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White Revolution In India - Operation Flood

The Government of India initiated Operation Flood known as the White Revolution after witnessing the huge success of the  Green Revolution that resulted in an immense increase in the production of wheat and rice. White revolution in India started with a motive of increasing milk production to make the country one of the largest producers of milk in the world.

You can also read about the following Agricultural Revolutions in India:

What is the White Revolution?

Operation Flood is the program that led to “White Revolution.” It created a national milk grid linking producers throughout India to consumers in over 700 towns and cities and reducing seasonal and regional price variations while ensuring that producers get a major share of the profit by eliminating the middlemen. At the bedrock of Operation Flood stands the village milk producers’ co-operatives, which procure milk and provide inputs and services, making modern management and technology available to all the members.

The revolution associated with a sharp increase in milk production in the country is called the White Revolution in India also known as Operation Flood. White revolution period intended to make India a self-dependent nation in milk production. Today, India is the world’s largest producer of milk and Dr Verghese Kurien is known as the father of the White Revolution in India.

The White Revolution or Operation Flood is an important topic from exams point of view. Candidates preparing for competitive exams like UPSC exam, bank exams, SSC, RRB, Insurance exam or other Government exams must keep abreast with the topic.

Aspirants of UPSC exam should prepare Operation Flood or White Revolution in India topic for Static GK section and Geography GS I Paper.

History of White Revolution

During the years 1964-1965, the Intensive Cattle Development Programme was introduced in India in which the cattle owners were provided with a package of improved animal husbandry for promoting the white revolution in the country. Later on, the National Dairy Development Board introduced a new programme named “Operation Flood” to increase the speed of the white revolution in the country.

Operation Flood started in the year 1970 and was aimed to create a nationwide milk grid. It was a rural development programme initiated by NDDB – National Dairy Development Board of India.

Features of White Revolution

• Adopting new methods for animal husbandry, and
• Altering the composition of feed ingredients in different proportions.

Objectives of White Revolution in India

Village milk producers cooperatives laid the foundation of Operation Flood. With the optimum use of modern technology and management, they procured milk and provided the services.

White Revolution had the objectives as stated below:  

• Creating a flood of Milk by Increase production 
• Increase the incomes of the rural population 
• Provide milk to consumers at fair prices

When Operation Flood was implemented Dr Verghese Kurien- the chairman of the National Dairy Development Board. With his sheer management skills, Dr Kurien pushed forward the cooperatives to empower the revolution. Thus, he is considered the architect of India’s ‘White Revolution’.

Several big corporations participated and empowered the revolution that transformed Operation Flood in India into the White Revolution. AMUL – Anand Milk Union Limited, a Gujarat-based cooperation was the engine that drove the success of Operation Flood Programme. 

Significance of Operation Flood

• The White Revolution in India helped in reducing malpractice by traders and merchants. It also helped in eradicating poverty and made India the largest producer of milk and milk products.
• Operation Flood empowered the dairy farmers with control of the resource created by them. It helped them in directing their own development. 
• To connect milk producers with the consumers of more than 700 cities and towns and throughout the country, a ‘National Milk Grid’ was formed. 
• The revolution also reduced regional and seasonal price variations ensuring customer satisfaction and at the same time. Also, it ensured that the producers get a major share of the price that customers pay.
• Improved the living standards of the rural people and led to the progress of the rural economy.

White Revolution in India: UPSC Notes – Download PDF Here

Different Phases of the White Revolution in India

Operation Flood was launched in three – phases that are discussed below: 

Phase I started from 1970 and lasted for 10 years i.e. till 1980. This phase was financed by the sale of butter oil and skimmed milk powder donated by the European Union through the World Food Program. 

For the successful implementation of the programme, certain aims were defined in the initial stage of Phase I. One such aim was the improvement in the marketing strategy of milk in the metropolitan cities to accomplish the goals.

Phase II lasted for five years from 1981 to 1985. During this phase, the number of milk sheds increased from 18 to 136, milk outlets were expanded to about 290 urban markets, a self-sustaining system was set up that included 4,250,000 milk producers spread across 43,000 village cooperatives. The production of domestic milk powder increased from 22,000 tons in the year 1980 to 140,000 tons by 1989, and the sale of milk also increased by several million litres a day due to direct marketing of milk by the cooperatives. All of the enhancements in production were simply because of the dairies set up under Operation Flood. 

Phase III also lasted for almost 10 years i.e. 1985-1996. This phase enabled the dairy cooperatives to expand and gave a finishing touch to the programme. It also strengthens the infrastructure required to procure and market increasing volumes of milk. 

Towards the end of White Revolution or Operation Flood, 73,930 dairy cooperatives had set up that links more than 3.5 crore dairy farmer members. At present, due to the White Revolution, there are several hundred Cooperations in India that are working very efficiently. Hence, the revolution is the cause of the prosperity of many Indian villages.

Knowing about the White Revolution in India, Operation Flood, NDDB, Features, objectives and significance of the White Revolution is important and holds relevance in various competitive exams. 

Candidates preparing for UPSC 2024  must check the important links given below:

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White Revolution: Operation Flood

Last updated on October 10, 2023 by ClearIAS Team

The “ Milkman of India ”, Dr. Verghese Kurien left a permanent mark on revolutionizing the food processing sector in India .

Dr. Kurien’s good understanding of Indian farming and the trust he earned from the farming community have helped the Indian dairy sector greatly.

