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Top Indian journals to publish research: Indian Journal ranking

Get the lates t list of Top Indian Journals in 2023. If you are looking forward to publishing your research papers in the top Journals of Indian publishers , then you are at the right place.

This blog post aims to provide a list of research journals published in India. There are thousands of Indian journals for publication. However, not all are good. In this post, we will be listing only those which are reputed/ good.

The journals approved by UGC CARE, Indexed in Scopus/ Web of Science/ PubMed are considered good journals. The journal published by good publishers like Springer, Elsevier, IEEE, etc; are also considered reputed journals.

In this blog post, we are providing the list of Top Indian Journals published by various reputed publishers. These best journals of India are indexed in Scopus as well as in SCI ( Web of Science ) with good impact factors.

More Related Posts to Read:

• Scopus indexed Indian medical journals
• (New) Indian journals list with impact factor
• Top 20 Medical Research Journals of India
• Indian Journals indexed in Web of Science – 2023

Page Contents

List of Top Indian Journals (Indian Journal Ranking)

Journal of carcinogenesis.

• Publisher: Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications
• ISSN: 09746773, 14773163
• Subject Area: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Environmental Science, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Medicine, Oncology

Hepatology International

• Publisher: Springer
• ISSN: 19360533, 19360541
• Subject Area: Medicine

Conservation and Society

• ISSN: 09724923, 09753133
• Subject Area: Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Environmental Sciences.

Journal of Pathology Informatics

• ISSN: 21533539, 22295089
• Subject Area: Computer Science, Medicine

Endoscopic Ultrasound

• ISSN: 22267190, 23039027

International Journal of Artificial Intelligence

• Publisher: Indian Society for Development and Environment Research
• ISSN: 09740635
• Subject Area: Computer Science

Animal Frontiers

• Publisher: Oxford University Press
• ISSN: 21606056, 21606064
• Subject Area: Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Veterinary

Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management

• Publisher: Global Institute of Flexible Systems
• ISSN: 09722696
• Subject Area: Management Business, Management and Accounting

Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants

• ISSN: 09715894, 09740430
• Subject Area: Agricultural and Biological Sciences,Biochemistry

WHO South-East Asia journal of public health

• ISSN: 23045272

Journal of Entrepreneurship

• Publisher: Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd
• ISSN: 09713557, 09730745
• Subject Area: Business, Management and Accounting, Economics, Econometrics and Finance

Asian Journal of Andrology

• ISSN: 1008682X

Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences

• ISSN: 17355362, 17359414
• Subject Area: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics

Journal of Food Science and Technology

• Publisher: Springer India
• ISSN: 00221155, 09758402
• Subject Area: Agricultural and Biological Sciences

Perspectives in Clinical Research

• ISSN: 22293485, 22295488

Indian Journal of Anaesthesia

• ISSN: 00195049, 09762817

Annals of Thoracic Medicine

• ISSN: 18171737, 19983557
• Subject Area: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine, Surgery

Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy

• ISSN: 02506335
• Subject Area: Earth and Planetary Sciences, Space and Planetary Science, Physics and Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics

International Journal of Cyber Criminology

• Publisher: –
• ISSN: 09742891
• Subject Area: Social Sciences, Law

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH

• ISSN: 0019557X
• Subject Area: Medicine (miscellaneous)

Subject Coverage

• Life Sciences
• Social Sciences
• Physical Sciences
• Health Sciences
• Agricultural and Biological Sciences
• Arts and Humanities
• Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
• Business, Management and Accounting
• Chemical Engineering
• Computer Science
• Decision Sciences
• Earth and Planetary Sciences
• Economics, Econometrics and Finance
• Engineering
• Environmental Science
• Immunology and Microbiology
• Materials Science
• Mathematics
• Neuroscience
• Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
• Physics and Astronomy
• Health Professions

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Indian Journal of Agronomy

Current Issue

The Indian Journal of Agronomy (IJA), overseen by the Indian Society of Agronomy, is an esteemed academic journal that undergoes a peer-review process. It offers a platform for publishing original research papers, comprehensive reviews, and concise communications pertinent to agronomy—the discipline focused on crop cultivation and soil management. With its roots dating back to 1957, the journal delves into various agronomic facets, such as crop physiology, soil studies, crop ecology, agricultural methodologies, climate implications on agriculture, and agrarian economics. Over the years, it has secured its place as a premier agronomic journal in India, maintaining a double-blind review protocol.

The IJA is an open-access journal. It distinguishes itself by not imposing article processing charges (APC), submission fees, or any additional costs based on article length, color illustrations, or appended data.

• Full Issue PDF

Research Paper

Organic farming practices in rainfed lowland rice in hill zone of karnataka, india, effect of conjoint application schedules of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on growth, yield and economics of rice, potential organic nutrient management practices for wheat (triticum aestivum) in south-eastern rajasthan, comparative analysis of the growth, yield attributes and grain yield of kharif maize (zea mays) under varying doses of biochar, fertility levels, and biofertilizer treatments, evaluation of maize (zea mays) genotypes under different nitrogen levels in a trans-gangetic plains region, drip irrigation in maize (zea mays)-based cropping systems, assessment of precise nutrient management through nutrient expert on productivity and profitability of zero-till maize, effect of different planting geometry of transplanted pigeonpea (cajanus cajan) as an intercrop in young arecanut (areca catechu) garden at southern transitional zone of karnataka, india, effect of varietal selection and nutrient management on productivity, soil fertility and economics of summer groundnut (arachis hypogaea), evaluation of food and fodder based cropping systems for sustaining productivity, resource use efficiency and profitability in western plain zone of uttar pradesh, effect of crop residue and weed management on weed incidence, soil moisture and yield of chickpea, relationship between weather factors and planting dates with references to growth and yield of potato (solanum tuberosum) varieties, research communication, influence of rice straw incorporation and integrated nutrient management on growth, yield, and nutrient uptake in potato (solanum tuberosum) and onion (allium cepa) under rice (oryza sativa)–potato-onion cropping system, effect of 2, 4-d sodium salt on weeds, growth and yields in rabi maize (zea mays l.), effect of planting geometry and weed-management practices on yield of scented rice (oryza sativa) varieties, effect of organic nutrient management on yield, quality, nutrient uptake and economics of aromatic rice (oryza sativa) in hill zone of west bengal, influence of seed rate and foliar nitrogen on productivity and profitability of wheat (triticum aestivum) in green manure basmati rice (oryza sativa) wheat cropping system, efficacy of pyroxasulfone and its combinations against weeds in wheat (triticum aestivum), prediction of post-harvest soil nutrient status through multiple linear regression for targeted yield of hybrid maize, effect of phosphorus levels and varieties on yield and yield attributes of mung bean (vigna radiata) in climate condition of badghis, afghanistan, optimization of phosphorus levels for enhancing groundnut productivity under different land configuration in semi-arid ecologies of afghanistan, for authors.

