a lot of research or researches

Learn and Grow

Research or Researches: Which is Correct? Simple English Explanations

Research or researches ? Which one is correct?!

There seems to be a lot of misinformation about this on the web, as most people (including native English speakers) get this one wrong!

We can use “research” as a noun or verb . Researches can be the third person singular of the verb “research.” Researches can also be used as a plural noun for “research,” but it is rarely used.

Meaning of Research (Verb and Noun)

By definition, “ research” (verb form) means to investigate or search carefully. It is typically related to studious inquiries or examinations.

Here are some examples with the verb “research”:

• “He researched the history of the building.”
• “She is researching how many people speak a particular language.”
• “I need to research this.”
• “We have been researching a new method.”
• “They are researching different options for the company.”
• “I researched every single product before I made my purchase.”
• You should research the pros and cons before you make a decision .
• “He is researching his family tree.”
• She has been researching her options for college.

When used as a noun, the word “research” typically refers to the activity of investigating or examining a subject in-depth with the aim of discovering new facts or information.

It can also refer to the resulting product of this activity.

Here are some examples with the noun “research”:

• “The scientists conducted research on the properties of a new material.”
• “She published her first paper on the results of her research.”
• If you want to write a paper on the dangers of smoking, you will need to do some research on the topic.
• “The research was published in a leading journal.”
• “They are funding market research.”
• “This is a new area of research for me.”
• “I need to do some research on this subject.”
• “Can you please send me your latest research?”

Research or researches?

• Research (singular noun)
• Researches (plural noun)

In a nutshell, we use research as a singular noun and researches as a plural noun, but it is very rare to say the term researches.

It is preferred to say “pieces of research,” “research studies” or “research projects” when talking about more than one.

Researches can also be used as a verb for the third person singular in the simple present tense. For example, “he researches on the internet for his school project.”

Research (simple present tense):

• I research,
• you research,
• he researches,
• she researches,
• it researches,
• we research,
• they research.

Research as a Noun

Research can be a countable and uncountable noun.

As a noun, “research” is usually used as uncountable. For example, we could say, “the research is able to determine the demand for health drinks.”

The plural countable noun researches is rarely used. It is used to distinguish between one or more sets of research.

For example, we could say “research conducted at Trinity College and University College Dublin” (we don’t know if this is a joint research project or a separate research project in both colleges).

Or we could say “researches conducted at Trinity College and University College Dublin” (separate research projects carried out at the colleges).

Is it correct to say researches ?

As you can see from our examples, it is correct to say researches.

You must be warned, however, that while we can use researches as a plural countable noun, most English speakers have never heard this and may think this is incorrect.

Native English speakers prefer to say “some research,” “research studies,” or “research projects” rather than researches nowadays.

Researches as a term is seen as archaic and old-fashioned. Therefore, it is rarely, if ever used.

Can we say a research ?

While “research” can be used as a countable and uncountable noun, it is never correct to say “a research.” However, we can say “a research student,” “much research,” or “some research.”

To make research or to do research?

We never say “make research.” Instead, you can say, “do research,” “conduct research,” “perform research,” or “carry out research.”

When do we say researches?

When using “research” as the verb, we often say researches.

It is much more common to use researches in the third person simple present (he/she/it).

For example, we could say, “he researches for his project in the library.”

Researches can also be used as a noun, as mentioned earlier.

Alternative Ways to Say Researches (noun)

• His researches prove that the disease is a genetic disorder.
• His research proves that the disease is a genetic disorder.
• His research studies prove that the disease is a genetic disorder.
• His research projects prove that the disease is a genetic disorder.
• His pieces of research prove that the disease is a genetic disorder.
• His findings prove that the disease is a genetic disorder.
• His research results prove that the disease is a genetic disorder.

How do you pronounce research ?

“Research” (verb form) is pronounced as ri-SERCH in American English but may vary across different accents.

“Research” (noun form) is pronounced as REE-serch in American English but may vary across different accents.

Therefore, you may choose to pronounce both the verb and the noun in the same way (REE-serch or ri-SERCH) without causing any confusion.

You may also be interested in: 15 Best Online English Courses Free & Paid (2022)

In Conclusion

Those are the rules for the word research and researches. While researches is a correct word, it is seldom used as a plural noun.

“Research” is mostly used as an uncountable noun or verb.

If you are unsure whether to use research or researches , it is best to use “research” as the noun. This will avoid any confusion and misunderstanding.

Useful Links

• Best or Bests: How to Sign an Email
• What Kind of or What Kinds of?
• Chris’s, Chris’ or Chrises?
• Troubleshooted or Troubleshot? The Correct Word Is…
• Canceling or Cancelling? How to Spell Correctly
• “My Family And Me” Or “My Family And I?” Which is Correct?

Caitriona Maria is an education writer and founder of TPR Teaching, crafting inspiring pieces that promote the importance of developing new skills. For 7 years, she has been committed to providing students with the best learning opportunities possible, both domestically and abroad. Dedicated to unlocking students' potential, Caitriona has taught English in several countries and continues to explore new cultures through her travels.

Caitriona Maria

Skillshare review: become an amazing skillshare teacher in 2023, 7 best cheap tefl certification online in 2023.

Thanks for the extensive researches done by you, as we use this term research in our researches extensively!

Wow 😀 Love it!!

Research or Researches? Is Research Plural, Uncountable?

“Research,” as a noun, is a plural and singular word. It doesn’t require the same treatment as other nouns to indicate more than one. This is because you can’t put a number on “research” and have it make sense. However, you can add the –es and have it be structurally correct but incorrect in grammar.

While most nouns do require adding either an –es or an –s to indicate plurality, there is a small list of words that don’t need it. “Research” is one of these and it tends to be one of the more confusing of the bunch. Adding an –es to “Research” means you’re using the word in its form as a verb.

What is an Uncountable Noun?

Whenever you want to indicate a group or collection of something but it doesn’t have a numeric association, you will use an uncountable noun. These are often ideas that are obscure or qualities that are abstract in the physical sense. This means the object in question is either too amorphous or minuscule to count in a definable way.

Such words will always be in the singular form that can also have use in the plural. Aside from “Research,” others include “safety,” “knowledge” and “fear.”

Demonstrating “Research” as an Uncountable Noun

“Research” refers to the organized and methodical examination of documents and source materials. This is to accumulate facts for a new understanding or to help one reach a particular conclusion. Such a concept is erroneous and you can’t put a definite number on it.

• Correct: My research shows that hospitals are the third leading cause of death in the United States.
• Incorrect: My researches show that hospitals are the third leading cause of death in the United States.

In the second example, if you read it aloud it doesn’t sound right. While it is technically correct, it is grammatically incorrect. But, let’s try another example that attempts to quantify “Research” as a number.

• Grammatically Correct: There are five researches available per person.
• Incorrect: There are five research available per person.

In this example, although the “correct” version agrees in number with a plural verb, it’s technically incorrect. The “incorrect” example is wrong in context and number.

“Research,” in general,” is an uncountable noun. You can use it without adding the –es . While the –es is possible, it’s not proper grammatical structure.

• Recent Posts

• “How Was Your Weekend?” Alternative Ways to Improve Your Conversations - February 19, 2024
• On Monday or Monday? What’s the Difference? - December 1, 2023
• 20 Alternative Ways to say “Thanks for the Heads Up”(+ Meaning) - November 30, 2023

• Link to facebook
• Link to linkedin
• Link to twitter
• Link to youtube
• Writing Tips

What’s the Plural of Research?

2-minute read

• 22nd March 2022

Research is an example of a mass noun (also known as an uncountable noun or a non-count noun ). Mass nouns can cause confusion, especially if English isn’t your first language , because they aren’t pluralized like most other nouns. In this post, we’ll explain how to use research correctly in your writing . 

Research: Detailed Study

Research means the systematic study of a subject . Regardless of how much study you’re referring to, you should always use the singular form of this noun :

The research is conclusive.

The team did a great deal of research.

We cannot draw conclusions without further research .

It’s very rare for research to take the plural form. So, if you were to write “researches” in an essay or paper , it would look like a mistake. If you want to be specific about the amount of research done, we suggest using a countable noun that can be pluralized instead:

A study / 16 studies

An investigation / two investigations

Find this useful?

Subscribe to our newsletter and get writing tips from our editors straight to your inbox.

An analysis / several analyses

Alternatively, you can combine research with a countable noun:

Three separate research programs were carried out.

I did four pieces of research .

In these examples, research is still written in the singular form, but programs and pieces are plural because we’re referring to more than one of them.

Summary: What’s the Plural of Research?

Research is an example of a mass noun, and you should always write it in the singular form. There’s also a plural form (researches), but it’s very uncommon, and if you use it in your writing, it could look like a mistake.

If you need more help with spelling or word use, check out our blog for more writing tips. If you want an expert to check your writing for errors, our proofreading team is always available. You can even send us your first 500 words to be proofread for free .

Share this article:

Post A New Comment

Get help from a language expert. Try our proofreading services for free.

3-minute read

What Is a Content Editor?

Are you interested in learning more about the role of a content editor and the...

4-minute read

The Benefits of Using an Online Proofreading Service

Proofreading is important to ensure your writing is clear and concise for your readers. Whether...

6 Online AI Presentation Maker Tools

Creating presentations can be time-consuming and frustrating. Trying to construct a visually appealing and informative...

What Is Market Research?

No matter your industry, conducting market research helps you keep up to date with shifting...

8 Press Release Distribution Services for Your Business

In a world where you need to stand out, press releases are key to being...

How to Get a Patent

In the United States, the US Patent and Trademarks Office issues patents. In the United...

Make sure your writing is the best it can be with our expert English proofreading and editing.

Plural of Research in English Grammar

By: Author Sophie

Posted on Last updated: October 3, 2023

Sharing is caring!

Research is an essential component of the scientific process, providing valuable insights into various fields of study. However, when it comes to referring to multiple research studies, the plural form of the word ‘research’ can be a bit tricky. In this article, we will explore the different ways to form the plural of research and provide some useful guidelines to help you navigate this grammatical challenge.

Plural of Research

Definition and Plural of Research

When it comes to writing about research, it is important to understand its definition and plural form. Research is a broad term that refers to the systematic investigation and study of a subject in order to establish facts, principles, and theories. It is an essential tool in various fields, including science, medicine, and social sciences, among others.

As for its plural form, research is considered a mass noun, which means that it does not have a specific plural form. However, in some cases, it can be used in its plural form as researches, especially when referring to different types of research or a collection of research studies.

In general, the plural form of research is not commonly used, and it is more appropriate to use the singular form when referring to the overall process of conducting research. However, when discussing specific research studies, it may be necessary to use the plural form to distinguish between different studies.

It is also worth noting that the term research can be used as a verb, meaning to engage in the process of conducting research. In this case, the verb form of research can be inflected to indicate tense and subject-verb agreement, such as researched, researching, and researches.

Overall, understanding the definition and plural form of research is essential for effectively communicating and writing about research studies. While the plural form of research is not commonly used, it may be necessary in certain contexts, and it is important to use it correctly to avoid confusion and miscommunication.

Using Research and Plural of Research in Sentences

The term “research” is used to refer to a systematic and scientific investigation of a particular topic or issue. It involves gathering and analyzing data, studying existing literature, and drawing conclusions based on the findings. The term “research” can be used as a noun or a verb. As a noun, it refers to the process of conducting research or the results of a research study. As a verb, it refers to the act of conducting research.

Plural of Research: The plural form of “research” can be a bit confusing for some people. In general, the plural of “research” is “researches.” However, this form is not commonly used. Instead, the word “research” is usually used as a collective noun to refer to multiple research studies. For example, you might say, “There have been many research studies conducted on the effects of climate change.”

Example: Here’s an example of using the term “research” and its plural form in a sentence:

“The research conducted by the team of scientists was groundbreaking, and their findings have been published in several research journals. The researches conducted in this field have led to significant advancements in our understanding of the subject.”

To form the plural of “research,” you can add an “-es” to the end of the word, resulting in “researches.” However, it is important to note that this form is not commonly used and may sound awkward in some contexts.

