoned marketer or a total novice.

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Looking for the All-in-One AI Essay Writer?

Reliable and secure platform for your essay needs.

• Original draft in minutes Generate unique drafts with ideas and arguments to save time for important things. Read more Our AI essay generator creates complete academic drafts based on your instructions with a few clicks that can be edited. Close
• Plagiarism-free content Get 100% unique drafts that are customized according to your expectations. Read more Textero.ai is a plagiarism-free platform ensuring the academic integrity of all papers and caring about your data safety. Close
• Real academic references Expand your research, find credible sources, add them to your library, and format your paper in two clicks. Read more The AI finds only real academic sources to support your essay writer and formats the work according to the selected citation format automatically. Close
• Advanced Customization Customize draft generation settings for ultimate personalization. Read more Our AI essay writer allows you to generate titles and descriptions, select essay type, set a word count up to 20,000 words, and add your custom sources to the draft. Close
• Multilingual Capabilities Generate drafts in different languages and remove language barriers. Read more Textero.ai essay writer supports generation in Chinese, Czech, English, Filipino, French, German, Italian, Polish, Portuguese, Spanish, Turkish, Ukrainian, and other custom languages. Close
• Customizable Essay Types Select different essay types for deeper generation customization.. Read more Our AI essay generator allows you to pick an essay type: argumentative essay, research paper, literature review, expository essay, or case study analysis. Close

The Revolution in Essay Writer

AI is taking education by storm, and AI essay writer tools are becoming more popular than ever among students. They use advanced algorithms and natural language processing models to generate complete essays quickly. Combined with access to academic databases with papers from reputable authors, Textero AI is tailored to generate the highest-quality essays for any academic discipline, streamlining the essay writing process.

Trusted by Top University Students

Benefits of Textero AI Essay Maker

Students use our AI essay writer to simplify the essay-writing process by boosting productivity through quick generation of essays and research papers. This saves time and allows students to stay focused on the topic.

We use advanced natural language processing algorithms to ensure that content is error-free. Generated content has consistent grammar, tone, and adjustable style.

Our free AI essay generator guarantees plagiarism-free essays. It generates accurate citations for APA and MLA styles, ensuring that your research papers are adhering to the highest academic standards.

Essay writing tool ensures top quality of essays through access to an academic database with 215+ million papers. A combination of consistent tone, style, and coherence results in professional essays that adhere to academic standards.

With customizable settings for the generator, our essay writer tool offers unprecedented personalization to students. Provide the assistant with the details of your essay or outline to generate required paper.

Our AI essay writer tool gathers scientific sources from open scholarly bases with reputable articles. It also features an AI-powered assistant to improve the research process.

How Textero AI Essay Writer Works?

• Start writing for free

Your Personal AI Writing Coach

Write your essays faster with our AI essay maker and generator.

Find inspiration for your writer with Textero essay writing tool.

Polish your writing style by simplifying, expanding, shortening, or paraphrasing your text.

Find articles from reputable authors, generate citations, and conduct research.

Build compelling outlines with AI to streamline your writing process.

Upload your documents and texts to receive comprehensive summaries.

1M+ Users Review Textero AI Essay Writer

Jan 12, 2023

"As a student who struggles with planning papers and meeting deadlines, Textero AI was a life saver! The automatic outline and bibliography builder kept me structured, while the quick generation of introductions and conclusions accelerated my writing process. I finished two days early!"

Nov 21, 2022

"Facing a tight deadline for a major thesis paper, I used Textero's rapid generation of related evidence and rephrasing of my arguments to produce a well-cited, coherent paper in just a few days! It helped me synthesize tons of research efficiently."

Sep 15, 2023

"Textero essay writing tool quick brainstorming helped cure my writer’s block by sparking unique ideas I never considered. Seeing essay samples on various topics then effortlessly crafting an intriguing opening paragraph gave me creative confidence I've missed for years!"

Dec 1, 2022

"As a non-native speaker, Textero AI was a revelation. It offered vocabulary enhancements that made my essays sound natural. The Advanced Grammar and Style Corrections improved my writing dramatically, boosting my grades and confidence. Highly recommended for anyone seeking fluency in their academic writing!"

Aug 19, 2023

"Facing a tight deadline, I turned to Textero AI Essay Witing. Its quick essay generation feature produced quality content fast. It relieved my stress and helped me submit my assignment on time, with confidence. It's an invaluable tool for any student in a time crunch."