Submission Guidelines

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Guidelines For Submission of Manuscript

Indian Journal of Scientific Research (IJSR) is an International peer reviewed multidisciplinary biannual journal publishes the selected, original research papers and articles in all branches of Botany, Zoology, Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry Environmental Science, Agricultural Sciences, Medical Science, Technology and related fields. Along with Original Research articles, it also encourages the Short Communication of current interest and Review Articles for publication. Manuscripts submitted to the journal must be original, and not submitted for publication anywhere else. All the authors and coauthors must be a member or subscriber of the Journal at the time of submission of the manuscripts.

Prepration of Manuscripts : All manuscripts should be typed in double space on one side in English on A-4 size bond paper, in 12 font size of M.S. Word with 1inch margin on each side. Research papers should be prepared in duplicate and not exceed 10typed pages including illustrations and tables. All generic and species names should be printed in italic.

Format of Manuscripts : All manuscripts should be arranged as follows:

Title : The title of paper should be concise, specific and informative, typed in capital letters.

Authors : Name of authors should be in capital letters.

Address : The name of the Institution where the work has been carried out and mention the address to which all correspondence concerning the manuscripts should be made. Add an E-mail address for an easy and fast communication of all author & coauthors.

Abstract : An Abstract should be brief with salient points and important conclusion, not exceeding 250 words without references.

Key Words : An abstract should be followed by not more than eight keywords indicating the contents of the manuscripts.

Text : Text should be divided into introduction, material and methods, observation/ results, discussion, acknowledgements, and references. Mathematical symbols, Chemical symbols and Equation should be identified in text if required. Only standard international units should be used.

Introduction : Introduction should be brief, specific and without heading. Avoid unnecessary details of earlier works.

Material and Methods : Material and Methods should contain relevant description and experimental techniques used. For well known method, citation of the standard work is sufficient.

Results and Discussion : The result should include tables, graphs, charts and photographs if required and minimum in number. Results should not be repeated in discussion.

Tables : Tables should be short and typed on separate sheets with proper heading and numbered in Arabic numerals and cited in text. Proper location in text should be indicated as T-1 ,2 etc.

Figures : All diagrams, graphs and photographs should be referred in the text as figures and number consecutively with Arabic numerals (1, 2 etc). All the figures should be provided with detailed caption and legends and should be typed on separate sheet. The original drawing should be made in black ink on good quality paper. Photographs should be clear, well contrasted and glossy prints. All inscriptions on the figures should be large enough to stand sufficient reduction. Photograph number and title of the article should be given on the back of each photographic plate.

Acknowledgements : It should be put at the end before references and should be selective and meaningful.

References : At the end of the article references should be arranged in an alphabetical order without serial number. Citation of references should be given in the text by the name of the surnames followed by year of publication e.g.,(Srivastava and Beg ; 2003). If a paper has three or more authors, then it should be referred to by the name of the first author's surname followed by et al. Reference should include the names of all the authors, full title of the article, abbreviated title of the journals according to the World List of Scientific Periodicals, volume of journals in bold, colon and page numbers. For Indian Universities and Publishers, country name should not be indicated.References should be selective and current basis and 10 in number.

Example for Reference Write Up

Research Paper : Johnson H.W., Robinson H.F. and Comstock R.E.; 1955. Estimates of genetic and environmental variability in soybeans. Agron. J. , 47: 314-315.

Book : Falconer D.S.; 1969. Introduction to Quantitative Genetics. The Ronald Press Co. New York, USA: 365.

Thesis : Beg M.Z.; 1985. Cytogenetics of Some Angiosperms. Ph. D. Thesis, AMU, Aligarh.

Proceedings, Conferences and Symposia papers : Mishra R.; 1972. A comparative study of net primary productivity of dry deciduous forest and grassland of Varanasi. Symposium on Tropical Ecology with emphasis on organic production. Institute of Tropical Ecology, University of Georgia: 278-293.

Edited Books : Mandal S.S. ; 2007. Tribal Medicines for the Welfare of Mother and Child. In: Role of Biotechnology in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Vol XVI. Edited by A.I. Khan and A. Khanam. (Ukash Publication), Hyderabad: 272-278.

Short Communications And Review Articles : A short current reports of scientific fields can be submitted for publication under short communication. They do not normally exceed 3 typed pages of A4 size in M.S. word including tables and illustrations. Review articles on significant topics in the fields of pure and applied sciences will be considered for publications. It should not exceed more than 10 typed pages of A4 size in MS word including tables and illustrations.

Proofs And Reprints : Minor page proof reading will be done by the editorial board of the journal. If required, it will be sent to corresponding author. There are no gratis reprints. Minimum number of reprints can be ordered on payment at the time of acceptance of the paper.

Miscellaneous : The authors must ensure that the manuscripts have been prepared strictly according to the format of the journal in all respects. The cost of plates, tables,printing, extra pagination etc. will be born by author(s).

Rights And Permissions : Global Academic Society and Editors is not responsible for the statements and opinions expressed by author in their articles and reviews. No part of Indian Journal of Scientific Research may be reproduce in any form without written permission from the chief editor i.e. the copyright of the articles and reviews is automatically assigned to the IJSR. The editors reserves the right to make alternations in the text of contributions due to space limitations or space conformity of style. All disputes shall be finally settled by the Courts in Varanasi.

