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Advanced Placement (AP)

It's hard to know where to start with your AP US History review. It's one of the tougher APs based on the thinking skills it requires and the amount of content it covers. You can't just read over your notes and expect to get a high score on the final exam in May.

In this guide, we give you a basic outline of what's on the AP US History exam, provide study tips, and lay out a step-by-step prep plan that you can customize to your needs .

What's the Format of the AP US History Exam?

First off, you should know the basics of what you're dealing with on this test. The total length of the AP US History exam is three hours and 15 minutes , so it's on the longer side compared to other AP tests. Format-wise, it has two sections , which are each further divided into two parts (A and B).

Here's a brief layout of the timing and significance of each major part of the AP US History exam:

Section 1: Multiple Choice and Short Answer

Section 1 of the AP US History test consists of a multiple-choice portion (Part A) and a short-answer portion (Part B). The section is one hour and 35 minutes long and counts for 60% of your final AP score.

On Part A, you'll have 55 minutes to answer 55 multiple-choice questions; this gives you a pace of about a minute per question . This part counts for 40% of your score , making it one of the most important portions of the APUSH exam.

Each question comes with four possible answer choices (labeled A-D). Questions typically come in sets of three to four and are accompanied by a source, such as a historical text, a graph, or a map.

On Part B, you'll have 40 minutes to answer three short-answer questions, giving you around 13 minutes per question . The portion is worth 20% of your overall score .

Although you'll see four questions on this part, you only need to respond to three in total (you will have to choose between prompts 3 and 4). Here's what to expect with each question:

• Prompt 1: Focuses on the years 1754-1980 and comes with one to two secondary sources
• Prompt 2: Focuses on the years 1754-1980 and comes with one primary source
• Prompt 3 (choose one) : Focuses on the years 1491-1877 and comes with no source
• Prompt 4 (choose one) : Focuses on the years 1865-2001 and comes with no source

Section 2: Free Response (Document-Based Question and Long Essay)

Section 2 of the AP US History exam is the free-response section, meaning you will have to write out your answers in an essay format . Part A is the Document-Based Question, or DBQ, and Part B is the Long Essay. Altogether, this section is one hour and 40 minutes long and counts for 40% of your AP score.

On Part A, you must answer one DBQ by writing an essay that synthesizes at least six of the seven historical documents you've been given. You'll have a total of 60 minutes for this part: 15 minutes to read through the documents and 45 minutes to write your response. It counts for 25% of your AP score .

On Part B, you'll have 40 minutes to write a Long Essay in response to one of three prompts (you choose which prompt you want to answer). This section counts for 15% of your final score . Each essay prompt focuses on a different time period in American history:

• Essay Prompt 1: 1491-1800
• Essay Prompt 2: 1800-1898
• Essay Prompt 3: 1890-2001

What Do Questions Look Like on the AP US History Exam?

In this section, I'll give a brief overview of each type of question you can expect to see on the AP US History exam. It's important to understand the different formats and point distributions before diving into your review of the course content. Doing this allows you to tailor your AP US History review to the actual requirements of the test!

Multiple-Choice Sample Question

Multiple choice questions always ask you to apply your knowledge of US History in the context of a historical document. These documents could include images or pieces of writing, and three to four questions are asked about each one.

Here's an example of a multiple-choice question from the 2017-18 APUSH Exam Description :

The passage here mentions that Whitefield came over to the British colonies from Ireland and became an immensely popular itinerant preacher . This suggests that religious culture was shaped by choice C ("trans-Atlantic exchanges").

Although some of the other choices aren't completely invalid if you just looked at the question without the excerpt, the evidence provided therein leads us directly to choice C . This question shows how important it is to read very carefully on the AP US History test!

Short-Answer Sample Question

In addition to 55 multiple-choice questions, you'll get three short-answer questions on the first part of the AP US History test . These are multi-part questions that can be answered in just a few sentences. They usually rely on written excerpts or other types of historical documents, just as the multiple-choice questions do.

While APUSH short-answer questions won't ask you to do much writing, they do test your ability to understand what's going on in the source material and how it ties into your knowledge of US history.

Here's an example of a short-answer question from the 2019-20 AP Course and Exam Description :

As you can see, this short-answer question comes with two secondary sources. You must answer all three parts (A, B, and C) correctly to earn full credit for this question.

Below are sample responses that would get full points (taken from the official scoring guidelines ).

(A) Sample Answers

• Peiss argues that pursuits of entertainment in dance halls by working class women created new, legitimate social spaces for women, however Enstand argues that working women's participation in labor politics gave them a new voice and place in the public sphere.
• Peiss links the growth of women in public social life to a commercial culture that provided opportunities for women to enter the public sphere while Enstand argues that women became political actors who demanded a public voice.

(B) Sample Answers

• Like the dance halls, department stores and amusement parks became aspects of the commercial culture that represented new opportunities for women to enjoy public places as legitimate participants.
• The concept of the New Woman became a cultural phenomenon, as the older idea of separate spheres diminished. The idea of the New Woman supported a more public role for women in the early 1900s.
• The growth of cities and urban America gave young women more opportunities to leave rural America and participate in the developments described by Peiss.
• New technologies such as electric lighting made possible new public spaces for personal freedom for women.

