how to cite education act 1996

Q. How do I reference an Act of Parliament in Harvard style?

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Answered By: Anne Hutchinson Last Updated: 20 Nov, 2023     Views: 450860

Before 1963 an Act was cited according to the regnal year (that is, the number of years since the monarch's accession). You may see references to legislation in this format in early publications – for example, Act of Supremacy 1534 (26 Hen 8 c1). However, for all Acts (including pre-1963) you should use the short title of the Act, with the year in which it was enacted. Most Acts and parts of Acts are now available as PDFs or web pages to be viewed online, so reference the website where you located the Act.

NB As the date appears in the title of the Acts, there is no need to repeat the date in round brackets after the title.

If you are referencing documents from more than one country (jurisdiction), include the country (jurisdiction) in round brackets after the title of the documentation.

Most legislation is now available online, so to reference an Act of Parliament (post 1963) your citation order should be:

• Title of Act including year and chapter (in italics)
• Country/jurisdiction (only include this if you are referencing legislation from more than one country)
• Available at: URL (Accessed: date)

For example (whole Act):

Your in-text citation would be:

Recent social care legislation ( Health and Social Care Act 2012 ) ...

Your reference list entry would be:

Health and Social Care Act 2012, c.7 . Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2012/7/contents/enacted (Accessed: 17 September 2018).

For example (section of an Act):

As defined in section 10(2) of the Act ( Children Act 2004 ) ...

Children Act 2004 , c. 31. Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2004/31/contents (Accessed: 17 September 2018).

This advice is courtesy of Cite Them Right , 11th edition, or for more information on referencing see our Referencing Library Guide: https://libguides.brunel.ac.uk/referencing

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How to Cite U.S. Government Documents in APA Citation Style: Federal Laws/Statutes

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Statute (law/act) appears in a single section of the United States Code

Statute (act/law) spans a range of sections in the united states code, statute (public law/act) is spread out among different sections of the code, law (statute) does not yet appear in the united states code.

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Statutes (laws/acts) are "codified" on a continuous basis in the online United States Code (U.S.C.) by the Office of Law Revision Counsel. In general, you should cite statutes (laws/act) to their location in the online United States Code (U.S.C.)

You can find the relevant U.S.C. title and section(s) in the text of the law. You can find official sources of the law in:

• Congress.Gov: Public Laws (1974 - current)
• Govinfo: Statutes at Large (1951- 2013) 
• Proquest Congressional Publications (library subscription database)

In the U.S.C., or in the Public Law, look for statements about where the law applies to the Code ( U.S.C. "Titles" and "sections" ) .

• If the law spans a ranges of sections, add "et seq." after the U.S.C. number to indicate "and what follows." Note: You do not include U.S.C. "chapters" in citations.
• If the statute (law/act) is spread out among scattered sections of the U.S.C . , and you wish to cite the law as a whole, cite using the Public Law number, and include the parallel citation to the law's location in the Statutes at Large , when available.
• If the statute (law/act) does not appear in the United States Code , cite using the Public Law number, and include the parallel citation to its location in Statutes at Large, when available.

See examples, below.

When a statute is codified in a single section of the United States Code (U.S.C.), cite to the U.S.C..

Example: Impact Aid Coronavirus Relief Act .

In the header for this Act, you will see the U.S.C. citation: 20 U.S.C. § 6301. This is the start of the range of sections it applies to, but if you read this Act closely, you will see that the Act itself appears in section 7705, Impact Aid .

In Reference List:

• Impact Aid Coronavirus Relief Act. 20 U.S.C § 7705 (2020).

Explanation: This Act appears (was codified) in a single section of the the U.S.C. in Title 20, section 7705, in 2020.

Note: You can find the section symbol in Word > Insert > Symbols > Special Characters

• (Impact Aid Coronavirus Relief Act, 2020)
• Impact Aid Coronavirus Relief Act (2020)

If the law spans a ranges of sections, add " et seq. " after the U.S.C. number to indicate "and what follows."

Tip: Browse and search the official United States Code to find the "reference notes: "

Pub. L. 111–260, §1(a), Oct. 8, 2010, 124 Stat. 2751 , provided that: "This Act [enacting sections 615c and 616 to 620 of this title , amending sections 153, 225, 303, 330, 402, 503, 610, and 613 of this title , and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 153, 303, 613, and 619 of this title ] may be cited as the 'Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act of 2010'."

• (Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act, 2020)
• Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act (2020)

Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act of 2020. 47 USC 609  et seq. (2009). URL

When a statute applies to numerous sections of the Code , and you wish to cite the Act as a whole, cite using the Public law number.

To determine where the statute is codified (where it appears in the United States Code ), follow this process:

• Find the U.S.C. number listed in the header of the law. For example, the Energy Policy Act of 2005 includes this location in the United States Code: 42 U.S.C. § 15801 .

Energy Policy Act of 2005, Pub. L. No. 109-58, 119 Stat. 594 (2005). https://www.congress.gov/109/plaws/publ58/PLAW-109publ58.pdf

Explanation: In the example above, Pub. L. No. 109-58 refers to Public Law number 58  from the 109th Congress, with a parallel citation to its location in volume 119, page 594 of the US Statutes at Large (119 Stat. 594). Because I retrieved this from a publicly available website, rather than an academic database, the URL is appended to the end.