His widely cited observation, that “India’s place in the sun will come from the partnership between the wisdom of its rural people and the skill of its professionals”, captures the essence of his life and mission.

Also read: Sweet Revolution-Honey Mission

Table of Contents

Operation Flood or the White Revolution

The success of the Green Revolution was one of the encouragements in pushing the idea of the white revolution to be implemented that too at such a large scale.

Operation Flood, launched on 13 January 1970, was the world’s largest dairy development program and a landmark project of India’s National Dairy. It transformed India from a milk deficient nation into the world’s largest milk producer, surpassing the United States of America in 1998.

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It was launched to help farmers develop by giving them control of the resources they create. All this was achieved by mass production and production by the masses; the process has since been termed as the “ White Revolution” .

The making of skim milk powder out of buffalo milk was the technological breakthrough that revolutionized India’s organized dairy industry. The man who made this possible was Harichand Megha Dalaya. The Anand Pattern Experiment at Amul, a dairy co-operative, was the reason behind the success of the program.

Operation Flood’s objectives included-

• Increase in milk production
• Augmented rural incomes
• Fair prices for consumers
• Increased income and reduced poverty among participating farmers while ensuring a steady supply of milk in return

Phases of Operation flood:

Phase I: During this phase Operation Flood linked 18 of India’s premier milk sheds with consumers in India’s major metropolitan cities: Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, and Chennai, establishing mother dairies in the four metros.

Phase II: Operation Flood Phase II (1981–1985) increased the number of milk sheds from 18 to 136; urban markets also expanded the outlets for milk to 290. By the end of 1985, a self-sustaining system of 43,000 village co-operatives with 4,250,000 milk producers was covered. Domestic milk powder production increased along with direct marketing of milk by producers’ co-operatives.

Phase III: (1985–1996) enabled dairy cooperatives to expand and strengthen the infrastructure required to procure and market increasing volumes of milk. Veterinary first-aid health care services, feed, and artificial insemination services for co-operative members were extended, along with intensified member education.

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Role of Amul in White Revolution

The Amul trinity:  Verghese Kurien, Shri Tribhuvandas Kishibhai Patel, and Harichand Megha Dalaya were the key figures in making this initiative a success. Amul was a key player in the success of the operation flood.

Background of Amul

• Amul (The Kaira District Co-operative Milk Producers’ Union)is an Indian dairy cooperative society, based at Anand in the Indian state of Gujarat. Formed in 1946, it is a cooperative brand managed by a cooperative body, the  Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation Ltd . (GCMMF).
• Amul spurred India’s White Revolution, which made the country the world’s largest producer of milk and milk products.
• Kaira Union introduced the brand “Amul” for marketing its product range. The word “Amul” is derived from the Sanskrit word ‘Amulya’ which means priceless or precious.
• Tribhuvandas Kishibhai Patel under the guidance of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel became the founding chairman of the organization and led it until his retirement in the 70s.
• He hired Dr. Verghese Kurien in 1949 and convinced him to stay and help with the mission.
• Kurien was the founder and chairman of the GCMMF for more than 30 years (1973–2006) and is credited with the success of Amul’s marketing
• Verghese Kurien, the chairman and founder of Amul, was named the Chairman of NDDB by Prime Minister  Lal Bahadur Shastri. Kurien thrust the program towards success and has since been recognized as its architect.

The success of Amul has encouraged similar movements in other agricultural commodities in India. Such sectors excel in areas such as marketing and management, branding, and technology, and set benchmarks for firms all around the world to follow and adapt.

Also, Amul has progressively established itself as a laboratory, creating important inventions and inventing its technologies, which has improved its competitiveness against global firms.

Amul Cooperative Model has steadily expanded its product line and added new ones, building on the strong foundation created by its visionary leader. Amul is still one of India’s most well-known food brands, and other dairy cooperatives such as Nandini in Karnataka, Aavin in Tamil Nadu, and Verka in Punjab look up to it for inspiration.

The success of operation flood

Operation Flood was conceived and implemented as much more than a dairy program. Rather, dairying was seen as an instrument of development, generating employment and regular incomes for millions of rural people.

The dairy sector was revolutionized by the program and saw many changes like:

• It set a trend of adopting new and modern methods to hold and milk cows.
• it encouraged to change the composition of animal feed for better adjustment to the condition.
• It revised different producer costs on a sliding scale.

In the 20 years since its launch, Operation Flood or the white revolution has made India, which once used to import milk, the world’s third-largest producer of milk and an exporter. In the same period, the number of milk cooperative societies has grown from 10,000 to 60,000.

The Amul cooperative brought home better prices for the producers generated direct employment for thousands and in the process served as an instrument of social and economic change.

Hence considering the impact the white revolution had not only on the dairy sector but rural India as a whole, its successes outweigh the few criticisms by a large margin.

National Milk Day

Every year 26 November is observed as the National Milk Day across the country.

November 26, 2021, was Dr. Verghese Kurien’s 100th birth anniversary.

In 2021, National Milk Day was being observed by the Centre as part of the Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav celebrations.

The Government distributed the National Gopal Ratna awards at the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) campus in Anand.

Also read: Pink Revolution

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Revolutionizing Rural Economics: The White Revolution and Its Lessons for Sustainable Agriculture | Sociology UPSC | Triumph IAS

Table of Contents

White Revolution

(relevant for economics section of general   studies paper prelims/mains).

