meaning for paper presentation in tamil

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Translation of "presentation" into Tamil

காண்பிக்கை, அன்பளிப்பு, அறிமுகப்படுத்தல் are the top translations of "presentation" into Tamil. Sample translated sentence: Speaking on the occasion, the Prime Minister congratulated the Vice President for presenting his thoughts to the future generations through the book. ↔ இந்த நிகழ்ச்சியில் பேசுகையில், இந்த நூலின் மூலமாக வருங்காலத் தலைமுறையினருக்குத் தனது சிந்தனைகளை வழங்கியுள்ளதற்காக துணைக் குடியரசுத் தலைவரை பிரதமர் பாராட்டினார்.

The act of presenting, or something presented [..]

English-Tamil dictionary

அறிமுகப்படுத்தல்.

Less frequent translations

• தோன்றளித்தல்
• முன்னிலைப்படுத்தல்
• முன்வைத்தல்

Show algorithmically generated translations

Automatic translations of " presentation " into Tamil

Translations with alternative spelling

பரத்திக் காட்டுதல்

முன் வைத்தல், images with "presentation", phrases similar to "presentation" with translations into tamil.

• Presents made to a married girl, or one arrived at puberty சீர்வரிசை
• data presentation method தரவளிப்புமுறை
• visiting presents
• make presents வெகுமானி-த்தல்
• be present உடனிரு
• Good action; the merit of good works in a former birth, en joyed in the present--oppos. to . . Good and bad actions; good and bad fate. நல்வினை
• give presents சீர்செய்-தல்
• pre-presentation முன்கூட்டியே அறிமுகப்படுத்துதல்

Translations of "presentation" into Tamil in sentences, translation memory

International Tamil Academy

Paper presentation.

Highlight of the conference.

Our paper presentation schedule is full and we are not able to accept any more submissions at this time. We thank you for your interest.

The highlight of the conference will be a session for research paper presentations by Tamil scholars from around the world.  We request you to present research papers exploring  methods and possibilities of developing successful language teaching focusing on the following:

Tamil teaching skills development

 Listening, Speaking, Reading, Writing (LSRW)

Paper Presentation Topics

• Concepts to improve foreign language teaching skills
• Methods for integrating LSRW
• New approaches in language acquisition
• Techniques for activity based learning
• Importance of integrating grammar concepts in LSRW Integrating grammar aspects with LSRW and its importance.
• Importance of developing listening The importance of developing listening skills and the ways or techniques for the developing it in language teaching
• Issues, challenges and solutions for pronunciation accuracy Pronunciation problems encountered by the learners and how to overcome these problems
• Developing Reading skills How to help students to read with accuracy and increase their fluency
• Rectifying errors in writing How to cultivate accuracy in writing
• How to face challenges in teaching written and spoken Tamil Challenges in teaching written and spoken Tamil. Activity based learning to overcome these difficulties.
• Incorporating cultural aspects in LSRW Understanding cultural aspects such as food, festivals, arts, literature and learning how it shapes the way students express themselves.
• Developing vocabulary Vocabulary development strategies
• Language proficiency assessment Assessing language proficiency of a student. Discussing the effectiveness of assessment guidelines (like ACTFL, ILR, OPI) followed in different countries.
• Use of technology in teaching and assessment Emerging uses of technology and role of technology in language acquisition. Use of technology in language assessment.

Paper Submission Deadlines

• Research paper abstracts are due by  November 30, 2022
• Research paper abstracts can be either in English or in Tamil
• Submission should not exceed 300 words (approximately 1 page using a 12 pt. font size at 1.5 line space)
• If in Tamil, please use only Tamil Unicode fonts
• Abstracts chosen for presentation will be announced by end of November, 2022
• Your full paper is due by  February 1, 2023. 
• You will be notified of our acceptance or rejection of your paper by  March 1, 2023

Paper Submission Guidelines

• Your paper should match the contents and theme of your abstract
• Your paper can either be in English or Tamil – Your paper should not exceed 1500 words (approximately 5 pages using a 12 pt. font size at 1.5 line space)
• Abstracts and Papers can be submitted only through the conference website www.itadtec.org
• If your paper is in Tamil, please use only Tamil Unicode font
• Approval of an abstract does not guarantee approval of your final paper. Your paper can be rejected if it does not meet with the criteria of the conference program committee
• ITA  reserves the right to select the papers for presentation and publication. Accepted and presented papers will be published in the conference journal.

Presentation Guidelines

Once your paper has been accepted, you will be given a 20 minute time slot to present your paper at the conference. It is recommended that you use MS Powerpoint for your presentation. Your presentation can be in English or Tamil. If you are presenting a software product or a technology, you may give a demo of your product too. Please send us your presentation by April 1, 2023 so that we can review it in good time.

For more information, email to dtec2023.papers at catamilacademy dot org 

presentation

Translation and definition "presentation", tamil lexicon.

• Cambridge Dictionary +Plus

Translation of paper – English–Tamil dictionary

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paper noun ( MATERIAL )

• I didn't realize we had to write each answer on a new sheet of paper.
• The parcel had only been loosely wrapped , and the paper had come off.
• Have you got a scrap of paper I could write on?
• He rifled through the papers on the desk , but couldn't find the photographs .
• The leaflets will be printed on recycled paper.

(Translation of paper from the Cambridge English–Tamil Dictionary © Cambridge University Press)

Examples of paper

Translations of paper.

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A scripted speech or broadcast has been written before it is read or performed.

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Presentation

Tamil dictionary definitions for presentation.

Presentation : நிறைவேற்றுதல், (காட்சி, நிகழ்ச்சி) வழங்குதல்

Presentation : காட்சியளிப்பு,பரையேற்றம்

Presentation definition

• The act of presenting, or the state of being presented; a setting forth; an offering; bestowal.
• exhibition; representation; display; appearance; semblance; show.
• That which is presented or given; a present; a gift, as, the picture was a presentation.
• The act of offering a clergyman to the bishop or ordinary for institution in a benefice; the right of presenting a clergyman.
• The particular position of the child during labor relatively to the passage though which it is to be brought forth; -- specifically designated by the part which first appears at the mouth of the uterus; as, a breech presentation.

Lern More About

• Tamil Lexicon: Definition of "Presentation"
• Wiki Definition: Presentation
• Google Search result: Google
• Wiki Article: Wikipedia

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Presentation Meaning In Tamil

எளிய எடுத்துக்காட்டுகள் மற்றும் வரையறைகளுடன் presentation இன் உண்மையான அர்த்தத்தை அறியவும்., definitions of presentation.

1 . ஒருவருக்கு ஏதாவது பரிசு, குறிப்பாக உத்தியோகபூர்வ விழாவின் சூழலில்.

1 . the giving of something to someone, especially as part of a formal ceremony.

இணைச்சொற்கள்

2 . ஒரு புதிய தயாரிப்பு, யோசனை அல்லது வேலை பார்வையாளர்களுக்குக் காட்டப்பட்டு விளக்கப்படும் பேச்சு அல்லது உரையாடல்.

2 . a speech or talk in which a new product, idea, or piece of work is shown and explained to an audience.

3 . ஒருவரின் முறையான விளக்கக்காட்சி, குறிப்பாக நீதிமன்றத்தில்.

3 . a formal introduction of someone, especially at court.

4 . பிரசவ நேரத்தில் கருப்பை வாய் தொடர்பாக கருவின் நிலை.

4 . the position of a fetus in relation to the cervix at the time of delivery.