• (Energy Policy Act, 2005)
• Energy Policy Act (2005)

If the law has just passed and does not yet appear in the United States Code, cite to the Public Law Number with a parallel citation to its location in Statutes at Large.

Example: If you were citing this law shortly after it passed in 2005, and it had not yet appeared in the United States Code.*

* There may be only a few months lag between when a law is passed and when it appears in the United States Code. See Office of Law Revision Council, Currency and Updating .

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Harvard Referencing - Doncaster

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Education Act, 2011

Bibliography/ Reference List :

Education Act 2011, ch. 21. London: The Stationery Office. [Online.] Available from: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2011/21/contents/enacted [Accessed 23 March 2021].

NB The (c.21) refers to the chapter, the number of the Act according to those passed during the parliamentary session.

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How do I reference an Act of Parliament (Harvard style)? Last Updated: 08.Jun.2023 Views: 21161

Acts of parliament - otherwise known as uk statutes - are actually quite straightforward to reference but can catch students out because the in-text citations and full reference list entries behave differently to other sources..

In-text citation

The in-text citation is literally just the Act title including the year, all in italics and with no need for a separating comma before the date. You can either name the Act directly as part of your sentence - According to the Health and Social Care Act 2012 .. - or refer more generally to the law or legislation and then give the Act details inside round brackets, e.g. Recent social care legislation ( Health and Social Care Act 2012 ) ...

If you need to pinpoint a specific section of the Act that you are drawing your information from, work the section details into your sentence as part of your writing, e.g. As defined in section 10(2) of the Act ( Children Act 2004 ) ...

If you refer to different specific sections of the same Act throughout your work, as described in the previous point, there is no requirement for you to have multiple entries for the Act in your reference list. The design of Harvard style means that no matter how many times you refer to the exact same source there will only ever be one entry for the source in your reference list.

Reference list

Cite Them Right Harvard then asks for the following information for the full reference :

• Title of Act including year and chapter number (in italics)
• Country/jurisdiction (only if referencing more than one country's legislation)
• Available at: URL (Accessed: date)

Example:  Health and Social Care Act 2012, c. 7 . Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2012/7/contents/enacted (Accessed: 17 September 2018).

• Please note that the chapter number (c.) usually appears by default alongside the Act's year on websites such as legislation.gov.uk . The entire Act will have the same chapter number to help distinguish it from other Acts published in the same legislative year:

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'Education Act' can also refer to...

Education Reform Act 1988

National Defense Education Act

Education Act 2004

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Education Act

Quick reference.

Legislation relating to innovation and reform of the education system, its provisions, funding, inspection, curriculum, and assessment is agreed by Parliament in the form of Education Acts. These are normally preceded by a White Paper, which sets out the arguments for the policy to be enacted; or by a Green Paper, which calls for consultation over some aspect of the policy prior to legislation. Over the past century or so there have been a number of landmark Acts which have signalled significant changes in key aspects of the education system. Examples of these may be summarized as follows:See also Equal Opportunities Act 2006.

Education Act 1902

Made the Board of Education centrally responsible for educational provision; created local education authorities

Education Act 1918

Raised the school‐leaving age to 14

Education (Butler) Act 1944

Reorganized education into three sectors we recognize today as primary, secondary, and further education

Education Act 1979

Made the development of a comprehensive system of secondary education by local authorities optional rather than mandatory (by repealing an earlier Act of 1976), thus enabling some authorities to retain a selective system

Education Act 1980

Gave parents the right of representation on schools' governing bodies; required local authorities and governing bodies to demonstrate transparency in relation to examination results and admissions policies; introduced the concept of parental choice

Education Act 1986

Abolished corporal punishment in schools; required every local authority school to have a governing body, and gave added responsibilities to governors

Introduced the national curriculum and the option for schools to apply for grant maintained status

Education (Schools) Act 1992

Introduced the requirement for schools and local authorities to publish league tables based on examination performance; instigated four‐yearly inspections of schools by Ofsted

Further and Higher Education Act 1992

Enabled polytechnics to adopt university status

Education Act 1996

Section 19 of this Act requires local authorities to provide appropriate education for children of compulsory school age either at school or otherwise than at school; forms of alternative provision are now known as Education Otherwise (than at School)

Education Act 1997

Brought together general and vocational qualifications under one regulating authority by replacing the School Curriculum and Assessment Authority and National Council for Vocational Qualifications with the unitary Qualifications and Curriculum Authority

School Standards and Framework Act 1998

Created education action zones; empowered local authorities and the Secretary of State to intervene in the case of failing schools; replaced the grant maintained schools initiative with foundation schools

Education Act 2002

Was amended at a late stage to include a specific duty on state schools and local authorities to have arrangements in place for safeguarding children. This amendment is contained in section 175, and came into force later (June 2004)

Education (Scotland) Act 2004

Addressed the issue of educational support in Scotland's schools

Children Act 2004

Superseded the Children Act 1989 and set out a legislative spine for the government's wider strategy in England and Wales, for improving children's lives, covering universal and parental responsibility, the Every Child Matters agenda, services accessed by children, and the targeted services for those with additional needs

From:   Education Act   in  A Dictionary of Education »

Subjects: Social sciences — Education

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Q. How do I reference Acts of Parliament in APA?