(C) Sample Answers

• Women's participation in the suffrage movement, settlement house work, temperance organizing, and the Progressive movement all contributed to modern attitudes about women and increased their roles in the public sphere.
• The ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution gave women the vote and a voice in politics.
• Women were the main participants in the New York shirtwaist strike of 1909. During this strike women made public demands like those described by Enstad.
• Women organized or participated in labor unions such as the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (ILGWU) which is an example of their growing voice in the public sphere.
• Working-class women had key public roles in the successful Lawrence (Massachusetts) textile strike of 1912, this demonstrates that women became active political voices through labor movements.

Sample Document-Based Question

The Document-Based Question might be the most intimidating part of the AP US History exam. It's worth 25% of your score and requires the synthesis of a bunch of information presented in different formats to create a coherent argument. These are the directions you'll see on the test, along with a sample prompt and document (from the 2019-20 Course and Exam Description ):

You can earn up to 7 raw points on your DBQ response. Here's how those points are doled out, according to the scoring guidelines :

If you want more help with this tricky question, check out these resources for more DBQ examples to use in your AP US History review.

Long Essay Sample Question

You'll get to choose from among three prompts for the Long Essay. Here's a sample question (with instructions) from the 2019-20 Course Description :

You can earn up to 6 points , which are awarded as follows, per the official scoring guidelines :

What Does the AP US History Exam Cover?

AP US History is divided into nine units, or time periods , each of which makes up a designated percentage of the course material and instructional time. Here's how much of the exam each unit takes up:

Source: 2019-20 AP US History Course and Exam Description

These time periods are connected by eight overarching themes. I'll list these themes followed by their descriptions as written in the 2019-20 Course Description . After you learn the who, what, and where of historical events, you should be able to connect them to one (or more likely several) of these broader concepts.

Theme 1: American and National Identity

Focuses on how and why definitions of American and national identity and values have developed among the diverse and changing population of North America as well as on related topics, such as citizenship, constitutionalism, foreign policy, assimilation, and American exceptionalism.

Theme 2: Work, Exchange, and Technology

Focuses on the factors behind the development of systems of economic exchange, particularly the role of technology, economic markets, and government.

Theme 3: Geography and the Environment

Focuses on the role of geography and both the natural and human-made environments in the social and political developments in what would become the United States.

Theme 4: Migration and Settlement

Focuses on why and how the various people who moved to and within the United States both adapted to and transformed their new social and physical environments.

Theme 5: Politics and Power

Focuses on how different social and political groups have influenced society and government in the United States as well as how political beliefs and institutions have changed over time.

Theme 6: America in the World

Focuses on the interactions between nations that affected North American history in the colonial period and on the influence of the United States on world affairs.

Theme 7: American and Regional Culture

Focuses on the how and why national, regional, and group cultures developed and changed as well as how culture has shaped government policy and the economy.

Theme 8: Social Structures

Focuses on how and why systems of social organization develop and change as well as the impact that these systems have on the broader society.

AP US History Review: 3 Essential Study Tips

Before I lay out the template for your AP US History study plan, here are a few tips to keep in mind as you go along. By adopting the right strategies, your AP scores will improve much more quickly!

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#1: Connect Facts to Major Themes

Studying history just means committing a bunch of names and dates to memory, right? Wrong!

Questions on the AP US History exam (and if you have a good teacher, most of your smaller tests in class), will ask you to combine general historical knowledge with an understanding of larger trends . The facts and approximate dates are relevant, but only to the extent that they can provide insight into your analysis of historical patterns and themes.

If you study the facts in isolation, you'll be lost on the test , especially when you get to the free-response questions. As you prepare for the exam, take note of the major themes and think about how you might weave them into a discussion of the era as a whole.

#2: Practice Analyzing Historical Writings and Documents

Almost every question on the AP US History exam will ask you to read a historical document or analyze a politically charged image. It's important that you're able to interpret these sources both quickly and accurately. Look in your textbook or online for examples of historical texts and practice analyzing the authors' claims.

Which of the themes of the course are relevant? What else was happening at the time that might have influenced the writing or illustration? Is the individual addressing a certain audience, and is their point of view biased? Asking yourself these types of questions will help prepare you for the way you're required to think about historical documents on the final exam.

#3: Write Essay Outlines

You should be a pro at writing essay outlines well before you take the AP US History test. If you can write a strong outline that uses evidence correctly and relates the supporting points back to the thesis, that's more than half the battle.

The College Board website offers a bunch of old free-response questions that students can use for free for review purposes.

Practice writing a thesis-driven outline in five to 10 minutes for each essay question. If you have time, you should also practice writing out the final draft while staying within the time constraints of the real AP test.