Submission Of Manuscript

(A.)  All manuscript should be submitted by email to [email protected] or [email protected] Text must be prepared in MS-Word software. Each figure should be saved as separate file in Corel draw or JPEG format. Also one hard copy of manuscripts should be sent to chief editor. In case manuscripts can not be submitted through email, typed manuscripts in duplicate along with a soft copy in MS-Word should be sent to Dr. Deepak Kumar Srivastava, Chief Editor, Indian Journal of Scientific Research. 529 D/1/P-002,Pragati Vihar, Kalyanpur, Lucknow, Pin Code-226022,U.P.,India

(B.)  The submitted manuscripts should have a covering letter and undertaking with signature of the corresponding author.

(C.)  A declaration certificate must be furnish by corresponding author at the time of submission of manuscripts for publications which are given below.

   Declaration Certificate

   Check List for Submittion

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UGC approved journals

UGC is the regulator for the Universities in India had come out with a list of reputed journals. These Journals are considered to be high in quality and ethics. The  UGC approved journals  are also known as the  UGC Care listed journals IRAJ International journals  collaborated with various  UGC-approved journals  to publish high-quality research papers. These journals flow the UGC Care guidelines strictly and all Central, State government and Private Universities in India recognize these Journals.

Who needs to publish in UGC-approved journals?

All Ph.D. Scholars, Professors, Associate Professors, Asst. Professors, Master and Bachelor students from all Engineering, Technology, Health care, General Science, Humanities, Social Science, etc. can publish their research papers to full fill  their degree and academic need .

How to Publish in UGC-approved journals?

Submit your research paper to  IRAJ International journals for Publication in the UGC Care listed Journals.

UGC Paper Submission Requirements

• Submit your paper in. Doc Format within 10 pages in single-column format.
• Contact Number/Whatsapp number
• Print journal (Only Pdf and Hard copy of the journal, No Online link)
• Online journal(Only Online link, No hard copy)

Duration of Review:  10 to 20 days( Depends on the Journal’s editorial board) Duration of Publication:  15 to 45 days Publication fees:  3000INR to 20000INR (* T&C applied)

Will Scopus and WoS Indexed Journals be considered UGC Care journals?

Yes, as per the UGC Care list Website, all journals actively indexed in Scopus and Wos are considered in UGC Care list Group-2  https://ugccare.unipune.ac.in/apps1/home/index

Any queries related to UGC Care listed journal Contact Technical Editor Contact/Whatsapp: +91-9040435740

• It's the Author's  Sole responsibility  to check the status of the Journal's Publication information(ISSN), Indexing and Impact factor information from the journal's home page, UGC Care Website or using his/her own source. We will not be responsible for any changes in the journal's authenticity, Indexing, and impact factor status or coming in the clone list in the future and no money will be refunded after publication.
• As per the Guidelines if your paper got accepted for the UGC Care listed Journal then you need to pay the Article Processing Charge (Non-Refundable).

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The Indian Journal of Social Work

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• IJSW archive (1940-2013)
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The main aim of the IJSW is to provide a platform for academicians, researchers, practitioners to share and disseminate their theoretical and empirical knowledge in all aspects of social work. The IJSW is masked peer-reviewed with the aim to strengthen the quality and validity of the research articles that it receives from across the globe.

The IJSW publishes high-quality research articles that cover different fields of social work, namely, education, field practicum, social work research, ethics, emerging paradigms, emerging themes and other social work-related areas. It publishes original research articles, review articles, clinical-based articles, perspectives, discussion notes, and book reviews. It welcomes interdisciplinary research articles to broaden the scope of social work knowledge. It accepts articles that are of contemporary relevance and have contributed to knowledge, clear and logical analysis, and has a sound methodology and implications for intervention.

The January Issue of 2017 is the first Issue of IJSW Digital. Keeping the content and quality of the articles as the main foci, the online version is created with the aim to disseminate research articles published in the journal. The online version along with its print version enhances documentation and dissemination of the journey of the flagship journal of the institute completing its 81st year. The journal has documented the country's important research findings on various themes such as Rural Problems, Tribals, Social Welfare and Planning, Fieldwork Supervision, Child Welfare, Medical and Psychiatric Social Work, The Family, Women, Research Methodology, Drug Abuse, Social Policy, Sexism, Human Resource Management, Social Research Methods, Self Help Groups, Outcome Budget, HIV Counselling, and Social Work Education among other related areas. The articles that were published from 1940 to 2013 can be accessed at the IJSW archive and articles that were published from 2014 to the present can be accessed at IJSW Online.

Publishing with the IJSW gives you the chance to showcase your scientific knowledge and contribution in a platform that is recognised for its quality of social-work related publications, editorial board, rigorous peer review process and its interdisciplinary approach.

Being a pioneering social work journal and published by the Tata Institute of Social Sciences, the IJSW aims to bring social change from a holistic approach. The IJSW team is dedicated to bringing change in education, practice, research, policy and in the larger context by publishing theoretical and empirical articles that have good findings, reports, recommendations and implications for interventions.

The IJSW is read by academicians. researchers, practitioners and policymakers from across the globe who also contribute their research works to the journal. This helps in the knowledge dissemination of diverse societies and cultures.

The Indian Journal of Social Work, over the years, has worked towards the objectives it was established for:

Cater to the need for literature on social work, and

Be a medium of dissemination of indigenous work being carried out in the country.

The Publication Unit of the Tata Institute of Social Sciences, one of the first resource units to be set up, brings out the Indian Journal of Social Work.

For any query please e-mail us at: [email protected]

For Subscription, please e-mail us at:  [email protected] 

No fee is charged for publishing in The Indian Journal of Social Work.

Vol 84, No 3 (2023)

Table of contents, special editorial, research reports, notes from the field, book reviews.

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How to publish a research paper in India 

Whether you live in India or abroad, publishing your research is an important step in your academic career. This article will help walk you through the typical steps of publishing a research paper in India. Learn all you need to know about getting your article published successfully in a journal in India, from choosing the right journal and understanding what a peer-reviewed article is, to replying to peer reviewers and navigating the final process of publication.

Publish a research paper in India key steps

1. Picking The Best Possible Journal For Your Brand Of Research

Choosing which journal to publish your research article in is one of the most important decisions that you will potentially have to make as an academic or research professional. Which journal you decide to submit your work to can make a big difference to the scope and impact of your research. It’s vital to take the time required to meticulously examine your options and scrutinize every aspect of the journal submission process, right from shortlisting of titles to your preferred method of publication, such as open access.