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Answered by: kathryn devine last updated: apr 10, 2024     views: 2486.

There is information on statute in section 10.16 of the Concise Guide , (p. 361 of the Publication Manual ) but it is US focused, and UK universities each offer slightly differing guidance. We recommend treating Acts of Parliament similarly to a website.

In text citation:

Parenthetical: (Data Protection Act 2018)

Narrative: Data Protection Act 2018

Note that the year is part of the Act title, so it is not separated from the rest.

Reference list:

Data Protection Act 2018, c. 12. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2018/12/contents

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Citing and referencing legal resources using Harvard

• UK case law

UK statutes

Uk statutory instruments, devolved legislation.

• European Union resources
• Other legal resources

A statute is another name for an Act of Parliament. 

As explained in Cite them right UK statutes (Acts of Parliament) , you will need to reference a statute in the following way: Title of Act year, chapter number. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

In-text citation: The legislation (Food Standards Act 1999) states that...

Reference list: Food Standards Act 1999, c. 28 . Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1999/28/contents (Accessed: 30 January 2018).

Cite them right also provides guidance on UK statutory instruments  (also known as secondary or delegated legislation). Your reference will be made up of the following elements: Name/title of SI year (SI year and number). Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

In-text citation: In relation to the Food Safety and Hygiene (England) Regulations 2013 ,....

Reference list: Food Safety and Hygiene (England) Regulations 2013 (SI 2013/2996). Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2013/2996/made (Accessed: 24 January 2018).

Cite them right  gives details on how to cite and reference legislation from Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland . You will need to consult this for details of how to cite Acts of the Scottish Parliament and Scottish Statutory Instruments; Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly and Statutory Rules of Northern Ireland; and legislation of the National Assembly for Wales and Welsh Statutory Instruments.

A Bill is a draft law. It needs to be approved in the Houses of Parliament and receive Royal Assent before it becomes an Act of Parliament.

As explained by Cite them right Bills from the House of Commons or House of Lords , the type of information you need to include in your reference list is as follows: Title (year of publication). Parliament: House of Commons OR Parliament: House of Lords. Bill no.[  ]. Place of publication: publisher.

In-text citation: The Sugar in Food and Drinks (Targets, Labelling and Advertising) Bill (2016) had its first reading on....

Reference list: Sugar in Food and Drinks (Targets, Labelling and Advertising) Bill (2016). Parliament: House of Commons. Bill no. 70. London: The Stationery Office.

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APA Style (7th Edition) Citation Guide: Government & Legal Documents

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Government document from a website, government document in print, court decision.

Statute (Legislation)

Unenacted Bill or Resolution

Note: All citations should be double spaced and have a hanging indent in a Reference List.

A "hanging indent" means that each subsequent line after the first line of your citation should be indented by 0.5 inches.

This Microsoft support page contains instructions about how to format a hanging indent in a paper.

Government Documents often have a group/corporate author listed instead of a specific person's name. The author may be the name of a department, commitee or agency.

When the government department, agency or committee that created the document is also the publisher, omit the publisher name to avoid repetition. The names of parent agencies, if applicable, may be used as the publisher.

Capitalize the first letter of the first word of the title. If there is a colon (:) in the title, also capitalize the first letter of the first word after the colon.

Capitalize the first letter of proper names in titles, such as names of places or people.

Place of Publication

Omit the publisher location in the reference unless they are works associated with specific locations (e.g. a conference presentation). For cities in the US and Canada list the city name and the province or state code. For other countries, list the city name and the country. Examples: Toronto, ON ; Tokyo, Japan

Electronic Government Documents

Many government documents are now published electronically as well as in print. Provide the publisher name and the url.

Name of Government Department, Agency or Committee. (Year of Publication, Month Day).  Title of document: Subtitle if given  (edition if given and is not first edition). Publisher Name. URL

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders. (2022, October 13). Speech and language developmental milestones. United States Department of Health & Human Services. https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/speech-and-language

In-Text Paraphrase:

(Name of Government Department, Agency or Committee, Year)

Example: (National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, 2022)

In-Text Quote:

(Name of Government Department, Agency or Committee, Year, Section Name section, para. Paragraph Number if more than one paragraph in section)

(National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, 2010, 4 to 6 Months section, line 3)

Note: When there are no visible page numbers or paragraph numbers, you may cite the section heading and the number of the paragraph in that section to identify where your quote came from.

Abbreviating Corporation/Group Author Name in In-Text citations:

Author names for corporations/groups can often be abbreviated. The first time you refer to the author, provide the full name, along with the abbreviation.

If the group name appears in the text of your paper, include the abbreviation in the in-text parenthetical citation:

Example: The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA, 2019) assisted in the rescue of 40 dogs.

If the group name first appears within a parenthetical citation, include the full group name as well as the abbreviation in square brackets:

Example: Forty dogs were rescued in Bendena, Kansas (American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals [ASPCA], 2019).