5 . ஆரம்ப பரிசோதனை மற்றும் நோயறிதலுக்கு நோயாளியை முன்வைக்கவும்.

5 . the coming forward of a patient for initial examination and diagnosis.

6 . மெழுகுவர்த்திகளுக்கான மற்றொரு சொல்.

6 . another term for Candlemas.

Examples of Presentation :

1 . பவர்பாயிண்ட் விளக்கக்காட்சிகளை உருவாக்கி பார்க்கவும்.

1 . making and viewing powerpoint presentation s.

2 . இது ஒரு பவர்பாயிண்ட் விளக்கக்காட்சி அல்ல.

2 . it's not a powerpoint presentation .

3 . ஆங்கிலத்தில் கற்பிக்கப்படும் சிறந்த திட்டங்கள், வழக்கு பகுப்பாய்வு மற்றும் குழுப்பணி, விளக்கக்காட்சி, மொழி மற்றும் சிக்கலைத் தீர்ப்பது போன்ற மென்மையான திறன்கள்.

3 . excellent programs taught in english packed with real-world business cases and soft skills such as teamwork, presentation , language and problem-solving.

4 . 'பிரசன்டிங் ஃபார் கீக்ஸ்' மற்றும் 'பிரைன்ஸ்டார்மிங் யுவர் பிரசன்டேஷன்' ஆகியவற்றின் ஆசிரியர்.

4 . Author of 'Presenting for Geeks' and 'Brainstorming Your Presentation '.

5 . hcov-nl63 ஆல் ஏற்படும் நோயில் கோரிசா, கான்ஜுன்க்டிவிடிஸ், காய்ச்சல் மற்றும் மூச்சுக்குழாய் அழற்சி ஆகியவை பொதுவானவை.

5 . presentation of coryza, conjunctivitis, fever, and bronchiolitis is common in the disease caused by hcov-nl63.

6 . இது ஒரு பவர்பாயிண்ட் விளக்கக்காட்சி அல்ல.

6 . this is not a powerpoint presentation .

7 . ms பவர்பாயிண்ட் விளக்கக்காட்சி பயன்படுத்தப்பட வேண்டும்.

7 . presentation ms powerpoint is to be used.

8 . விளக்கக்காட்சிகள் முக்கிய சார்பு: பீமர்.

8 . presentation s. primary dependency: beamer.

9 . பவர்பாயிண்ட் விளக்கக்காட்சி மற்றும் டெமோ.

9 . powerpoint presentation and demonstration.

10 . SES இன் விளக்கக்காட்சி (பவர்பாயிண்ட்; 30 நிமிடங்கள்),

10 . Presentation of the SES (Powerpoint; 30 minutes),

11 . எடுத்துக்காட்டாக, அலுவலக மென்பொருள் தொகுப்புகளில் சொல் செயலாக்கம், விரிதாள், தரவுத்தளம், விளக்கக்காட்சி மற்றும் மின்னஞ்சல் பயன்பாடுகள் இருக்கலாம்.

11 . for example, office software suites might include word processing, spreadsheet, database, presentation , and email applications.

12 . விளக்கக்காட்சிகளாக இருக்கும்.

12 . the presentation s will be.

13 . விளக்கக்காட்சியின் நேரம் மற்றும் நேரம்.

13 . time and hour of presentation .

14 . அகரவரிசை காட்சி வடிவங்கள்.

14 . alphabetic presentation forms.

15 . விளக்கக்காட்சிக்கு xhtml மற்றும் css.

15 . xhtml and css for presentation .

16 . விளக்கக்காட்சி கெச்சுவாவில் இருந்தது.

16 . the presentation was in quechua.

17 . விளக்கக்காட்சி முறையில் எவின்ஸ் இயக்கவும்.

17 . run evince in presentation mode.

18 . விண்டோஸ் விளக்கக்காட்சி அறக்கட்டளை.

18 . windows presentation foundation.

19 . ஹைபர்பேரிக் அறையில் விளக்கக்காட்சிகள்.

19 . hyperbaric chamber presentation s.

20 . kde 2 என்ற தலைப்பில் ஒரு விளக்கக்காட்சி.

20 . a presentation with kde 2 theming.

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Presentation meaning in Tamil - Learn actual meaning of Presentation with simple examples & definitions. Also you will learn Antonyms , synonyms & best example sentences. This dictionary also provide you 10 languages so you can find meaning of Presentation in Hindi, Tamil , Telugu , Bengali , Kannada , Marathi , Malayalam , Gujarati , Punjabi , Urdu.

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paper meaning in Tamil | paper தமிழ் பொருள்

paper  காகிதம்

paper =  காகிதம்

Pronunciation  =  🔊 bb1.onclick = function(){ if(responsivevoice.isplaying()){ responsivevoice.cancel(); }else{ responsivevoice.speak("paper", "uk english female"); } }; paper, pronunciation in tamil  =  பேப்பர், paper  in tamil : காகிதம், part of speech :  noun  , definition in english : material manufactured in thin sheets from the pulp of wood or other fibrous substances, used for writing, drawing, or printing on, or as wrapping material. , definition in  tamil : மரம் அல்லது பிற இழைமப் பொருட்களின் கூழ் இருந்து மெல்லிய தாள்கள் உற்பத்தி பொருள், எழுதுதல், வரைதல், அல்லது அச்சிடும், அல்லது பொருள் போர்த்தி பயன்படுத்தப்படுகிறது., examples in english :.

• Paper comes from trees.

Examples in Tamil :

• காகிதம் மரங்களிலிருந்து வருகிறது.

Synonyms of paper

Antonyms of paper, about english tamil dictionary.

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73 Best Tamil-Themed Templates for PowerPoint & Google Slides

With over 6 million presentation templates available for you to choose from, crystalgraphics is the award-winning provider of the world’s largest collection of templates for powerpoint and google slides. so, take your time and look around. you’ll like what you see whether you want 1 great template or an ongoing subscription, we've got affordable purchasing options and 24/7 download access to fit your needs. thanks to our unbeatable combination of quality, selection and unique customization options, crystalgraphics is the company you can count on for your presentation enhancement needs. just ask any of our thousands of satisfied customers from virtually every leading company around the world. they love our products. we think you will, too" id="category_description">crystalgraphics creates templates designed to make even average presentations look incredible. below you’ll see thumbnail sized previews of the title slides of a few of our 73 best tamil templates for powerpoint and google slides. the text you’ll see in in those slides is just example text. the tamil-related image or video you’ll see in the background of each title slide is designed to help you set the stage for your tamil-related topics and it is included with that template. in addition to the title slides, each of our templates comes with 17 additional slide layouts that you can use to create an unlimited number of presentation slides with your own added text and images. and every template is available in both widescreen and standard formats. with over 6 million presentation templates available for you to choose from, crystalgraphics is the award-winning provider of the world’s largest collection of templates for powerpoint and google slides. so, take your time and look around. you’ll like what you see whether you want 1 great template or an ongoing subscription, we've got affordable purchasing options and 24/7 download access to fit your needs. thanks to our unbeatable combination of quality, selection and unique customization options, crystalgraphics is the company you can count on for your presentation enhancement needs. just ask any of our thousands of satisfied customers from virtually every leading company around the world. they love our products. we think you will, too.

Widescreen (16:9) Presentation Templates. Change size...