In conclusion, when using “research,” it is important to consider the context of the sentence to determine whether to use the singular or plural form. While “researches” is a valid plural form, it is not commonly used and may sound awkward in some contexts.

Plural Noun Rules for Regular Nouns

When it comes to regular nouns, there are some basic rules that you can follow to form the plural form. Here are some of the most common rules:

Add -s to the End of the Noun

The most common way to form the plural of a regular noun is to add -s to the end of the singular form. For example:

• Book → Books
• Pen → Pens
• Table → Tables

Add -es to the End of the Noun

If the singular noun ends in -s, -x, -z, -ch, or -sh, you need to add -es to form the plural. For example:

• Box → Boxes
• Bus → Buses
• Quiz → Quizzes

Change the Ending of the Noun

Some nouns change their ending to form the plural. Here are some examples:

• Man → Men
• Woman → Women
• Child → Children
• Foot → Feet
• Tooth → Teeth

Add -s or -es to Words Ending in -o

For words ending in -o, you can either add -s or -es to form the plural. Here are some examples:

• Potato → Potatoes
• Tomato → Tomatoes
• Radio → Radios

Add -s to Words Ending in -y

For words ending in -y, you need to change the -y to -i and add -es to form the plural. For example:

• Baby → Babies
• City → Cities
• Party → Parties

Add -s to Words Ending in a Vowel and -y

For words ending in a vowel and -y, you just need to add -s to form the plural. For example:

• Boy → Boys
• Day → Days
• Key → Keys

By following these basic rules, you can easily form the plural of regular nouns. However, keep in mind that there are some irregular nouns that do not follow these rules and need to be memorized separately.

Plural Noun Rules for Irregular Nouns

When it comes to forming plurals, most English nouns follow a simple rule of adding -s or -es at the end. However, there are some irregular nouns that don’t follow this rule. In this section, we will explore the rules for forming plurals of irregular nouns.

List of Common Irregular Plural Nouns

Here is a list of some common irregular plural nouns:

Nouns that End in Us

Nouns that end in -us usually form their plurals by changing -us to -i. For example:

Nouns that End in Is

Nouns that end in -is usually form their plurals by changing -is to -es. For example:

Nouns that End in On and Um

Nouns that end in -on or -um usually form their plurals by changing -on or -um to -a. For example:

Plurals that Are the Same as Singulars

Some nouns have the same form for both singular and plural. For example:

Collective Nouns and List

Collective nouns refer to a group of people or things, such as team, family, or committee. They can be singular or plural, depending on the context. For example:

• The team is playing well. (singular)
• The team are all wearing their uniforms. (plural)

List nouns refer to a group of items, such as furniture , luggage, or equipment. They are usually treated as singular. For example:

• The furniture is new.
• The equipment is being repaired.

Words that Look Like Plural Nouns but Are Singular Nouns

Remembering the rules for forming plurals of irregular nouns can be challenging, but with practice, you can master them.

Plural Nouns vs. Possessive Nouns

When it comes to English grammar, it’s important to understand the difference between plural nouns and possessive nouns. Plural nouns refer to more than one person, place, thing, or idea, while possessive nouns show ownership or possession of something.

Plural nouns are formed by adding -s or -es to the end of a singular noun, while possessive nouns are formed by adding an apostrophe and an -s to the end of a singular noun. For example, “book” becomes “books” in its plural form, and “book’s” or “book’s cover” in its possessive form.

It’s important to note that not all plural nouns have possessive forms. For example, the plural of “sheep” is still “sheep” and does not change in its possessive form. Similarly, some nouns that end in -s, such as “species” and “series,” do not add an -s in their possessive form.

Confusion can arise when trying to determine whether to use a plural or possessive noun in a sentence. One common mistake is using an apostrophe to make a noun plural, such as writing “apple’s” instead of “apples.” Remember, the apostrophe is only used to show possession or ownership.

Here are some examples to help clarify the difference between plural and possessive nouns:

• Plural: The dogs chased the ball.
• Possessive: The dog’s ball was chewed up.
• Plural: The children played in the park.
• Possessive: The children’s toys were scattered everywhere.
• Plural: The cars in the parking lot were all red.
• Possessive: The car’s engine was overheating.

By understanding the difference between plural and possessive nouns, you can improve your writing and avoid common grammar mistakes.

Common Mistakes with Plural Nouns

When it comes to pluralizing nouns, there are some common mistakes that people make. These mistakes can cause confusion and make your writing less clear. Here are some of the most common mistakes to watch out for:

1. Adding an apostrophe to make a noun plural

Adding an apostrophe to a noun does not make it plural. In fact, it does the opposite. An apostrophe is used to indicate possession or contraction, not pluralization. For example, “cat’s” is possessive, while “cats” is plural.

2. Using the wrong plural form

Some nouns have irregular plural forms that don’t follow the usual rules. For example, the plural of “child” is “children,” not “childs.” Similarly, the plural of “goose” is “geese,” not “gooses.”

3. Using a singular verb with a plural noun

When a noun is plural, the verb that goes with it should also be plural. For example, “The dogs bark” is correct, while “The dogs barks” is not.

4. Using a singular pronoun with a plural noun

When a noun is plural, the pronoun that goes with it should also be plural. For example, “The cats ate their food” is correct, while “The cats ate its food” is not.

5. Using an incorrect plural form of a mass noun

Mass nouns, also known as uncountable nouns, refer to things that cannot be counted. For example, “water” is a mass noun. When referring to multiple instances of a mass noun, it is incorrect to add an “s” to the end of the word. Instead, you should use a different word or phrase to indicate plurality. For example, “studies” can be used instead of “researches.”

By avoiding these common mistakes, you can ensure that your writing is clear and easy to understand.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the correct plural form of the word ‘research’?

The correct plural form of ‘research’ is ‘researches’. However, it is important to note that ‘research’ can also be used as a collective noun, meaning it can refer to a group of studies or investigations without needing to add an ‘s’ at the end.

Is it appropriate to use ‘researches’ as a plural form?

Yes, it is appropriate to use ‘researches’ as a plural form of ‘research’. However, it is less common than using ‘research’ as a collective noun.

How do you properly pronounce the word ‘research’?

The word ‘research’ is pronounced as “ree-search”. The stress is on the first syllable.

What is a synonym for the word ‘research’?

There are several synonyms for the word ‘research’, including investigation, study, inquiry, and examination.

The correct plural form of 'research' is 'researches'. However, it is important to note that 'research' can also be used as a collective noun, meaning it can refer to a group of studies or investigations without needing to add an 's' at the end.

"}},{"@type":"Question","name":"Is it appropriate to use 'researches' as a plural form?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"

Yes, it is appropriate to use 'researches' as a plural form of 'research'. However, it is less common than using 'research' as a collective noun or adding an 's' to make it plural.

"}},{"@type":"Question","name":"How do you properly pronounce the word 'research'?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"

The word 'research' is pronounced as \"ree-search\". The stress is on the first syllable.

"}},{"@type":"Question","name":"Can the word 'data' be used as both singular and plural in scientific writing?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"

Yes, the word 'data' can be used as both singular and plural in scientific writing. However, it is more common to use 'data' as a plural noun, meaning that it refers to multiple pieces of information.

"}},{"@type":"Question","name":"What is a synonym for the word 'research'?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"

There are several synonyms for the word 'research', including investigation, study, inquiry, and examination.

"}},{"@type":"Question","name":"When referring to multiple websites, is it correct to use 'websites' as the plural form?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"

Yes, it is correct to use 'websites' as the plural form when referring to multiple websites. For example, \"I visited several websites to gather information for my research project.\"

• Recent Posts
• Plural of Prognosis: Understanding the Correct Usage - October 5, 2023
• Types of Bees: Buzzing with Knowledge with These Lovely Creatures - October 4, 2023
• Words of Affirmation Examples to Brighten Someone’s Day - October 4, 2023

Related posts:

• Past Tense of Hear: Comprehensive Guide to English Past Tense
• Plural of Advice: Master English Plural Forms Today!
• Plural of Cactus: How to Use It Correctly in English Grammar
• Plural of Life: A Simple Grammar Guide for English Learners

• Dictionaries home
• American English
• Collocations
• German-English
• Grammar home
• Practical English Usage
• Learn & Practise Grammar (Beta)
• Word Lists home
• My Word Lists
• Recent additions
• Resources home
• Text Checker

Definition of research noun from the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

• scientific/medical/academic research
• They are raising money for cancer research.
• to do/conduct/undertake research
• I've done some research to find out the cheapest way of travelling there.
• research into something He has carried out extensive research into renewable energy sources.
• research on something/somebody Recent research on deaf children has produced some interesting findings about their speech.
• Research on animals has led to some important medical advances.
• according to research According to recent research, more people are going to the movies than ever before.
• Their latest research project will be funded by the government.
• Are you hoping to get a research grant ?
• a research fellow/assistant/scientist
• a research institute/centre/laboratory
• The research findings were published in the Journal of Environmental Quality.
• formulate/​advance a theory/​hypothesis
• build/​construct/​create/​develop a simple/​theoretical/​mathematical model
• develop/​establish/​provide/​use a theoretical/​conceptual framework
• advance/​argue/​develop the thesis that…
• explore an idea/​a concept/​a hypothesis
• make a prediction/​an inference
• base a prediction/​your calculations on something
• investigate/​evaluate/​accept/​challenge/​reject a theory/​hypothesis/​model
• design an experiment/​a questionnaire/​a study/​a test
• do research/​an experiment/​an analysis
• make observations/​measurements/​calculations
• carry out/​conduct/​perform an experiment/​a test/​a longitudinal study/​observations/​clinical trials
• run an experiment/​a simulation/​clinical trials
• repeat an experiment/​a test/​an analysis
• replicate a study/​the results/​the findings
• observe/​study/​examine/​investigate/​assess a pattern/​a process/​a behaviour
• fund/​support the research/​project/​study
• seek/​provide/​get/​secure funding for research
• collect/​gather/​extract data/​information
• yield data/​evidence/​similar findings/​the same results
• analyse/​examine the data/​soil samples/​a specimen
• consider/​compare/​interpret the results/​findings
• fit the data/​model
• confirm/​support/​verify a prediction/​a hypothesis/​the results/​the findings
• prove a conjecture/​hypothesis/​theorem
• draw/​make/​reach the same conclusions
• read/​review the records/​literature
• describe/​report an experiment/​a study
• present/​publish/​summarize the results/​findings
• present/​publish/​read/​review/​cite a paper in a scientific journal
• a debate about the ethics of embryonic stem cell research
• For his PhD he conducted field research in Indonesia.
• Further research is needed.
• Future research will hopefully give us a better understanding of how garlic works in the human body.
• Dr Babcock has conducted extensive research in the area of agricultural production.
• the funding of basic research in biology, chemistry and genetics
• Activists called for a ban on animal research.
• Work is under way to carry out more research on the gene.
• She returned to Jamaica to pursue her research on the African diaspora.
• Bad punctuation can slow down people's reading speeds, according to new research carried out at Bradford University.
• He focused his research on the economics of the interwar era.
• Most research in the field has concentrated on the effects on children.
• One paper based on research conducted at Oxford suggested that the drug may cause brain damage.
• Research demonstrates that women are more likely than men to provide social support to others.
• She's doing research on Czech music between the wars.
• The research does not support these conclusions.
• They are carrying out research into the natural flow patterns of water.
• They lack the resources to do their own research.
• What has their research shown?
• Funding for medical research has been cut quite dramatically.
• a startling piece of historical research
• pioneering research into skin disease
• They were the first to undertake pioneering research into the human genome.
• There is a significant amount of research into the effects of stress on junior doctors.
• He's done a lot of research into the background of this story.
• research which identifies the causes of depression
• spending on military research and development
• the research done in the 1950s that linked smoking with cancer
• The children are taking part in a research project to investigate technology-enabled learning.
• The Lancet published a research paper by the scientist at the centre of the controversy.
• Who is directing the group's research effort?
• She is chief of the clinical research program at McLean Hospital.
• James is a 24-year-old research student from Iowa.
• You will need to describe your research methods.
• Before a job interview, do your research and find out as much as you can about the company.
• Most academic research is carried out in universities.
• This is a piece of research that should be taken very seriously.
• This is an important area of research.
• There's a large body of research linking hypertension directly to impaired brain function.
• In the course of my researches, I came across some of my grandfather's old letters.
• demonstrate something
• find something
• identify something
• programme/​program
• research in
• research into
• research on
• an area of research
• focus your research on something
• somebody’s own research

Questions about grammar and vocabulary?