Provide the full group name (without an abbreviation) in the reference list entry: 

American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. (2019, November 21).  Justice served: Case closed for over 40 dogfighting victims . https://www.aspca.org/news/justice-served-case-closed-over-40-dogfighting-victims

Name of Government Department, Agency or Committee. (Year of Publication).  Title of document: Subtitle if given  (edition if given and is not first edition). Publisher Name.

National Health Council. (2007).  Americans' experience with chronic illness care in 2007 .

Note: When the government department, agency or committee that created the document is also the publisher, omit the publisher name in the reference.

Example: (National Health Council, 2007)

(Name of Government Department, Agency or Committee, Year, p. Page Number)

Example: (National Health Council, 2007, p. 4)

Name v. Name, Volume Source Page (Court Date).

Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954).

(Brown v. Board of Education, 1954).

(Brown v. Board of Education, 1954, Syllabus (d)).

Italicize the case name if you include it in the text of your paper.

Name of Act, public law number, (year).

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. Pub. L. No. 104-191, § 264, 110 Stat.1936.

(Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act [HIPAA] of 1996, Pub. L. No. 104-191)

(Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, Pub. L. No. 104-191, S. 264)

Title [if there is one], bill or resolution number, xxx Cong. (year).

Example (Senate):

Anti-Phishing Act, S. 472, 109th Cong. (2005).

Example: (House):

Anti-Phishing Act, H.R. 1099, 109th Cong. (2005).

(Anti-Phishing Act, 2005)

(Anti-Phishing Act, 2005, S. 1351 "Internet Fraud")

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APA 7th Edition - University of Lincoln

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This section includes Statues (Laws and Acts), Cases (law reports) and International Conventions. 

The APA Publication Manual does not include UK law so these guidelines are adapted from the templates for US law provided in the APA Publication Manual (7th ed.). 

Acts of Parliament

Also referred to as Statues. 

Parenthetical citation  

(Children Act, 1989) 

Narrative citation

Children Act (1989)

Reference list  

Children Act 1989,  c. 41.  https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1989/41  

1.  Title of Act including year (in italics), 

2. chapter number written as lower case c with a full stop, space, chapter number, full stop 

4. URL 

Green, White and Command Papers

Notes 

When considering introducing a new law, the UK Government will produce a discussion document called a Green Paper. White papers set out the details of the Government’s future policy on a particular topic and will often be the basis of a Bill before Parliament. Command Papers are the collective name given to different types of papers prepared by the Government and presented in Parliament with the words “presented to Parliament by command of His/Her Majesty”. 

Parenthetical citation

(Home Office, 2014)

Narrative citation 

Home Office (2014) 

Reference list 

Home Office. (2014).  Improving police integrity: Reforming the police complaints and disciplinary systems . 

         CM8976. HMSO.  https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/

           system/uploads/attachment_data/file/385900/45363_Cm_8976_Press.pdf  

Format: 

Government department. (Year).  Title . Command paper number. Publisher. URL 

Cases (Law Reports)

Parenthetical citation  

(Pepper v. Hart, 1993) 

Pepper v. Hart (1993)

Pepper (Inspector of Taxes) v. Hart, AC 593 (1993).    

          http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/1992/3.html  

Format:  

Name v. Name, case number date in round brackets. URL 

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Harvard Referencing Style: Legal Sources & Government Publications

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Legal Sources

IN -TEXT CITATION

Statutes and Acts

The Bill of Rights (1996)...

.... (South Africa, Banking Act, 1990, s 38A). 

"....." (South Africa. Banking Act, 1990: ii-iv).

Court cases

......( Hoffmann v South African Airways  2001 (1) SA 1 (CC) (hereinafter the  Hoffmann  case).

"....." ( Hoffmann v South African Airways  2001 (1) SA 1 (CC) [137] (hereinafter the  Hoffmann  case)

Laws have two titles, a long official title, and a short title. The short title is mostly used in-text references. The title of the act can be followed by its number and year (as relevant to the act, not the year of publication).

EXAMPLES OF A REFERENCE TO AN ACT OR STATUTE

South Africa. 1962. Income Tax Act 58 of 1962. Available at: <https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/Act%2058%20of%201962s_0.pdf> [Accessed on: 1 March 2015].

South Africa. 2002. Land and Agricultural Development Bank Act 15 of 2002. Available at: <https://www.gov.za/sites/www.gov.za/files/a15-02.pdf>  [Accessed on: 22 May 2014]

South Africa. 2005. National Credit Act 34 of 2005. Available at: <https://www.legalrights.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/NATIONAL-CREDIT-ACT-NO.-34-OF-2005.pdf> [Accessed on: 1 April 2018].

South Africa. 1990. Banks Act 94 1990 (as amended). Available at: <https://www.resbank.co.za/Lists/News%20and%20Publications/Attachments/2591/Banks+Amendment+Act+2007%5B1%5D.pdf> [Accessed on: 17 July 2017]

South Africa. 1937. Deeds Registries Act 47 of 1937. Pretoria. Government Printer.

EXAMPLES OF A REFERENCE TO A COURT CASE

S v Maseko  1990 (1) SACR 107 (A)

Hurwitz v Taylor  1926 TPD 81

Hoffmann v South African Airways  2001 (1) SA 1 (CC)

Metal and Allied Workers Union and Another v A Mauchle (Pty) Ltd t/a Precision Tools  (1980) 1  ILJ  227 (IC) 152

Government Publications

IN-TEXT CITATION

South African Central Statistical Service (1996) ...