Presentation theme with panorama of famous tamil nadu landmark - shore temple world heritage site in mahabalipuram tamil nadu india

PPT layouts enhanced with vintage retro effect filtered hipster style image of statues on hindu temple gopura tower menakshi temple madurai tamil nadu india

Slide set featuring man weaving silk sari on loom in kanchipuram tamil nadu india kanchipuram is famous for hand woven silk sarees and most of the city's workforce is involved in weaving industry

Presentation design featuring town tiruvannamalai with arulmigu arunachaleswarar temple tamil nadu india aerial view

Theme enhanced with hindu temple gopura tower menakshi temple madurai tamil nadu india

Slide set having famous tamil nadu landmark - shore temple world heritage site in mahabalipuram tamil nadu india

Presentation theme featuring bas relief depicting durga slaying demon maheeshasuramardini brihadishwara temple tanjore thanjavur tamil nadu india the greatest of great living chola temples - unesco world heritage site background

PPT theme enhanced with airavatesvara temple darasuram tamil nadu india one of great living chola temples - unesco world heritage site backdrop

Presentation theme having famous tamil nadu landmark - shore temple world heritage site in mahabalipuram tamil nadu india

Theme having fishing boat on the beach chennai tamil nadu india

Slides featuring lingam shivalingam -symbol of shiva in hindusim airavatesvara temple darasuram tamil nadu india one of great living chola temples - unesco world heritage site background

PPT layouts having famous tamil nadu landmark - shore temple world heritage site in mahabalipuram tamil nadu india

Presentation consisting of vintage retro hipster style travel image of shiva and parvati on bull images sculptures on hindu temple gopura tower menakshi temple madurai tamil nadu india

Slide deck consisting of krishna bas relief in hindu temple sri ranganathaswamy temple tiruchirappalli trichy tamil nadu india

PPT layouts enhanced with famous tamil nadu landmark - shore temple world heritage site in mahabalipuram tamil nadu india

PPT theme having famous tamil nadu landmark - shore temple world heritage site in mahabalipuram tamil nadu india

PPT theme enhanced with kodaikanal upper view tamil nadu india

Presentation theme featuring vintage retro hipster style travel image of famous tamil nadu landmark - shore temple world heritage site in mahabalipuram tamil nadu india with grunge texture overlaid

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English Tamil Dictionary | இங்கிலீஷ் தமிழ் நிகண்டு

The keyboard uses the ISCII layout developed by the Government of India. It is also used in Windows, Apple and other systems. There is a base layout, and an alternative layout when the Shift key is pressed. If you have any questions about it, please contact us.

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paper - Meaning in Tamil

Paper word forms & inflections, definitions and meaning of paper in english.

• "when it began to rain he covered his head with a newspaper"
• "the notion of an office running without paper is absurd"
• "he read his newspaper at breakfast"
• "he has written many scientific papers"

composition , report , report , theme

• "he got an A on his composition"

newspaper publisher , newspaper

• "Murdoch owns many newspapers"
• "paper the box"

Synonyms of paper

• composition , report , theme
• newspaper , newspaper publisher

Paper is a thin sheet material produced by mechanically or chemically processing cellulose fibres derived from wood, rags, grasses, or other vegetable sources in water, draining the water through a fine mesh leaving the fibre evenly distributed on the surface, followed by pressing and drying. Although paper was originally made in single sheets by hand, almost all is now made on large machines—some making reels 10 metres wide, running at 2,000 metres per minute and up to 600,000 tonnes a year. It is a versatile material with many uses, including printing, painting, graphics, signage, design, packaging, decorating, writing, and cleaning. It may also be used as filter paper, wallpaper, book endpaper, conservation paper, laminated worktops, toilet tissue, currency, and security paper, or in a number of industrial and construction processes.

காகிதம் (Paper) என்பது எழுதுவதற்கும், அச்சிடுவதற்கும் பயன்படும் ஒரு மெல்லிய பொருள் ஆகும். மரம், கந்தல் அல்லது புல் ஆகியனவற்றிலிருந்து கிடைக்கும் செல்லுலோசுக் கூழின் ஈரமான இழைகளை அழுத்தி பின்னர் நெகிழும் தன்மை கொண்ட தாள்களுக்கிடையில் உலர்த்தி இக்காகிதத்தைத் தயாரிக்கிறார்கள். எழுதுதல், அச்சிடுதல், பொட்டலம் கட்டல், தொழில்துறை மற்றும் கட்டுமான செயல்முறைகள் உட்பட பல பயன்களைக் கொண்ட ஒரு பல்துறை பொருளாக காகிதம் பயன்படுகிறது.

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What is paper meaning in Tamil, paper translation in Tamil, paper definition, pronunciations and examples of paper in Tamil.

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Apple unveils stunning new iPad Pro with the world’s most advanced display, M4 chip, and Apple Pencil Pro

Thinnest Apple Product Ever

World’s Most Advanced Display

Only Possible with M4

Outrageously Powerful Device for AI

Pro Cameras

Pro Connectivity

Apple Pencil Pro

All-New Magic Keyboard and Smart Folio

Powerful iPadOS Features

Logic Pro for iPad 2

Final Cut Pro for iPad 2

iPad Pro and the Environment

• Customers can order the new iPad Pro with M4 starting today, May 7, at apple.com/store , and in the Apple Store app in 29 countries and regions, including the U.S., with availability in stores beginning Wednesday, May 15.
• The new 11-inch and 13-inch iPad Pro will be available in silver and space black finishes in 256GB, 512GB, 1TB, and 2TB configurations.
• The 11-inch iPad Pro starts at  $999  (U.S.) for the Wi-Fi model, and  $1,199  (U.S.) for the Wi-Fi + Cellular model. The 13-inch iPad Pro starts at  $1,299  (U.S.) for the Wi-Fi model, and  $1,499  (U.S.) for the Wi-Fi + Cellular model. Additional technical specifications, including nano-texture glass options, are available at apple.com/store .
• For education, the new 11-inch iPad Pro is available for  $899  (U.S.) and the 13-inch iPad Pro is $1,199 (U.S.). Education pricing is available to current and newly accepted college students and their parents, as well as faculty, staff, and home-school teachers of all grade levels. For more information, visit  apple.com/us-hed/shop .
• The new Apple Pencil Pro is compatible with the new iPad Pro. It is available for $129 (U.S.). For education, Apple Pencil Pro is available for $119 (U.S.).
• Apple Pencil (USB-C) is compatible with the new iPad Pro. It is available for $79 (U.S.) and $69 (U.S.) for education.
• The new Magic Keyboard is compatible with the new iPad Pro. It is available in black and white finishes. The new 11-inch Magic Keyboard is available for $299 (U.S.) and the new 13-inch Magic Keyboard is available for $349 (U.S.), with layouts for over 30 languages. For education, the 11-inch Magic Keyboard is available for $279 (U.S.) and the 13-inch Magic Keyboard is available for $329 (U.S.).
• The new Smart Folio is available for $79 (U.S.) in black, white, and denim finishes for the new 11-inch iPad Pro and $99 (U.S.) for the new 13-inch iPad Pro.
• Logic Pro for iPad 2 is available on May 13 as a free update for existing users, and for new users, it is available on the App Store for $4.99 (U.S.) per month, or $49 (U.S.) per year, with a one-month free trial. Logic Pro for iPad 2 requires iPadOS 17.4 or later. For more information, visit apple.com/logic-pro-for-ipad .
• Final Cut Pro for iPad 2 will be available later this spring on the App Store for $4.99 (U.S.) per month, or $49 (U.S.) per year, with a one-month free trial.
• Apple offers great ways to save on the latest iPad. Customers can trade in their current iPad and get credit toward a new one by visiting the Apple Store online , the Apple Store app, or an Apple Store location. To see what their device is worth, and for terms and conditions, customers can visit apple.com/shop/trade-in .
• Customers in the U.S. who shop at Apple using Apple Card can pay monthly at 0 percent APR when they choose to check out with Apple Card Monthly Installments, and they’ll get 3 percent Daily Cash back — all upfront.