Find the answers with Practical English Usage online, your indispensable guide to problems in English.

Other results

• Cancer Research UK
• the Medical Research Council
• the National Research Council
• operations research
• Medical Research Council

Nearby words

• English (US)
• Simplified Chinese (China)

a lot of research has / have shown Which one is correct? See a translation

• Report copyright infringement

Has, because in English research is considered a single thing, a single body of multiple studies. It's treated singularly.

Was this answer helpful?

• Why did you respond with "Hmm..."?
• Your feedback will not be shown to other users.

• English (UK)

research is a mass noun, and its verb must be singular. So, "A lot of research has shown" is correct.

• Looks completely different (to/for) me Which is correct?
• Which one is correct? I know much about it. I know so much about it.
• Which one is correct? I have clear-cut evidence of/from what you did
• Which one is correct? Thanks
• Which one is right? Which one is proper? Which one is correct? do they have the same meaning?
• 私の趣味はたくさんあります。は I have a lot of hobby. で合っていますか？
• How do you say this in English (US)? I feel a lot better
• How can I have a lot of English words ?
• 亚洲永久精品国产无损音乐高清美剧网
• Is this news that Pokemon cards can unlock Tesla cars true or April Fool's? https://www.carscoops...
• When I watch reels on Instagram ,many comments say 'car' while they watch cats' video.Why?Do they...
• How do you pronounce: Good morning Good afternoon Good evening
• what is correct? Where are you study? Or Where do you study? Thank you.
• Don't bother making the bed - I'll do it later. ↑ What is this 'bother' here? Is it like don't ne...
• Subway crime has declined by two-thirds. What does this mean? Does the number of subway crimes a...
• Does this dialogue sound natural? W: You know, in Japan, quite a few people use chopsticks for ea...
• Is this sentence correct and native? "I hope you have enjoyed your holiday!"
• The expression "how about..." does not include a subject and a noun. Do native speakers perceive ...
• Are there any differences in meaning between the two sentences below? He visited the gallery las...
• A meaning of "viscerally upset" in Japanese Google trans says, "内臓的に動揺する," it's very literal. ...
• What does "You set out house on fire" at 0:39 mean? I don't think it's about arson. Does it mean ...
• Could you check if I got this correctly at 2:16" of this video(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hn...
• You have a wrong number. The “a” is incorrect, isn’t it? “The” should be used, right?
• What does あざまる水産よいちょまる mean?
• How do you say this in English (US)? 一方通行

The Language Level symbol shows a user's proficiency in the languages they're interested in. Setting your Language Level helps other users provide you with answers that aren't too complex or too simple.

Has difficulty understanding even short answers in this language.

Can ask simple questions and can understand simple answers.

Can ask all types of general questions and can understand longer answers.

Can understand long, complex answers.

Show your appreciation in a way that likes and stamps can't.

By sending a gift to someone, they will be more likely to answer your questions again!

If you post a question after sending a gift to someone, your question will be displayed in a special section on that person’s feed.

Ask native speakers questions for free

Solve your problems more easily with the app!

• Find the answer you're looking for from 45 million answers logged!
• Enjoy the auto-translate feature when searching for answers!
• It’s FREE!!

• a lot of research has /...

Register to get your text revised right away for FREE ⚡

Today more than 1001 people got their English checked.

By continuing to use this website, you agree to our Terms of Service .

Get a FREE revision 🎁

Register a new account, welcome back, confirm your email.

Please click the link that we've sent to this address to post your question to our experts. Ok, I'll check my email

not your email? Change it now

Set a new email

Here you can set your new address email. Remember to use a valid email address. We will send you an email to confirm your account.

Facebook Login Discontinued

Unfortunately, the Facebook login method has been discontinued.

To access your TextRanch account, please click the "Reset Password" button below and input your Facebook Email. Our team will send you an email with further instructions.

If you don't remember your email, please fill out this form .

Your text is being reviewed by one of our Experts. We will notify you when your revision is ready.

Or wait in this page

Leave this page open, and your corrected text will appear as soon as it's ready!

You need to add a payment method to get our special promo ⚡

Enter your email below to get instant access to the first Chapter of our Ebook

Downloaded more than 1320 times today.

Add payment method

NOTE: Credits are valid for one year.

We're so happy that you liked your revision! Your feedback helps us improve our service. Want more FREE revisions ? 🎁

Step 1 out of 2!

Like us on Facebook by clicking the like button below:

Almost there!

Last step (2/2)

Share TextRanch on Facebook by clicking on the button below.

Congrats! You've just earned 3 credits!

Closing your account will prevent you from accessing your past revisions, and you will no longer be eligible for a FREE daily revision.

There is no cost to keep your TextRanch account, and we store all of your past revisions in a secure and private manner.

Help us understand

If we didn't meet your expectations, we'd really like to know more. Please tell us why you are closing your account:

The best way to perfect your writing.

Discover why 1,026,573 users count on TextRanch to get their English corrected!

1. Input your text below. 2. Get it corrected in a few minutes by our editors. 3. Improve your English!

One of our experts will correct your English.

📝 ️Notes for your editor

Let our editor help you, include background information, explanations of unusual words and special terms, or instructions about specific improvements you want.

"a lot of research" vs "many research"

Last Updated: March 29, 2024

a lot of research

This phrase is correct and commonly used in English.

• There has been a lot of research on the effects of climate change.
• She has done a lot of research on the topic.
• A lot of research has been conducted in this field.
• I need to do a lot of research before writing my paper.
• The team has gathered a lot of research data.

many research

This phrase is incorrect in English.

Alternatives:

• much research
• a great deal of research
• numerous studies
• a large amount of research
• plenty of research

Related Comparisons

Thanks to TextRanch, I was able to score above 950 on TOEIC, and I got a good grade on ACTFL OPIC as well. + Read the full interview

I love TextRanch because of the reliable feedback. The editors' comments are helpful and the customer service is amazing. + Read the full interview

TextRanch has helped me to improve my written skills as well as to communicate more naturally, like a local English speaker. + Read the full interview

TextRanch is amazingly responsive and really cares about the client. It's the best online service that I have ever used! + Read the full interview

I started to use TextRanch when I began to learn English. It has been an awesome way to improve my English skills. + Read the full interview

I love that TextRanch editors are real people who revise the text and provide feedback – it makes it so personal. + Read the full interview

I sometimes wonder if my English expressions make sense clearly and TextRanch helps me a lot in such cases. + Read the full interview

TextRanch has been really helpful in improving the flow and repairing the structure of my sentences. + Read the full interview

“Faster than AI"

“This was very helpful and I personally think this site is the best."

“It was extremely thorough and very helpful!"

“7 years without any disappointment. Always 100% satisfied. You guys are the best in the world at what you do. Thank you so much :)"

“In a world of text messages and online communication, this is great to have as a live tool. Thank you."

“Without textranch I would be stuck!"

“Accuracy and fast response. Personal comments from editor. Thank you."

“I wasn't aware of this service, it's fascinating and more reliable than standard IA tools available on the internet"

“The fact that you can get reliable fast feedback on your texts."

“you guys are better than grammarly i'm being honest here"

“OMG! This is really good than any other text correction tools I've used so far. Highly recommend this."

“Very fast and accurate. thank you."

“I love this app because it's help to writing skills all of students ♥️"

“This was exactly the mistake I was looking for, the wording dind´t sound right at first. Better than grammarly!"

“The immediate help that I received was reassuring and very satisfactory. Thanks."

“this helps A LOT for my studies."

“Woow!! I would never have expected such precision! Thank you soooo much!!"

“Real Time Editor and not AI. Many Thanks."

“The very first thing excites me about Textranch is how much your editors care."

“The fact that texts are checked by human editors rather than by AI, etc. I appreciate this!"

“Feel welcome, immediate response, high quality feedback"

“This is the best app that I have ever seen"

“Quick response and got what I intend to say. Grammar correction is excellent because the meaning is retained."

“Excellent, I truly loved this textRanch for quick revision. This textRanch for quick revision is a 10/10 for me."

⚡️Ask our Editor now.

Fresh content for your texts, so you can be more professional.

estimated time: 30 minutes , directly in your inbox

Want to improve your English business writing?

More than 150,000 people like you receive our weekly newsletter to master their English skills!

Why choose TextRanch?

Lowest prices Up to 50% lower than other online editing sites.

Fastest Times Our team of editors is working for you 24/7.

Qualified Editors Native English experts for UK or US English.

Top Customer Service We are here to help. Satisfaction guaranteed!

50 Useful Academic Words & Phrases for Research

Like all good writing, writing an academic paper takes a certain level of skill to express your ideas and arguments in a way that is natural and that meets a level of academic sophistication. The terms, expressions, and phrases you use in your research paper must be of an appropriate level to be submitted to academic journals.

Therefore, authors need to know which verbs , nouns , and phrases to apply to create a paper that is not only easy to understand, but which conveys an understanding of academic conventions. Using the correct terminology and usage shows journal editors and fellow researchers that you are a competent writer and thinker, while using non-academic language might make them question your writing ability, as well as your critical reasoning skills.

What are academic words and phrases?

One way to understand what constitutes good academic writing is to read a lot of published research to find patterns of usage in different contexts. However, it may take an author countless hours of reading and might not be the most helpful advice when faced with an upcoming deadline on a manuscript draft.

Briefly, “academic” language includes terms, phrases, expressions, transitions, and sometimes symbols and abbreviations that help the pieces of an academic text fit together. When writing an academic text–whether it is a book report, annotated bibliography, research paper, research poster, lab report, research proposal, thesis, or manuscript for publication–authors must follow academic writing conventions. You can often find handy academic writing tips and guidelines by consulting the style manual of the text you are writing (i.e., APA Style , MLA Style , or Chicago Style ).

However, sometimes it can be helpful to have a list of academic words and expressions like the ones in this article to use as a “cheat sheet” for substituting the better term in a given context.

How to Choose the Best Academic Terms

You can think of writing “academically” as writing in a way that conveys one’s meaning effectively but concisely. For instance, while the term “take a look at” is a perfectly fine way to express an action in everyday English, a term like “analyze” would certainly be more suitable in most academic contexts. It takes up fewer words on the page and is used much more often in published academic papers.

You can use one handy guideline when choosing the most academic term: When faced with a choice between two different terms, use the Latinate version of the term. Here is a brief list of common verbs versus their academic counterparts:

Although this can be a useful tip to help academic authors, it can be difficult to memorize dozens of Latinate verbs. Using an AI paraphrasing tool or proofreading tool can help you instantly find more appropriate academic terms, so consider using such revision tools while you draft to improve your writing.

Top 50 Words and Phrases for Different Sections in a Research Paper

The “Latinate verb rule” is just one tool in your arsenal of academic writing, and there are many more out there. But to make the process of finding academic language a bit easier for you, we have compiled a list of 50 vital academic words and phrases, divided into specific categories and use cases, each with an explanation and contextual example.

Best Words and Phrases to use in an Introduction section

1. historically.

An adverb used to indicate a time perspective, especially when describing the background of a given topic.

2. In recent years

A temporal marker emphasizing recent developments, often used at the very beginning of your Introduction section.

3. It is widely acknowledged that

A “form phrase” indicating a broad consensus among researchers and/or the general public. Often used in the literature review section to build upon a foundation of established scientific knowledge.

4. There has been growing interest in

Highlights increasing attention to a topic and tells the reader why your study might be important to this field of research.

5. Preliminary observations indicate

Shares early insights or findings while hedging on making any definitive conclusions. Modal verbs like may , might , and could are often used with this expression.

6. This study aims to

Describes the goal of the research and is a form phrase very often used in the research objective or even the hypothesis of a research paper .

7. Despite its significance

Highlights the importance of a matter that might be overlooked. It is also frequently used in the rationale of the study section to show how your study’s aim and scope build on previous studies.