• Choosing The Right Journal, Why Is This So Crucial?

The first step in publishing a research article should always be to select the journal in which you wish to publish. Picking a journal before you can even begin the process of writing your research paper affords you the opportunity to be able to adapt your work to take advantage of research already published in that journal. This can help editors see how an article adds to the “conversation” in their journal.

Additionally, many journal publications only accept specific handwritten article formats. So, by choosing a journal before you begin, you can write your article to suit its formatting requirements and subscribers and ultimately improve your chances of acceptance.

• Picking The Right Journal, What Does It Take?

Choosing the best journal to have your research published in can seem like an overwhelming proposition. The trust is that you only have to – 

• the reach that the journal could potentially get you for your research, 
• the opportunities that will arise out of getting your research published in the journal,
• the reputability that you will gain as a result of getting your research published (which will arise as a result of the reputability of the journal itself), and
• the expenses (if any) that you may have to incur. 

2. Beginning The Process Of Putting Your Research Work

Writing an effective and compelling research paper is essential for your research to be published. But if you’re new to academic writing, it can be intimidating to do so. The best thing about choosing which journal you want to publish in before proceeding to write your research paper is that you’ll have plenty of examples already published in that journal on which to base your own article. We’ve put together tips on all aspects of writing your article to make sure you get off to a good start.

• Writing A World-Class Research Paper/Article, What Does It Entail?

How you write your article will depend on the journal you choose, your field, and the type of article you are writing. Everything, right from the style of the article to its structure and sentencing, will depend on the audience of your article. You need to have this in mind when writing, which is why it’s crucial to think about these things thoroughly before you get into the writing process.

3. Carrying Out A Flawless Submission 

Once you have the best journal for your research work and have also completely written your manuscript, you will have to focus on the next step in publishing your research paper, which is the submission process. 

Every journal has its own specific submission requirements, so be sure to visit the website of your chosen journal (or their offices if they don’t have one, which is highly unlikely and may even be a bad sign, especially in this day and age) to thoroughly go through and understand every single instruction specified in the ‘Instructions for Authors’ page.

• Submitting A Manuscript, Why It’s Crucial?

In order to carry out the successful submission of your manuscript, you will need to ensure that you have followed every one of the guidelines specified by the journal of choice to the tee. This will necessitate a concrete understanding of – 

• the ‘Instructions for Authors’ section, 
• how to write an effective cover letter, 
• how to go about using the journal’s submission system, and 
• how to ensure that your research data is depicted as required. 

In order to avoid wasting time submitting your manuscript incorrectly and having it rejected after a while, you need to make sure you’ve got everything covered before clicking on the ‘submit button, and also remember that you should only submit one journal at a time.

4. Ace The Peer-Review Process

Now that you’ve submitted your manuscript, you should familiarize yourself with perhaps the most important process in the publishing of your paper – the peer review process.

• The Peer-Review Process, Why Do People Fear It & How To Ace It?

The peer-review process involves the independent assessment of your research article by autonomous experts in your field. Evaluators, also referred to as ‘referees’ are called upon to assess the soundness, significance, and authenticity of the work that you have submitted to the journal.

This process helps ensure that a peer-reviewed article has undergone a rigorous process to –

• guarantee that the methodology is sound, 
• that the work can be replicated, and 
• that it matches the objectives and scope of the journal considering its publication. 
• This is an important form of quality control of research articles.

The peer-review process also serves as a very useful source of comments, helping you improve your article before it can be published. In its essence, this process is intended to be a purely collaborative process, in which authors engage in productive dialogue with their peers and receive valuable feedback that will support them in taking their work forward.

Nearly all research articles are subjected to the peer review process, even though sometimes, the journal may choose to carry out a post-publication peer review, meaning that reviews are requested after the publication of the article in the journal.

• Gaining A Thorough Understanding Of The Peer Review Process, Why Is It Essential?

The peer-review process can seem complex to get a grip on. This is, however, only a matter of perception. The best thing one can do is to sit down with their superiors, experienced peers, research leads, and others, and get them to explain –

• the various types of peer-reviewing,
• the step-by-step process of peer reviewal, and
• how to revise your manuscript. 

This is often the easiest way to learn helpful tips on what to do if your manuscript is rejected.

5. Holding On Until The Paper Is Published 

If your article has been confirmed for publication, then it will go into production. At this point in the process, the article will be prepared for publication in the journal of your choice. Much of the effort to produce the final version of your research article will be put in by the production team of the journal of your choice, but your input will be needed at different stages.

• Your Role In This Process

During production, you will have a variety of tasks and decisions to make. For example, you will need to check and proofread your article and determine whether or not you want to produce a video summary to accompany your suggestions. 

After you have successfully navigated the publication of a research paper, you can finally rest easy. But the process does not end there. Now that your research is published in a journal in India that is accessible to the rest of the world, you need to know how you can gain access to your article in order to make sure that it has the impact that you intend for it to have. 

To know more about this process, you should look to take part in forthcoming international conferences in your field. Depending on the Conference Next is the best way to ensure that you always end up participating only in world-class events check with the Upcoming Conferences in India and abroad from Conference Next portal. To make it easier for yourself to learn about upcoming conferences, you should subscribe to our conference alerts which are available to anyone who wishes to subscribe for no charge at all.

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• 13 December 2023

How high-impact papers from Indian researchers are shaping science

• Michael Eisenstein 0

Michael Eisenstein is a freelance writer based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

You have full access to this article via your institution.

The haze that causes widespread health problems in Delhi is the focus of highly cited studies by researchers in India. Credit: Sonu Mehta/Hindustan Times/Shutterstock

India was the world’s third-most-prolific publisher of research papers in 2022, but it was ranked only 153rd for the number of citations it received per paper. Indeed, in 2020, about 30% of papers from India were not cited at all, compared with 20% in both the United States and China. These trends are mirrored in many other low- and middle-income countries whose researchers struggle to get published in high-impact journals.

But despite this challenging publishing environment, some Indian scientists have produced influential, highly cited studies in a number of fields in the past few years. Here Nature highlights several of these key areas of research that have the potential to improve public health and quality of life both domestically and globally.