Text of this article

May 7, 2024

PRESS RELEASE

Featuring a new thin and light design, breakthrough Ultra Retina XDR display, and outrageously fast M4 performance with powerful AI capabilities, the new iPad Pro takes a huge leap forward

CUPERTINO, CALIFORNIA Apple today unveiled the groundbreaking new iPad Pro in a stunningly thin and light design, taking portability and performance to the next level. Available in silver and space black finishes, the new iPad Pro comes in two sizes: an expansive 13-inch model and a super-portable 11-inch model. Both sizes feature the world’s most advanced display — a new breakthrough Ultra Retina XDR display with state-of-the-art tandem OLED technology — providing a remarkable visual experience. The new iPad Pro is made possible with the new M4 chip, the next generation of Apple silicon, which delivers a huge leap in performance and capabilities. M4 features an entirely new display engine to enable the precision, color, and brightness of the Ultra Retina XDR display. With a new CPU, a next-generation GPU that builds upon the GPU architecture debuted on M3, and the most powerful Neural Engine yet, the new iPad Pro is an outrageously powerful device for artificial intelligence. The versatility and advanced capabilities of iPad Pro are also enhanced with all-new accessories. Apple Pencil Pro brings powerful new interactions that take the pencil experience even further, and a new thinner, lighter Magic Keyboard is packed with incredible features. The new iPad Pro, Apple Pencil Pro, and Magic Keyboard are available to order starting today, with availability in stores beginning Wednesday, May 15.

“iPad Pro empowers a broad set of pros and is perfect for anyone who wants the ultimate iPad experience — with its combination of the world’s best displays, extraordinary performance of our latest M-series chips, and advanced accessories — all in a portable design. Today, we’re taking it even further with the new, stunningly thin and light iPad Pro, our biggest update ever to iPad Pro,” said John Ternus, Apple’s senior vice president of Hardware Engineering. “With the breakthrough Ultra Retina XDR display, the next-level performance of M4, incredible AI capabilities, and support for the all-new Apple Pencil Pro and Magic Keyboard, there’s no device like the new iPad Pro.”

The new iPad Pro — the thinnest Apple product ever — features a stunningly thin and light design, taking portability to a whole new level. The 11-inch model is just 5.3 mm thin, and the 13-inch model is even thinner at a striking 5.1 mm, while both models are just as strong as the previous design. The 11-inch model weighs less than a pound, and the 13-inch model is nearly a quarter pound lighter than its predecessor — allowing pro users to extend their workflows in new ways and in more places. The new iPad Pro is available in two gorgeous finishes — silver and space black — both with 100 percent recycled aluminum enclosures.

The new iPad Pro debuts the Ultra Retina XDR, the world’s most advanced display, to provide an even more remarkable visual experience. The Ultra Retina XDR display features state-of-the-art tandem OLED technology that uses two OLED panels and combines the light from both to provide phenomenal full-screen brightness. The new iPad Pro supports an incredible 1000 nits of full-screen brightness for SDR and HDR content, and 1600 nits peak for HDR. No other device of its kind delivers this level of extreme dynamic range. Tandem OLED technology enables sub-millisecond control over the color and luminance of each pixel, taking XDR precision further than ever. Specular highlights in photos and video appear even brighter, and there’s more detail in shadows and low light than ever before on iPad — all while delivering even more responsiveness to content in motion. For pro users working in high-end, color-managed workflows or challenging lighting conditions, a new nano-texture glass option comes to iPad Pro for the first time. 1 Nano-texture glass is precisely etched at a nanometer scale, maintaining image quality and contrast while scattering ambient light for reduced glare. With its breakthrough tandem OLED technology, extreme brightness, incredibly precise contrast, brilliant colors, and nano-texture glass option, the new Ultra Retina XDR display is the world’s most advanced display, giving iPad Pro customers an unparalleled viewing experience.

The incredibly thin and light design and game-changing display of the new iPad Pro is only possible with M4, the next generation of Apple silicon that delivers a huge leap in performance. M4 is built on second-generation 3-nanometer technology that’s even more power efficient, which is perfect for the design of the new iPad Pro. With an entirely new display engine, M4 introduces pioneering technology for the stunning precision, color, and brightness of the Ultra Retina XDR display. The new CPU offers up to four performance cores and now six efficiency cores, 2 with next-generation machine learning (ML) accelerators, to deliver up to 1.5x faster CPU performance over M2 in the previous-generation iPad Pro. 3 M4 builds on the GPU architecture of M3 — the 10-core GPU includes powerful features like Dynamic Caching, and hardware-accelerated mesh shading and ray tracing, which come to iPad for the first time. Coupled with higher unified memory bandwidth, pro rendering apps like Octane will see up to 4x faster performance than M2. 3 M4 also delivers tremendous gains and industry-leading performance per watt. Compared to M2, M4 can deliver the same performance using just half the power, and compared to the latest PC chip in a thin and light laptop, M4 can deliver the same performance using just a quarter of the power. 4 A new advanced Media Engine includes support for AV1 decode, providing more power-efficient playback of high-resolution video experiences from streaming services.

The new iPad Pro with M4 features Apple’s most powerful Neural Engine ever, capable of 38 trillion operations per second, which is 60x faster than Apple’s first Neural Engine in the A11 Bionic chip. Combined with next-generation ML accelerators in the CPU, a high-performance GPU, more memory bandwidth, and intelligent features and powerful developer frameworks in iPadOS, the Neural Engine makes the new iPad Pro an outrageously powerful device for AI. With iPad Pro with M4, users can perform AI-enabled tasks even faster, like easily isolate a subject from its background in 4K video with just a tap with Scene Removal Mask in Final Cut Pro. With this advanced level of performance, the Neural Engine in M4 is more powerful than any neural processing unit in any AI PC today.

iPadOS also has advanced frameworks like Core ML that make it easy for developers to tap into the Neural Engine to deliver phenomenal AI features locally, including running powerful diffusion and generative AI models, with great performance on device. iPad Pro also supports cloud-based solutions, enabling users to run powerful productivity and creative apps that tap into the power of AI, such as Copilot for Microsoft 365 and Adobe Firefly.

The updated camera system on the new iPad Pro delivers even more versatility, and with its rich audio from four studio-quality mics, users can shoot, edit, and share all on one device. The 12MP back camera captures vibrant Smart HDR images and video with even better color, improved textures, and detail in low light. It also now features a new adaptive True Tone flash that makes document scanning on the new iPad Pro better than ever. Using AI, the new iPad Pro automatically identifies documents right in the Camera app, and if a shadow is in the way, it instantly takes multiple photos with the new adaptive flash, stitching the scan together for a dramatically better scan.