8. While numerous studies have focused on

Indicates the existing body of work on a topic while pointing to the shortcomings of certain aspects of that research. Helps focus the reader on the question, “What is missing from our knowledge of this topic?” This is often used alongside the statement of the problem in research papers.

9. The purpose of this research is

A form phrase that directly states the aim of the study.

10. The question arises (about/whether)

Poses a query or research problem statement for the reader to acknowledge.

Best Words and Phrases for Clarifying Information

11. in other words.

Introduces a synopsis or the rephrasing of a statement for clarity. This is often used in the Discussion section statement to explain the implications of the study .

12. That is to say

Provides clarification, similar to “in other words.”

13. To put it simply

Simplifies a complex idea, often for a more general readership.

14. To clarify

Specifically indicates to the reader a direct elaboration of a previous point.

15. More specifically

Narrows down a general statement from a broader one. Often used in the Discussion section to clarify the meaning of a specific result.

16. To elaborate

Expands on a point made previously.

17. In detail

Indicates a deeper dive into information.

Points out specifics. Similar meaning to “specifically” or “especially.”

19. This means that

Explains implications and/or interprets the meaning of the Results section .

20. Moreover

Expands a prior point to a broader one that shows the greater context or wider argument.

Best Words and Phrases for Giving Examples

21. for instance.

Provides a specific case that fits into the point being made.

22. As an illustration

Demonstrates a point in full or in part.

23. To illustrate

Shows a clear picture of the point being made.

24. For example

Presents a particular instance. Same meaning as “for instance.”

25. Such as

Lists specifics that comprise a broader category or assertion being made.

26. Including

Offers examples as part of a larger list.

27. Notably

Adverb highlighting an important example. Similar meaning to “especially.”

28. Especially

Adverb that emphasizes a significant instance.

29. In particular

Draws attention to a specific point.

30. To name a few

Indicates examples than previously mentioned are about to be named.

Best Words and Phrases for Comparing and Contrasting

31. however.

Introduces a contrasting idea.

32. On the other hand

Highlights an alternative view or fact.

33. Conversely

Indicates an opposing or reversed idea to the one just mentioned.

34. Similarly

Shows likeness or parallels between two ideas, objects, or situations.

35. Likewise

Indicates agreement with a previous point.

36. In contrast

Draws a distinction between two points.

37. Nevertheless

Introduces a contrasting point, despite what has been said.

38. Whereas

Compares two distinct entities or ideas.

Indicates a contrast between two points.

Signals an unexpected contrast.

Best Words and Phrases to use in a Conclusion section

41. in conclusion.

Signifies the beginning of the closing argument.

42. To sum up

Offers a brief summary.

43. In summary

Signals a concise recap.

44. Ultimately

Reflects the final or main point.

45. Overall

Gives a general concluding statement.

Indicates a resulting conclusion.

Demonstrates a logical conclusion.

48. Therefore

Connects a cause and its effect.

49. It can be concluded that

Clearly states a conclusion derived from the data.

50. Taking everything into consideration

Reflects on all the discussed points before concluding.

Edit Your Research Terms and Phrases Before Submission

Using these phrases in the proper places in your research papers can enhance the clarity, flow, and persuasiveness of your writing, especially in the Introduction section and Discussion section, which together make up the majority of your paper’s text in most academic domains.

However, it's vital to ensure each phrase is contextually appropriate to avoid redundancy or misinterpretation. As mentioned at the top of this article, the best way to do this is to 1) use an AI text editor , free AI paraphrasing tool or AI proofreading tool while you draft to enhance your writing, and 2) consult a professional proofreading service like Wordvice, which has human editors well versed in the terminology and conventions of the specific subject area of your academic documents.

For more detailed information on using AI tools to write a research paper and the best AI tools for research , check out the Wordvice AI Blog .

New Research Supports an Annual COVID Vaccine Plan

Key takeaways.

• New research suggests that most people will benefit from an annual COVID-19 vaccine.
• Certain groups may need two vaccines a year.
• Doctors said more needs to be done to encourage people to get vaccinated.

There have been a lot of changes in recommendations around COVID-19 vaccines over the past few years, making it difficult to know whether you need another shot and how often you should get one. Now, new research from the Yale School of Public Health has recommendations for a vaccine cadence moving forward.

The study, which was published in the Annals of Internal Medicine , used computer simulations to compare five annual vaccination strategies and predict outcomes. The researchers discovered that getting an annual COVID vaccine with a second dose for adults over 50 and children under 2 was linked to fewer hospitalizations, fewer deaths, and less healthcare spending each year.

This isn’t revolutionary: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) already proposed similar interim guidelines, although they’re slightly different. But it backs up existing recommendations around COVID vaccines.

Is an Annual COVID Shot Realistic?

While the COVID vaccine was relatively popular when it first rolled out, many people haven’t gotten the most recent 2023-2024 updated version . Current data show that less than 23% of the adult population in the U.S. has gotten the updated vaccine. The numbers are even lower in children; less than 14% of children aged 6 months to 17 years have received the updated vaccine.  

Current recommendations from the CDC say that people 65 and up should receive an additional dose of the COVID-19 vaccine, but the new Yale study suggests it would be more effective if people did this starting at age 50.

Given how few people have gotten the updated vaccine to begin with, do doctors actually think the public will embrace this?

“This sounds familiar and it rather mirrors what, by and large, is happening to date,” William Schaffner, MD , an infectious disease specialist and professor at the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, told Verywell. While older people have been the most likely to follow recommendations around COVID vaccines, Schaffner said it’s been tricky to get parents on board.

“The vast majority of parents have not taken their child in to be vaccinated with even their first dose,” he said. “Pediatricians are going to have to do a lot of friendly persuasion to get that group vaccinated. Parents just do not see the current Omicron variants distinctly impacting children.”

If a new concerning COVID-19 variant emerges, though, recommendations could change, Schaffner said.

What About People Who Are Immunocompromised?

The study didn’t address the ideal vaccine cadence for people who are immunocompromised. If you have a condition that causes you to be immunocompromised, it’s important to consult your doctor, said infectious disease expert  Amesh A. Adalja, MD , senior scholar at the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security.

“Immunocompromised individuals may have to have individualized vaccination schedules dependent upon their net state of immunosuppression,” Adalja told Verywell. He noted that the word ‘immunosuppression’ is used very generally, “but it is a phenomenon that has degrees.”

The CDC has COVID vaccine recommendations for immunocompromised people, but it’s very specific to age, type of vaccine, and current level of vaccination.

“The standing recommendation is that these individuals can get repeated doses if they are moderately or severely immunocompromised and at least two months have passed since their last dose,” Schaffner said.

How Doctors Can Increase Vaccination Rates

Doctors suggest coupling your COVID vaccine with your flu shot. The convenience of a combined appointment increases the odds people will get both vaccines.

“The annual rate of people getting the flu shot is about 50% of the population, but that’s better than it is for the COVID vaccine,” Timothy Murphy, MD, senior associate dean for clinical and translational research at the University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, told Verywell. “Pairing the COVID vaccine with the flu vaccine might increase the likelihood of people getting it.”

Schaffner agrees.

“We have to promote this as a circumstance where in the fall, you roll up both your sleeves,” he said. While it’s not available yet, a combination flu and COVID-19 vaccine would likely increase use of both vaccines even more. “It would also make life easier,” Schaffner said.

What This Means For You

COVID-19 vaccine can lower your risk of being hospitalized and dying from the virus, so you should make sure you have the latest shot available every year. If you’re unsure what your personal needs are regarding the vaccine, consult with your primary care physician for more information.

The information in this article is current as of the date listed, which means newer information may be available when you read this. For the most recent updates on COVID-19, visit our  coronavirus news page .

Read the original article on Verywell Health .

College of Agricultural, Consumer & Environmental Sciences

Illinois Extension

• Beef Cattle
• Community Planning
• Environment
• Houseplants
• Local Government Education
• Rainfall Management
• Fruit Trees
• Vegetable Gardening
• Newsletters
• Online Courses
• Publications
• Summer Resources
• Contact Staff
• Find an Office
• Social Media
• Administration and Educator Teams
• Geographic Organizational Leadership
• Communications and Information Technology
• Planning, Reporting, and Evaluation
• Volunteer and Career Development
• Energy Education Council
• Illini Science Policy Program
• Illinois Indiana Sea Grant
• Master Gardeners
• Master Naturalists
• Plant Clinic
• Research and Education Centers
• Home and Community Education
• 2024 Extension Collaboration Grants
• Economic and Functional Impact
• Agriculture and AgriBusiness Impact
• Community and Economic Development Impact
• Family and Consumer Sciences Impact
• Integrated Health Disparities Impact
• Natural Resources, Environment, and Energy Impact
• SNAP-Education Impact
• Extension Funded Research Projects
• FYI Internal Communications
• Strategic Planning
• Extension Councils
• Professional Associations

Master Naturalists put research into action around the state and in your backyard

What is a Master Naturalist?

We get that question a lot at University of Illinois Extension.  Master Naturalists are many things: Advocates, volunteers, teachers, and environmental stewards.  

Around the state and in your backyard, these trained volunteers connect their communities with the natural world by contributing to scientific research, leading educational programs, and putting their unique skills and talents to use through conservation and restoration projects.

Last year, more than 880 Master Naturalists put in nearly 70,500 hours removing invasive species, monitoring the health of waterways, raising and releasing monarch butterflies, teaching youth about the environment, and investing in the future of our natural areas.

• 886 Master Naturalists volunteered in Illinois
• 148 people took the training and became Master Naturalists
• 73,035 hours were volunteered.

The Illinois Extension Master Naturalist program leverages the expertise of university scientists and environmental partners to train adult volunteers to be environmental advocates. Our goal is to empower nature enthusiasts and help them put research into action wherever they live.

What does being a Master Naturalist look like?

Below are a few examples of the projects Master Naturalists are involved in. Explore more about how we’re putting knowledge to work in the 2023 Impact Report.

Read the 2023 Impact Report

Discovery of remnant prairie leads to educational outreach and conservation

In 2018, three Master Naturalists from Carroll, Lee, and Whiteside counties were exploring natural areas at the Lake Carroll Association community when they stumbled upon remnant prairie patches. Now, the association has more than 35 acres of native areas, a one-acre demonstration prairie, a pollinator garden, a new wetland filtering water before it enters the lake, expanded hiking trails, and so much more.

A walk in the woods transforms fourth graders’ relationship with nature

Kids ‘n Nature Adventure is a unique immersive afterschool and summer program partnership between the Illinois Extension Will County Master Naturalists, Joliet District 86 Grade Schools, and the Joliet Park District. The program gives 200 fourth-grade students from six underserved schools a chance to experience the natural world. The program began in 2005 and more than 2,000 youth have participated.

Repurposed feed and seed bags support pollinator project

Bird seed and pet food bags need to be sturdy, so they are often made from woven polypropylene plastic. This also makes them difficult to recycle, so like many other single-use plastics, they often end up in landfills. Master Naturalist Mona Maas has saved more than 300 bags from this fate by turning them into hand-sewn totes. These rugged recycled totes also have the added bonus of being a fundraiser to support a local pollinator garden.

Interested in becoming a Master Naturalist?

Learn how you can be a positive force for change by becoming an Illinois Extension Master Naturalist .

About the Blog

Naturalist News  is a blog by University of Illinois Extension Master Naturalist staff and volunteers who bring you stories highlighting the individuals, places, wildlife and plants that make this state amazing. Join us each week to learn something new, be inspired and become connected to your own community by recognizing the amazing ways we are all intertwined.

Sign up for the Naturalist News email

About the Author

Emily Steele  is a marketing communications manager on the Illinois Extension communications team and supports projects for natural resources, environment, and energy staff statewide including the Master Naturalist program, weather and climate, forestry, invasives, and nutrient loss reduction. She has a M.S. in Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences from University of Illinois and a B.A. in Journalism from Eastern Illinois University.

Naturalist News

Related content.

• Rules/Help/FAQ Help/FAQ
• Members Current visitors
• Interface Language

Follow along with the video below to see how to install our site as a web app on your home screen.

Note: This feature may not be available in some browsers.