How to Study for AP US History: 6-Step Guide

In this section, I'll lay out the standard structure of an effective AP US History review plan . The most important takeaway from this study plan is that you need to understand all your mistakes on practice tests so that you can avoid these same issues on the real APUSH exam.

Step 1: Take a Full-Length Practice Test

Time: 3.5 hours

The first step in the study process is to take a full practice test for AP US History so you can see how well you perform before doing any prep . Make sure that you adhere to the time constraints on the real exam so you can figure out whether you need to work on your pacing (especially on the free-response section).

You should also circle any questions for which you aren't 100% sure of the answer so that you can revisit them later, even if you happen to guess them correctly.

Step 2: Score Your Practice Test Test and Set a Goal

Time: 1 hour

After you finish your US History practice test, calculate your score to see how much you need to improve before test day . This can be a little tough for AP US History because the scoring for free-response questions is less clear-cut; however, you should be able to determine a rough estimate of how many points you would get on each free-response question by referring to the official scoring guidelines .

You can use this online calculator to find your AP score (on the 1-5 scale) after you tally up all your raw points. Don't forget that points are not subtracted for incorrect multiple-choice answers .

Once you figure out where you currently fall in the AP score range , you can work on creating a study plan based on how much you hope to improve . Set realistic goals for yourself considering how much time you have before the test and how many hours of studying you can fit into your schedule.

I think that everyone who takes an AP class is capable of earning a 5—a perfect AP score —with enough studying. But if you're in the 2 range and you only have a couple of weeks before the test, a reasonable goal could be to earn a passing score (3+) . If you have a couple of months , you might aim even higher.

If you start off in the 4 range, you should be able to boost your score up to a 5 within a month or so. Of course, this all depends on how many hours of studying you can afford to put into this one exam. Ideally, each time you go through the steps of this AP US History study process, your score will improve by anywhere from a half to a whole AP point.

If you're already on the lower end of the 5 range, you might only need to go through the rest of this study process once to get yourself up to speed. On the other hand, if you're in the 3 range and aiming for a 5, you should plan to repeat these steps multiple times to reach your goals.

Step 3: Analyze Your Mistakes

The third step is to analyze your mistakes on your practice test. What information did you forget? Which eras or aspects of US History confused you the most? Figure out which topics were most challenging for you by cataloging your mistakes and making a list of all the areas with which you struggled. Once you have this list of problem areas, you can execute a more focused, efficient review of the concepts that need the most work.

Don't ignore the free-response section during this process. If you had trouble formulating a coherent argument related to a particular course theme, you should use some of your prep time to work on gaining a deeper understanding of that concept.

Step 4: Fix Gaps in Your Content Knowledge

Time: 2 hours

When you finish analyzing your mistakes, you can go into your APUSH notes or review book and revisit any content that was an issue for you on the practice test . It's important to solidify your background knowledge before practicing analysis skills so that you can have a strong basis for your arguments and opinions.

This stage is also when a review book might come in handy. All the content is organized much more clearly than it might be in your worn-out notebook. You can check out this list of the best review books for AP US History if you want more advice on which one to get.

Step 5: Practice Relevant Questions

After gaining the necessary background knowledge in US history, you can start answering some questions to prepare for your next full practice test. This step should alert you to any skill areas that you still need to practice or content that you didn't fully memorize in your first content review. Try to find questions that require some analysis in addition to factual recall so you can test both your background knowledge and your mastery of higher-level thought processes.

In our expert AP US History study guide , I include a list of online resources you can use for practice questions. These will be helpful for this stage of the process because you're addressing specific time periods or themes that gave you trouble on the first test.

Most online resources have mini quizzes that pertain to different units in the course , so you can pick and choose which types of questions you want to practice. This is also when you can practice writing the essay outlines mentioned in the tips section above.

Step 6: Take and Score a Second Practice Test

Once you're satisfied that you have a better understanding of everything you missed on the first AP US History practice test, take another practice test to see how far you've come.

If you see significant improvement, you might be able to stop here. Of course, that depends on what your goals are and what your score was like on your first practice test. You can always repeat these steps to improve even more!

If your scores haven't improved, look back at how you conducted the process and make sure that you weren't "studying" by simply skimming over information without really understanding or absorbing it.

You should also only study in an environment where you can focus without any interruptions or distractions. Sometimes this might mean abandoning group study sessions for independent work!

Recap: Getting the Most Out of Your AP US History Review

Although AP US History is a notoriously challenging class , reviewing the material before the big test doesn't have to be traumatic. Most questions will ask you to analyze historical documents and record your insights. This AP test is less about knowing every single little thing that's happened in American history and more about understanding the eight course themes and how they're intertwined with the progression of events.

Here are three tips to keep in mind as you study for AP US History:

• Connect facts to major themes
• Practice analyzing historical documents
• Write essay outlines

Your AP US History review plan should (roughly) follow these six steps:

#1: Take a full-length (and timed!) practice test #2: Score your practice test and set a goal #3: Analyze your mistakes #4: Fix gaps in your content knowledge #5: Practice relevant questions #6: Take and score a second practice test

You can repeat the steps as many times as necessary to achieve your score goal. Use official and high-quality APUSH practice tests to keep checking in with yourself as you review to ensure that you're making steady improvements!