Oct 28, 2022

"Textero vocabulary suggestions enriched my academic essays, making them more articulate and impactful. The tool's ease of use and efficient features saved me countless hours, allowing me to focus on research. It's a fantastic aid for any academic writer."

• Intelligent Outlining Module – AI essay writer uses advanced algorithms to ensure coherent structure of generated texts. Resulting essays have a logical flow that expands on research topics.
• Dynamic Research Engine – our essay writing tool has access to academic research databases that are constantly updated. It prioritizes most recent sources to use in generated essays.
• Adaptive Writing Assistant – our AI assistant was trained on more than 215 million academic papers to provide suggestions to users’ content. It can be used to edit and revise generated texts.
• Multi-Format Citation Engine – users can select MLA and APA citation styles for their essays. AI essay writer will format sources according to the preferred citation style.
• Ask AI Function – look for academic sources relevant to your topic while working with the document. Users can ask AI a question and receive a detailed answer with relevant citations.
• Extensive Academic Database Access – Textero AI has direct access to the academic research paper database that is constantly updated. Sources used in generated essays adhere to academic standards.
• Contextualized Content Generation – AI essay writer tool generates contextually relevant essays and research papers based on the topic and instructions provided by the user.
• Anti-Plagiarism Shield – content generated by Textero AI is 100% plagiarism-free. It uses advanced algorithms to detect and eliminate plagiarism, ensuring that your assignments are credible.
• Narrative – narration of a story through events, often from the author’s perspective;
• Persuasive – the use of logical and reasonable arguments aimed at persuading readers to adopt the author’s point of view;
• Argumentative – presentation of a topic from several perspectives, favoring one side with evidence and reasoning;
• Expository – presentation of a topic in a straightforward manner by using facts and examples;
• Compare and contrast – description of similarities and differences between subjects to provide a nuanced perspective on the topic;
• Cause and effect – description of relationships between events to explain how different factors lead to a particular outcome;
• Definition – explanation of a idea, concept, or term with exploration of its interpretations;
• Expository – explanation of a topic in an unbiased manner through factual information and analysis.

Are you ready to write top-quality essay with Textero.ai?

Boost Your Essay Writing Skills and Achievements with Textero AI

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Improve Your Academic Writing Skills and Performance With Textero AI. Discover your ultimate go-to assistant for academic writing. Use the power of AI to overcome writer’s block, find new ideas, and elevate your writing experience with Textero.ai.

© 2023 Textero.ai, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Write in Polish

Write in Polish with the AI Writer

30+ Languages

Write in Polish or Translate

Short and Long-Form Copy

Free Forever AI Writer

The Best AI Templates for Polish Content

Simplified's AI Writer has over 50 writing templates you can generate content with in over 30 global languages. Use the free Short Form Assistant to generate product descriptions, company bios, blog titles, ads, and more. Upgrade to write entire articles, blogs, books, and press releases in Polish with the Long Form Writer Free Flow. It's never been simpler!

In your open AI project, select your 'Output Language' from the dropdown menu.

Fill in the prompts in any language - the same as the chosen for the output, or any other.

Then, click 'Generate'.

Check the options provided by AI, choose a result, and use it in your project.

Boost Traffic with High-Quality Polish Content

Write mistake-free, human-like content that reaches bigger audiences in dozens of countries. Convert more customers with copy that speaks to them in their own language. Our unique copy AI is trained to generate trending hashtags and SEO-focused captions, blogs, and emails in Polish, and more. Save 1 hour each day with AI!

Do More, Learn More With Simplified

Generate Entire Blogs, Long Articles, and Essays in Minutes with AI Long Form Writer

Best Free Long-Form AI Writer Copy Generator

Simplified's AI Short Form Assistant

How to Write a Blog in Less Than 30 Minutes Using AI

Discover More

Frequently asked questions, where can i access copy ai templates.

Right here! When you log into the free Simplified website (you heard that right... free), head on over to the AI Writer. Select the Short Form Assistant, choose the template you prefer as well as your output language, and you're off to the races!

Who is the AI content writer for?

What can simplified's ai write for you, can i use the ai writer with a free account, what is your refund policy, keep your creative flow going in any language.

Write Original, Relevant Copywriting with the Best AI Writer

What our 10 million+ users are saying about Simplified

Aggregate review rating.

Date - May 7, 2023

Revolutionize your content creation with Simplified

What I love about Simplified is that it's super easy to use. All you have to do is choose your output language and tone, complete the prompt, and click 'Generate.' It'll then give you several options to choose from, and you can pick the one that suits your needs best.