White revolution

The White Revolution, also known as Operation Flood , stands as the world’s most extensive dairy development initiative. In the span of three decades, Operation Flood played a pivotal role in doubling the per capita milk availability in India, thereby establishing dairy farming as the country’s most significant self-sustaining source of rural employment.

The triumph of the White Revolution can be credited to the cooperative approach, famously known as the Amul model . The Amul Model empowered farmers by granting them direct authority over the resources they generated, enabling them to steer their individual progress and market their products effectively.

• Monoculture Farming: The Green Revolution primarily concentrates on cultivating food grains, including wheat, rice, jowar, bajra, and maize, among others. However, it is wheat and rice that have reaped the most benefits.
• Disparities among Regions: The adoption of Green Revolution technology has contributed to growing economic disparities both at regional and intra-regional levels.
• The regions that have benefitted the most are Punjab, Haryana, and western Uttar Pradesh in the north, as well as Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu in the south .
• Favouring Larger Landowners: Large landowners have been the primary beneficiaries of this revolution due to their financial capacity to invest in farm equipment, superior seeds, fertilizers, and the ability to ensure consistent irrigation for their crops.
• Hidden Unemployment: The mechanization of farming under the Green Revolution has resulted in widespread unemployment among agricultural labourers in rural areas.
• Environmental Degradation: The Green Revolution has led to the deterioration of the Earth’s natural environment. This degradation has occurred as a result of the application of modern technology and management practices aimed at achieving economic growth.

Lessons Learnt From White Revolution

• Localized Approach : Instead of relying solely on global or national-scale solutions, we should adopt localized approaches similar to those employed in the White Revolution . For instance:
• Utilizing Local Resources : Local resources should serve as the primary assets for farming endeavors.
• Cooperative Farming: Implementing cooperative management principles in natural farming can lead to more effective economic policies and improved management practices, promoting inclusivity and environmental sustainability.
• Boosting Food Processing Industries : Among agricultural products, milk is relatively stable due to its higher share of processing compared to production. The AMUL model , for instance, relies on substantial milk procurement from farmers’ cooperatives. It involves processing and storing excess milk in skimmed milk powder form during peak production seasons for use during lean periods. Milk distribution is conducted through a well-organized retail network. Therefore, the government should actively support the development of food processing units in agriculture. The recent announcement to establish an additional 10,000 Farmer Processing Organizations , along with the Agriculture Infrastructure Fund, is promising but should be swiftly implemented.
• Market Reforms : The success of Operation Flood highlights the necessity for market reforms, including changes in Agricultural Produce Market Committees (APMC), infrastructure enhancements in existing APMC markets, and the promotion of contract farming.

The essence of the success of the white revolution lies in its democratic economic governance. According to which enterprise must be of the people, for the people, and governed by the people too. In this context, it is important that lessons learnt from the white revolution should be deployed to re green the green revolution .

Sample Question for UPSC Sociology Optional Paper:

Question 1: What sociological implications did the White Revolution have on India’s rural economy? Answer: The White Revolution empowered rural communities through cooperative farming, providing a self-sustaining source of income and employment, thereby reducing economic inequalities and fostering community development.

Question 2: How does the Amul Model reflect principles of democratic economic governance? Answer: The Amul Model promotes democratic economic governance by granting farmers direct control over their resources, allowing them to make individual progress and market their products effectively, thus embodying the principles of economic democracy.

Question 3: How can the lessons from the White Revolution be applied to address the environmental degradation caused by the Green Revolution? Answer: Lessons from the White Revolution advocate for localized, cooperative, and sustainable farming practices, which can serve as a model to mitigate the environmental impact of agricultural practices, particularly those that arose from the Green Revolution.

Question 4: What role do food processing industries play in the sustainability and economic viability of agricultural products, as seen in the White Revolution? Answer: Food processing industries enhance economic viability by stabilizing agricultural products, allowing for effective storage and distribution, as exemplified by the Amul model’s approach to milk processing and distribution.

Question 5: How does the White Revolution offer insights into addressing hidden unemployment caused by agricultural mechanization? Answer: By promoting cooperative farming and diversifying agricultural practices, the White Revolution provides a pathway to address hidden unemployment by engaging the community in different aspects of farming and food processing.

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White Revolution in India History, Objectives of Operation Flood

White Revolution period intended to make India a self-dependent nation in milk production. Dr Verghese Kurien is known as the father of the White Revolution in India or Operation Flood UPSC, PDF.

Table of Contents

White Revolution in India

India’s national dairy development effort was called The White Revolution or Operation Flood . Verghese Kurien, an agricultural scientist, started it in 1970. This revolution’s main goals were to make milk more widely available at reasonable rates and to enhance the standard of living for small farmers who relied on agriculture for a living. Millions of previously unemployed unskilled labourers now have jobs thanks to this revolution, which also rebuilt rural infrastructure.

India’s “White Revolution,” often referred to as “Operation Flood,” is the uprising that is attributed to a significant increase in milk output there. India was supposed to become an independent milk-producing country during the White Revolution. Dr. Verghese Kurien is recognized as being the father of India’s White Revolution, and the country today produces the most milk in the world.

To accomplish these goals, two national organizations—the National Dairy Development Board and Amul—from the Gujarati city of Anand joined forces. Together, they founded a number of cooperatives around India that would purchase fresh milk from neighbourhood farmers at fair prices and give them access to new machinery and technology to boost production levels without requiring a lot of financial investment.