• English Only

do a research / make a research

• Thread starter Gema
• Start date Jul 23, 2004
• Jul 23, 2004

Hi! I'm a spanish girl. Now I'm doing an english course and I must do a writing for monday. I have a doubt. Which of this two options is correct, "do a research" or "make a research"? Thank you in advance for your help. Gema  

''Do a research , is more appropriate..although you can very well say i am going to research on this subject  

rinks said: ''Do a research , is more appropriate..although you can very well say i am going to research on this subject Click to expand...

Administrator

Hi Gema, (Yes, this type of question is much more appropriate.) Welcome to the forum! For many "hacer un ..." constructions in Spanish, we just use the verb form of the noun. So, we would usually say "We researched" or "We are researching."  

hypertweeky

Senior member.

• Jul 24, 2004

Gema said: Hi! I'm a spanish girl. Now I'm doing an english course and I must do a writing for monday. I have a doubt. Which of this two options is correct, "do a research" or "make a research"? Thank you in advance for your help. Gema Click to expand...

• Jul 25, 2004

el alabamiano

You can also use: I'm going to do some research / I did some research /  

el alabamiano said: You can also use: I'm going to do some research / I did some research / Click to expand...

Mary Solari

• Jul 31, 2004

Norman P. Bock

• Aug 1, 2004

If you are using "research" as a noun, you would say doing "research" or do "research". But "research" is also a verb. So you can either say "I am going to do research on the causes of the civil war." Or you can just say, "I am going to research the causes of the civil war."  

Moderator: EHL, Arabic, Hebrew, German(-Spanish)

"To research a subject" (not ON a subject) suggests something relatively in-depth. "To do research on a subject" suggests little or partial research. "To conduct" or "carry out" research on a subject would be a more elevated way to express the same idea. As was said, definitely not "make." Hope this helps.  

• Apr 6, 2007

elroy said: "To research a subject" (not ON a subject) suggests something relatively in-depth. "To do research on a subject" suggests little or partial research. "To conduct" or "carry out" research on a subject would be a more elevated way to express the same idea. As was said, definitely not "make." Hope this helps. Click to expand...

• Apr 11, 2008

Gema to do a research on a topic is more common I hope that I helped you  

Wilma_Sweden

I have also found that you can undertake or carry out research, and that into and on are valid prepositions. However, when using research as a verb , my dictionaries (Longman & Cambridge online) give into as the only valid preposition. I have also found research used in the plural, e.g. scientists being awarded the Nobel Prize for their researches into [whatever subject], and I'm assuming that this is idiomatic if you are referring to multiple research projects. /Wilma  

• Dec 2, 2009

Hi! I actually have a question about what follows the word research . Can you say, f. e. , I did some research about it, or should it always be on/into or without anything like > I researched it. I'm really confused and I don't know what's wrong or right anymore. Thanks for your help.  

thoughtdots

• May 15, 2011

Let's say I researched World War II. I think it sounds better to either say, "I researched WWII" or "I did research on WWII". However, if you use any other preposition, people will still understand you.  

• Jan 22, 2014
• Dec 14, 2015

Hi! What about 'I did my own research to prepare a talk for the students' ? In this case I'm using it as a noun, but if its uncountable would it be ok to 'classify' it as 'my own'? Thanks!  

Member Emeritus

Yes, "my own research" is fine.  

• Aug 28, 2020

Maigualida said: ‘I have to conduct a research or I conducted a research’ . Click to expand...

• Aug 29, 2020

Maigualida said: Can I correct ? Instead of saying to do research yo say ‘I have to conduct a research or I conducted a research’ . ( the verb conduct is more common) Also you don’t say I must do a writing, you say: I have to write a paper about... The days of the week are written with capital letters...Monday, Tuesday , etc I hits it helps Click to expand...

Advertisement

A Comprehensive Review on “Pyrolysis” for Energy Recovery

• Published: 14 January 2023
• Volume 16 , pages 1417–1437, ( 2023 )

Cite this article

• Debashish Gogoi 1 ,
• Manjesh Kumar 1 &
• Yella Gruha Lakshmi 1  

953 Accesses

5 Citations

2 Altmetric

Explore all metrics

As a thermochemical conversion process, biomass pyrolysis has received a lot of interest for energy recovery by generating clean fuels, valuable compounds, and advanced materials. Innovative and novel pyrolysis procedures have arisen over time, and these processes may be optimized to produce high-quality end products. Substantial progress has been achieved in the development of analytical pyrolysis systems during the last few decades. However, due to a lack of knowledge of the reaction process, the current mechanism of biomass pyrolysis, as well as its economic feasibility, is far from a complete and thorough explanation. This review systematically covers biomass pyrolysis for energy recovery, the most recent advances in biomass pyrolysis, and the numerous factors responsible for the end products. Furthermore, the various feedstock compositions, as well as the techno-economic analyses, have also been reported. This review emphasizes discernment into future paths, intending to overcome existing deficiencies. This review may also be employed to get new insights into this field and be useful for future studies on biomass pyrolysis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price includes VAT (Russian Federation)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Rent this article via DeepDyve

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Biomass Pyrolysis: Current Status and Future Prospects

Biomass pyrolysis technologies for value-added products: a state-of-the-art review

Andrew N. Amenaghawon, Chinedu L. Anyalewechi, … Heri Septya Kusuma

Introduction to Pyrolysis as a Thermo-Chemical Conversion Technology

Kumar Mishra R, Mohanty K (2020) Co-pyrolysis of waste biomass and waste plastics (polystyrene and waste nitrile gloves) into renewable fuel and value-added chemicals. Carbon Resour Convers 3:145–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crcon.2020.11.001

Article   CAS   Google Scholar  

Alarik Sandrup, Moxham B, Rakos C (2022) Global bioenergy statistics. In: World Bioenergy Assoc. https://www.worldbioenergy.org/global-bioenergy-statistics/ . Accessed 17 Dec 2022

Fang J, Gozgor G, Mahalik MK et al (2021) The impact of economic complexity on energy demand in OECD countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28:33771–33780. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-12089-w

Article   Google Scholar  

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2022) World population prospects. In: United Nations Publ. https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/wpp2022_summary_of_results . Accessed 20 Dec 2022

Sehrawat M (2021) Modelling the nexus between human capital, income inequality, and energy demand in India: new evidences from asymmetric and non-linear analysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28:3632–3643. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10733-z

Qiu B, Tao X, Wang J et al (2022) Research progress in the preparation of high-quality liquid fuels and chemicals by catalytic pyrolysis of biomass: a review. Energy Convers Manag 261:115647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2022.115647

Kumar A, Agrawal A (2020) Recent trends in solid waste management status, challenges, and potential for the future Indian cities — a review. Curr Res Environ Sustain 2:100011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crsust.2020.100011

Pinto Da Costa J, Rocha Santos T, Duarte A (2020) The environmental impacts of plastics and micro-plastics use, waste and pollution: EU and national measures. Eur Union 3:10–62

Google Scholar  

Ritchie H, Rosado M, Pablo R (2022) Renewable energy. In: Our world data. https://ourworldindata.org/renewable-energy . Accessed 21 Nov 2022

Jaganmohan M (2022) Production of wood fuel worldwide from 2000 to 2020. In: Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/481654/wood-fuel-production-globally/ . Accessed 2 Nov 2022

Jaganmohan M (2022) Export volume of wood pellets worldwide in 2021, by major country. In: Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/477086/exports-of-wood-pellets-volume-by-key-country/ . Accessed 2 Nov 2022

Bouckaert S, Spencer T (2022) World Energy Outlook. In: International energy agency. https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2022 . Accessed 5 Nov 2022

ILO I (2022) Renewable energy and jobs: Annual Review 2022. In: Int. Renew. energy agency. https://www.irena.org/News/pressreleases/2022/Sep/Renewable-Energy-Jobs-Hit-12-7-Million-Globally . Accessed 11 Nov 2022

Granholm JM (2022) Energy efficiency and renewable energy. In: Dep. Energy. https://www.energy.gov/eere/office-energy-efficiency-renewable-energy . Accessed 11 Dec 2022

Achim Steiner, Newman D (2022) Global waste management outlook. In: UN Environ. Program. https://www.unep.org/ietc/resources/publication/global-waste-management-outlook#:~:text=The Global Waste Management Outlook%2C a collective effort,a call for action to the international community. Accessed 17 Dec 2022

Qiu B, Yang C, Shao Q et al (2022) Recent advances on industrial solid waste catalysts for improving the quality of bio-oil from biomass catalytic cracking: a review. Fuel 315:123218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.123218

Dhyani V, Bhaskar T (2019) Pyrolysis of biomass. In: Pandey A, Larroche C, Dussap C-G et al (eds) Biofuels: alternative feedstocks and conversion processes for the production of liquid and gaseous biofuels, 2nd edn. Elsevier Inc., Amsterdam, pp 217–244

Chapter   Google Scholar  

Pandey U, Stormyr JA, Hassani A et al (2020) Pyrolysis of plastic waste to environmentally friendly products. In: Tallinn E (ed) WIT transactions on ecology and the environment, 3rd edn. WIT Press, Billerica, pp 61–74

Li T, Su J, Wang C et al (2022) Advances in the development and application of analytical pyrolysis in biomass research: a review. Energy Convers Manag 271:116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2022.116302

Ma M, Xu D, Zhi Y et al (2022) Co-pyrolysis re-use of sludge and biomass waste: development, kinetics, synergistic mechanism and industrialization. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 168:105–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2022.105746

Chen D, Cen K, Zhuang X et al (2022) Insight into biomass pyrolysis mechanism based on cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin: evolution of volatiles and kinetics, elucidation of reaction pathways, and characterization of gas, biochar and bio-oil. Combust Flame 242:112–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2022.112142

Ghodake GS, Shinde SK, Kadam AA et al (2021) Review on biomass feedstocks, pyrolysis mechanism and physicochemical properties of biochar: state-of-the-art framework to speed up vision of circular bioeconomy. J Clean Prod 297:126645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126645

Deng C, Liaw SB, Gao X, Wu H (2020) Differences in soot produced from rapid pyrolysis of xylan, cellulose and lignin under pulverized-fuel conditions. Fuel 265:116991. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116991

Fakayode OA, Wahia H, Zhang L et al (2022) State-of-the-art co-pyrolysis of lignocellulosic and macroalgae biomass feedstocks for improved bio-oil production—a review. Fuel 332:126071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.126071

Escalante J, Chen WH, Tabatabaei M et al (2022) Pyrolysis of lignocellulosic, algal, plastic, and other biomass wastes for biofuel production and circular bioeconomy: a review of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) approach. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 169:112914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112914

Choi D, Jung S, Lee DJ et al (2021) A new upgrading platform for livestock lignocellulosic waste into syngas using CO 2 -assisted thermo-chemical process. Energy Convers Manag 236:114084. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114084

Naveiro M, Romero Gómez M, Arias-Fernández I, Baaliña Insua Á (2022) Thermodynamic and environmental analyses of a novel closed loop regasification system integrating ORC and CO 2 capture in floating storage regasification units. Energy Convers Manag 257:115410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2022.115410

Silveira Junior EG, Silveira T, Perez VH et al (2022) Fast pyrolysis of elephant grass: intensification of levoglucosan yield and other value-added pyrolytic by-products. J Energy Inst 101:254–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joei.2022.02.003

Uddin MN, Techato K, Taweekun J et al (2018) An overview of recent developments in biomass pyrolysis technologies. Energies 11:3115. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11113115

Perkins G, Bhaskar T, Konarova M (2018) Process development status of fast pyrolysis technologies for the manufacture of renewable transport fuels from biomass. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 90:292–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.03.048

Kantorek M, Jesionek K, Polesek-Karczewska S et al (2021) Thermal utilization of meat-and-bone meal using the rotary kiln pyrolyzer and the fluidized bed boiler — the performance of pilot-scale installation. Renew Energy 164:1447–1456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.10.124

Cen K, Zhuang X, Gan Z et al (2022) Biomass pyrolysis polygeneration with bio-oil recycling: co-pyrolysis of heavy bio-oil and pine wood leached with light bio-oil for product upgradation. Fuel 335:127057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.127057