Date - Feb 24, 2023

Excellent writer, cuts down on working hours

High-quality AI writer, and it is excellent that it is free. I love to type, but in these cold winters, my hands start to freeze up and become stiff. Having an AI writer lets me keep my brain occupied with work tasks, without having to get the creative writing part of my brain involved.

Date - Jan 04, 2023

Easy to use & consistently quality AI writer!

While Simplified has many other features besides its AI writer which I hope to explore in the future, as the owner of multiple health websites, I love how it handles writing technical and health content with ease.

Date - May 2, 2023

New to writting a Blog

I reviewed several AI content writers and settled on Simplified. What I like best is it is so easy to use and yet gives you so many customizable options. It is sooooo quick and easy for beginners I would highly recommend it!

Date - Feb 13, 2023

Mind Blowing Powerful AI assistant

Simplified is now an essential writing tool in my life. Better than ChatGPT which is already mind blowing in and of itself so that is saying a lot.

Date - Mar 10, 2023

I loved the communication. AI including the diverse amount of options for generating!

Simplified allows anyone from a simple to an expert user of the AI—whether a beginner or expert writer—to use precise commands, prompts, context and lists to "communicate" with the said software to generate well-organised text that fits into whatever you form it to.

Made with ❤️ remotely by TLDR Technologies, Inc

© 2024, All Rights Reserved, TLDR Technologies, Inc

Let’s write better essays.

Ai co-writer that helps students research, write, paraphrase and cite. effortlessly..

Used by 230,000+ smart students from

Mighty but simple AI co-writer

Use the power of ChatGPT while keeping your unique voice and originality

Outline Generator

Not sure how to start? Litero AI will suggest an outline for your specific topic.

AI Autosuggest

Got writer's block? Litero AI will seamlessly suggest the next sentence or paragraph.

Citation tool

Add references and citations effortlessly in MLA, APA and other formats.

Built-in ChatGPT

We brought ChatGPT AI assistant right into your workflow. No more window switching.

Ideal for faster writing and better grades

Save time with our built-in tools every student needs for a perfect essay.

Plagiarism Detector

Check your text for plagiarism with accurate results.

Grammar Checker

Find and fix issues with grammar, spelling, punctuation, and more!

Easy export

Download your document in needed format: APA, MLA, etc

Try for free, upgrade anytime

• Instant access to all features
• Citation and references
• Grammar and plagiarism checker
• All AI commands
• Limited AI words per day
• Unlimited AI words
• Unlimited AI outline and draft helper
• Unlimited chat with AI assistant
• All AI comands

People love Litero. And talk about it.

Litero has an intuitive interface, which I like. Its autosuggestions elevated my papers to a whole new level. It's like having a personal writing mentor always at my side, guiding me toward clearer, more impactful expression.

David Brown

Georgetown University

Litero is my writing lifeline 📚✍️

Vikky Singh

Duke University

I never knew I needed Litero until I tried it for my homework. Now I use it at least 3 or 4 times a week to write faster.

Princeton University

Litero effortlessly handles issues with formatting, citations, and references, saving me hours of work on essays. Kudos to the team behind it!

Mason Wilson

University of Southern California

Big-big help with sources and adding references. I no longer need to worry about margins, citations - Litero helps me do it easier. I focus on the content of my papers, confident that the presentation will be top-notch. If you have some spare bucks the paid version is absolutely worth it.

Daniel Miller

Cornell University

Litero has become an essential instrument in my college life. Thank you for making my writing shine!

Emma Robinson

Washington University in St. Louis

As someone who strives for perfection in everything, Litero is a godsend. This tool helps me polish my academic writing to perfection, ensuring it meets the highest standards.

Stanford University

Discovering this tool is gold for my postgrad education. After trying the free version, I upgraded to the paid one, and I can't help but regret not using this writing AI earlier. It's the real deal!

University of Florida

Being a STEM student, I dread writing assignments and, frankly, anything connected to writing essays. Litero is perfect for me and anyone else with the same struggles.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Litero makes writing a breeze! A true lifesaver!

Ethan Mitchell

Rice University

I am all about efficient solutions and time-management. AI text tools from Litero streamline my studies. They help me improve my writing, saving me time and ensuring accuracy. Invaluable!

Nisha Reddy

Johns Hopkins University

I am glad I found Litero . It saved me so much time working on my articles and research with its smart and easy-to-use functionality. I'm impressed!