Read about: Countries and Capitals

White Revolution or Operation Flood History

Indira Gandhi, the nation’s prime minister at the time, oversaw the White Revolution in India . Its main goals are to increase peoples’ standards of living and make India self-sufficient in milk production.

In Motihari, Bihar, on October 2, 1970, Mrs. Gandhi launched the White Revolution. To provide low-income households with a reliable supply of milk at a fair price and to boost their nutritional status, 100 cows were imported from New Zealand.

The movement sought to raise consumption through better marketing infrastructure and greater pay levels for farmers, improve living circumstances for cattle, and raise nutritional standards for consumers across India. It also sought to increase productivity and profitability.

Read about: Land Reforms in India

Father of White Revolution in India

The White Revolution’s founding father is Dr. Verghese Kurien. He was born on March 28, 1921, to a farming family in Kozhencherry, Kerala. The National Dairy Development Board was founded by Dr. Kurien, who also served as its chairman (NDDB). From 1965 until 2008, he served as its chairman. From 2009 until his passing in 2012, he served as executive chairman.

Amul Cooperative Union Limited, founded by Dr. Kurien in 1965, has expanded into a Rs 50,000 crore brand with over 12 million milk producers throughout Gujarat. There is a high demand for dairy products made from Indian cows’ milk in markets throughout India and beyond, including the USA and Europe, thus these milk producers regularly supply milk under the Amul brand name through their local unions.

Read about: Gallantry Awards in India

White Revolution in India Objectives

Under the auspices of Operation Flood, a connection between milk farmers and consumers nationwide was established in 1970. This approach, which was implemented in more than 700 cities and towns, ensures that milk prices do not vary seasonally or regionally. The cooperative arrangement made guaranteed that milk farmers received all of their income from final customers.

These are the White Revolution’s Main Goals:

• Increasing the rural population’s income
• Increasing milk production nationwide to create a flood of milk
• Sell milk in the nation at reasonable costs.

Read about: Earthquakes in India

White Revolution in India Phases

Phase I : It began in 1970 and continued for ten years, or until 1980. The World Food Program received donations of butter oil and skim milk powder from the European Union, which were sold to pay for this phase.

At the beginning of Phase I, specific goals were established for the program’s implementation. One such objective was to enhance the milk marketing strategy in major cities to achieve the objectives.

Phase II : It lasted from 1981 to 1985 for five years. This phase saw a rise in milk sheds from 18 to 136, an increase in milk outlets to roughly 290 metropolitan markets, and the establishment of a self-sustaining system with 4,250,000 milk producers divided among 43,000 local cooperatives. Due to the cooperatives’ direct selling of milk, domestic milk powder output surged from 22,000 tonnes in 1980 to 140,000 tonnes by 1989, and the sale of milk likewise increased by several million litres per day. The Operation Flood-implemented dairies were the only cause of all output improvements.

Phase III: It lasted from 1985 until 1996, or approximately 10 years. This phase put the program’s finishing touches on while allowing the dairy cooperatives to grow. Additionally, it fortifies the infrastructure needed to obtain and market rising milk volumes.

73,930 dairy cooperatives with a combined membership of more than 3.5 crore dairy farmers had been established by the time White Revolution or Operation Flood came to an end. Several hundred highly effective Cooperation currently exist in India as a result of the White Revolution. The prosperity of many Indian communities is thus due to the revolution.

Read about: Exogenic and Endogenic Forces

White Revolution in India Impacts

The White Revolution has been to the development of dairy what the Green Revolution was to the cultivation of grains. Improved cow breeding practices and the application of new technology are the factors that influence the outcome. India currently produces the most milk in the world. The White Revolution had a significant impact on rural inhabitants, and many of them were motivated to undertake dairying as a side business.

India is now the world’s largest producer of milk. Over 112 million tones of milk were produced in 2009–2010, compared to approximately 17 million tons in 1950–1951. When compared to the scenario prior to independence, milk output has increased more than six times. Currently, there is around 263 gram of milk available per person every day, compared to 125 gram before the White Revolution.

Milk output and imports have significantly decreased. The White Revolution has been as crucial to the development of the dairy industry as the Green Revolution has been to gram production. The use of new technologies and improved cow breeding are the factors that determine its outcome. India currently produces the most milk in the world, ranking first.

The White Revolution has primarily benefited landless laborers and small and marginal farmers. 1, 35,439 dairy cooperative groups at the village level now cover over 14 million farmers. At Anand, Mehsana, and Palanpur, research centers have been established to guarantee the success of the Operation Flood Program (Banaskantha). Also operating are three regional centres in Siliguri, Jalandhar, and Erode.

A pilot program for the Livestock Insurance Scheme in 100 chosen districts across the nation was approved in February 2006 and implemented in 2006–07. The program attempts to shield farmers from financial losses brought on by the unexpected death of livestock. Extensive cross-breeding has been started to increase the quality of animals. Major health initiatives have been started to guarantee the maintenance of the disease-free status. In 2005–2006, the government experimented with livestock insurance.

Read about: Natural Vegetation in India

White Revolution or Operation Flood FAQs

Q) Who started first White Revolution in India?

Ans. India was supposed to become a milk-producing nation independently during the White Revolution. Today, India is the world’s top milk producer, and Dr. Verghese Kurien is credited with starting the White Revolution in that country.