.... (South Africa, Central Statistical Service, 1996)

"....."  (South Africa, Central Statistical Service, 1996: 171-172 )

​ FORMAT OF A REFERENCE TO A GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION

Name of the country, state or province. The name of the legislative body, court, executive department, bureau, council, commission or committee.  If supplied, the name of the relevant sections, office, etc, Year of publication.  Title.  ( in italics ). Report number (where applicable). Further particulars to be mentioned will depend on the nature of the source. Place of publication: Publisher.

EXAMPLES OF GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS

South Africa. Central Statistical Service. 1996.  Statistical release.  PO317. Pretoria: Central Statistical Service.

South Africa. 1980.  White paper on the rationalization of the public services and .related i nstitutions.  Pretoria: Government Printer.

South Africa. Administration: House of Assembly. Department of Education and Culture. 1985.  Annual Report . Pretoria: Government Printer .

South Africa. Commission for Administration. 1980-81.  Annual report for the period 1 July . 1 980 to 30 June 1981 .  Pretoria: Government Printer. (RP 36/1982).

South Africa. Committee of Investigation into the Finances of Local Authorities in South Africa.   ( Brown Committee). 1980.  Report, part  1 . Pretoria: Government Printer. Chairman: C.S. Margo.

You should provide the number of the publication, if it has one, as this helps readers to trace the source.

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Education: Citing with APA

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This is a basic introduction to the APA citation style, based on the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th edition). APA style includes: an in-text citation in your document to briefly identify the source you have quoted or paraphrased; a Reference List for all in-text citations at the end of the document. For a general overview of APA referencing and practice examples see the tutorial on APA referencing .

Remember to format your citations with a hanging indent for second and subsequent lines of a reference.

Corporate authors with bilingual names

New Zealand government departments are increasingly adopting bilingual names. APA practice is to include both the English and Māori names in the order provided in the source, regardless of prominence. 

This can lead to rather long in-text citations. One method for dealing with this is to abbreviate the corporate author names after the first use.

First citation:  (Te Tāhuhu o Te Mātauranga–Ministry of Education & New Zealand Teachers Council–Te Pouherenga Kaiako o Aotearaoa [TTOTM & NZTC], 2011).

All subsequent citations: (TTOTM & NZTC, 2011)

(Note: We have abbreviated the first name for each corporate author for simplicity, with the abbreviation still leading your reader to the correct place in the reference list)

Referencing images

If you are using images in undergraduate assignments, it is easiest to choose images in the public domain and/or with Creative Commons licenses. The PDF below offers guidance on how to locate and attribute such images.

If you are using images as part of your research (or are using an image that is copyrighted), please refer to the copyright advice provided on our research guides.

• Finding and referencing images A guide to referencing images in undergraduate assignments.

School Journals stories and articles should be referenced in a similar manner to  journal articles . Note that the year is used where you would usually put volume information, and the part and number information is in brackets, where you would usually put the issue number. More recently published School Journal stories refer to levels rather than parts and numbers. An example for both types:

Example references for print copy or electronic copies found via Journal Surf (i.e. behind paywall):

Wood Carving (by B. Martin in School Journal 2005, Year 5, Part 2, No. 1) is referenced as follows:

Martin, B. (2005). Wood carving. School Journal, 2005 (Pt. 2, No. 1), 28–32.

Mahinga Kai Crusaders (by S. Walsh in School Journal 2014 (Level 3)) is referenced as follows:

Walsh, S. (2014). Mahinga kai crusaders.  School Journal, 2014 (April, Lvl. 3),   36–43. 

Example references for electronic copy found via TKI (i.e. freely available):

Walsh, S. (2014). Mahinga kai crusaders.  School Journal, 2014 (April, Lvl. 3),   36–43. https://instructionalseries.tki.org.nz/Instructional-Series/School-Journal/School-Journal-Level-3-September-2014/Mahinga-Kai-Crusaders

Frequently cited

Anthony, G., & Walshaw, M. (2009). Effective pedagogy in mathematics . International Academy of Education; International Bureau of Education. https://www.ibe.unesco.org//fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/Educational_Practices/EdPractices_19.pdf

Education Council New Zealand–Matatū Aotearoa. (2011). Tātaiako: Cultural competencies for teachers of Māori learners.  Ministry of Education.

(nb. This is a reference for the original print version of Tātaiako, published before the Education Council changed its name to the New Zealand Teachers Council)

Education Council New Zealand – Matatū   Aotearoa .  (2017). Our code our standards: Code of professional responsibility and standards for the teaching profession: Ngā tikanga matatika ngā paerewa: Ngā tikanga matatika mō te haepapa ngaiotanga me ngā paerewa mō te umanga whakaakoranga . 