What's Next?

Looking for more APUSH prep guides? We go over how to write a DBQ , where to find AP US History practice tests , and which AP US History notes are the best to use .

Still trying to plan out the rest of your class schedule for next year? Our guide will help you decide which AP classes to take based on your goals .

What will you get out of a high AP score? Take a look at this guide to learn how AP credit works in college .

Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Samantha is a blog content writer for PrepScholar. Her goal is to help students adopt a less stressful view of standardized testing and other academic challenges through her articles. Samantha is also passionate about art and graduated with honors from Dartmouth College as a Studio Art major in 2014. In high school, she earned a 2400 on the SAT, 5's on all seven of her AP tests, and was named a National Merit Scholar.

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AP®︎/College US History

Course: ap®︎/college us history   >   unit 10.

• AP US History periods and themes
• AP US History multiple choice example 1
• AP US History multiple choice example 2
• AP US History short answer example 1
• AP US History short answer example 2

AP US History DBQ example 1

• AP US History DBQ example 2
• AP US History DBQ example 3
• AP US History DBQ example 4
• AP US History long essay example 1
• AP US History long essay example 2
• AP US History long essay example 3
• Preparing for the AP US History Exam (5/4/2016)
• AP US History Exam Prep Session (5/1/2017)

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Video transcript

How to write an introduction for a history essay

Every essay needs to begin with an introductory paragraph. It needs to be the first paragraph the marker reads.

While your introduction paragraph might be the first of the paragraphs you write, this is not the only way to do it.

You can choose to write your introduction after you have written the rest of your essay.

This way, you will know what you have argued, and this might make writing the introduction easier.

Either approach is fine. If you do write your introduction first, ensure that you go back and refine it once you have completed your essay. 

What is an ‘introduction paragraph’?

An introductory paragraph is a single paragraph at the start of your essay that prepares your reader for the argument you are going to make in your body paragraphs .

It should provide all of the necessary historical information about your topic and clearly state your argument so that by the end of the paragraph, the marker knows how you are going to structure the rest of your essay.

In general, you should never use quotes from sources in your introduction.

Introduction paragraph structure

While your introduction paragraph does not have to be as long as your body paragraphs , it does have a specific purpose, which you must fulfil.

A well-written introduction paragraph has the following four-part structure (summarised by the acronym BHES).

B – Background sentences

H – Hypothesis

E – Elaboration sentences

S - Signpost sentence

Each of these elements are explained in further detail, with examples, below:

1. Background sentences

The first two or three sentences of your introduction should provide a general introduction to the historical topic which your essay is about. This is done so that when you state your hypothesis , your reader understands the specific point you are arguing about.

Background sentences explain the important historical period, dates, people, places, events and concepts that will be mentioned later in your essay. This information should be drawn from your background research . 

Example background sentences:

Middle Ages (Year 8 Level)

Castles were an important component of Medieval Britain from the time of the Norman conquest in 1066 until they were phased out in the 15 th and 16 th centuries. Initially introduced as wooden motte and bailey structures on geographical strongpoints, they were rapidly replaced by stone fortresses which incorporated sophisticated defensive designs to improve the defenders’ chances of surviving prolonged sieges.

WWI (Year 9 Level)

The First World War began in 1914 following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The subsequent declarations of war from most of Europe drew other countries into the conflict, including Australia. The Australian Imperial Force joined the war as part of Britain’s armed forces and were dispatched to locations in the Middle East and Western Europe.

Civil Rights (Year 10 Level)

The 1967 Referendum sought to amend the Australian Constitution in order to change the legal standing of the indigenous people in Australia. The fact that 90% of Australians voted in favour of the proposed amendments has been attributed to a series of significant events and people who were dedicated to the referendum’s success.

Ancient Rome (Year 11/12 Level)  

In the late second century BC, the Roman novus homo Gaius Marius became one of the most influential men in the Roman Republic. Marius gained this authority through his victory in the Jugurthine War, with his defeat of Jugurtha in 106 BC, and his triumph over the invading Germanic tribes in 101 BC, when he crushed the Teutones at the Battle of Aquae Sextiae (102 BC) and the Cimbri at the Battle of Vercellae (101 BC). Marius also gained great fame through his election to the consulship seven times.

2. Hypothesis

Once you have provided historical context for your essay in your background sentences, you need to state your hypothesis .

A hypothesis is a single sentence that clearly states the argument that your essay will be proving in your body paragraphs .

A good hypothesis contains both the argument and the reasons in support of your argument. 

Example hypotheses:

Medieval castles were designed with features that nullified the superior numbers of besieging armies but were ultimately made obsolete by the development of gunpowder artillery.

Australian soldiers’ opinion of the First World War changed from naïve enthusiasm to pessimistic realism as a result of the harsh realities of modern industrial warfare.