Q) When was White Revolution started in India?

Ans. The world’s largest dairy development initiative, known as the “White Revolution,” was launched by India in 1970 under the direction of Dr. Verghese Kurien. Operation Flood, as it is often known, made the country with a shortage of dairy products the world’s top producer of milk.

Q) What happened in White Revolution in India?

Ans. The initiative known as “White Revolution” was started by Operation Flood. By removing the intermediaries, it established a national milk grid that connected farmers all across India to consumers in more than 700 towns and cities, decreasing seasonal and regional price differences while assuring that farmers receive the lion’s share of the profits.

Q) What is White Revolution explain?

Ans. Operation Flood, another name for the white revolution, was started in 1970. Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri was the one who started it. It turned India, which lacked access to milk, into the largest milk producer in the world. The white revolution was credited to Dr. Verghese Kurien.

Q) Who launched White Revolution?

Ans. Pharam Vibhushan Dr. Verghese Kurien, known as the “Father of the White Revolution in India,” passed away on September 9, 2012, and was 90 years old. Dr. Kurien, who was born in Kozhikode, Kerala, on November 26, 1921, graduated from Madras University with a Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering degree in 1943.

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Who started first White Revolution in India?

India was supposed to become a milk-producing nation independently during the White Revolution. Today, India is the world's top milk producer, and Dr. Verghese Kurien is credited with starting the White Revolution in that country.

When was White Revolution started in India?

The world's largest dairy development initiative, known as the "White Revolution," was launched by India in 1970 under the direction of Dr. Verghese Kurien. Operation Flood, as it is often known, made the country with a shortage of dairy products the world's top producer of milk.

What happened in White Revolution in India?

The initiative known as "White Revolution" was started by Operation Flood. By removing the intermediaries, it established a national milk grid that connected farmers all across India to consumers in more than 700 towns and cities, decreasing seasonal and regional price differences while assuring that farmers receive the lion's share of the profits.

What is White Revolution explain?

Operation Flood, another name for the white revolution, was started in 1970. Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri was the one who started it. It turned India, which lacked access to milk, into the largest milk producer in the world. The white revolution was credited to Dr. Verghese Kurien.

Who launched White Revolution?

Pharam Vibhushan Dr. Verghese Kurien, known as the "Father of the White Revolution in India," passed away on September 9, 2012, and was 90 years old. Dr. Kurien, who was born in Kozhikode, Kerala, on November 26, 1921, graduated from Madras University with a Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering degree in 1943.

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SANSAD TV: MILESTONES SERIES- WHITE REVOLUTION

Introduction:

The revolution triggered a sharp increase in milk production in India. It was aptly called White Revolution or Operation Flood. Today, India is the world’s largest producer of milk. Dr Verghese Kurien helmed this transformative initiative and is known as the father of the White Revolution.

• It created a national milk grid linking producers throughout India to consumers in over 700 towns and cities and reducing seasonal and regional price variations while ensuring that producers get a major share of the profit by eliminating the middlemen.
• At the bedrock of Operation Flood stands the village milk producers’ co-operatives, which procure milk and provide inputs and services, making modern management and technology available to all the members.
• The revolution associated with a sharp increase in milk production in the country is called the White Revolution in India also known as Operation Flood.
• White revolution period intended to make India a self-dependent nation in milk production. Today, India is the world’s largest producer of milk and Dr Verghese Kurien is known as the father of the White Revolution in India.
• The huge increase in milk supply through concerted efforts on a cooperative level is known as the White Revolution.
• Forty-eight years after Operation Flood– that made India the world’s largest milk producer – India continues to be on the lookout for the next breakthrough in agricultural produce and productivity.
• White Revolution 2.0 has effectuated dairy firms’ marketing strategy for milk and milk products, resuscitating the outlook of product-market mix.

Milk production in India:

• India emerged as the largest milk producer and consumer in 2019.
• Niti Aayog estimates that the country is expected to increase its milk production to 330 million metric tonnes (mt) in 2033–34 from the current level of 176 mt.
• Currently India has 17% of world output of dairy products, surpassing USA in 1998 as world’s largest producer of dairy. All this was achieved by operation Flood which was launched in 1970’s.
• According to market research company IMARC, the milk and dairy products industry reached Rs7.9 lakh crore in 2017.
• In 2016, the milk sector alone was valued at Rs3 lakh crore and is projected to scale Rs7.3 lakh crore by 2021.
• The per capita milk availability in India has gone up from 126 gm per day in 1960 to 359 gm per day in 2015.

Potential of White Revolution 2.0 :

• Post-liberalisation and Milk and Milk Products Order (2002) was abolished, dairy businesses observed a radical shift toward a strategic product diversification towards functional and traceable foods like nutrition-based health drinks, packaged milk products (such as paneer), and frozen/probiotic products and so on.
• Market structure, conduct, and performance has dramatically changed post 2000s. Besides the established cooperative federations like Amul, other state cooperative federations and multinationals (namely, Nestle, Danon, and Lactalis) are aggressively harnessing the untapped business potential.
• White revolution 2.0 can strengthen the scope of vertical integration between cattle feed industries, dairy machinery firms, producer cooperatives unions, state marketing federations, advertising and marketing firms, logistics and distribution agencies.
• The dairy industry in India is unique. With six lakh villages housing about 90 crore people, dairying is not just a large economic activity but also an integral part of our social and cultural heritage
• Can help small farmers to reduce dependence on crop sales
• Can increase source of income of farmers in low yielding areas like Marathwada, Bundelkhand etc
• India is surrounded by countries and regions that are milk-deficient, such as the Middle East, South Asia and Southeast Asia.
• There is ample scope for export of value-added milk products to Bangladesh, China, Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Japan, the UAE, Oman and other gulf countries, all of which are located close to India.
• At present, the population of South Asia alone is growing at 1.3 per cent a year; it is likely to be 2.2 billion by 2050. This presents an opportunity for India’s dairy industry