Kōrero Mātauranga. (2019).  He taonga te tamaiti: Every child a taonga: Early learning action plan 2019–2029. Ministry of Education.   https://conversation-space.s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/SES_0342_ELS_10YP_Final+Report_Web.pdf

Ministry of Education–Te Tāhuhu o te Mātauranga. (2017). Te whāriki: He whāriki mātauranga mō ngā mokopuna o Aotearoa: Early childhood curriculum . https://www.education.govt.nz/assets/Documents/Early-Childhood/Te-Whariki-Early-Childhood-Curriculum-ENG-Web.pdf

Ministry of Education–Te Tāhuhu o te Mātauranga. (2007). The New Zealand curriculum . https://nzcurriculum.tki.org.nz/content/download/1108/11989/file/NZ%20Curriculum%20Web.pdf

Ministry of Education–Te Tāhuhu o Te Mātauranga. (2018). Tapasā: Cultural competencies framework for teachers of Pacific learners .

Ministry of Education–Te Tāhuhu o Te Mātauranga. (2018). Tapasā: Cultural competencies framework for teachers of Pacific learners . https://teachingcouncil.nz/assets/Files/Tapasa/Tapasa-Cultural-Competencies-Framework-for-Teachers-of-Pacific-Learners-2019.pdf

Te Tāhuhu o Te Mātauranga–Ministry of Education & New Zealand Teachers Council–Te Pouherenga Kaiako o Aotearoa. (2011).  Tātaiako: Cultural competencies for teachers of Māori learners . Ministry of Education. https://teachingcouncil.nz/required/Tataiako.pdf

(nb. This is a reference for the electronic version of Tātaiako)

Te Tāhuhu o te Mātauranga. (2009). Te whatu pōkeka: Kaupapa Māori assessment for learning: Early childhood exemplars . Learning Media. https://assets.education.govt.nz/public/Documents/Early-Childhood/TeWhatuPokeka.pdf

Te Whare Wānanga o Waitaha–University of Canterbury. (n.d.). Ako waitaha: ITE philosophy . AKO | LEARN. https://learn.canterbury.ac.nz

Convention on the Rights of the Child reference on the APA7 webpage here  under Multilateral Treaties.

The format for Early Childhood Regulations can be found on the APA7 webpage here  under Secondary legislation, including legislative instruments/regulations.

G.A. Res. 61/295, United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (September 13, 2007). https://social.desa.un.org/issues/indigenous-peoples/united-nations-declaration-on-the-rights-of-indigenous-peoples

In-text citation examples: (G.A. Res. 61/295, 2007) (G.A. Res. 61/295, 2007, art. 3)

If starting a sentence:

Article 3 of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (G.A. Res. 61/295, 2007) states that....  

Referencing information from TKI

A PDF document.

Ministry of Education. (2009). Te aho arataki marau mō te ako i te reo Māori—Kura auraki: Curriculum guidelines for teaching and learning te reo Māori in English-medium schools: Years 1–13 . Learning Media. https://tereomaori.tki.org.nz/content/download/762/4184/file/ Curriculum%20guidelines.PDF

Ministry of Education–Te Tāhuhu o te Mātauranga. (2007). The New Zealand curriculum: Achievement objectives by learning area: Set of 8 charts . https://nzcurriculum.tki.org.nz/content/download/1109/11992/file/Charts2.pdf

Ministry of Education–Te Tāhuhu o te Mātauranga. (2011, November 24). Manaakitanga . New Zealand Curriculum Guides – Senior Secondary. https://seniorsecondary.tki.org.nz/The-arts/Pedagogy/Culturally-responsive-learning-environments/Manaakitanga

Ministry of Education–Te Tāhuhu o te Mātauranga. (2014, April 3). Mathematics and statistics: Achievement objectives . The New Zealand Curriculum Online. https://nzcurriculum.tki.org.nz/The-New-Zealand-Curriculum/Mathematics-and-statistics/Achievement-objectives

Ministry of Education–Te Tāhuhu o te Mātauranga. (n.d.). Sustainability . Te Whāriki Online. https://tewhariki.tki.org.nz/en/teaching-strategies-and-resources/belonging/sustainability/

RESOURCE SET | Te reo Māori rerenga kōrero and waiata

This is a set of Early Childhood te reo Māori rerenga kōrero (everyday phrases) and  waiata  used within 27 curriculum areas and activities within the daily programme. One area provides insights and provokes Kaiako understandings of a range of tikanga Māori Principle(s) within the context of each of the 27 curriculum areas/activities.

Each brochure will need to be referenced individually and an exemplar is provided below. You will need to change the title and the URL to reflect the brochure you have used.

Reference list:

Williams, N. M., & Te Rongopatahi, K. M. (2023).  Ki te hoe – Indigenising practice: Te reo me ngā tikanga Māori: Rauemi mā ngā kaiako: Rua kirikiri: Sandpit  [Brochure]. Ako Aotearoa; University of Canterbury.  https://ako.ac.nz/assets/Knowledge-centre/Ki-Te-Hoe-Indigenising-Practice/Set-of-Te-reo-Maori-rerenga-korero-and-waiata-/Rua-Kirikiri-Sandpit.pdf

Referencing Kei tua o te pae

The whole work :

Carr, M., Lee, W., & Jones, C. (2004–2009). Kei tua o te pae: Assessment for learning: Early childhood exemplars .  Learning Media.