Chris Malkin

University of California, Berkeley

Securing a scholarship demands a high GPA and maintaining my high GPA is a top priority. I started using Litero and it helps me a lot with my homework.

Liam Anderson

Millenium high school

It's a game-changer for sure. I just can't believe how EASY it became to put my thoughts into writing: even when I have no idea how to start they have a tool for that! Litero 's been of great help so far and took a lot of stress away. Great AI tool for students.

Maria Robles

Boston University

AI Essay Checker

Added: Feb 21, 2024

Boost your writing with this tool that effortlessly detects plagiarism.

What does AI Essay Checker do?

Written By: AllThingsAI's AI

Fact-Checked By: Jack Woodwalker

EssayCheck.ai, an AI software, is designed to polish written content. Developed by Kamran Khan and Yarokh Ansari, it corrects grammar, spellings and checks for plagiarised content. Its unique feature is an AI technology that recognises AI-generated text.

The software serves students, professional writers, teachers and SEO specialists alike. In an ocean of AI tools, EssayCheck.ai stands out with its ability to detect AI-originated content, a capability not commonly seen in the market.

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Our Verdict on AI Essay Checker

Compared alternatives, insider tips, ai essay checker pricing.

Has Free Tier

Public Pricing

Enterprise Plan

*Last Updated: Mar 20, 2024

Free Forever

NaN% off with Annual plan

NaN% off with Annual

AI Essay Checker Q&A

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From people using the tools everyday. Join the conversation.

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About this tool

Reviewed by.

AllThingsAI’s AI is an AI tool reviewing and writing bot created by us.

Jack Woodwalker is a tech reviewer, former engineer and the CEO of AllThingsAI.

How We Test

About allthingsai.

AllThingsAI finds the best AI tools on the Internet and tests them out. Our goal is to make it easy to find the best AI you need, without spending hours of your day trying new tools. Our writing team comes from a variety of backgrounds in media and tech, but we use AI tools every day from web design, to writing, video editing, team collaboration and content production.

The place to find and learn about AI

What are you writing about today?

Write better essays, in less time, with your ai writing assistant.

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Unlock the full spectrum of Justdone.ai's capabilities. Explore the numerous tools to gain a solid understanding of how to leverage its resources to the fullest for transforming your writing experience. But remember: the true magic happens when you blend your own insights and ideas with the content crafted by our AI writer essay. Explore, experiment, and engage with Justdone.ai to create compelling, genuine pieces that incorporate your unique perspective.

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Discover what is the best AI essay writer capable of. Explore how it can fulfill your writing needs.

Craft a compelling research essay on the impact of technology on education, integrating statistical data and relevant case studies to support your arguments.

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Create a literary analysis essay discussing the theme of resilience in a selected novel, incorporating relevant quotes and character analysis to support your interpretation.

When tasked with creating a literary analysis essay exploring the theme of resilience in a selected novel, an AI essay writer can provide invaluable support in synthesizing relevant quotes and character analysis to enrich the interpretation. Leveraging the AI essay writer's capabilities, you can seamlessly integrate textual evidence and insightful character analysis, enhancing the depth and coherence of the literary analysis.

The AI essay writer empowers you to delve into the thematic nuances of resilience within the selected novel, offering a streamlined approach to articulating profound insights and interpretations. Through its proficient generation of well-structured essays, the AI essay writer facilitates the exploration of character motivations and thematic significance, enabling you to craft a compelling literary analysis that resonates with the readers.

More AI tools for you:

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AI Essay Writer

Automated essay writing made easy.

• Academic essays: Generate well-structured essays on any academic topic, from literature to science.
• Research papers: Develop comprehensive research papers with well-referenced information.
• Opinion essays: Create persuasive opinion essays backed by solid research.
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✅ how to use our free reaction paper generator.

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A reaction paper is an essay where you share your opinion on a book, movie, scientific article , or other work. Such an assignment typically includes:

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Is this your first time dealing with a reaction essay? If so, our handy guide will help you navigate this task. Follow the steps below, and you'll create a fantastic paper in no time!

Study the Work

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Before writing your essay, decide where you stand on the work's central theme. To do so, consider various perspectives and evaluate them. You can also think of the author's objective and what they conveyed with their work.

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Think of an outline as a "skeleton" of your essay that helps you organize your thoughts and avoid confusion.

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Write Your Reaction Paper

Now that you have your reaction essay plan, you can start writing your paper. Let’s see what you need to include in each part.

In the introduction , you briefly summarize the work you're reacting to and present your thesis, explaining your stance.

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You can also use an interesting quote from the work as an attention grabber .