Challenges to White Revolution 2.0:

• The Indian cows and buffaloes are generally low yielding and non-descript because of the lack of healthy cattle-feed and fodder, tropical heat and diseases.
• Despite lack of water and gradually declining arable land, dairy farming is on the rise.
• Free trade agreements, or FTAs, for instance, will allow EU government-subsidised products to be imported from Europe with little entry barriers. This will pose a big challenge to cow-farmers.
• Due to unhygienic production, handling conditions and high temperatures, the quality of milk is adversely affected.
• Because of inadequate marketing facilities, most of the marketable surplus is sold in the form of ghee which is the least remunerative of all milk products.

Measures needed:

• Increase in the market share depends on how dairy firms’ capabilities and their resources are utilised given the opportunities and threats emanating from emerging markets economies.
• Contract/corporate dairying and emerging global dairy trade are required to rope in dairy supply chains stakeholders in order to expand their outreach and “on-the-go” product positioning into the target segment.
• Digital technology-enabled dairy firms need to identify their compatible partners and competitors for co-creation through product-process innovation via relationship/value-based marketing.
• Freshness in milk, and convenience to store milk or milk products can be a technology innovation brought in by large dairy firms in association start-ups.
• Education and Training at Panchayat level for small and medium size farmers
• Subsidizing cattle production and encouraging cattle markets
• Facility of logistics for produced milk
• Improved Veterinary facility specially in artificial insemination of cattle
• Encouraging private sector firm to procure dairy produced at rural level
• Low interest loans for small and medium scale farmers for cattle purchase
• Encouraging rural women to take up animal husbandry
• Insurance of cattle against diseases like Anthrax, Foot and Mouth, Peste des Ruminantes, etc.
• Nurture dairy entrepreneurs through effective training of youth at the village level coupled with dedicated leadership and professional management of farmers’ institutions.

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Essay on the White Revolution | Paragraph on White Revolution

White Revolution Essay Paragraph on the White Revolution  Speech on the White Revolution

After the success of the Green Revolution, the White Revolution or Company Flood began in India. The Green Revolution was so-called because it involved the development of high-yielding seed varieties and the development of food crops. The White Revolution also focused on the development of milk production and related products. It was launched by Dr. Verghese Curein with the idea that the development of milk production will help improve the economy and the lives of the people.

So the revolution began with the opening of a mulch cattle farm in Gujarat in 1974. And then it spreads to other areas. Before independence, India had to import milk to meet the needs of its crops. Also, people had no idea how to raise an animal on mulch at home to produce milk. So the White Revolution first raised awareness of all these problems and slowly succeeded in changing the lives of 13.4 million farmers in India. And of those, 3.4 million were women.

Hybrid and high-yielding cow varieties have been developed and farmers are interested in starting domestic livestock production. India has suitable climatic conditions for this activity and an abundance of available forage. Farmers can therefore run this business very profitably.

Under the leadership of Dr. Kurein, milk production reached 710 lakh tonnes in 1997-98. Milk is an essential and nutritious food, as well as the raw material for many other sweets and dairy products. When the need to import milk disappeared, the industry was able to make more profit and increase production. It has also benefited our own residents. And the living conditions of these people have improved thanks to a stable income.

Today, India successfully ranks among the countries with the highest milk production. However, there are some unfortunate drawbacks. There is no doubt that milk production has increased. But the question is whether this total amount was spent in order to make a sufficient profit. Producing high-quality dairy products and then exporting them to other countries is not an easy task because it requires a lot of money. Moreover, the treatment should be just as good. Obviously, not all of India is rich enough to afford it. Selling in our own local markets alone cannot generate enough profit, even if it meets local needs without too much effort. The United States of America has a number of positive points in this respect and is therefore in the lead.

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Essay on the White Revolution | Paragraph on White Revolution

The White Revolution or operation flood was started in India after the success of The Green Revolution. The Green revolution was so named because it involved the development of high yielding variety of seeds and the development of food crops. The White Revolution similarly aimed at increase in development of dairy production and its related products. It was started by Dr. Vergese Kurein with the thought that development of diary production will help the economy to become better and lives of people will be improved.

Accordingly, the revolution started with the inauguration of a cattle farm of mulch animals in Gujarat in 1974. And thereafter it spreader to other parts. Before independence India had to import milk in order to meet its needs in factories. Similarly people had no or very less concept about rearing a mulch animal at home in order to obtain milk. So, the White revolution first brought awareness about all these matters and slowly it was successful in transforming the lives of 13.4 million farmers in India. And out of this, 3.4 million were women.

Hybrid and high producing varieties of cows were developed and the farmers were motivated to take up cattle rearing at home. India has a suitable climatic condition for this business and also there a plenty of feed available. That is why the farmers could pursue this business very lucratively.