The success of the 1967 Referendum was a direct result of the efforts of First Nations leaders such as Charles Perkins, Faith Bandler and the Federal Council for the Advancement of Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders.

Gaius Marius was the most one of the most significant personalities in the 1 st century BC due to his effect on the political, military and social structures of the Roman state.

3. Elaboration sentences

Once you have stated your argument in your hypothesis , you need to provide particular information about how you’re going to prove your argument.

Your elaboration sentences should be one or two sentences that provide specific details about how you’re going to cover the argument in your three body paragraphs.

You might also briefly summarise two or three of your main points.

Finally, explain any important key words, phrases or concepts that you’ve used in your hypothesis, you’ll need to do this in your elaboration sentences.

Example elaboration sentences:

By the height of the Middle Ages, feudal lords were investing significant sums of money by incorporating concentric walls and guard towers to maximise their defensive potential. These developments were so successful that many medieval armies avoided sieges in the late period.

Following Britain's official declaration of war on Germany, young Australian men voluntarily enlisted into the army, which was further encouraged by government propaganda about the moral justifications for the conflict. However, following the initial engagements on the Gallipoli peninsula, enthusiasm declined.

The political activity of key indigenous figures and the formation of activism organisations focused on indigenous resulted in a wider spread of messages to the general Australian public. The generation of powerful images and speeches has been frequently cited by modern historians as crucial to the referendum results.

While Marius is best known for his military reforms, it is the subsequent impacts of this reform on the way other Romans approached the attainment of magistracies and how public expectations of military leaders changed that had the longest impacts on the late republican period.

4. Signpost sentence

The final sentence of your introduction should prepare the reader for the topic of your first body paragraph. The main purpose of this sentence is to provide cohesion between your introductory paragraph and you first body paragraph .

Therefore, a signpost sentence indicates where you will begin proving the argument that you set out in your hypothesis and usually states the importance of the first point that you’re about to make. 

Example signpost sentences:

The early development of castles is best understood when examining their military purpose.

The naïve attitudes of those who volunteered in 1914 can be clearly seen in the personal letters and diaries that they themselves wrote.

The significance of these people is evident when examining the lack of political representation the indigenous people experience in the early half of the 20 th century.

The origin of Marius’ later achievements was his military reform in 107 BC, which occurred when he was first elected as consul.

Putting it all together

Once you have written all four parts of the BHES structure, you should have a completed introduction paragraph. In the examples above, we have shown each part separately. Below you will see the completed paragraphs so that you can appreciate what an introduction should look like.

Example introduction paragraphs: 

Castles were an important component of Medieval Britain from the time of the Norman conquest in 1066 until they were phased out in the 15th and 16th centuries. Initially introduced as wooden motte and bailey structures on geographical strongpoints, they were rapidly replaced by stone fortresses which incorporated sophisticated defensive designs to improve the defenders’ chances of surviving prolonged sieges. Medieval castles were designed with features that nullified the superior numbers of besieging armies, but were ultimately made obsolete by the development of gunpowder artillery. By the height of the Middle Ages, feudal lords were investing significant sums of money by incorporating concentric walls and guard towers to maximise their defensive potential. These developments were so successful that many medieval armies avoided sieges in the late period. The early development of castles is best understood when examining their military purpose.

The First World War began in 1914 following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The subsequent declarations of war from most of Europe drew other countries into the conflict, including Australia. The Australian Imperial Force joined the war as part of Britain’s armed forces and were dispatched to locations in the Middle East and Western Europe. Australian soldiers’ opinion of the First World War changed from naïve enthusiasm to pessimistic realism as a result of the harsh realities of modern industrial warfare. Following Britain's official declaration of war on Germany, young Australian men voluntarily enlisted into the army, which was further encouraged by government propaganda about the moral justifications for the conflict. However, following the initial engagements on the Gallipoli peninsula, enthusiasm declined. The naïve attitudes of those who volunteered in 1914 can be clearly seen in the personal letters and diaries that they themselves wrote.

The 1967 Referendum sought to amend the Australian Constitution in order to change the legal standing of the indigenous people in Australia. The fact that 90% of Australians voted in favour of the proposed amendments has been attributed to a series of significant events and people who were dedicated to the referendum’s success. The success of the 1967 Referendum was a direct result of the efforts of First Nations leaders such as Charles Perkins, Faith Bandler and the Federal Council for the Advancement of Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders. The political activity of key indigenous figures and the formation of activism organisations focused on indigenous resulted in a wider spread of messages to the general Australian public. The generation of powerful images and speeches has been frequently cited by modern historians as crucial to the referendum results. The significance of these people is evident when examining the lack of political representation the indigenous people experience in the early half of the 20th century.