On the front, the TrueDepth camera system moves to the landscape location on the new iPad Pro. The Ultra Wide 12MP camera with Center Stage makes the experience of video conferencing in landscape orientation even better, especially when iPad is attached to a Magic Keyboard or Smart Folio.

iPad Pro includes a high-performance USB-C connector with support for Thunderbolt 3 and USB 4, delivering fast wired connectivity — up to 40Gb/s. Thunderbolt supports an extensive ecosystem of high-performance accessories, including external displays like the Pro Display XDR at its full 6K resolution, and external storage, all connected using high-performance cables and docks. iPad Pro supports Wi-Fi 6E for super-fast Wi-Fi connections for pro workflows on the go. Wi-Fi + Cellular models with 5G allow users to access their files, communicate with colleagues, and back up their data in a snap while on the go. Cellular models of the new iPad Pro are activated with eSIM, a more secure alternative to a physical SIM card, allowing users to quickly connect and transfer their existing plans digitally, and store multiple cellular plans on a single device. Customers can easily get connected to wireless data plans on the new iPad Pro in over 190 countries and regions around the world without needing to get a physical SIM card from a local carrier.

Apple Pencil Pro features even more magical capabilities and powerful new interactions that take the Apple Pencil experience even further. A new sensor in the barrel can sense a user’s squeeze, bringing up a tool palette to quickly switch tools, line weights, and colors, all without interrupting the creative process. A custom haptic engine delivers a light tap that provides confirmation when users squeeze, use double-tap, or snap to a Smart Shape for a remarkably intuitive experience. A gyroscope allows users to roll Apple Pencil Pro for precise control of the tool they’re using. Rotating the barrel changes the orientation of shaped pen and brush tools, just like pen and paper. And with Apple Pencil hover, users can visualize the exact orientation of a tool before making a mark.

With these advanced features, Apple Pencil Pro allows users to bring their ideas to life in entirely new ways, and developers can also create their own custom interactions. Apple Pencil Pro brings support for Find My for the first time to Apple Pencil, helping users locate Apple Pencil Pro if misplaced. It pairs, charges, and is stored on the side of iPad Pro through a new magnetic interface. iPad Pro also supports Apple Pencil (USB-C), ideal for note taking, sketching, annotating, journaling, and more, at an incredible value.

Designed for the new iPad Pro, an all-new thinner and lighter Magic Keyboard makes it more portable and versatile than ever. The new Magic Keyboard opens to the magical floating design that customers love, and now includes a function row for access to features like screen brightness and volume controls. It also has a gorgeous aluminum palm rest and larger trackpad that’s even more responsive with haptic feedback, so the entire experience feels just like using a MacBook. The new Magic Keyboard attaches magnetically, and the Smart Connector immediately connects power and data without the need for Bluetooth. The machined aluminum hinge also includes a USB-C connector for charging. The new Magic Keyboard comes in two colors that perfectly complement the new iPad Pro: black with a space black aluminum palm rest, and white with a silver aluminum palm rest.

The new Smart Folio for iPad Pro attaches magnetically and now supports multiple viewing angles for greater flexibility. Available in black, white, and denim, it complements the colors of the new iPad Pro.

iPadOS is packed with features that push the boundaries of what’s possible on iPad. With Reference Mode, iPadOS can precisely match color requirements of the Ultra Retina XDR display for tasks in which accurate colors and consistent image quality are critical — including review and approve, color grading, and compositing. Stage Manager enables users to work with multiple overlapping windows in a single view, resize windows, tap to switch between apps, and more. With full external display support of up to 6K, iPad Pro users can also extend their workflow, as well as use the built-in camera on an external display for enhanced video conferencing. Users can take advantage of the powerful AI capabilities in iPad Pro and intelligent features in iPadOS, including Visual Look Up, Subject Lift, Live Text, or Live Captions and Personal Voice for accessibility.

With iPadOS 17 , users can customize the Lock Screen to make it more personal — taking advantage of the larger display on iPad — and interactive widgets take glanceable information further with the ability to get tasks done right in the moment with just a tap. The Notes app gives users new ways to organize, read, annotate, and collaborate on PDFs, and working with PDFs is also easier with AutoFill, which intelligently identifies and fills fields in forms.

Logic Pro for iPad 2 , available starting Monday, May 13, introduces incredible studio assistant features that augment the music-making process and provide artists help right when they need it — all while ensuring they maintain full creative control. These features include Session Players, which expand on popular Drummer capabilities in Logic to include a new Bass Player and Keyboard Player; ChromaGlow, to instantly add warmth to tracks; and Stem Splitter, to extract and work with individual parts of a single audio recording.

Final Cut Pro for iPad 2 , available later this spring, introduces Live Multicam, a new feature that transforms iPad into a mobile production studio, allowing users to view and control up to four connected iPhone and iPad devices wirelessly. 5 To support Live Multicam, an all-new capture app also comes to iPad and iPhone, Final Cut Camera, 6 giving users control over options like white balance, ISO, and shutter speed, along with monitoring tools like overexposure indicators and focus peaking. Final Cut Camera works as a standalone capture app or with Live Multicam. Final Cut Pro for iPad 2 also allows users to create or open projects from external storage, giving editors even more flexibility, and offers new content options. 7

The new iPad Pro is designed with the environment in mind, including 100 percent recycled aluminum in the enclosure, 100 percent recycled rare earth elements in all magnets, and 100 percent recycled gold plating and tin soldering in multiple printed circuit boards. The new iPad Pro meets Apple’s high standards for energy efficiency, and is free of mercury, brominated flame retardants, and PVC. The packaging is 100 percent fiber-based, bringing Apple closer to its goal to remove plastic from all packaging by 2025.

Today, Apple is carbon neutral for global corporate operations, and by 2030, plans to be carbon neutral across the entire manufacturing supply chain and life cycle of every product.

Pricing and Availability

• Nano-texture glass is an option on the 1TB and 2TB configurations of the 11-inch and 13-inch iPad Pro models.
• iPad Pro models with 256GB or 512GB storage feature the Apple M4 chip with a 9‑core CPU. iPad Pro models with 1TB or 2TB storage feature the Apple M4 chip with a 10‑core CPU.
• Testing was conducted by Apple in March and April 2024. See apple.com/ipad-pro for more information.
• Testing was conducted by Apple in March and April 2024 using preproduction 13-inch iPad Pro (M4) units with a 10-core CPU and 16GB of RAM. Performance was measured using select industry‑standard benchmarks. PC laptop chip performance data is from testing ASUS Zenbook 14 OLED (UX3405MA) with Core Ultra 7 155H and 32GB of RAM. Performance tests are conducted using specific computer systems and reflect the approximate performance of iPad Pro.
• Final Cut Pro for iPad 2 is compatible with iPad models with the M1 chip or later, and Logic Pro for iPad 2 will be available on iPad models with the A12 Bionic chip or later.
• Final Cut Camera is compatible with iPhone X S and later with iOS 17.4 or later, and iPad models compatible with iPadOS 17.4 or later.
• External project support requires iPadOS 17.5 or later.

Press Contacts

Tara Courtney

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Casi election conversations 2024: sumitra badrinathan on the need to study misinformation in india.

Fears about the effects of misinformation on Indian politics seem omnipresent today. Reports suggest huge volumes of “fake news” and misleading content filling up WhatsApp groups and social media feeds, with potentially dangerous consequences. The advent of generative AI and “deepfakes” have only made those concerns more immediate.

But how big is the misinformation problem in india what do we know about it and what can we do to address it in the sixth interview of the casi election conversations 2024, casi consulting editor rohan venkat speaks to sumitra badrinathan (assistant professor of political science at american university) about the state of research on the subject, a recent paper of hers that examines efforts to correct misinformation related to vigilante violence in india, and the urgent need for more scholarship examining fake news in the global south..

Rohan: Why is it important for us to be studying misinformation, particularly in an Indian context?