Strategies to reduce air pollution

Many parts of India have highly polluted air. The University of Chicago’s Air Quality Life Index ranks India as the second-most-polluted nation in the world in terms of air quality, behind only Bangladesh, and refers to Delhi as “the most polluted city in the world”.

Nature Spotlight: India

To improve India’s air quality, researchers must first develop a deeper understanding of the sources of this pollution and how it interacts with weather systems. Sachin Gunthe, who studies aerosols at the Indian Institute of Technology Madras, based in Chennai, has published a series of highly cited papers exploring the composition, formation and distribution of airborne pollutants. In particular, he has studied particulate matter that has a diameter of 2.5 micrometres or less (PM 2.5 ), which can create visible haze and wreak havoc on human health, contributing to more than one million deaths a year in India alone.

In 2020, Gunthe teamed up with Narendra Ojha at the Physical Research Laboratory in Ahmedabad and his colleagues to investigate seasonal patterns of PM 2.5 production and windborne distribution 1 . Using simulations based on meteorological data, they determined that the sources of pollution change considerably over just a few months. In October, following the monsoon season, most PM 2.5 originates from burning biomass in wildfires, agriculture and household stoves, and creates pollution that spreads across northwest India to Delhi and other cities. By December, most PM 2.5 arises from industrial and fossil-fuel sources in cities, where it is trapped and accumulates because of the relatively stagnant winter wind patterns. This work shows that strategies to control pollution must address seasonally changing conditions.

Gunthe then collaborated with researchers including Pengfei Liu at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta to take a deeper dive into Delhi’s air-pollution crisis. In a 2021 publication, they traced the origins of Delhi’s haze to the behaviour of a particularly small category of airborne particles measuring less than one micrometre 2 . They subsequently showed that in high humidity, this particulate matter interacts with ammonia and chlorine in the air, forming bigger particles that contribute to worse visibility and heightened health risk.

A follow-up study in 2022 found a feedback loop in which condensation from high water content in the air reduces the dispersal of particulate matter 3 . This leads to worse pollution and higher humidity, exacerbating the problem. On the basis of these results, the authors proposed a two-pronged intervention to reduce both ammonia emissions, from agriculture and fossil-fuel use, and chlorine production, which is a consequence of plastic burning and e-waste disposal in particular.

Electrodes for a hydrogen economy

One of the most exciting routes from fossil-fuel dependency is the ‘hydrogen economy’, in which energy-rich hydrogen is efficiently extracted from a cheap and abundant fuel source: water. Earlier this year, the Indian government announced its intention to build the country’s production capacity to at least 5 million tonnes of hydrogen a year by 2030, with the goal of ultimately making the country energy independent and an exporter of ‘green hydrogen’ to other major economies.

One promising strategy is to use electrochemical water-splitting systems in which two electrodes are immersed in an electrolyte solution. When voltage is applied, chemical reactions at the anode and cathode drive the production of oxygen and hydrogen gas, respectively.

Finding the best electrodes has not been straightforward, however. Most electrochemical water-splitting systems use rare and expensive metals, and lower-cost systems struggle to achieve efficient catalysis.

Several research groups in India are tackling these challenges using various alloys and routes to materials synthesis. For example, materials known as high-entropy alloys, comprising five or more elements, have attracted interest because of their stability and highly tunable catalytic performance.

In 2021, Krishanu Biswas, a materials scientist at the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, and his colleagues demonstrated that it was feasible to construct oxygen-generating anodes using a low-cost high-entropy alloy composed of cobalt, iron, gallium, nickel and zinc 4 . The anodes had excellent stability, retaining 80% of their current output after 10 hours, whereas state-of-the-art anodes based on ruthenium oxide degraded to just 30% of their initial performance in that time.

Subrata Kundu, a materials chemist at the CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute in Karaikudi, is investigating the potential of another category of electrode material, based on tightly stacked layered double hydroxide (LDH) architectures. LDH materials have the advantage of being built from readily accessible and abundant elements. However, they have poor conductivity, so Kundu’s team has pursued multiple approaches to turn these substances into viable electrodes. In 2022, for example, Kundu and his colleagues developed a nickel–cobalt LDH laden with cerium and used it as both a cathode and an anode in a series of electrocatalytic water-splitting experiments 5 . Collectively, these efforts highlight the feasibility of greatly reducing the cost and increasing the accessibility of electrocatalytic hydrogen production in the near future.

The roots of Parkinson’s disease

It has been nearly 30 years since scientists first established the link between the abnormal aggregation of the protein α-synuclein in the brain and the neurodegenerative condition known as Parkinson’s disease. Subsequent studies have suggested that the accumulation of α-synuclein clumps and fibrils creates a toxic environment for neurons, but scientists have struggled to untangle the early events that set this process into motion.

A 2020 study from a team led by Samir Maji, a neurobiologist at the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay in Mumbai, offers a compelling model for this process 6 . Maji was interested in exploring a process known as liquid–liquid phase separation, in which biomolecules self-organize into compact, defined structures even in the absence of the membranes that normally form the boundaries of cellular organelles. These droplets generally retain liquid-like properties and their contents can diffuse into the surrounding environment, but proteins in the droplets also have the potential to condense into gel-like solids. Previous work indicated that such a process might have a role in the aggregation of tau proteins in the brains of people with Alzheimer’s disease 7 .

Maji and his colleagues coaxed α-synuclein to form analogous droplets under chemical conditions that simulate the crowded molecular environment inside cells. After the droplets formed, the proteins in them began to solidify and exhibit gel-like physical characteristics similar to the aggregates and fibrils seen in the brains of people with Parkinson’s. Similar effects could also be achieved through other triggers, including the presence of certain lipids or the use of α-synuclein variants with mutations that are known to increase the risk of Parkinson’s.

This evidence was based on experiments that used much higher concentrations of α-synuclein than are typically observed in the brain, however. Maji and his colleagues conducted a follow-up investigation in which they probed the conditions that produce this liquid–liquid phase separation and gelling process. Their report, published in 2021, showed that non-mutated α-synuclein normally remains soluble under physiological conditions 8 . But specific triggers, including increased protein concentration, disease-related mutation, elevated salt level, low pH and the presence of metal ions, induce this protein to condense into droplets, which subsequently solidify into neurotoxic fibrils and clumps.