In the main body, you react to the subject of your essay and express your opinions. Remember to support your statements with examples from the source material.

The analysis section is the core of your essay. Here are some questions you may want to consider:

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• Is the topic relevant to the present-day world?
• Did the work help you better understand the issue it discusses?
• Is the work relatable to your life experience? How did it make you feel?

You can also evaluate the work's structure and demonstrate how it relates to the larger discursive field.

Not all reaction papers feature a conclusion . If you want to include one in your essay, restate your opinion about the work and say whether you recommend checking it out.

Polish Your Paper

Proofreading is the final stage of the writing process. To perfect your text, re-read it several times. That'll help you eliminate logical inconsistencies, grammar mistakes, and typos. Make sure the text meets your school's requirements.

🏆 Tips for Writing a Superior Reaction Paper

Now that you know the essentials of writing a reaction paper, check out the following tips to make your essay perfect:

• In each body paragraph, focus on a single, clearly expressed idea.
• In your conclusion, include some recommendations for future reading.
• Feel free to express your opinions in the paper, but do so thoughtfully and avoid emotional language.
• Avoid general phrases like "I agree with the author" or "the book is good."
• Think critically and try to understand what you feel and why.
• Avoid making your conclusion a copy of your introduction.
• Be reasonable when it comes to quoting.
• Follow the basic rules of writing to make your paper flow naturally.

And with that, you're all set to write a perfect paper! Feel free to use our generator to get inspiration and sharpen your writing skills. You may also use our outline maker and abstract creator to make your research paper even better.

• Writing a Response or Reaction Paper: Hunter College
• Reaction Paper: University of Arkansas
• How to Write a Reaction Paper (Plus Steps and Helpful Tips): Indeed
• What Is a Reaction Paper: Minnesota State University Moorhead
• How to Write a Reaction Essay: Grammarly

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Will AI change how Arizona votes? Here's what you need to know The Gaggle: An Arizona politics podcast

Artificial intelligence is a booming business. With a few dollars anyone can create a deep faked voice online. ChatGPT and other AI writing programs can take a student essay and polish it to a Ph.D. level. Manipulated videos can show an official saying or doing something outrageous -- and fake. With such powerful technology at everyone's fingertips the question arises: how can we keep our election systems safe from bad actors using AI? In this episode, our election dissectors, Mary Jo Pitzl and Sasha Hupka, speak with Don Palmer, the vice chair of the Election Assistance Commission. This is a bipartisan commission that was created by the Help America Vote Act of 2002, and it is tasked with certifying voting systems across the country. It also supports state and local election officials in their efforts to ensure accessible, accurate and secure elections. Palmer explains both the pros and cons of AI and why it's important to set parameters on how it can be used. You will also hear an example of deep faked voices of our hosts. Listen closely and see if you can tell the AI from the real voices. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

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AI and the End of the Human Writer

If a computer can write like a person, what does that say about the nature of our own creativity.

The most nauseating, addictive thing about writing is the uncertainty—and I don’t mean the  is-anyone-reading?  or  will-I-make-rent?  kind. The uncertainty I’m talking about dogs the very act. This business of writing an essay, for instance: Which of ten thousand possible openings to choose—and how to ignore the sweaty sense that the unseen, unconceptualized ten thousand and first is the real keeper? Which threads to tug at, without knowing where they lead, and which to leave alone? Which ideas to pick up along the way, to fondle and polish and present to an unknown reader? How to know what sentence best comes next, or even what word? A shrewd observer will note that I am complaining about the very essence of writing itself, but that has been the long-held privilege of writers—and they enjoyed it in the secure comfort of their uniqueness. Who else was going to do the writing, if not the writers who grouse about writing?

Now along come these language engines, with suspiciously casual or mythopoeic names like ChatGPT or Bard, that suffer not an iota of writerly uncertainty. In what can only be called acts of emesis, they can pour out user manuals, short stories, college essays, sonnets, screenplays, propaganda, or op-eds within seconds of being requested for them. Already, as Naomi S. Baron points out in her book  Who Wrote This? , readers aren’t always able to tell if a slab of text came out of a human torturing herself over syntax or a machine’s frictionless innards. (William Blake, it turns out, sounds human, but Gertrude Stein does not.) This unsettles Baron, a linguist who has been writing about the fate of reading for decades now. And it appears to be no lasting consolation that, in some tests, people still correctly recognize an author as artificial. Inexorably, version after version, the AIs will improve. At some point, we must presume, they will so thoroughly master Blakean scansion and a chorus of other voices that their output—the mechanistic term is only appropriate—will feel indistinguishable from ours.