An individual book :

Carr, M., Lee, W., & Jones, C. (2007). Kei tua o te pae: Assessment for learning: Early childhood exemplars (Book 15).  Learning Media.

An individual book listing a co-author (applies to book 3,  8, 9, 17 and book 18 only) – add the co-author/s:

Carr, M., Lee, W., Jones, C., & Peters, S. (2009). Kei tua o te pae: Assessment for learning: Early childhood exemplars (Book 18). Learning Media.

Carr, M., Lee, W., Jones, C., & Hatherly, A. (2009). Kei tua o te pae: Assessment for learning: Early childhood exemplars (Book 17). Learning Media.

If a corporate author, e.g. a Centre, is listed in addition to personal authors, do not include it.

Contact us for help

Have a question? Ask a librarian below:

Conference material

If a paper presentation or poster session at a conference is not published, list the presenter, specific date, name of paper with the format in square brackets, and place. For example: 

Carr, M. (2003, November). Changing the lens [Paper presentation]. New Zealand Association for Research in Education Conference, Auckland, New Zealand.

If, however, the paper was published treat it as a book or a chapter in a book (or a journal).

Education legislation

The format for Acts is as follows:

In-text , put the title of the Act in brackets.

(Education Act 1989)

Reference list ,  put:

Title of the Act. Website url (if retrieved online)

Education Act 1989. http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/ 1989/0080/latest/whole.html

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Harvard Referencing

• Introduction
• Referencing Essentials Unit on Canvas
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UK Act of Parliament - whole Act

In your citation , you need to use the title of the Act and the year, and both should always be in italics

The Data Protection Act 2018 sets out GDPR...

Legislation about persons who lack capacity ( Mental Capacity Act 2005 ) is....

What to put in your reference :

Data Protection Act 2018, c. 12 . Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2018/12/contents/enacted (Accessed: 4 April 2023).

Mental Capacity Act 2005, c. 9. Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2005/9/contents/enacted (Accessed: 4 April 2023).

When you view an Act using the government website then the title of the Act will include the c. number, for example, c. 12 in the image below.

You only refer to the country of the legislation if it is not UK (eg. specific to devolved nations such as Scotland, or non-UK).  Search Cite them Right for more details.

UK Act of Parliament - section of an Act

If your information comes from a particular section of an Act of Parliament, you should use section of the Act in your citation, however your reference will be the same as for a whole Act of Parliament

Citation example:

As defined in section 10(2) of the Data Protection Act 2018...

Reference example:

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• Study and research support
• Referencing
• Leeds Harvard referencing examples

Act of Parliament

Leeds harvard: act of parliament, reference examples.

Title of the Act and year . (chapter number of the Act; abbreviated to 'c.'). Place of publication: Publisher.

Modern Slavery Act 2015 . (c.30). London: The Stationery Office.

For Acts published before 1963 you must also include some additional information:

Title of the Act and year . (Year of reign of the monarch at the time the Act was introduced, the monarch's name which can be abbreviated, chapter number of the Act). Place of publication: Publisher.

Homicide Act 1957 . (5&6 Eliz.2, c.11). London: HMSO.

If you are referencing an Act you found online, this should be indicated in the reference. Title of the Act and year. (chapter number of the Act; abbreviated to 'c'). [Online]. Place of publication: Publisher. [Date accessed]. Available from: URL Example: Higher Education and Research Act 2017. (c.29). [Online]. London: The Stationery Office. [Accessed 14 May 2018]. Available from: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/  

Citation examples

The full title of the Act should be used in the citation.

(Modern Slavery Act 2015)

Common issues

When you're referencing with Leeds Harvard you may come across issues with missing details, multiple authors, edited books, references to another author's work or online items, to name a few. Here are some tips on how to deal with some common issues when using Leeds Harvard.

Skip straight to the issue that affects you:

• Online items
• URL web addresses
• Multiple authors
• Corporate author(s) or organisation(s)
• Multiple publisher details
• Editions and reprints
• Missing details
• Multiple sources with different authors
• Sources written by the same author in the same year
• Sources with the same author in different years
• Two authors with the same surname in the same year
• The work of one author referred to by another
• Anonymising sources for confidentiality
• Identifying the authors’ family name (surname)

APA (7th ed.) Citation Style Guide: Legal Citation

• Paper Format Guidelines
• Four Elements of a Reference
• Missing Reference Information
• In-Text Citations
• Secondary Sources
• Tables and Figures
• Book Sections (Chapters)
• Reference Works
• Business Sources
• Audiovisual Material
• Social Media & Software
• Government Documents
• Open Textbooks
• Course Related Material
• Personal Communications
• Further Examples

Legal Citation

• Nursing Resources

The APA, 7th ed. only includes examples for legal material from the United States and the United Nations.  APA suggests following The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation (2015).  These guidelines adopt the style outlined in the Canadian equivalent, the  Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation, 9th ed . (also known as "The McGill Guide."). This is  available in the Library's Reference collection at KE 259 C264 2018.

The APA Manual suggests adding URLs where it will aid retrieval.  When citing cases or court decisions to include the "URL from which you retrieved the case information (optional: this is not strictly required for legal citations but may aid readers in retrieval). (p. 358).   For legislation , one may "include the URL from which you retrieved the statute after the year.  This is not strictly required for legal citations but may aid readers in retrieval." (p. 361) 

Publication manual of the American Psychological Association , 7th ed., 2020.