The authors proposed that these conditions, which were already known to fuel α-synuclein aggregation, cause the protein to undergo a physical reorganization that exposes some unstructured sections that are normally sequestered. Once freed, these sections can interact with one another to fuel the phase-separation process, potentially setting Parkinson’s pathology into motion.

Origins of a drug-resistant yeast

Shortly before the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention drew attention to a different type of infectious menace: the yeast Candida auris , which the agency termed an “urgent threat” to public health in 2019. Infection with C. auris occurs mainly in hospitals, where it can cause severe and even fatal bloodstream infections. A growing number of reports indicate that existing antifungal agents might be insufficient to fend off this pathogen.

View from an optical microscope of Candida auris , which causes drug-resistant infections. Credit: BSIP/Education Images/Universal Images Group via Getty

The scale of the problem remains poorly understood because of a lack of data. Among the researchers working to fill this void is Anuradha Chowdhary, a medical mycologist at the University of Delhi, who has published a series of studies evaluating the prevalence of drug-resistant C. auris in India. In a highly cited publication from 2018, she led a multinational effort to screen hundreds of isolates from fungal infections collected at ten Indian hospitals over the previous eight years 9 . The vast majority were resistant to fluconazole, a standard front-line treatment for severe fungal infections, and one-quarter of the isolates exhibited resistance to several antifungal drugs.

In a follow-up study in 2020, Chowdhary’s team examined how the rising prevalence of these drug-resistant hospital-based infections affected patient outcomes in the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic 10 . They observed ten cases of C. auris infection in a cohort of 596 patients at a single New Delhi hospital and found that it was generally acquired in the hospital from exposure to contaminated instruments such as catheters and respirator tubes. Once again, all the isolates were resistant to fluconazole, and an alarming 70% exhibited multidrug resistance, with three isolates showing broad resistance to three different categories of antifungal drug.

These studies highlighted the risk this pathogen poses, but its origins remain shrouded in mystery. The first clinical isolates were reported as recently as 2009, in hospitals in South Korea and Japan. Chowdhary’s group has investigated how and where C. auris might have spilled over from the natural environment into human hosts. They uncovered isolates of this fungus that are closely related to clinically observed, pathogenic C. auris strains from wetlands in the Andaman Islands in the Bay of Bengal, as well as in domestically grown fruit sold in and around Delhi. Based on the latter observation, the authors raise the disconcerting possibility that routine fungicide treatment of orchards could be creating a selective pressure that drives the resistance to therapeutic drugs in this yeast species.

Nature 624 , S34-S36 (2023)

doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-023-03913-7

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Journal of Materials Chemistry A

Zn alloying strategy to improve the photoluminescence of cugas 2 /zns core/shell quantum dots †.

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a Department of Physics, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411 007, India E-mail: [email protected]

b Symbiosis Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Symbiosis International University, Lavale, Pune 412 115, India

c Atomic & Molecular Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 094, India

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Research efforts are being devoted to realize colloidal, heavy metal ion free, and luminescent quantum dots. We address radiative recombination in Zn alloyed CuGaS 2 /ZnS core/shell chalcopyrite quantum dots (CQDs) emitting in the blue-green spectral region. QDs show a systematic increase in the optical band gap and emission energy with an increasing amount of Zn in their core. Intentionally making non-stoichiometric CQDs with core/shell geometry enables defect related emission with high intensity. The location of Cu related defect levels along with the valence band and conduction band edge was determined from electrochemical cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements. The evolution of band gap energies with respect to Zn concentration examined using CV measurements matches well with the optical absorption data. The presence of Cu vacancies in off-stoichiometric samples introduces intra-gap levels, which serve as common acceptor levels for optical transitions. Luminescence transitions in these materials stem from the radiative recombination of electrons from conduction levels as well as donor levels, with holes localized at acceptor levels. Temperature dependent and excitation laser intensity dependent emission measurements confirm the role of the Cu vacancy related acceptor level in the emission. Local structure studies via extended X-ray absorption fine structure and X-ray absorption near edge structure analysis were carried out to understand how Zn is incorporated in CuGaS 2 quantum dots and affects the luminescence. Electron spin resonance measurements confirm the presence of paramagnetic defect complexes. X-ray absorption near edge structure measurements indicate that Cu co-exists in +1 and +2 oxidation states in CuGaS 2 quantum dots.

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Bibliometric analysis of ChatGPT in medicine

• Sharanya Gande 1 ,
• Murdoc Gould 2 &
• Latha Ganti 3 , 4  

International Journal of Emergency Medicine volume  17 , Article number:  50 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

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Introduction

The emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) chat programs has opened two distinct paths, one enhancing interaction and another potentially replacing personal understanding. Ethical and legal concerns arise due to the rapid development of these programs. This paper investigates academic discussions on AI in medicine, analyzing the context, frequency, and reasons behind these conversations.

The study collected data from the Web of Science database on articles containing the keyword “ChatGPT” published from January to September 2023, resulting in 786 medically related journal articles. The inclusion criteria were peer-reviewed articles in English related to medicine.

The United States led in publications (38.1%), followed by India (15.5%) and China (7.0%). Keywords such as “patient” (16.7%), “research” (12%), and “performance” (10.6%) were prevalent. The Cureus Journal of Medical Science (11.8%) had the most publications, followed by the Annals of Biomedical Engineering (8.3%). August 2023 had the highest number of publications (29.3%), with significant growth between February to March and April to May. Medical General Internal (21.0%) was the most common category, followed by Surgery (15.4%) and Radiology (7.9%).

The prominence of India in ChatGPT research, despite lower research funding, indicates the platform’s popularity and highlights the importance of monitoring its use for potential medical misinformation. China’s interest in ChatGPT research suggests a focus on Natural Language Processing (NLP) AI applications, despite public bans on the platform. Cureus’ success in publishing ChatGPT articles can be attributed to its open-access, rapid publication model. The study identifies research trends in plastic surgery, radiology, and obstetric gynecology, emphasizing the need for ethical considerations and reliability assessments in the application of ChatGPT in medical practice.

ChatGPT’s presence in medical literature is growing rapidly across various specialties, but concerns related to safety, privacy, and accuracy persist. More research is needed to assess its suitability for patient care and implications for non-medical use. Skepticism and thorough review of research are essential, as current studies may face retraction as more information emerges.