Under the leadership of Dr. Kurein, milk production reached 710 lakh tons during 1997-1998. Milk is an essential and nutritious food as well as a raw material for many other sweets and dairy products. Therefore, since the need of importing milk was removed, the industries therefore profited more along with increase in production. Also, our own local people were benefited with this. And, the livelihood of those people improved from a steady income.

India is successfully among the topmost countries in milk production now. But still there are some unfortunate disadvantages too. The production of milk has no doubt increased. But the question is whether this full amount have been spent towards gaining enough profit. Making dairy products at great standards and then exporting it to other countries is not an easy task as it requires a lot of money. Also, the handling must be equally good. Evidently whole of India is not rich enough to afford this. Selling it in our own local markets cannot alone give back enough profits, although it serves towards fulfilment of local needs without much hassle. In this regard The United States of America has plus points and therefore they are at the top.

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Green Revolution Essay in 100, 200, and 500 Words

• Updated on  
• Feb 26, 2024

Norman Borlaug, an American Agronomist, is regarded as the father of the Green Revolution. His scientific methods of introducing modern agricultural techniques allowed the world to sustain agricultural production. In India, M.S. Swaminathan is known as the father of the green revolution. 

Green Revolution essay requires you to write compelling details about its history, early developments, modern techniques used, how it helped with production, etc. In this article, we will discuss some samples of Green Revolution essays. 

Table of Contents

• 1 Green Revolution Essay in 100 Words
• 2 Green Revolution Essay in 200 Words
• 3.1 Green Revolution in India
• 3.2 Challenges and Concerns

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Green Revolution Essay in 100 Words

‘Agriculture is one of the most popular essay topics in school and higher education. Several reasons make agriculture an important point of discussion, as it forms the basis of economic, social, and environmental aspects of countries. A country with a surplus amount of agricultural production not only sustains its population but also exports products to different countries.

Major developments in the agricultural sector started in the 1950s when modern technologies to increase production were introduced. However, an American agronomist, Norman Borlaug , changed the entire agricultural market, by introducing the Green Revolution. In India, it was Dr. M.S. Swaminathan, who is credited with the development of agricultural production and was given the title of the Father of Green Revolution in India.’

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Green Revolution Essay in 200 Words

‘Green revolution refers to the introduction of modern technologies to increase agricultural productivity. The credit for the Green Revolution is given to Norman Borlaug , who, in the 1960s, conducted multiple studies to increase farm productivity. Norman’s research focused on two aspects; to increase agricultural production and enhance the food quality.

Agricultural production is the primary source of food for humans and various other animals. It provides a diverse range of crops, livestock, and other food products necessary for sustaining human life. A reliable and sufficient agricultural sector is essential for ensuring food security and preventing hunger.

In India, M.S. Swaminathan is regarded as the Father of the Green Revolution. His scientific methods and studies allowed India to increase its agricultural production and become a sustainable country. Swaminathan’s efforts also contributed to India’s economic growth. In India, more than 50% of the population is employed in agriculture or related occupations. These people were able to extract natural resources to their full potential with the modern techniques introduced by MS Swaminathan.

Today, India is the largest producer of milk, pulses, and jute. Not only this, India is the second largest producer of rice, wheat, sugarcane, groundnut, vegetables, fruit, and cotton. The Green Revolution was a transformative phase in the history of India and the world, where agricultural production was able to sustain the entire population.’

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Green Revolution Essay in 500 Words

‘The Green Revolution was the period of agricultural transformation where modern approaches were introduced for high-yielding crop varieties, advanced agricultural technologies, and improved management practices. The real game changer was Norman Borlaug, who developed high-yielding varieties of wheat that were resistant to diseases, adapted to different climates, and responsive to fertilizers. His efforts earned him the title of ‘Father of the Green Revolution.’

The high-yielding crop varieties, coupled with the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, revolutionized farming methods. Simultaneously, mechanization and irrigation practices were also developed, which played a crucial role in enhancing productivity. These developments transformed the farmers from traditional, subsistence-oriented practices to intensive, commercially driven agriculture.

Green Revolution in India

In India, the situation was quite different. India is naturally blessed with the most fertile land on the earth, which allows us to grow two types of crops on the same soil. The cropping pattern in India is different into different groups; Rabi, Kharif, and Zaid. An Indian Agroscientist, MS Swaminathan, took on the arduous task of introducing modern techniques and high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice.

To support the high-yielding varieties, there was a simultaneous effort to expand irrigation facilities across the country. The construction of dams, canals, and tube wells helped ensure a more reliable water supply for crops, reducing dependence on monsoon rains.

The Green Revolution promoted the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides to enhance soil fertility and protect crops from pests and diseases. This approach aimed at maximizing yields through intensive agricultural practices. 

One of the primary achievements of the Green Revolution was a substantial increase in agricultural productivity. India transformed from a food-deficient nation to achieving self-sufficiency in food production, particularly in wheat and rice. 

The increased production of food grains contributed significantly to improving food security in the country. The availability of staple crops increased, leading to a more stable food supply and reduced dependence on imports.

The Green Revolution had positive economic implications. Increased agricultural productivity contributed to rural development, reduced poverty, and provided a foundation for overall economic growth.

Challenges and Concerns

The Green Revolution also had some negative effects. The intensive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides raised environmental concerns, leading to issues such as soil degradation, water pollution, and loss of biodiversity. 