In the late second century BC, the Roman novus homo Gaius Marius became one of the most influential men in the Roman Republic. Marius gained this authority through his victory in the Jugurthine War, with his defeat of Jugurtha in 106 BC, and his triumph over the invading Germanic tribes in 101 BC, when he crushed the Teutones at the Battle of Aquae Sextiae (102 BC) and the Cimbri at the Battle of Vercellae (101 BC). Marius also gained great fame through his election to the consulship seven times. Gaius Marius was the most one of the most significant personalities in the 1st century BC due to his effect on the political, military and social structures of the Roman state. While Marius is best known for his military reforms, it is the subsequent impacts of this reform on the way other Romans approached the attainment of magistracies and how public expectations of military leaders changed that had the longest impacts on the late republican period. The origin of Marius’ later achievements was his military reform in 107 BC, which occurred when he was first elected as consul.

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What Is DBQ Format for AP US History?

The AP US History Document-Based Question , or DBQ, can seem daunting to even the most experienced essay-writers. But never fear! The DBQ format differs from typical essays in only one way – the inclusion of historical documents. Otherwise it follows the same essay outline you have been turning in since middle school!   If the thought of completing a DBQ format essay still fills you with anxiety, try using our simple tips to make the DBQ format essay a bit more workable.

About the DBQ format for AP US History

The APUSH DBQ format is very similar to a traditional essay, with one exception – the inclusion of historical documents. Just like ordinary essays, every DBQ begins with a prompt of some kind. Unlike ordinary essays, you are also given a set of historical documents (usually 5-7) that function as your primary sources of information. Expect to read through each of the documents, then compose a clear, concise, well-written essay all under 60 minutes.

How to write an essay in DBQ format

The goal of a DBQ format essay is to use provided historical sources plus prior knowledge to show your overall understanding of historical themes and content. Essays that achieve a high score always write within the historical context – don’t just analyze the documents without explaining how and why they are important to US History .   With only 60 minutes to write an entire essay (and make it great), AP College Board recommends taking the first 10-15 minutes just to plan. No writing. Just planning. Although it may seem ridiculous to dedicate ¼ of your time to something other than writing, planning will actually save you time in the long run.

1. Figure out what the question prompt is asking you to do

Read the question prompt. Then read it again. Maybe even a third time. Make sure you understand what the prompt is actually asking you to write. No matter how great your essay, if you don’t answer the question, you aren’t getting a good score.   From there, find “action words” to help determine which direction your essay should take. Do you need to analyze source information? Compare and contrast? Evaluate or prove something? Always remember that no matter what the prompt is asking, your answer needs to revolve around the historical sources provided.

2. Review the historical documents

Each historical document is a potential information source. Before you even begin to write your DBW format essay, read through each document, noting any similarities and differences between them. Are they from the same time period? Do they reflect an event in US history? Look for main ideas and concepts that capture what each document is really about.

3. Make an outline

Sometimes it’s easiest to start your outline with a thesis statement. Take a look at the DBQ essay prompt one more time, and use that to formulate your introductory paragraph. Go for the 5-paragraph rule here: 1 opening paragraph, 3 body paragraphs and 1 closing paragraph. A quality essay requires at least 3 body paragraphs to persuasively support your point of view. You will almost definitely write more than 3, but never write less.   Make sure to include main ideas and supporting details/facts from your evidence. Taking a few moments here to figure out how best to incorporate the historical documents into your DBQ format essay will help keep your paper organized and concise.

Finally, you can start writing! As you write, use your outline to help maintain focus. Don’t get “lost” in your paper. Keep sight of the DBQ question prompt, making sure each paragraph you write connects back to the original question. As you write, be sure to include both specific examples from the historical documents, as well as outside thematic knowledge you learned in APUSH. This is the time to really show how well you understand US History!

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How to Write a History Essay with Outline, Tips, Examples and More

Before we get into how to write a history essay, let's first understand what makes one good. Different people might have different ideas, but there are some basic rules that can help you do well in your studies. In this guide, we won't get into any fancy theories. Instead, we'll give you straightforward tips to help you with historical writing. So, if you're ready to sharpen your writing skills, let our history essay writing service explore how to craft an exceptional paper.

What is a History Essay?

A history essay is an academic assignment where we explore and analyze historical events from the past. We dig into historical stories, figures, and ideas to understand their importance and how they've shaped our world today. History essay writing involves researching, thinking critically, and presenting arguments based on evidence.

Moreover, history papers foster the development of writing proficiency and the ability to communicate complex ideas effectively. They also encourage students to engage with primary and secondary sources, enhancing their research skills and deepening their understanding of historical methodology.

History Essay Outline

The outline is there to guide you in organizing your thoughts and arguments in your essay about history. With a clear outline, you can explore and explain historical events better. Here's how to make one:

Introduction

• Hook: Start with an attention-grabbing opening sentence or anecdote related to your topic.
• Background Information: Provide context on the historical period, event, or theme you'll be discussing.
• Thesis Statement: Present your main argument or viewpoint, outlining the scope and purpose of your history essay.

Body paragraph 1: Introduction to the Historical Context

• Provide background information on the historical context of your topic.
• Highlight key events, figures, or developments leading up to the main focus of your history essay.

Body paragraphs 2-4 (or more): Main Arguments and Supporting Evidence

• Each paragraph should focus on a specific argument or aspect of your thesis.
• Present evidence from primary and secondary sources to support each argument.
• Analyze the significance of the evidence and its relevance to your history paper thesis.