Hasnzadeh A, Mehrara M, Irani M et al (2022) An innovative biomass-fueled gas turbine-orc system equipped with electrochemically mediated amine regeneration for CO 2 capture. SSRN Electron J 68:102365. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4156651

Mesa-Perez JM, Cortez LAB, Rocha JD et al (2005) Unidimensional heat transfer analysis of elephant grass and sugar cane bagasse slow pyrolysis in a fixed bed reactor. Fuel Process Technol 86:565–575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2004.05.014

Liaw SS, Perez VH, Westerhof RJM et al (2020) Biomethane production from pyrolytic aqueous phase: biomass acid washing and condensation temperature effect on the bio-oil and aqueous phase composition. Bioenergy Res 13:878–886. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-020-10100-3

Bidir MG, Millerjothi NK, Adaramola MS, Hagos FY (2021) The role of nanoparticles on biofuel production and as an additive in ternary blend fuelled diesel engine: a review. Energy Reports 7:3614–3627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.05.084

Zhong S, Zhang B, Liu C et al (2022) A minireview on catalytic fast co-pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass for bio-oil upgrading via enhancing monocyclic aromatics. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 164:105544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2022.105544

Zhang Z, Li Y, Luo L et al (2022) Insight into kinetic and thermodynamic analysis methods for lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis. Renew Energy 202:154–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.11.072

Bharath G, Rambabu K, Hai A et al (2020) Catalytic hydrodeoxygenation of biomass-derived pyrolysis oil over alloyed bimetallic Ni3Fe nanocatalyst for high-grade biofuel production. Energy Convers Manag 213:112859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.112859

Fan L, Chen P, Zhou N et al (2018) In-situ and ex-situ catalytic upgrading of vapors from microwave-assisted pyrolysis of lignin. Bioresour Technol 247:851–858. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.09.200

Article   CAS   PubMed   Google Scholar  

Thangalazhy-Gopakumar S, Adhikari S, Chattanathan SA, Gupta RB (2012) Catalytic pyrolysis of green algae for hydrocarbon production using H+ZSM-5 catalyst. Bioresour Technol 118:150–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.05.080

Yildiz G, Ronsse F, Vercruysse J et al (2016) In situ performance of various metal doped catalysts in micro-pyrolysis and continuous fast pyrolysis. Fuel Process Technol 144:312–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2016.01.012

Shirazi Y, Viamajala S, Varanasi S (2020) In situ and ex situ catalytic pyrolysis of microalgae and integration with pyrolytic fractionation. Front Chem 8:1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2020.00786

Hu C, Zhang H, Wu S, Xiao R (2020) Molecular shape selectivity of HZSM-5 in catalytic conversion of biomass pyrolysis vapors: the effective pore size. Energy Convers Manag 210:112678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.112678

Güngör A, Önenç S, Uçar S, Yanik J (2012) Comparison between the “one-step” and “two-step” catalytic pyrolysis of pine bark. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 97:39–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2012.06.011

Nguyen TS, Zabeti M, Lefferts L et al (2013) Conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to green fuel oil over sodium based catalysts. Bioresour Technol 142:353–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.05.023

Gamliel DP, Du S, Bollas GM, Valla JA (2015) Investigation of in situ and ex situ catalytic pyrolysis of miscanthus × giganteus using a PyGC-MS microsystem and comparison with a bench-scale spouted-bed reactor. Bioresour Technol 191:187–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.04.129

Cao J, Yu Y, Wu H (2022) Primary release and transformation of inorganic and organic sodium during fast pyrolysis of sodium-loaded lignin. Proc Combust Inst. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2022.07.196

Fahmy TYA, Fahmy Y, Mobarak F et al (2020) Biomass pyrolysis: past, present, and future. Environ Dev Sustain 22:17–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-018-0200-5

Jiang J, Tie Y, Deng L, Che D (2022) Influence of water-washing pretreatment on ash fusibility of biomass. Renew Energy 200:125–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.09.121

Pang X, Qiu J, Zhang Z et al (2022) Wide-scope multi-residue analysis of pesticides in beef by gas chromatography coupled with quadrupole Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Food Chem 407:135171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135171

Suriapparao DV, Tejasvi R (2022) A review on role of process parameters on pyrolysis of biomass and plastics: present scope and future opportunities in conventional and microwave-assisted pyrolysis technologies. Process Saf Environ Prot 162:435–462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2022.04.024

Tamburini D (2021) Analytical pyrolysis applied to the characterisation and identification of Asian lacquers in cultural heritage samples — a review. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 157:105202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2021.105202

Weir A, del Barco J, Carrión A, Queffélec C et al (2022) Renewable binders from waste biomass for road construction: a review on thermochemical conversion technologies and current developments. Constr Build Mater 330:127076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.127076

Sabatini F, Corsi I, Ceccarini A et al (2022) Pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry: a promising tool for disclosing metal-free tanning agents used in leather industry. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 169:105803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2022.105803

Wei J, Wang M, Tang G et al (2022) Advances on in-situ analysis of char structure evolution during thermochemical conversion of coal/biomass: a review. Fuel Process Technol 230:107221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2022.107221

Picó Y, Barceló D (2020) Pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in environmental analysis: focus on organic matter and microplastics. TrAC - Trends Anal Chem 130:115964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2020.115964

Chen W, Yu H-Q (2021) Advances in the characterization and monitoring of natural organic matter using spectroscopic approaches. Water Res 190:116759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.116759

Oasmaa A, Van De Beld B, Saari P et al (2015) Norms, standards, and legislation for fast pyrolysis bio-oils from lignocellulosic biomass. Energy and Fuels 29:2471–2484. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5b00026

Vuppaladadiyam AK, Vuppaladadiyam SSV, Awasthi A et al (2022) Biomass pyrolysis: a review on recent advancements and green hydrogen production. Bioresour Technol 364:128087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128087

Liu Z, Hughes M, Tong Y et al (2021) Enhanced energy and resource recovery via synergistic catalytic pyrolysis of byproducts from thermal processing of wastewater solids. Renew Energy 177:475–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.05.125

Bhatnagar A, Singhal A, Tolvanen H et al (2022) Effect of pretreatment and biomass blending on bio-oil and biochar quality from two-step slow pyrolysis of rice straw. Waste Manag 138:298–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2021.12.013

Ilo OP, Nkomo SL, Mkhize NM et al (2022) Optimisation of process parameters using response surface methodology to improve the liquid fraction yield from pyrolysis of water hyacinth. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29:55–89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22639-z

Guan Y, Ma Y, Zhang K et al (2015) Co-pyrolysis behaviors of energy grass and lignite. Energy Convers Manag 93:132–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2015.01.006

Liu W, Niu S, Tang H (2022) Structural characteristics of pores and fractures during lignite pyrolysis obtained from X-ray computed tomography. J Pet Sci Eng 220:111150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2022.111150

Rousset P, Aguiar C, Labbé N, Commandré JM (2011) Enhancing the combustible properties of bamboo by torrefaction. Bioresour Technol 102:8225–8231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.05.093

Wannapeera J, Fungtammasan B, Worasuwannarak N (2011) Effects of temperature and holding time during torrefaction on the pyrolysis behaviors of woody biomass. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 92:99–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2011.04.010

Fekhar B, Zsinka V, Miskolczi N (2020) Thermo-catalytic co-pyrolysis of waste plastic and paper in batch and tubular reactors for in-situ product improvement. J Environ Manage 269:110741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110741

Madhu P, Livingston TS, Kanagasabapathy H (2018) Flash pyrolysis of lemon grass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) for bio-oil production in an electrically heated fluidized bed reactor. Waste and Biomass Valorization 9:1037–1046. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-017-9872-6

Mishra RK, Mohanty K (2019) Thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of pine sawdust (Pinus ponderosa) and Gulmohar seed (Delonix regia) towards production of fuel and chemicals. Mater Sci Energy Technol 2:139–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mset.2018.12.004

Santos NAV, Magriotis ZM, Saczk AA et al (2013) Kinetic study of pyrolysis of castor beans ( Ricinuscommunis L.) Presscake : an alternative use for solid waste arising from the biodiesel production. Energy & Fuels 20:555–595

Raj T, Kapoor M, Gaur R et al (2015) Physical and chemical characterization of various indian agriculture residues for biofuels production. Energy and Fuels 29:3111–3118. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef5027373

Arias B, Pevida C, Fermoso J et al (2008) Influence of torrefaction on the grindability and reactivity of woody biomass. Fuel Process Technol 89:169–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2007.09.002

Pradhan D, No SL (2013) Bio-oil from biomass: thermal pyrolysis of Mahua seed. Int Conf Energy Effic Technol Sustain 2:487–490

Zulkafli AH, Hassan H, Ahmad MA, Din ATM (2022) Co-pyrolysis of palm kernel shell and polypropylene for the production of high-quality bio-oil: product distribution and synergistic effect. Biomass Convers Biorefinery 12:111–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-03476-z

Gayathri G, Uppuluri KB (2022) The comprehensive characterization of Prosopis juliflora pods as a potential bioenergy feedstock. Sci Rep 12:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-22482-9

Dubey S, Kumar R, KumarMondal M (2022) Pyrolysis kinetics and thermodynamics of pomegranate peel usingTG/DTG analysis. Biomass Convers Biorefinery 12:125–141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-03288-1

Kaushik VS, Dhanalakshmi CS, Madhu P, Tamilselvam P (2022) Co-pyrolysis of neem wood bark and low-density polyethylene: influence of plastic on pyrolysis product distribution and bio-oil characterization. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29:125–139. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21746-1

Bridgeman TG, Jones JM, Shield I, Williams PT (2008) Torrefaction of reed canary grass, wheat straw and willow to enhance solid fuel qualities and combustion properties. Fuel 87:844–856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2007.05.041

Kim SW, Koo BS, Ryu JW et al (2013) Bio-oil from the pyrolysis of palm and Jatropha wastes in a fluidized bed. Fuel Process Technol 108:118–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2012.05.002

Park YK, Yoo ML, Lee HW et al (2012) Effects of operation conditions on pyrolysis characteristics of agricultural residues. Renew Energy 42:125–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2011.08.050

Bharath G, Hai A, Rambabu K et al (2020) Systematic production and characterization of pyrolysis-oil from date tree wastes for bio-fuel applications. Biomass and Bioenergy 135:105523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2020.105523

Greenhalf CE, Nowakowski DJ, Harms AB et al (2013) A comparative study of straw, perennial grasses and hardwoods in terms of fast pyrolysis products. Fuel 108:216–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.01.075

Liu W-J, Tian K, Jiang H et al (2013) Preparation of liquid chemical feedstocks by co-pyrolysis of electronic waste and biomass without formation of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins. Bioresour Technol 128:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.10.160

Ruwoldt J, Toven K (2022) Alternative wood treatment with blends of linseed oil, alcohols and pyrolysis oil. J Bioresour Bioprod 7:278–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobab.2022.07.002

Kamau-Devers K, Miller SA (2022) Using a micromechanical viscoelastic creep model to capture multi-phase deterioration in bio-based wood polymer composites exposed to moisture. Constr Build Mater 314:125252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125252

Wang Z, Gao Y, Zhou Y et al (2022) Pyrolysis and combustion behaviors of densified wood. Proc Combust Inst 38:532–546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2022.08.057

Zhang M, He T, Jin B (2022) Effect of mineral additives on pyrolytic characteristics and heavy metal behavior during co-pyrolysis of industrial sludge and hyperaccumulator plant. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 169:105827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2022.105827

Wang J, Ku X, Lin J (2022) Numerical investigation of biomass pyrolysis performance in a fluidized-bed reactor by a TFM-DEM hybrid model. Chem Eng Sci 260:117922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2022.117922

Yang X, Zhang J, Zheng J et al (2022) In-situ and ex-situ catalytic pyrolysis of cellulose to produce furans over red mud-supported transition metal catalysts. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 169:105830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2022.105830

Zhong D, Zeng K, Li J et al (2022) Characteristics and evolution of heavy components in bio-oil from the pyrolysis of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 157:111989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111989

Li L, Cai D, Zhang L et al (2022) Synergistic effects during pyrolysis of binary mixtures of biomass components using microwave-assisted heating coupled with iron base tip-metal. Renew Energy 203:312–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.12.076