Social and economic disparities emerged due to the uneven distribution of land and other resources. Large landowners and farmers with access to resources benefited more than small and marginal farmers, contributing to social and economic disparities.

The expansion of irrigation, particularly through groundwater extraction, led to concerns about the depletion of water resources in certain regions. 

The emphasis on high-yielding varieties of a limited number of crops, primarily wheat and rice, has led to concerns about the lack of crop diversity and its impact on long-term sustainability.

The Green Revolution was a game-changer in agriculture and its related activities. It generated employment, made countries self-sustained, introduced modern technologies, and several others. But there were certain challenges also which cannot be overlooked. Therefore, it is important to have a more realistic and environmentally sustainable approach for making agricultural production.

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Ans: The Green Revolution was the period of agricultural transformation where modern approaches were introduced for high-yielding crop varieties, advanced agricultural technologies, and improved management practices. The real game changer was Norman Borlaug, who developed high-yielding varieties of wheat that were resistant to diseases, adapted to different climates, and responsive to fertilizers. His efforts earned him the title of ‘Father of the Green Revolution.’

Ans: M.S. Swaminathan is the father of the Green Revolution in India.

Ans: The Green Revolution refers to agricultural transformation by the introduction of high-yielding crop varieties. M.S. Swaminathan introduced the Green Revolution in 1965. On the other hand, the White Revolution refers to the production of milk and other dairy products. Verghese Kurian is regarded as the father of the White Revolution in India.

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Essay on the White Revolution in India

Following the success of the Green Revolution which resulted in the increase in production of rice and wheat, the India government has taken up Operation Flood Programme to increase the production of milk and make India one of the largest producers of milk in the world. The phenomenal increase in the production of milk in the country is christened as the White Revolution.

The White Revolution played a significant role in improving the living standards of the rural poor and consequently the rural economy. The co-operatives, which were set up to increase the production of milk in the villages, had played a key role in the progress of the rural economy. It will be no exaggeration if the prosperity in many of the Indian villages in attributed to the White Revolution.

The Operation Flood Programme had 73,930 dairy cooperatives by March 1997 covering more than three and half crore farmer members. Because of the innovative strategies adopted by these dairy cooperatives under the leadership of Dr. Kurien, the milk production reached the estimated level of 710 lakh tones during 1997-98.

The Technology Mission on Dairy Development launched by the Government of India in 1988 is going all out to consolidate the gains of the White Revolution and increase the income and employment opportunities in the rural areas.

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With increasing number of rural people taking to dairy projects to supplement their income, if not as a source of their main income, the milk production in the ensuring years is bound to increase dramatically, making India the largest producer of milk in the world, the position occupied by the United States of America today.

While we can take pride in our country emerging as the largest producer of milk in the world after a few years, this achievement will not be without problems. Can we consume the entire milk produced in the country? This may not be possible given the fact that a large proportion of the Indian population does not have the economic strength to buy and consume the milk produced in the country.

This means, India has to export milk which may not be possible as we cannot compete with the USA or the European countries in this regard. So while the White Revolution has benefited the rural areas of our country considerably, the revolution may not be sustained beyond a point because of the lack of purchasing power of the poor Indians, and the bleak prospects on the export front.

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White Revolution

Essay by people   •  May 23, 2012  •  Essay  •  443 Words (2 Pages)  •  1,376 Views

Essay Preview: White Revolution

A group was formed by a neo-Nazi Billy Roper in 2002 named White Revolution. White Revolution supports the continuing existence of the White race. According to Billy Roper, today there is less than 8% of white population in the world, compared to the two thirds that represented the race a century ago. The organization was formed in Russellville, Arkansas and soon attempted to join up with other white supremacist associations. Billy Roper has stayed in contact with popular hate groups such as Aryan Nations. The group seeks to be the "most radical pro-White organization," focusing on non-White immigration into the United States, and says their most deadly weapons are the pen, leaflet and the keyboard.

Their website was supposed to stream videos and information, but has turned into a blog for the owner, Billy Roper. The group also published a periodical called White Revolution News. Here's a quote from their website: "We recognize that so long as the news and entertainment media around the world are controlled by an alien race and their collaborators ... there is no possibility for Whites to democratically regain control of our own destiny. We will not compromise when it comes to our children's future, or the future of our race and species. We will not allow our people to be pushed towards extinction without pushing back." From this quote, I believe that Billy Roper has a decent point he just may be taking it overboard. Whites will never be the only race left of the planet, and it is our duty to protect the environment (earth) by taking care of it and by interacting with those in it (other races).

When asked if they are a racist group, Billy Roper will says that if they have to be racist to further ensue the white race, then they will do it. Since the media belittles the term "racist", Billy reminds everyone that the term means an advocate to support one's own people. He thinks that there are no alternatives other than to protect the race. Again, I believe that we should be further pursuing the existence of the White race; I just think that we need to learn how to all get along and live on the earth together happily.

Unfortunately, the group has not grown very much. In its first couple of years the only big events were ones relating to publicity, such as rallies. Now, the group is merely just Billy Roper and his friends showing and supporting their beliefs publicly.

Roper, Billy. White Revolution. 2 Nov. 2010. 1 Nov. 2010

<http://whiterevolution.com/?page_id=21>.

White Revolution. 2 Nov. 2010. Southern Poverty Law Center. 1 Nov. 2010 <http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-files/groups/white-revolution>.