Naturally, this perplexes us. If a computer can write like a person, what does that say about the nature of our own creativity? What, if anything, sets us apart? And if AI does indeed supplant human writing, what will humans—both readers and writers—lose? The stakes feel tremendous, dwarfing any previous wave of automation. Written expression changed us as a civilization; we recognize that so well that we use the invention of writing to demarcate the past into prehistory and history. The erosion of writing promises to be equally momentous.

In an abysmally simplified way, leaving out all mentions of vector spaces and transformer architecture, here’s how a modern large language model , or LLM, works. Since the LLM hasn’t been out on the streets to see cars halting at traffic signals, it cannot latch on to any experiential truth in the sentence, “The BMW stopped at the traffic light.” But it has been fed reams and reams of written material— 300 billion words , in the case of ChatGPT 3.5—and trained to notice patterns. It has also been programmed to play a silent mathematical game, trying to predict the next word in a sentence of a source text, and either correcting or reinforcing its guesses as it progresses through the text. If the LLM plays the game long enough, over 300 billion or so words, it simulates something like understanding for itself: enough to determine that a BMW is a kind of car, that “traffic light” is a synonym for “traffic signal,” and that the sentence is more correct, as far the real world goes, than “The BMW danced at the traffic light.” Using the same prediction algorithms, the LLM spits out plausible sentences of its own—the words or phrases or ideas chosen based on how frequently they occur near one another in its corpus. Everything is pattern-matching. Everything—even poetry—is mathematics.

We still don’t know precisely how humans grasp language, although it isn’t the LLM way; no infant that I know of consumed 300 billion words before saying “Mama.” But in his slim new book,  Literary Theory for Robots,  Dennis Yi Tenen, an associate professor of English at Columbia University, proposes that the way we use language to create works bears some similarities to the machines. “Thinking and writing happen through time, in dialogue with a crowd,” Tenen maintains. “Paradoxically, we create new art by imitating and riffing off each other.” Subconsciously or otherwise, a writer milks inspiration out of libraries and conversations, and draws assistance from dictionaries, thesauruses, and style guides. “We think with our bodies, with tools, with texts, within environments, and with other people.” A writer relies in less calculating fashion on the books she has ingested than an AI does, but they’ve made her into a writer all the same. It was always an error, Tenen writes, “to imagine intelligence in a vat of private exceptional achievement”—to buy into the fable of the writer in her lonely garret, manufacturing words and ideas de novo .

In this notion of distributed intelligence, there is something both democratizing and destabilizing—a sneaky but egalitarian mode of murdering the author. Tenen insists, though, that we shouldn’t agonize too much over the source of intelligence. Who cares if our thinking is closer to the synthesis of LLMs, rather than the divinely ordained originality held dear by the Romantics, as long as we have an effect upon the world? Certainly not Aristotle. “In the Aristotelian model,” Tenen writes, “intelligence is the GOAL of thought.” (The caps lock letters are Tenen’s, not mine or Aristotle’s.) It’s Plato who held intelligence to lie within the department of the interior—a private, nebulous thing that occasionally led to enlightenment. Pick your philosopher.

Even at the summit of literary creation, fiction writers yielded to the seeming inevitability of recombination. Tenen’s potted history of authorial hacks, the richest section of his book, begins with Georges Polti, an enterprising Frenchman who in 1895 published a book called  The Thirty-Six Dramatic Situations,  to help dramatists write new plays. Once you’d eliminated supplication, deliverance, vengeance, pursuit, disaster, revolt, and the other 30 symptoms of the human condition, he implied, what else was left? (Polti wasn’t afraid to get specific: Among the subtypes of the “pursuit” situation were “pursuit for a fault of love” and “a pseudo-madman struggling against an Iago-like alienist.”) “They will accuse me of killing imagination,” Polti wrote, but in fact, his primer aspired to free playwrights from the pursuit of mere novelty, so they could devote themselves to truth and beauty. Mark Twain invented a self-gumming scrapbook for authors, into which they might paste notes, newspaper snippets, and images, for subsequent inspiration. (His secretary once filled six scrapbooks with clips about the Tichborne trial in London, involving a no-name butcher who claimed the title to an English peerage. Twain concluded that the tale was too wild to be of use to a “fiction artist”—but it did form the basis of Zadie Smith’s latest novel ,  The Fraud .) Companies sold devices like the Chautauqua Literary File and the Phillips Automatic Plot File Collector, into which writers stuffed their reference materials, so that they could later pluck out a setting, a character, or the seed of a plot. It was ever thus, Tenen implies—the magpie approach to thinking, the collage as the modus operandi of writing. Why are we unnerved by LLMs following those same principles?