Counterarguments (optional)

• Address potential counterarguments or alternative perspectives on your topic.
• Refute opposing viewpoints with evidence and logical reasoning.
• Summary of Main Points: Recap the main arguments presented in the body paragraphs.
• Restate Thesis: Reinforce your thesis statement, emphasizing its significance in light of the evidence presented.
• Reflection: Reflect on the broader implications of your arguments for understanding history.
• Closing Thought: End your history paper with a thought-provoking statement that leaves a lasting impression on the reader.

References/bibliography

• List all sources used in your research, formatted according to the citation style required by your instructor (e.g., MLA, APA, Chicago).
• Include both primary and secondary sources, arranged alphabetically by the author's last name.

Notes (if applicable)

• Include footnotes or endnotes to provide additional explanations, citations, or commentary on specific points within your history essay.

History Essay Format

Adhering to a specific format is crucial for clarity, coherence, and academic integrity. Here are the key components of a typical history essay format:

Font and Size

• Use a legible font such as Times New Roman, Arial, or Calibri.
• The recommended font size is usually 12 points. However, check your instructor's guidelines, as they may specify a different size.
• Set 1-inch margins on all sides of the page.
• Double-space the entire essay, including the title, headings, body paragraphs, and references.
• Avoid extra spacing between paragraphs unless specified otherwise.
• Align text to the left margin; avoid justifying the text or using a centered alignment.

Title Page (if required):

• If your instructor requires a title page, include the essay title, your name, the course title, the instructor's name, and the date.
• Center-align this information vertically and horizontally on the page.
• Include a header on each page (excluding the title page if applicable) with your last name and the page number, flush right.
• Some instructors may require a shortened title in the header, usually in all capital letters.
• Center-align the essay title at the top of the first page (if a title page is not required).
• Use standard capitalization (capitalize the first letter of each major word).
• Avoid underlining, italicizing, or bolding the title unless necessary for emphasis.

Paragraph Indentation:

• Indent the first line of each paragraph by 0.5 inches or use the tab key.
• Do not insert extra spaces between paragraphs unless instructed otherwise.

Citations and References:

• Follow the citation style specified by your instructor (e.g., MLA, APA, Chicago).
• Include in-text citations whenever you use information or ideas from external sources.
• Provide a bibliography or list of references at the end of your history essay, formatted according to the citation style guidelines.
• Typically, history essays range from 1000 to 2500 words, but this can vary depending on the assignment.

How to Write a History Essay?

Historical writing can be an exciting journey through time, but it requires careful planning and organization. In this section, we'll break down the process into simple steps to help you craft a compelling and well-structured history paper.

Analyze the Question

Before diving headfirst into writing, take a moment to dissect the essay question. Read it carefully, and then read it again. You want to get to the core of what it's asking. Look out for keywords that indicate what aspects of the topic you need to focus on. If you're unsure about anything, don't hesitate to ask your instructor for clarification. Remember, understanding how to start a history essay is half the battle won!

Now, let's break this step down:

• Read the question carefully and identify keywords or phrases.
• Consider what the question is asking you to do – are you being asked to analyze, compare, contrast, or evaluate?
• Pay attention to any specific instructions or requirements provided in the question.
• Take note of the time period or historical events mentioned in the question – this will give you a clue about the scope of your history essay.

Develop a Strategy

With a clear understanding of the essay question, it's time to map out your approach. Here's how to develop your historical writing strategy:

• Brainstorm ideas : Take a moment to jot down any initial thoughts or ideas that come to mind in response to the history paper question. This can help you generate a list of potential arguments, themes, or points you want to explore in your history essay.
• Create an outline : Once you have a list of ideas, organize them into a logical structure. Start with a clear introduction that introduces your topic and presents your thesis statement – the main argument or point you'll be making in your history essay. Then, outline the key points or arguments you'll be discussing in each paragraph of the body, making sure they relate back to your thesis. Finally, plan a conclusion that summarizes your main points and reinforces your history paper thesis.
• Research : Before diving into writing, gather evidence to support your arguments. Use reputable sources such as books, academic journals, and primary documents to gather historical evidence and examples. Take notes as you research, making sure to record the source of each piece of information for proper citation later on.
• Consider counterarguments : Anticipate potential counterarguments to your history paper thesis and think about how you'll address them in your essay. Acknowledging opposing viewpoints and refuting them strengthens your argument and demonstrates critical thinking.
• Set realistic goals : Be realistic about the scope of your history essay and the time you have available to complete it. Break down your writing process into manageable tasks, such as researching, drafting, and revising, and set deadlines for each stage to stay on track.