The emergence of AI chat programs presents two paths: one in which it is used to enhance and optimize the way we interact with queries and problems, becoming a spark that ushers in a new era of rapid academic and technological development, and another in which it is used to replace the need for one’s personal understanding. Additionally, it poses a multitude of ethical considerations and has even created certain legal gray areas, indicative of its development surpassing the speed of societies. This paper will serve as a means to better understand the context of how academic circles, countries, and institutions are discussing AI within the realm of medicine, how much they are discussing it, and conjecturing into why these conversations are occurring using supporting research.

ChatGPT is a Natural Language Processing (NLP) AI software that generates responses to any query a user may input [ 1 ]. It provides quick and clear responses and, as a result, is used widely in the same capacity as a search engine but with a more dynamic ability to interpret complicated questions, compile relevant information, and respond. Holders of professional titles such as PhDs are predicted to be affected by this; they may be at risk of decreasing importance due to AI’s ability to generate the same accurate and precise reports, curtailing the novelty of such research [ 2 ].

Although only existed for less than a year among the public, ChatGPT has made a significant impact on higher education and a variety of academic disciplines, including medicine. ChatGPT’s potential use in medicine arises from its success in aiding with diagnosis and decision-making due to its efficiency, timeliness, and access to a vast wealth of research and information. This allows it to compare medical knowledge between institutions globally, enhance communication among patients and hospital workers, and even assist in answering questions, whether they be medical queries, dosing information, or even medical exams [ 2 , 3 ]. . Another recent use of the platform, which has been considered to simplify the process of medical writing, is its ability to extract medical information and perform searches to create research drafts [ 1 ].

The data set collected was obtained using an advanced search on the Web of Science database for the keyword “ChatGPT,” not case sensitive, resulting in 1440 articles published from January 1st, 2023 to September 30th, 2023. Web of Science was used because of its unique positioning as an interdisciplinary hub for global research boasting its representation of over 256 disciplines and 15 million researchers, and its ability to portray a general climate of research. The Web of Science database also allows filtering by index and category, which was performed to only allow articles from the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) and Emerging Sources Citation (ESCI) due to their medical focus. The categories were also limited to those pertaining to the medical field; all others were excluded. Analysis was performed on the remaining 786 medically related journal articles containing the keyword “ChatGPT”.

The criterion for inclusion was that the articles be peer-reviewed, pertaining to the medical field, within the data range analyzed, and in the English language. The title, abstract, and keywords of the included studies all included “ChatGPT”.

The Web of Science also allows for data collection of bibliometric information, which can later be imputed into specialized software for interpretation. This interpretation was performed using VOSviewer 1.6.19, a software specialized in analyzing articles bibliometrically producing visual and analytic findings for speculation. The metadata acquired was then examined using 4 different categorical distinctions -- country of origin, journal, month of publication, and keywords -- and mapped using the same software.

There were 786 documents retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection, after filtering for medical-related research that used the term ChatGPT in 2023. The country leading in total number of publications was the US at 38.1% [Fig.  1 ]. Following the US was India and the People’s Republic of China at 15.5% and 7.0% respectively. England and Australia were the fourth and fifth top contributors with 7.5% and 6.5% of total publications [Fig.  2 ].

Geographical collaboration network heat map of publications Jan - Sep 2023

Treemap chart of geographic contributions to publications Jan - Sep 2023. The three most prevalent keywords that appear are patient(16.7%), research(12%), and performance(10.6%). Other topically relevant keywords were medical education(4.5%), ethic(1.8%), and plagiarism(1.3%)

The majority of articles analyzed were published in the Cureus Journal of Medical Science(11.8%) [Fig.  3 ]. Annals of Biomedical Engineering followed with the second most publications(8.3%). The third most published journal, Aesthetic Surgery Journal, is significantly less prolific contributing to 2.3% of all the documents analyzed, 72.3% fewer articles than the Annals of Biomedical Engineering. Both the Aesthetic Plastic Journal and the Radiology Journal have published 1.4% percent of all the articles retrieved, tying them as the fourth most substantial journal on ChatGPT. All remaining journals contained eight or fewer(≤ 1.0%) articles on the topic of ChatGPT.

Publication bibliographic coupling by journals Jan - Sep 2023

When indexing the articles by month, January 2023 had the least publications(≤ 0.005%) while August 2023, the latest month included in data collection, had the most(29.3%) [Fig.  4 ]. Of growth, from February to March and from April to May experienced the largest in terms of percentage with 1700% and 134%. The month of August exhibited the highest increase of papers published with 104 more papers than in July, increasing the rate of publication to 83%. June was the only month that did not experience research growth, declining 10% from the previous month.

The Web of Science categories are determined by up to 6 tags associated with any given journal. Web of Science designates its tags using subjects of the journal, author and editorial affiliations, funding, citations, and other elements such as a journal’s bibliographic categorization in other databases and a journal’s sponsors. The category of Medicine General Internal includes the most articles included in the analysis(21.0%), followed by Surgery(15.4%), Radiology(7.9%), and Health Care Science Services (7.8%). All remaining categories contained less than 5% of the journals included in this study.

Web of Science Categories Treemap chart of publications Jan - Sep 2023

The 5 most cited articles were also collected for their merit in understanding academic discussions surrounding ChatGPT. The most cited article (121 citations) was “ChatGPT utility in healthcare education, research, and practice: Systematic review on the promising perspectives and valid concerns,” published in March 2023 [ 4 ]. “ChatGPT and other large language models are double-edged swords” and “ChatGPT: the future of discharge summaries” were the second most referenced articles, with 90 citations each [ 5 , 6 ]. “ChatGPT and the future of medical writing” had 84 citations, and “Nonhuman “authors” and implications for the integrity of scientific publications and medical knowledge” had 77 citations [ 7 , 8 ](Biswas, 2023; Flanagin et al., 2023).