When I reached this juncture in  Literary Theory for Robots,  I let out a silent, screaming plea for our species. The art of the novel doesn’t lie in the combine-harvesting of details and plotlines. It lies in how a writer selectively filters some of them through her own consciousness—her deliberations, the sum of her life, the din of her thoughts—to devise something altogether different and more profound. This, and only this, makes any piece of writing meaningful to those who read it. The AIs of the future may meet other yardsticks for creativity. They may, say, grow aware of themselves as creators, satisfying the neurosurgeon Geoffrey Jefferson’s dictum that a machine will equal the brain when it not only writes a sonnet but also knows that it has written it. Their cogitations may seem as bleary and inscrutable as those of humans. (Already we are hard-pressed to say how precisely some hallucinations emerge from AIs.) But they will never have experiences the way we have experiences, I quarreled with myself. They can’t lose a friend to suicide, or feel the pain of a twisted ankle, or delight at their first glimpse of the rolling Caucasus, or grow frustrated in a job, or become curious about Dutch art. (And that was just my 2023.) Any texts they furnish will be intrinsically hollow; they will fail to hold us, like planets without gravity. Or so I contended.

But not very far into Baron’s  Who Wrote This?,  I realized I was being defensive—that I was arguing for a special exemption for writing and language because I consider them such immutable aspects of the mind, and of being human. Baron, with the dry eyes of an actuary, sets about deromanticizing writing. She presents classifications of creativity—ranging from the “mini c” creativity of personal satisfaction, where you tweak the recipe of a peach cobbler at Thanksgiving, through the “little c” rung of winning a county fair ribbon for said recipe, up to the cobbler-less “Pro C” of professional creations like the  Harry Potter  series and the “Big C” league of Shakespeare and Steve Jobs.

Baron invokes these distinctions in part to understand human creativity. But she is particularly interested in whether AI imperils the Big C. She points out that the high art of literary writing is merely a sliver of all writing turned out by humanity. Much of the rest is “everyday writing by everyday people,” and it includes grocery lists, birdwatching journals, emails, social media status updates, and office memos. Another subset—Baron loves her taxonomies—consists of writing for professional or financial gain. Here rest advertising copy, chemistry primers, white papers, earnings reports, and business case studies—texts to which we rarely look for deep meaning, “Big C” creativity, or personal connection. Not only will AIs be capable of producing these artifacts of writing, but a reader will feel no acute sense of loss in discovering where they came from. Tenen would note that, even today, such texts already repurpose previous writing to a large extent. To resent AIs for similarly relying on the work of others would be as fatuous as dismissing a novelist who employs a spellchecker to correct his usage of “who” and “whom.”

Both Tenen and Baron are cautious boosters of AI, saluting its potential to relieve us of many “lesser” forms of writing. But they also predict that more literary writing—Big C writing—will resist the encroachments of the machines. “It’s simply that, however effective or powerful, a muscular artifice for the sake of artifice isn’t that intelligent or interesting to me,” Tenen says. For truly human writing, an AI needs to gain a wider sense of the world, he adds. “But it cannot, if words are all it has to go by.” A machine cannot (as yet) watch a film to review it, and it cannot (also as yet; one must cover one’s rear) interview legislators to write a political feature. Anything that it produces in these genres must be confected out of reviews and interviews that have already been written. That lack of originality, Tenen would contend, will forever keep true creativity beyond the reach of AI.

Still, I remained unsure. One might argue that it is always the audience that creates meaning out of a text—that a book is merely a jumble of words until it provokes responses in a reader, that the act of reading summons the book into being. In doing so, we wouldn’t just be going back half a century, to reader-response theory and Roland Barthes’s essay “The Death of the Author.” More than a millennium ago, the Indian philosopher Bhatta Nayaka, in a literary treatise called  Mirror of the Heart,  reasoned that  rasa —the Sanskrit notion of aesthetic flavor—resides not in the characters of a play but in the reader or spectator. “Rasa thus became entirely a matter of response,” the Sanskrit scholar Sheldon Pollock wrote in  A Rasa Reader,  “and the only remaining question was what precisely that response consists of.”