Amen R, Yaseen M, Mukhtar A et al (2020) Lead and cadmium removal from wastewater using eco-friendly biochar adsorbent derived from rice husk, wheat straw, and corncob. Clean Eng Technol 1:100006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clet.2020.100006

Charusiri W, Phowan N, Vitidsant T (2022) Pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass with high-density polyethylene to produce chemicals and bio-oil with high liquid yields. Sustain Chem Pharm 25:100567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scp.2021.100567

Da Cruz JER, Saldanha HC, E Freitas GRO, Morais ER (2022) A review of medicinal plants used in the Brazilian Cerrado for the treatment of fungal and bacterial infections. J Herb Med 31:100523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hermed.2021.100523

McLaughlin LP, Belmont EL (2022) Primary aerosol emissions from lignocellulosic biomass and major constituents under well-defined pyrolysis conditions. J Aerosol Sci 166:106067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2022.106067

Wang W, Lemaire R, Bensakhria A, Luart D (2022) Thermogravimetric analysis and kinetic modeling of the co-pyrolysis of a bituminous coal and poplar wood. Chinese J Chem Eng 53:667–689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjche.2022.10.015

Bajpai P (2021) Biomass conversion processes. In: Bajpai P (ed) Future Energy, 3rd edn. Elsevier Inc., Amsterdam, pp 41–151

Chen L, Yang K, Huang J et al (2022) Experimental and kinetic study on flash pyrolysis of biomass via on-line photoionization mass spectrometry. Appl Energy Combust Sci 9:100057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaecs.2022.100057

Guilhaume N, Schuurman Y, Geantet C (2021) The role of catalysis in the valorization of woody biomass fast pyrolysis liquids: overview and contribution of IRCELYON. Catal Today 373:5–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2021.03.030

Maziarka P, Anca-Couce A, Prins W, Ronsse F (2022) A meta-analysis of thermo-physical and chemical aspects in CFD modelling of pyrolysis of a single wood particle in the thermally thick regime. Chem Eng J 446:137088. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.137088

Liu H, Wang C, Zhang A (2020) Numerical simulation of the wood pyrolysis with homogenous/heterogeneous moisture using FireFOAM. Energy 201:117624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.117624

Cai L, Wang Q, Xiong Q et al (2022) Numerical simulation and multi-process coupling analysis for biomass pyrolysis fluidized bed reactor based on synergistic effects between biomass and nitrogen inlet modes. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 169:105801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2022.105801

Pietraccini M, Badu P, Tait T et al (2022) Study of flash pyrolysis and combustion of biomass powders using the Godbert-Greenwald furnace: an essential step to better understand organic dust explosions. Process Saf Environ Prot 169:458–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2022.11.041

Branca C, Colomba DB (2022) Effects of heat/mass transfer limitations and process exothermicity on the kinetic parameters of the devolatilization and oxidation reactions of wood chars. Thermochim Acta 716:179321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2022.179321

Zheng Y, Zhao J, Xu F, Li Y (2014) Pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for enhanced biogas production. Prog Energy Combust Sci 42:35–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2014.01.001

Zha Z, Wu K, Ge Z et al (2022) Effect of oxygen on thermal behaviors and kinetic characteristics of biomass during slow and flash pyrolysis processes. Combust Flame 247:112481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2022.112481

He J, Strezov V, Zhou X et al (2020) Pyrolysis of heavy metal contaminated biomass pre-treated with ferric salts: product characterisation and heavy metal deportment. Bioresour Technol 313:123641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123641

Xue A, Pan J, Tian M (2013) Experimental study of impact of biomass pellet size on the pyrolysis products. Adv Mater Res 641–642:756–759. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.641-642.756

Karkania V, Fanara E, Zabaniotou A (2012) Review of sustainable biomass pellets production — a study for agricultural residues pellets’ market in Greece. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 16:1426–1436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.11.028

Kumar P, Subbarao PMV, Kala L, Vijay VK (2022) Influence of physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of biomass pellets from agriculture residue: Pearl millet cob and mix. Bioresour Technol Reports 20:101278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2022.101278

Chu G, Wang W, Zhao J, Zhou D (2022) Transformation of phosphorus species during phosphoric acid-assisted pyrolysis of lignocellulose. Sci Total Environ 865:161010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161010

Kalel RA, Gaikwad DS (2022) Cooperative catalysis: condensation-aromatization for synthesis of 2-(4-nitrophenyl)-1H-benzimidazole by silica immobilized Brønsted-Lewis acidic ionic liquid (Si-BLAIL). J Indian Chem Soc 99:100550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jics.2022.100550

Khachatrian AA, Solomonov BN (2022) The comparative analysis of solvation thermochemistry of organic non-electrolytes in ionic liquids and molecular solvents. J Mol Liq 368:120765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120765

Singh S, Kumar A, Sivakumar N, Verma JP (2022) Deconstruction of lignocellulosic biomass for bioethanol production: recent advances and future prospects. Fuel 327:125109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.125109

Fernández-Rodríguez J, de Diego-Díaz B, Tapia-Martín ME (2021) Biomethanization of agricultural lignocellulosic wastes: pretreatments. In: Tyagi V, Aboudi K (eds) Clean Energy and Resources Recovery, 2nd edn. Elsevier Inc., Amsterdam, pp 155–202

Muranaka Y, Suzuki T, Sawanishi H et al (2014) Effective production of levulinic acid from biomass through pretreatment using phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, or ionic liquid. Ind Eng Chem Res 53:11611–11621. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie501811x

Gao J, Chen L, Yuan K et al (2013) Ionic liquid pretreatment to enhance the anaerobic digestion of lignocellulosic biomass. Bioresour Technol 150:352–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.10.026

Zhang J, Feng L, Wang D et al (2014) Thermogravimetric analysis of lignocellulosic biomass with ionic liquid pretreatment. Bioresour Technol 153:379–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.12.004

Wincy WB, Edwin M, Sekhar SJ (2022) Optimization of process parameters to implement biomass gasifier for drying high moisture paddy in reversible flatbed dryer. Energy 249:123771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.123771

Niu M, Xie J, Liang S et al (2021) Simulation of a new biomass integrated gasification combined cycle (BIGCC) power generation system using Aspen Plus: Performance analysis and energetic assessment. Int J Hydrogen Energy 46:22356–22367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.04.076

Mauro C, Rentizelas AA, Chinese D (2018) International vs. domestic bioenergy supply chains for co-firing plants: the role of pre-treatment technologies. Renew Energy 119:712–730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.12.034

Cheng F, Bayat H, Jena U, Brewer CE (2020) Impact of feedstock composition on pyrolysis of low-cost, protein- and lignin-rich biomass: a review. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 147:104780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2020.104780

Boateng AA, Mullen CA (2013) Fast pyrolysis of biomass thermally pretreated by torrefaction. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 100:95–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2012.12.002

Carvalheiro F, Duarte LC, Gírio F, Moniz P (2016) Hydrothermal/liquid hot water pretreatment (autohydrolysis): a multipurpose process for biomass upgrading. In: Mussatto SI (ed) Biomass fractionation technologies for a lignocellulosic feedstock based biorefinery, 1st edn. Elsevier Inc., Amsterdam, pp 315–347

Bundhoo ZMA, Mudhoo A, Mohee R (2013) Promising unconventional pretreatments for lignocellulosic biomass. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 43:2140–2211. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2012.672070

Canales-Flores RA, Prieto-García F (2020) Taguchi optimization for production of activated carbon from phosphoric acid impregnated agricultural waste by microwave heating for the removal of methylene blue. Diam Relat Mater 109:108027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2020.108027

Su G, Ong HC, Cheah MY et al (2022) Microwave-assisted pyrolysis technology for bioenergy recovery: mechanism, performance, and prospect. Fuel 326:124983. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.124983

Potnuri R, Suriapparao DV, Sankar Rao C et al (2022) Effect of dry torrefaction pretreatment of the microwave-assisted catalytic pyrolysis of biomass using the machine learning approach. Renew Energy 197:798–809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.08.006

Yu Y, Zeng Y, Zuo J et al (2013) Improving the conversion of biomass in catalytic fast pyrolysis via white-rot fungal pretreatment. Bioresour Technol 134:198–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.01.167

Lou R, Wu S (2011) Products properties from fast pyrolysis of enzymatic/mild acidolysis lignin. Appl Energy 88:316–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.06.028

Patel M, Oyedun AO, Kumar A, Gupta R (2019) A techno-economic assessment of renewable diesel and gasoline production from aspen hardwood. Waste and Biomass Valorization 10:2745–2760. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-018-0359-x

Shahbaz M, AlNouss A, Parthasarathy P et al (2022) Investigation of biomass components on the slow pyrolysis products yield using Aspen Plus for techno-economic analysis. Biomass Convers Biorefinery 12:669–681. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-020-01040-1

Brown TR, Thilakaratne R, Brown RC, Hu G (2013) Techno-economic analysis of biomass to transportation fuels and electricity via fast pyrolysis and hydroprocessing. Fuel 106:463–469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2012.11.029

Shabangu S, Woolf D, Fisher EM et al (2014) Techno-economic assessment of biomass slow pyrolysis into different biochar and methanol concepts. Fuel 117:742–748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.08.053

Khan SR, Ciolkosz D, Vasco-Correa J, Zeeshan M (2022) A techno-economic study to evaluate the impacts of feedstock ratio on commercial scale co-pyrolysis plants of biomass and waste tire. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 167:105699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2022.105699

Jaroenkhasemmeesuk C, Tippayawong N (2015) Technical and economic analysis of a biomass pyrolysis plant. Energy Procedia 79:950–955. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.11.592

Oudenhoven SRG, van der Ham AGJ, van den Berg H et al (2016) Using pyrolytic acid leaching as a pretreatment step in a biomass fast pyrolysis plant: process design and economic evaluation. Biomass and Bioenergy 95:388–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2016.07.003

Shemfe MB, Gu S, Ranganathan P (2015) Techno-economic performance analysis of biofuel production and miniature electric power generation from biomass fast pyrolysis and bio-oil upgrading. Fuel 143:361–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2014.11.078

Suiuay C, Sudajan S, Katekaew S et al (2019) Production of gasoline-like-fuel and diesel-like-fuel from hard-resin of Yang (Dipterocarpus alatus) using a fast pyrolysis process. Energy 187:115967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.115967

Wang W-C, Jan J-J (2018) From laboratory to pilot: design concept and techno-economic analyses of the fluidized bed fast pyrolysis of biomass. Energy 155:139–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.05.012

Hadiya V, Popat K, Vyas S et al (2022) Biochar production with amelioration of microwave-assisted pyrolysis: current scenario, drawbacks and perspectives. Bioresour Technol 355:127303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127303

Download references

Author information

Authors and affiliations.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SRM University AP, Amaravati, 522503, India

Debashish Gogoi, Manjesh Kumar & Yella Gruha Lakshmi

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Manjesh Kumar .

Ethics declarations

Competing interests.

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s note.

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Gogoi, D., Kumar, M. & Lakshmi, Y.G. A Comprehensive Review on “Pyrolysis” for Energy Recovery. Bioenerg. Res. 16 , 1417–1437 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-023-10568-9

Download citation

Received : 11 July 2022

Accepted : 06 January 2023

Published : 14 January 2023

Issue Date : September 2023

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-023-10568-9

Share this article

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

• Energy recovery
• Techno-economic analyses
• Find a journal
• Publish with us
• Track your research

Read our research on: Gun Policy | International Conflict | Election 2024

Regions & Countries

How u.s. jews are experiencing the israel-hamas war.

Related: How U.S. Muslims are experiencing the Israel-Hamas war

American Jews report feeling a host of emotions – including sadness, anger, exhaustion and fear – in reaction to the Oct. 7 Hamas attack on Israel and the ensuing Israeli invasion of Gaza. Nine-in-ten say they think discrimination against Jews has risen in the United States since the Israel-Hamas war began. And three-quarters say they have felt personally offended by something they’ve seen in the news or on social media about the war .