Sumitra: Studying misinformation in academia is new. A lot of literature about the topic started after Donald Trump got elected in 2016. And that's not that long ago, which means there’s a lot we don't know. If I had to divide misinformation research into three broad questions, I would say that we're trying to look at:

• What are the reasons that people believe misinformation? Why are we vulnerable to it?
• What can we do about it? What are the solutions to counter it?
• What are the consequences? What happens after you believe misinformation now?

Even in the research that we have so far, it's largely concentrated in Western countries. And for the most part, it only looks at that second sub-question: what can we do to counter misinformation? We know a little bit from psychology about why people believe it, but we know next to nothing about what its consequences are. So, what happens when you believe misinformation? Does misinformation cause you to change your votes? Does it cause you to become violent? Does it increase polarization? These are, unfortunately, questions that we don't really have answers to—not just in India, but anywhere in the world.

There's a recent piece reviewing all of the experimental and other academic work on misinformation by Rob Blair and co-authors which finds that over 80 percent of the studies that have been conducted on misinformation are in a Western Europe or American context. There are so many reasons to believe that those contexts don't generalize to India for a bunch of different reasons.

The second reason is—is misinformation actually a problem in India? From a normative perspective, not having good information threatens the fabric of democracy because it doesn't allow you to have the right information to be able to hold your leaders accountable. Apart from it being an empirical place where it's just that we don't know much, it is also a deeply normative issue.

Rohan: You and Simon Chauchard also wrote about the need to look at the differences between Global North and Global South on this.

Sumitra: One of the things that struck us was that most misinformation studies look solely at online platforms. They have a presumption that misinformation is generally an online construct that they spread on online platforms, and solutions to misinformation should be geared toward platforms in some way—like putting fact-checking tags or labels on false information, and having people see those labels and respond to whether labeling something as false makes you change your perspective. Another thing that people have looked at is what researchers call “pre-bunking.” It’s the idea that we can dispel misinformation even before it reaches people.

The common thread for all these interventions seems to be that they deal with platforms, specifically with Facebook and Twitter. You and I know that those aren't the main platforms in India. WhatsApp is the main one, and it is substantially different from these platforms because it's encrypted. It's almost like email. If you are the sender and the receiver, it's just the two of us that can see the content of a message. This idea that the platform can slap on a tag that says that something is false or untrue is just not feasible. But we also know that India is a very collectivistic society where we talk to our neighbors, we talk to our friends and family. A lot of information and news sharing, not just misinformation, happens in very communal spaces, that are just not the context of the global north that most research looks at.

We start from this premise that misinformation is not solely an online phenomenon; not just in India, but in many countries of the Global South that have political and cultural societies like India. A lot of the findings and methods that people use to study misinformation are just not feasible for contexts such as this. I can't really take one of those studies and say, "I'm going to replicate it in a context like India."

The second is a very different context from places like the US or Western Europe in terms of people's levels of digital literacy and familiarity with the internet. It's also a different context in terms of politics and the kinds of relationships we have to groups in society. A lot of the literature talks about Democrats and Republicans. That kind of context doesn't easily map onto India, where you have not just several parties, but also other cleavages that are very primordial in the way people think of their identities—religion, caste, and so on. Even theories, not just methods, don't easily apply.

In many ways, we've seen very good journalistic reporting coming out of India about how platforms sometimes collude with political elites to either help or curb their interests. This seems to be a feature that doesn't quite exist in the Western context.

In the past, researchers have had success doing what we call “in the wild” field experiments, where they've gotten platforms to change the way that information is presented to people. It's a goal that we would love to achieve in field work. But I can’t think of that ever happening in a context like India where it seems like platforms themselves are not independent, that they are, in many ways, behest to the interests of the political or other elites in the country.

Rohan: Do we have a sense of the scale of the misinformation problem in India?

Sumitra: It's a really difficult question to answer empirically because WhatsApp is a platform that we can't really get into as researchers. There is some work by Kiran Garimella and co-authors which basically scrapes content from WhatsApp public groups that are both maintained and owned by political parties, and also private citizens around election issues and otherwise, to see how much of the content out there is misinformation. Those studies are rare, but they also look at a very specific subset of WhatsApp groups, which are public groups. We have close to no idea about what's going on in private spaces, and I think more importantly, we have no idea what's going on in offline spaces.

A lot of the pressures that people face online or some of the affordances they get from being anonymous play out very differently when you're talking to people in a group offline. There's a second issue which is that we don't know if misinformation is, itself, a problem or whether it's a symptom of another problem like polarization.

This is a chicken and egg problem, not particular to India. It's difficult to accurately identify the causal chain in these processes that lead us to perform certain behaviors like voting or other acts that tend to attenuate democratic norms in some way, such as support for violence. This is the kind of question that I think would be amazing for us to answer as an academic community, but it's also the most difficult. There's very little proof anywhere in any context about what misinformation can do. And that's a larger problem that needs to be studied.

I come at it from more of a normative perspective. In a well-functioning healthy society, misinformation from the top shouldn't exist, and hence, we as academics, if we can do something about it, we should.

From an empirical perspective, some argue this is a larger problem than A, B, C, and D, and hence, that's why we're studying it. The World Economic Forum wrote a report recently saying that one of the largest threats to national security is misinformation, over and above a bunch of other issues that they named. We don't really have evidence to make that kind of enumeration. But from a normative perspective, I think we all agree that it's something that we need to look at and that's why we study it.

Rohan: When looking at the West, has there been time enough for the field to settle? Are there settled approaches in studying misinformation?

Sumitra: Other misinformation researchers would maybe agree to a certain extent about what works and whether there are settled approaches to what works. My opinion is that I'm not sure that we can take that seriously when we're applying those insights to countries like India because they're so different. But what I will say the field agrees on, and this is something that's been shown empirically in context across the world, including in India, Cote d'Ivoire, Brazil, and the US, is the reason why we're vulnerable to misinformation—a psychological reason that depends less on cultural contexts or less on socioeconomic status. And that reason is what psychologists and our political scientists call motivated reasoning, which is the idea that we as human beings are motivated to reason in a certain way when we encounter information.

Because we as human beings also try to protect ourselves from information that doesn't sit right with us, what that motivation means is that we have an inclination to accept information that aligns with our previous beliefs and to push away information that doesn't align with our previous beliefs—simply because we feel dissonance from those beliefs. This process occurs subconsciously. Citizens across the world tend to push away information that doesn't fit with what they thought they knew. And that's one of the reasons why we fall prey to misinformation, especially if that misinformation is aligned with our prior beliefs.

Rohan: The last time I interviewed you was in 2021 . We had the results of two things you'd worked on at the time. One big in-person effort to intervene in Bihar turned up surprising results in not making a significant difference, at least on some counts. And another found that with very little effort, it was able to make a dent in how much people were likely to believe misinformation. Where has the field taken us in the interim?

Sumitra: There isn't that much work to step back and say, "Here's what we confidently know and here's what we don't." That’s because a lot of this takes a lot of time and there aren't that many people working on misinformation in India. From the small number of studies that have been conducted, high percentages of people say they believe certain falsehoods, especially if those falsehoods are tied to their religion in some way or their partisan identity.

For instance, some health misinformation stories that are not just solely in the realm of health but that are also political, such as what cow urine can do for the human body—which has been debunked time and time and again by doctors and scientists—every time we sample a new set of Indian citizens across different states, whether it's online or in person, over 50 percent of them say that they believe that. That's a pretty high number, especially compared to some of the stats that we get from US samples that show that even 30 percent of the population believing something is considered normatively a high number.