Start Your Research

Now that you've grasped the history essay topic and outlined your approach, it's time to dive into research. Here's how to start:

• Ask questions : What do you need to know? What are the key points to explore further? Write down your inquiries to guide your research.
• Explore diverse sources : Look beyond textbooks. Check academic journals, reliable websites, and primary sources like documents or artifacts.
• Consider perspectives : Think about different viewpoints on your topic. How have historians analyzed it? Are there controversies or differing interpretations?
• Take organized notes : Summarize key points, jot down quotes, and record your thoughts and questions. Stay organized using spreadsheets or note-taking apps.
• Evaluate sources : Consider the credibility and bias of each source. Are they peer-reviewed? Do they represent a particular viewpoint?

Establish a Viewpoint

By establishing a clear viewpoint and supporting arguments, you'll lay the foundation for your compelling historical writing:

• Review your research : Reflect on the information gathered. What patterns or themes emerge? Which perspectives resonate with you?
• Formulate a thesis statement : Based on your research, develop a clear and concise thesis that states your argument or interpretation of the topic.
• Consider counterarguments : Anticipate objections to your history paper thesis. Are there alternative viewpoints or evidence that you need to address?
• Craft supporting arguments : Outline the main points that support your thesis. Use evidence from your research to strengthen your arguments.
• Stay flexible : Be open to adjusting your viewpoint as you continue writing and researching. New information may challenge or refine your initial ideas.

Structure Your Essay

Now that you've delved into the depths of researching historical events and established your viewpoint, it's time to craft the skeleton of your essay: its structure. Think of your history essay outline as constructing a sturdy bridge between your ideas and your reader's understanding. How will you lead them from point A to point Z? Will you follow a chronological path through history or perhaps dissect themes that span across time periods?

And don't forget about the importance of your introduction and conclusion—are they framing your narrative effectively, enticing your audience to read your paper, and leaving them with lingering thoughts long after they've turned the final page? So, as you lay the bricks of your history essay's architecture, ask yourself: How can I best lead my audience through the maze of time and thought, leaving them enlightened and enriched on the other side?

Create an Engaging Introduction

Creating an engaging introduction is crucial for capturing your reader's interest right from the start. But how do you do it? Think about what makes your topic fascinating. Is there a surprising fact or a compelling story you can share? Maybe you could ask a thought-provoking question that gets people thinking. Consider why your topic matters—what lessons can we learn from history?

Also, remember to explain what your history essay will be about and why it's worth reading. What will grab your reader's attention and make them want to learn more? How can you make your essay relevant and intriguing right from the beginning?

Develop Coherent Paragraphs

Once you've established your introduction, the next step is to develop coherent paragraphs that effectively communicate your ideas. Each paragraph should focus on one main point or argument, supported by evidence or examples from your research. Start by introducing the main idea in a topic sentence, then provide supporting details or evidence to reinforce your point.

Make sure to use transition words and phrases to guide your reader smoothly from one idea to the next, creating a logical flow throughout your history essay. Additionally, consider the organization of your paragraphs—is there a clear progression of ideas that builds upon each other? Are your paragraphs unified around a central theme or argument?

Conclude Effectively

Concluding your history essay effectively is just as important as starting it off strong. In your conclusion, you want to wrap up your main points while leaving a lasting impression on your reader. Begin by summarizing the key points you've made throughout your history essay, reminding your reader of the main arguments and insights you've presented.

Then, consider the broader significance of your topic—what implications does it have for our understanding of history or for the world today? You might also want to reflect on any unanswered questions or areas for further exploration. Finally, end with a thought-provoking statement or a call to action that encourages your reader to continue thinking about the topic long after they've finished reading.

Reference Your Sources

Referencing your sources is essential for maintaining the integrity of your history essay and giving credit to the scholars and researchers who have contributed to your understanding of the topic. Depending on the citation style required (such as MLA, APA, or Chicago), you'll need to format your references accordingly. Start by compiling a list of all the sources you've consulted, including books, articles, websites, and any other materials used in your research.

Then, as you write your history essay, make sure to properly cite each source whenever you use information or ideas that are not your own. This includes direct quotations, paraphrases, and summaries. Remember to include all necessary information for each source, such as author names, publication dates, and page numbers, as required by your chosen citation style.

Review and Ask for Advice

As you near the completion of your history essay writing, it's crucial to take a step back and review your work with a critical eye. Reflect on the clarity and coherence of your arguments—are they logically organized and effectively supported by evidence? Consider the strength of your introduction and conclusion—do they effectively capture the reader's attention and leave a lasting impression? Take the time to carefully proofread your history essay for any grammatical errors or typos that may detract from your overall message.

Furthermore, seeking advice from peers, mentors, or instructors can provide valuable insights and help identify areas for improvement. Consider sharing your essay with someone whose feedback you trust and respect, and be open to constructive criticism. Ask specific questions about areas you're unsure about or where you feel your history essay may be lacking.

History Essay Example

In this section, we offer an example of a history essay examining the impact of the Industrial Revolution on society. This essay demonstrates how historical analysis and critical thinking are applied in academic writing. By exploring this specific event, you can observe how historical evidence is used to build a cohesive argument and draw meaningful conclusions.

FAQs about History Essay Writing

How to write a history essay introduction, how to write a conclusion for a history essay, how to write a good history essay.

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