But not all Jewish Americans are experiencing the conflict the same way. The survey, conducted Feb. 13-25, finds that younger and older Jews often view the war differently, mirroring patterns in the broader U.S. public. In both groups, younger adults tend to express much more negative attitudes toward Israel than older Americans do. U.S. Jews also differ by age when it comes to the level of connection they feel with Israel, as we found in our 2020 survey of Jewish Americans .

Pew Research Center conducted this survey to explore Americans’ views on the Israel-Hamas war, including what role the United States should play in the conflict. We surveyed a total of 12,693 U.S. adults from Feb. 13 to 25, 2024. Most of the respondents (10,642) are members of Pew Research Center’s American Trends Panel, an online survey panel recruited through national random sampling of residential addresses, which gives nearly all U.S. adults a chance of selection.

The remaining 2,051 respondents are members of three other survey panels – Ipsos’ KnowledgePanel, SSRS’s Opinion Panel, and NORC at the University of Chicago’s AmeriSpeak Panel – who were interviewed because they identify as Jewish or Muslim.

We “oversampled” (i.e., interviewed a disproportionately large number of) Jews and Muslims to provide more reliable estimates of their views on the topics covered in this survey. But these groups are not overrepresented in the national estimates reported here, because we adjusted for the oversampling in the weighting of the data. The survey is weighted to be representative of the U.S. adult population by gender, race, ethnicity, partisan affiliation, education, religious affiliation and other categories. In total, 1,941 Jewish and 414 Muslim respondents participated in this survey.

While the sample design was identical for Jews and Muslims, the resulting sample sizes are different. There are two main reasons for this. The Jewish population in the United States is roughly double the size of the Muslim population . Consequently, national survey panels have roughly twice as many or more Jewish panelists as Muslim ones. In addition, decades of research on survey nonresponse has shown that some groups in the U.S. are more likely to participate in surveys than others. Generally speaking, Jewish adults are more likely to participate in surveys than Muslim adults.

The survey also included questions about where people were born and whether people identify as Arab or of Arab origin. Because of insufficient sample size, we are unable to analyze Arab Americans or Americans of Israeli or Palestinian descent separately.

In this survey, Jews and Muslims are defined as U.S. adults who answer a question about their current religion by saying they are Jewish or Muslim, respectively. Unlike our 2020 report on Jews in America , this report does not separately analyze the views of “Jews of no religion” (i.e., people who identify as Jewish culturally, ethnically or by family background but not by religion).

For more information on how we conducted this survey, refer to the  ATP’s Methodology  and the  Methodology  for this analysis. Here are the questions on views and knowledge of the Israel-Hamas war  used in this analysis, and on  perceptions of discrimination since the war began .

How and why the war is being fought

An overwhelming majority of Jewish American adults (93%) say that the way Hamas carried out its Oct. 7 attack was unacceptable.

But Jewish adults under 35 are divided over Israel’s military response: 52% say the way Israel has carried out the war has been acceptable, while 42% call it unacceptable, and 6% are unsure. Jews ages 50 and older are far more likely to say Israel’s conduct of the war has been acceptable (68%).

As for why the war is being fought in the first place, 77% of Jewish adults – including a majority in every age group – say Hamas’ reasons for fighting Israel are not valid. But Jewish adults under 35 are more likely than older Jews to say that Hamas’ reasons for fighting are valid: 31% of younger Jews take this position, compared with about one-in-ten of those ages 35 and older.

By comparison, 89% of Jewish Americans say Israel’s reasons for fighting Hamas are valid – far more than the 58% of all U.S. adults who say this . Younger Jews are less likely than their older counterparts to say Israel’s reasons for fighting Hamas are valid, though about eight-in-ten or more in every age group say this.

Views of the people and leadership involved in the war

Around nine-in-ten U.S. Jews (89%) express a favorable view of the Israeli people, and 54% have a favorable view of the Israeli government. Jews are far more likely than the broader U.S. public to have a favorable view of the Israeli people (89% vs. 64%) and are also more likely than Americans overall to express a favorable opinion of Israel’s government (54% vs. 41%).

Four-in-ten American Jews have a favorable view of the Palestinian people – somewhat lower than the 50% of Americans overall who say the same. Very few Jewish Americans have a favorable opinion of Hamas, which has controlled Gaza, or the Palestinian Authority, which controls the West Bank (3% and 12%, respectively).

Jewish Americans are divided by party in their views of the Israeli government. Jews who identify as Republicans or lean toward the Republican Party are about twice as likely as Jews who identify as Democrats or lean Democratic to say they have a favorable view of the Israeli government (85% vs. 41%). (Among Jews, 68% identify with or lean toward the Democratic Party and 29% identify with or lean toward the Republican Party.) On the other hand, Jewish Democrats are more likely than Jewish Republicans to say they have a favorable view of the Palestinian people (52% vs. 20%) and the Palestinian Authority (14% vs. 9%).

Jewish Americans also differ by age in their views of the people and leadership involved in the conflict. Compared with older U.S. Jews, younger Jews express less favorable attitudes toward the Israeli people and more favorable views of the Palestinian people. Younger Jews also hold somewhat more positive views of the Palestinian Authority.

When it comes to the Israeli government, there are age differences among Jewish Americans, as there are among American overall . For example, 45% of Jews under 35 have a favorable view of the Israeli government, while 53% have an unfavorable view. Jews ages 50 to 64 are the only age group in which a majority express a favorable opinion of the Israeli government (64%).

What role should the U.S. play in the conflict?

Most American Jews say the U.S. should play at least a minor role in diplomatically resolving the Israel-Hamas war. Majorities also favor providing military aid to Israel (74%) and humanitarian aid to Palestinian civilians in Gaza (61%). On all these questions, Jews tend to be more likely than U.S. adults as a whole to favor U.S. involvement .

Older Jews are more likely than their younger counterparts to say the U.S. should play a major diplomatic role in resolving the war: 54% of Jewish Americans ages 65 and older say this, compared with 33% of those ages 18 to 34. Older Jews are also more likely to favor the U.S. providing military aid to Israel to help in its war against Hamas (82% of those 50 and older vs. 61% of those 18 to 34).

When it comes to how U.S. President Joe Biden is handling the conflict, relatively few Jewish adults under 50 (35%) say he is striking the right balance between Israelis and Palestinians. By comparison, 53% of Jews ages 50 and older say Biden is striking the right balance.

Discrimination, taking personal offense at speech or news about the Israel-Hamas war

An overwhelming majority of Jewish Americans (94%) say there is at least some discrimination against Jews in America, including 72% who say there is a lot . Among Americans overall, a large majority (82%) also perceive at least some discrimination against American Jews.

Jewish Republicans and Democrats tend to perceive discrimination differently. Jewish Republicans are far less likely than Jewish Democrats to say that some groups – such as Muslims, Black people or Arab people – face a lot of discrimination in the U.S. today. Jewish Republicans are also far less likely than Jewish Democrats to say discrimination against Muslims and Arabs has increased since the start of the Israel-Hamas war.

Meanwhile, about three-quarters of U.S. Jews (74%) say they have felt offended because of something they saw on the news or social media about the Israel-Hamas war, and half have been offended by something someone has said around them about the war. A quarter say they have stopped talking to someone in person – or unfollowed or blocked someone online – because of that person’s comments about the conflict. Jews are far more likely than the U.S. public overall to say they have felt offended or stopped talking with someone under these circumstances .

Younger Jews are especially likely to say they have felt offended, both by something they saw on social media or by something that was said around them. Six-in-ten Jewish Americans ages 18 to 34 say they have been offended by both (62%), while half or fewer among older age groups say the same.

Similarly, 47% of Jewish adults under the age of 35 say they have stopped talking to someone in person or online because of something that person said about the war. Jews ages 65 and older are the least likely to have done this (11%).

Sign up for our weekly newsletter

Fresh data delivered Saturday mornings

Rising Numbers of Americans Say Jews and Muslims Face a Lot of Discrimination

How u.s. muslims are experiencing the israel-hamas war, striking findings from 2023, americans’ views of the israel-hamas war, most popular.

About Pew Research Center Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. It is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts .

• Election 2024
• Entertainment
• Newsletters
• Photography
• Personal Finance
• AP Investigations
• AP Buyline Personal Finance
• Press Releases
• Israel-Hamas War
• Russia-Ukraine War
• Global elections
• Asia Pacific
• Latin America
• Middle East
• Election Results
• Delegate Tracker
• AP & Elections
• March Madness
• AP Top 25 Poll
• Movie reviews
• Book reviews
• Personal finance
• Financial Markets
• Business Highlights
• Financial wellness
• Artificial Intelligence
• Social Media

East Coast earthquakes aren’t common, but they are felt by millions. Here’s what to know

Worried New York workers left their office buildings and residents reported feeling the ground move after a 4.8 earthquake hits the Northeast.

A display shows the news about an earthquake in New York City at News Corp Headquarters, Friday, April 5, 2024, in New York. An earthquake centered between New York and Philadelphia shook skyscrapers and suburbs across the northeastern U.S. Friday, causing no major damage but startling millions of people in an area unaccustomed to such tremors. (AP Photo/Yuki Iwamura)

• Copy Link copied

DALLAS (AP) — East Coast residents were jolted Friday by a 4.8-magnitude earthquake centered near Lebanon, New Jersey, with weak rumblings felt as far away as Baltimore and the Massachusetts-New Hampshire border. No life-threatening injuries or major damage have been reported.

Here’s what to know about earthquakes on the East Coast.

How are earthquakes measured?

The Richter scale, developed by Charles F. Richter in the 1930s, is no longer widely used. According to the U.S. Geological Survey, as more seismograph stations were installed worldwide to calculate the size of an earthquake, Richter’s method was valid only for certain distance and frequency ranges.

Seismometers are instruments used to record the ground’s motion. Magnitudes are measures of an earthquake’s size. They range from 2.5 or less, which are usually not felt, to 8.0 or higher, which can cause great damage.

How often do New York City and the East Coast get earthquakes?

Earthquakes large enough to be felt by a lot of people are relatively uncommon on the East Coast. Since 1950 there have been about 20 quakes with a magnitude above 4.5, according to the United States Geological Survey. That’s compared with over 1,000 on the West Coast.

That said, East Coast quakes like the one experienced Friday do happen.

“There’s a history of similar-sized earthquakes in the New York region over the last few hundred years,” said Jessica Thompson Jobe from the USGS’ Earthquake Hazards Program.

When was the last big East Coast quake?

In 2011, a 5.8 magnitude earthquake near Mineral, Virginia, shook East Coast residents over a wide swath from Georgia to Maine and even southeastern Canada. The USGS called it one of the most widely felt quakes in North American history.

The quake cost $200 to $300 million in property damages, including to the Washington Monument in Washington, D.C.

What’s the difference between East and West Coast quakes?

The West Coast lies on a boundary where sections of Earth’s crust rub together, causing stress and slippage along fault lines that generate earthquakes relatively often.

East Coast quakes like Friday’s are caused by compression over time of hard, brittle rock deep underground, according to Robert Thorson, an earth sciences professor at the University of Connecticut. “It’s like having a big block of ice in a vise and you are just slowly cranking up the vise,” he said. “Eventually, you’re going to get some crackling on it.”

These East Coast quakes can be harder to pinpoint. And they tend to affect a broader area. That’s because colder, harder East Coast rocks are better at spreading the rattling energy from an earthquake.

The distribution of cities across the East Coast also means that more people are around to experience the effects of a quake.

“We also have population centers over a large part of the northeast,” said Leslie Sonder, a geophysicist at Dartmouth College, “So a lot of people around here feel the earthquake.”

How do you stay safe during a quake?

USGS experts say there is a risk of aftershocks for weeks to months, which are expected after any earthquake. They recommend paying attention to emergency messaging from local officials.

To keep safe from shakes while sleeping, remove any furniture or objects that could fall and injure you or others.

If you feel shaking, drop where you are. Cover your head and neck with one arm, crawl under a table for shelter and hold on. If there’s no shelter nearby, grasp your head and neck with both hands until the shaking stops.

AP writers John Raby in Charleston, West Virginia, and Pat Eaton-Robb in Storrs, Connecticut, contributed to this report.

The Associated Press Health and Science Department receives support from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Science and Educational Media Group. The AP is solely responsible for all content.