While that may seem scary, one thing I think that past research has consistently found is that it's just as easy to get them to switch their beliefs in the short run. My take on this is that whatever processes are leading people to believe misinformation, the same processes also lead them to believe corrections to misinformation. Now, whether those corrections last in the future and can withstand the onslaught of more information is something that needs to be studied. But in the short run, we're able to change people's beliefs. That is helpful because in the short run, people undertake a lot of activities. You may go to vote tomorrow. And so, if I'm able to issue a correction to misinformation that might lead you to have a better set of beliefs before you go to vote, that's useful even if those beliefs don't last into the future.

Fact-checking and debunking are relatively less costly and more light-touch interventions compared to media literacy and digital literacy that we like to talk about in civil society. So, maybe the solution is to just constantly fact check and keep putting the right information out there. Though I will say that its efficacy depends not just on the correct information existing in the world, but getting it into the hands of people, which is a separate issue altogether that maybe doesn't happen in India, which is why you see this contrast between fact-checkers doing their jobs and misinformation persisting.

Rohan: Let's move then to a recent paper of yours on vigilantism, which has been conditionally accepted to the American Political Science Review . What were you seeking to understand there and what did you find?

Sumitra: This paper was born out of, for me personally, seeing what happened in Washington D.C. on January 6th. Responses to this moment ranged from “we need solutions to stop misinformation because it was the big lie that led people to their behavior,” versus other sections of both journalists and civil society activists saying, “Well, misinformation doesn't make you violent.” We saw a lot of violent scenes in the Capitol. How is it possible that someone who's never done something like this their whole lives suddenly sees a false story and decides to pick up something to beat somebody else up with? That doesn't track.

This got me and my co-authors, Simon Chauchard, at UC3M in Madrid and Niloufer Siddiqui at the University of Albany, thinking about the consequences of misinformation in India and Pakistan and specifically about a particular type of violence—vigilante violence—that has sought to extra-judiciously punish people—minority citizens—for so-called transgressions of norms.

We got thinking about the role that misinformation plays in this process and about whether people support this violence because they're polarized too, or whether it's misinformation about the case that led them to support the violence. Researchers in the US and other Western countries, particularly on vaccine misinformation, find that they're very easily able to correct the actual misinformation by providing fact-checks in some form. They'll say, "there's very little evidence that vaccines directly cause autism." And then they'll ask people, "okay, do you think that vaccines cause autism?" And most people will respond to the fact-check in the way that you would want them to by saying, "no, they don't. We believe you." And then when you ask them the follow-up question, which is, "Okay, so do you intend to get vaccinated?" People don't change.

This leads some academics to think that correcting misinformation corrects misinformation. It doesn't do anything else for your downstream beliefs, which in many ways are more important because if it's not the misinformation that's moving you to act in certain ways, then what is and what gives? That was our premise for this study. We came from a place of trying to see what leads to people supporting extrajudicial violence, and what can temper their support for this kind of violence?

In the past, a lot of research across the world has looked into the drivers of people’s support for vigilante violence, and a lot of this literature has talked about the relationship between the citizen and their state. This is basically saying that vigilante mobs arise when the state doesn't fulfill its role in upholding law and order, so there is a need for vigilantes to step in and do something about it. There's also some research showing that when vigilante groups do not fear sanction from the state, they're more likely to take matters into their own hands.

Surprisingly, the role of information in this process is close to absent. That's the gap we wanted to fill in this. We set up an experiment where we pitted all of these reasons against each other. Do people support vigilante mobs because they think the state is inadequate? Because they think they won't fear punishment from the state? Or because of the actual falsehood at hand?

Consequently, if I correct the misinformation that led to you believing that this mob violence was justified, are you going to reduce your support for that mob violence? Or maybe misinformation doesn't have anything to do with it, and it all depends on the state? That was an open question and that's the question that we wanted to study in that paper.

Rohan: What did you find? Does misinformation have a role or not?

Sumitra: Surprisingly—I say surprisingly because my prior was that misinformation would play less of an important role compared to these other factors—we find that corrected misinformation not only corrects misinformation, but it significantly reduces people's downstream support for vigilantism. And not in the abstract. It's tied to specific incidents that are salient in both India and Pakistan that have captured the imagination of polarized people on either side of the political spectrum in recent years.

Correcting them by telling people the premise on which you think this violence is justified was false, and has been debunked time and again, leads them to not just believe that the initial rumor was false, but then also leads them to say, "Okay, we don't want to support vigilante violence." In both India and Pakistan, it leads respondents to say that they would be okay with punishing or supporting punishment for the vigilante group that took the law into its own hands, which is illegal. In both cases, people are opting to punish members of their own religious in-group.

This is a really important finding because time and again, research across the world has shown that we tend to put our in-group, whatever that means—Republicans or Democrats, Hindus and Muslims—above everything else. In many cases, people have run experiments showing that citizens are willing to leave monetary benefits on the table for themselves if it means they can undertake an act to benefit their in-group.

In this case, we're seeing that really strong corrections can dispel that notion and that religiosity, partisanship or group identity doesn't have to trump civic virtue.

Rohan: What was the correction, and what are the numbers we're talking about?

Sumitra: In India, we're able to shift people to believe less misinformation by about 7-10 percent. While that seems small, it's actually double the size of a lot of misinformation studies that exist. In Pakistan, it's double that—a 17-19 percent effect. And if you can think of scaling this up, those numbers mean a lot in terms of absolute citizens.

The correction itself; we opted to do it in an audio format, which is also not very typical of misinformation literature. We created little audio clippings that sound like radio presentations or maybe news on TV, where we took actual journalistic reporting from both Indian sources as well as some western sources like The New York Times about specific incidents of vigilante violence that had been debunked. And we used that exact language, except we converted it into an audio format. Then we knocked on people's doors, gave them a personal pair of over-the-ear-headphones to wear, and had them listen.

An example would be people putting their headphones on and hearing the breaking news tune that you hear before every little segment, followed by a minute to a 90-second clip about this particular incident of vigilante violence that happened in this particular district. But it turns out that a lot of reporting from a bunch of sources debunked the misinformation that prompted the vigilantism, and then the clip goes into the details of the debunking.

They're very short corrections, but I call them strong because there is something to be said about the power of audiovisuals, as opposed to reading a simple correction. Through the use of headphones, we ensure that people are paying attention. This is really important because I think this is a difference between corrections to misinformation existing and people not changing their beliefs, which is, they're not paying attention. When you get them to, it can have a big difference.

Rohan: There's an element to the paper that offers another authority—you do also use tweets from politicians.

Sumitra: The sub-part of the paper is this idea that stems from American politics, that public opinion follows the leader. Whatever elites say, opinion changes accordingly. In the process of doing research for this paper, we found real tweets and otherwise campaign material or other slogans from politicians in India, including the Prime Minister, telling people not to take matters into their own hands, to wait for law in order to investigate the situation as opposed to becoming vigilantes themselves or supporting vigilante violence.

We were interested in seeing, compared to all of these other factors, whether seeing tweets from not just any politician, but Prime Minister Narendra Modi, telling them, “don't take matters into your own hands,” would actually move people on this count or not. We find that that one particular tweet doesn't do anything. It doesn't change people.

But I don't want to put too much stock into this finding for a bunch of different reasons because the tweet is a visual cue as compared to the audios that we were providing with people. It's also possible that in the presence of the correction to misinformation, which was a really strong one, something like that tweet just ceased to matter. So, there's a lot going on before I think we can empirically conclude that messages from elites don't make a difference.