Analyzing the three leading countries in publications regarding ChatGPT yields results that deviate from the norm of global research efforts. The leading country in publications, the United States (US), is often considered the highest researching entity due to spending more on research than any other country and offers the least notable finding [ 9 ]. India historically has low research funding, though it is improving, which draws particular attention to their dominance in ChatGPT research [ 10 , 11 ]. Elucidating this finding is India’s status as the second most avid country using ChatGPT, accounting for 8.5% of the total traffic [ 11 ]. Many concerns with ChatGPT’s use and accuracy in medicine go beyond clinical settings and focus on how public use of the platform could lead to medical misinformation. For this reason, the popularity of the platform publicly and privately throughout the country, being mirrored by the country’s research institutions and funding efforts, is crucial in managing potential medical misuse of ChatGPT without explicit medical supervision.

The People’s Republic of China, which is the third most publishing country on ChatGPT with 9.8%, does not allow public access to the platform [ 12 ]. With major universities in the country also passing explicit bans on the platform, findings suggest that ChatGPT is researched abstractly on ethical grounds or with special permissions. Furthermore, these findings suggest that the interest lies not with ChatGPT as a program, but with NLP AI and its applications more generally. Additionally, funding for research in China is set to eclipse the US and tension can be seen with competition for NLP AI research superiority [ 9 , 13 , 14 ]. Further research on the nature of ChatGPT research in China specifically is needed, but findings thus far appear to demonstrate that national bans on the platform do not affect publication outputs.

Cureus is an open-access, peer-reviewed, general medical journal and currently is the most prolific in its publication of articles surrounding ChatGPT. Cureus was one of the first journals to issue a call for papers specifically using ChatGPT, which likely has contributed to its numbers. While Cureus is not technologically specified - as compared to the second most published journal in ChatGPT, Annals of Biomedical Engineering - its dominance in the space can be attributed to its new age structure and business model. Of note, Cureus was one of the first journals to issue a call for papers specifically using ChatGPT, which likely has contributed to its numbers. Cureus’ success in publishing articles on ChatGPT may also hinge on its ability to peer-review articles and publish submitted work quickly [ 15 ]. As such, it participates in “rapid research,” or the practice of publishing articles to appropriately respond to the void of information on what was previously an under-researched topic. What was observed in “rapid research” during the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic is that while the speed of publication of articles was 11.5 times faster than publications on influenza, the rate of retractions and withdrawals was also significantly higher [ 16 , 17 , 18 ].

Medical disciplines

The Aesthetic Surgery Journal and Aesthetic Plastic Journal were two of the most prolific in publishing articles on ChatGPT and surgery was the second largest category, raising questions about ChatGPT’s usage in healthcare fields such as plastic surgery. A bibliometric study that addresses a plastic surgeon’s use of ChatGPT specifically yields four key findings: use in research and creation of original work, clinical applications, surgical education, and ethics/commentary on previous studies [ 19 ]. These findings are reinforced by our study, particularly in regard to the prevalence of the keywords medical education, research, and ethics. The mirroring of these interests fortifies the claim that ChatGPT has significant merit in medical education, with evidence to support that it is being examined for use in surgery but that ethical considerations remain a concern.

Literature surrounding radiology also demonstrates its use in innovative procedures and potential use for mitigating physician workloads [ 20 ]. Our study shows that it was the third most published category, suggesting it is particularly applicable to innovations in radiology, and similar studies support this claim [ 21 ]. ChatGPT is able to learn as it is fed more data and additionally excels at image analysis and pattern recognition. With physician burnout plaguing the healthcare industry, ChatGPTs use in automating such tasks serves as a potential solution [ 22 ]. AI is still subject to error however, and requires careful review if it is to be used in such a way, as to ensure patient safety, demonstrating a need for large in-depth studies into the platform’s reliability as a means of physician automation [ 20 ].

On May 24th, 2023 a bibliometric analysis of ChatGPT in Obstetrics and Gynecology (OBGYN) during a 69-day period found 0 relevant articles on its application [ 23 ]. Our study’s findings show a significant increase with 28 articles categorized under obstetric gynecology reflecting ChatGPTs adoption by more disciplines. Additionally, the disciplines of oncology, nursing, and medical informatics are all represented significantly in the top 10 categories of ChatGPT medical research. ChatGPT and NLP AI’s uses are extraordinarily dynamic; as more research is being done on its accuracy generally in medicine, more disciplines have begun incorporating it practically.

A similar study to this was conducted by Barrington et al. in Sep of 2023. The findings are mirrored by our results even with the addition of a wider date range of data collection. This demonstrates a trend in the direction of ChatGPT’s medical research and also solidifies the need for unresolved gaps in research to be addressed, namely into the limitations of ChatGPT ethically and in regards to accuracy and safety [ 24 ].

Limitations

Among the limitations of this study is its reliance on the Web of Science as the sole source of data. While Web of Science is expansive, there are discrepancies between it and a database such as PubMed, particularly in newer articles [ 25 ]. Additionally, this study only examined the keyword ChatGPT and did not explicitly include other forms of NLP AI limiting its ability to create a general image of this technology in medicine.

As with all medical research, academic interests and concerns are bound to change with the addition of new articles. Especially in the case of ChatGPT given the rapid research that surrounds it and its position as an avant-garde tool, even weeks after the publication of this article can see a reshuffling in research priorities. Despite this fact, the study provided does encompass the largest bibliometric date range on ChatGPT as of this time.

The literature on ChatGPT in medicine is extensive considering how new the platform is. Many medical specialties are exploring applications of the platform, and this study has shown that month over month an increasing number of disciplines are getting involved. Much of this research shares the same limitations, the safety, privacy, and accuracy of using ChatGPT for patient care. This gap in the literature needs further research if proposed applications are to be put into practice. Our analysis also emphasizes much-needed skepticism in reviewing said research, as much of the current studies could be at risk for retraction as more information is found. Concerns around the use of ChatGPT’s use medically in nonclinical settings are also found, a topic that is sorely underrepresented in current findings. The conclusion of this paper necessitates that more research be done into ChatGPT’s reliability for providing appropriate patient care in order to allow for applications in clinical settings, and the implications of ChatGPT’s use in non-medically trained hands.

Data availability

No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.

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Gande, S., Gould, M. & Ganti, L. Bibliometric analysis of ChatGPT in medicine. Int J Emerg Med 17 , 50 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12245-024-00624-2

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Received : 11 January 2024

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1186/s12245-024-00624-2

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