Bhatta Nayaka today, digesting the relationship between our AIs and us, would ask us an uncomfortable question. If, in a blind taste test, some readers are moved by a poem or a short story by ChatGPT, will we continue to prize their experience, and hold their response to be more important than anything else? It’s bound to happen, at some point—and the computers don’t even need to be sentient to get there. Alan Turing knew it. In his 1950 paper, when he proposed an inquiry into the question “Can machines think?” Turing swerved quickly into the question of whether machines could play the imitation game—whether they could merely fool human beings into concluding that they were thinking. The outcome, for all practical purposes, is the same—and the difference between moving us and fooling us isn’t as great as we’d like to believe.  

So much for readers. But what of writers? The twentieth century is cluttered with the vacated chairs and discarded uniforms of workers whose jobs have been automated. Human hands once stuffed sausages, riveted cars together, and transferred calls in telephone exchanges. Once again, it is tempting to claim an exemption for writing. “Because mind and language are special to us, we like to pretend they are exempt from labor history,” Tenen notes. But “intellect requires artifice, and therefore labor.” In the commercial sphere, a lot of writing is not so far removed from sausage-making—and the machines have already begun to encroach. Realtors use ChatGPT to pump out listings of houses. The Associated Press turns to AI models to generate reports on corporate earnings. Context, a tool owned by LexisNexis, reads judicial decisions and then offers lawyers their “most persuasive argument, using the exact language and opinions your judge cites most frequently.” When you consider that some judgments are now drafted by AI as well, the legal profession seems to be on the cusp of machines debating each other to decide the fate of human beings.

It won’t do to be snobbish and describe these kinds of writing work as thankless, because they have occupied people who have been thankful for the income. Roughly 13 percent of American jobs are writing-intensive, and they earn more than $675 billion a year. Many of these jobs are likely to evaporate, but when this is aired as a concern, the champions of automation have a standard lexicon of liberation. “Freed from the bondage of erudition, today’s scribes and scholars can challenge themselves with more creative tasks,” Tenen writes. If he’d been speaking that sentence, perhaps he’d have ended it with an upward, hopeful lilt? Because little about the modern economy suggests that it wishes to support even the creative writers who already live within it, let alone the thousands on the verge of being emancipated by AI.

However, there is supposedly freedom on offer for novelists and poets as well. In one of Baron’s scenarios, AI tools provide the divine spark: “Think of jumpstarting a car battery.” But cars start the same way every time, and they really just need to reach their destinations. For writers, trite as it sounds, it’s about the origin and the journey. In the cautionary parable of Jennifer Lepp, as narrated by Baron, the writer is cold-shouldered out of her own writing. Lepp, a one-woman cottage industry turning out a new paranormal cozy mystery every nine weeks, recruited an AI model called Sudowrite as an assistant. At first, Sudowrite helped her with brief descriptions, but gradually, as she let it do more and more, “she no longer felt immersed in her characters and plots. She no longer dreamt about them,” Baron writes. Lepp told The Verge: “It didn’t feel like mine anymore. It was very uncomfortable to look back over what I wrote and not really feel connected to the words or the ideas.”

Here, at last, is the grisly crux: that AI threatens to ruin for us—for many more of us than we might suppose—not the benefits of reading but those of writing. We don’t all paint or make music, but we all formulate language in some way, and plenty of it is through writing. Even the most basic scraps of writing we do—lessons in cursive, text messages, marginal jottings, postcards, all the paltry offcuts of our minds—improve us. Learning the correct spellings of words, according to many research studies, makes us better readers. Writing by hand impresses new information into the brain and sets off more ideas (again: several studies). And sustained writing of  any  kind—with chalk on a rock face, or a foot-long novelty pencil, or indeed a laptop—abets contemplation. An entire half-page of Baron’s book is filled with variations of this single sentiment, ranging from Horace Walpole’s “I never understand anything until I have written about it” to Joan Didion’s “I write entirely to find out what I’m thinking, what I’m looking at, what I see and what it means.” Sometimes even that is prologue. We also write to reach out, to convey the squalls and scuffles in our souls, so that others may see us better and see themselves through us. The difficulty of writing—the cursed, nerve-shredding, fingernail-yanking uncertainty of it—is what forces the discovery of anything that is meaningful to writers or to their readers. To have AI strip all that away would be to render us wordless, thoughtless, self-less. Give me the shredded nerves and yanked fingernails any day.  

Samanth Subramanian is the author of A Dominant Character: The Radical Science and Restless Politics of J.B.S. Haldane . He is a senior reporter at Quartz.