On a personal note, I was slightly surprised that it didn't make a difference. I think it's one of the things that we as co-authors are discussing and need a lot more work into, because this kind of work doesn't exist in the Indian context. And it opens up this broader question that politicians say things all the time. How seriously do we take them? In what context do we take them seriously? Are there issues where we think they're bluffing? And if so, are we behaving in a way that we think is showing the party line that maybe differs from people's actual words? These are all empirically open questions that I think we're personally very interested in looking at in the next round of this project.

Rohan: You also found that in one case—violence mentioned in the context of cow or cattle smuggling—the corrections didn’t work. Could you tell us about that?

Sumitra: We didn't really talk about what the vigilante incidents were. One of the categories was vigilante violence in response to cow-related or beef-related issues, which have come to occupy a very central place in political discourse, at least in certain Indian states, including Uttar Pradesh, where we did this particular study. We picked one incident, which had happened in the past and had been debunked by various sources, as the story for our intervention. And on that particular count, we found that our correction was actually able to reduce misinformation in the story, but it didn't reduce downstream effects—meaning support—on vigilantism. Very similar to the health misinformation on vaccines that I was talking about in the US.

We had six stories total in the paper. On five out of the six, we were able to find this effect where you dispel the misinformation, it corrects this information, and it has a downstream effect. And one out of six, particularly to do with vigilante violence that stems from misinformation about beef, we were not able to change people's downstream attitudes toward the issue, though we were able to correct the misinformation itself.

This is, again, something where we need a lot more research before we can conclusively say what's going on. But if I were to hazard a guess, I think it's because this issue has become so salient in people's minds, the motivated reasoning is so strong, that almost nothing can get people to move their initial beliefs. One takeaway might be that strong corrections need to be issued early in the process before people have really strong and entrenched views about a particular issue, at which point it's very hard for anything to change them.

This is just human behavior across the world. When we've been hearing about a certain issue for a really long period of time, it's in everyday conversations, it's very salient, all politicians are talking about it, all of the media is talking about it, what is one 90-second audio going to do to dispel all of those years of backlog about that case that you've had in your head? That doesn't mean that no correction can talk about cow-related crimes in India. It's just this particular one didn't work. It’s something that we hope we can shed more light on in future work.

Rohan: Going into the 2024 elections in India, is it frustrating how quickly the subject is developing and shifting? Given that now everyone's moving on to talking about AI-related misinformation, does it feel it is moving away faster than you're able to get a handle on it?

Sumitra: Since you brought up AI, I do want to mention that maybe sometimes there's a disconnect between academics and civil society’s interpretations of the way that the world works around misinformation. And this is partly our fault. Academics are not very good at conveying findings to a broader audience outside of our niche workshops and conferences, but AI is one of these issues where everyone seems to be talking about it in India. Unfortunately, there is little to no evidence about its role in the actual information space. I mentioned Kiran Garimella earlier. He has a new paper that tries to quantify the amount of AI related stories in these public WhatsApp groups and finds that AI generated stuff is less than 1 percent of viral content. Not any content, but viral content. So, close to zero of the total amount of content that's out there.

What's more important is that he goes on to identify the kinds of stories that are being generated by using AI, and it's mostly inspirational messages, a lot of devotional stuff. Things, in many ways, that are not politically salient or important to things that we care about like voting or social cohesion. I find it hard to square the circle where everyone seems to be talking about AI, and a lot of academics don't really see the role as being that important in society.

Which gets to another point—we haven't really solved non-AI misinformation. So, maybe we should start there. A lot of misinformation comes from elites. It comes from campaign speeches. It comes from television. It comes from public spaces where we talk to each other. We don't need AI to have a lot of wrong information, and that previous problem hasn't been solved yet. Sometimes it's frustrating. This field of misinformation is moving at a very, very fast speed. But I do think the AI craze is an example of commentators from Western settings setting the agenda for what needs to be talked about in countries like the Global South, where we have problems that preceded AI that are still problems, if that makes sense.

Rohan: Going into this election in India, are there things that you'll be looking at and thinking about?

Sumitra: When we talk about misinformation generally, people talk about identity-based misinformation. So, "Trump is really amazing and here are some reasons why." Or "UNESCO voted Prime Minister Modi the best prime minister in the world. And here are some reasons why." I like to term this identity-based misinformation because it taps into your liking for a particular party or for a particular political leader. But there's another type of misinformation that gets swept under the rug because it's, in many ways, not as sexy, which we see often times on these WhatsApp groups. I’m speaking of misinformation related to development projects in India.

We know that India is a country where the system is very clientelistic, and people depend a lot on the government for goods and services provided to them, especially people outside of urban areas. So, knowledge about local development such as drainage issues, water, roads, electricity, and so on, has always been salient. But one thing that's new is that we're seeing credit-claiming in the form of misinformation about development projects. “Look at this bridge that was built in a village five villages away. That's really awesome. And that's the kind of development we'll give to you if you vote for us.” In reality, that bridge doesn't exist or is a photo taken from a bridge that's in a completely different state.

Obviously, the onus on citizens to verify that information is really high because they're not going to go and check out the bridge. In many ways, it feels like a more deadly form of misinformation as compared to “the Prime Minister is awesome” or “X politician is amazing.” The former can mobilize people who are already on that particular political side. But the latter, the development type misinformation, has the capacity to switch votes. And that's something we don't have much data on. So, that is something that a bunch of us are interested in looking at going forward, though studying it systematically is not going to be very easy.

Rohan: The final question that I usually like to ask, do you have recommendations for those interested in the subject?

Sumitra: I really recommend the report, not an academic paper, but a report for USAID that Robert Blair, Jessica Gottlieb, Laura Paler, and co-authors wrote that summarizes all of the misinformation interventions out there, close to 200 of them. It's super digestible because it's written for a policy audience and not just an academic one. And it does a very good job of laying out what we think we know and what we actually know, where there are gaps between solutions that we have optimism for, but no evidence for. They cite and describe every single intervention on India that's out there, so it’s comprehensive. They also provide a good key to understanding the differences between Global North and Global South contexts and how the same studies have relatively less or more success in these contexts.

Second, Neelanjan Sircar has a really good piece titled, “ Disinformation: A new type of state-sponsored violence .” It's always been pertinent, but it's perhaps more pertinent now than it ever has been as India's voting. It's a normative piece making a lot of theoretical arguments, but it's a really convincing and moving piece on misinformation in India.

Sumitra Badrinathan is an Assistant Professor of Political Science at American University.

Rohan Venkat is the Consulting Editor for India in Transition and a CASI Spring 2024 Visiting Fellow.

As millions of Indians set out to vote over April, May and June, India in Transition brings you CASI Election Conversations 2024, an interview series featuring renowned scholars reflecting on the factors and dimensions of politics, political economy, and democracy that will define India’s 2024 election. Earlier in the series, we featured Louise Tillin on federalism in India , Yamini Aiyar on the BJP’s “Techno-Patrimonial” welfare model , Rachel Brulé on the promises and pitfalls of gender quotas , Pavithra Suryanarayan on the BJP and “anti-redistributive” politics , and Francesca R. Jensenius on misconceptions about the Indian voter .

India in Transition ( IiT ) is published by the Center for the Advanced Study of India (CASI) of the University of Pennsylvania. All viewpoints, positions, and conclusions expressed in IiT are solely those of the author(s) and not specifically those of CASI.

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