For a more detailed explanation of legal citation, see the Douglas College Library Legal Citation Online Guide

Quick Links

• Douglas College Library Legal Citation Online Guide For a more detailed explanation, see the Douglas College Library Legal Citation Online Guide
• Douglas College Library Guide to Legal Citation The Douglas College Library provides a comprehensive guide to Legal Citation handout. It is available in the library in print or at this link.

In Text Citation - Statutes and Case Law

"Most in-text citations consist of the title and the year (e.g. Americans with Disabilities Act, 1990; Brown v. Board of Education , 1954).  If the title is long...shorten it for the in-text citation, but give enough information in the in-text citation to enable readers to locate the entry in the reference list." ( Publication manual of the American Psychological Association , 7th ed., 2020, p.  357)

Cite the name of the statute and the year:

Parenthetical citation: (Library Act, 1996)

Narrative citation:  Library Act  (1996)

To cite the reference in text, give the case name, in italics, and the year:

Parenthetical citation: ( R v Kirkland , 2005)

Narrative citation: R v Kirkland  (2005)

Citing Case Law

Traditional Citation

The traditional form of citation requires these elements:

     *  the case name , or "style of cause" (in italics)             *  the year of the decision (in parentheses, followed by a comma)      *  the volume number      *  the abbreviated title of the reporter (e.g. - DLR for Dominion Law Reports)      *  the series number , if included (in parentheses)      *  the starting page number      *  the abbreviated name of the court , if not included in the reporter name (in parentheses)

Example :  R v Latimer (1995), 126 DLR (4th) 203 (Sask CA).

In the next example, the name of the court is not required because the name of the reporter, the Supreme Court Reports (SCR), includes this information.

Example :  R v Chaisson , [2006] 1 SCR 415.

Neutral Citation

Many courts assign a neutral citation when a decision has been rendered.  It is independent of any printed reporter or online database.  When citing an electronic version of a decision, such as through Quicklaw or another database, it is not necessary to include the name of the database or online source.

If a judgment is published in a reporter, list the neutral citation first , followed by the printed reporter.  List at least one parallel citation, whenever possible.  The following example cites the case reported online through the Supreme Court of Canada (SCC) first, followed by the report of the case published in the printed Dominion Law Reports (DLR).

Example :   R v Latime r, 2001 SCC 1, 193 DLR (4th) 577.

Neutral citations include these elements:

     * the "style of cause" or case name (in italics, followed by a comma)      * the year of the decision      * the court identifier (e.g. - BCSC for British Columbia Supreme Court)      * the decision number

Example : R v Coulson , 2003 BCSC 144.

Citing Legislation

Statutes are published at the end of each parliamentary session.  Every so often, all of the sessional volumes are pulled together, along with all existing statutes, into one complete set of statutes in alphabetical order, called the Revised Statutes.

The Statutes of Canada were last revised in 1985.  Statutes in effect at that time will thus be cited as RSC 1985, for the Revised Statutes of Canada, 1985.  The chapter number of the statute includes the initial letter of the name of the act.

Examples :  Criminal Code , RSC 1985, c C - 46.                          Privacy Act , RSC 1985, c P- 21.

Federal statutes passed after 1985 are cited as SC for the Statutes of Canada . In this case, chapters are indicated by numbers only, with no initial letters.

Examples :  Youth Criminal Justice Act , SC 2002, c 1.                     Nunavut Act , SC 1993, c 28.

If citing a specific section or subsection of an act, add the section/subsection numbers at the end of the citation.

Example :  Youth Criminal Justice Act , SC 2002, c 1, s 38(2).

The Statutes of British Columbia were last revised in 1996 . Statutes in effect at that time are cited as RSBC 1996 , for the Revised Statutes of British Columbia, 1996 . 

Example :  Motor Vehicle Act , RSBC 1996, c 318.        

BC provincial statutes passed after 1996 are cited as SBC for the Statutes of British Columbia .

Example :  Parental Responsibility Act , SBC 2001, c 45.     

When citing bills, include the bill number, the title of the bill, the session of Parliament, the number of the Parliament, and the year.   

Example :                Bill C-27, An Act to Amend the Canadian Human Rights Act , 2nd Session, 39th Parliament, 2007.

When citing provincial bills, include the jurisdiction.

Example :                Bill 16, Police Amendment Act , 1997, 2nd Session, 36th Parliament, British Columbia, 1997.

Regulations

Federal regulations were last consolidated in 1978 .  Regulations in effect in 1978 are cited to the Consolidated Regulations of Canada (CRC) .

Example :       Air Cushion Vehicle Regulations , CRC, c 4.

After 1978, federal regulations are cited by the year and number.

Example :      Trade-marks Regulations (1996) , SOR/96-195.

SOR stands for Statutory Orders and Regulations, 96 is the year and 195 is the number of the regulation.

Provincial regulations are also cited by year and number, but include the jurisdiction.  In the following example, 74 is the year and 181 is the number of the regulation.

Example :  BC Reg 181/74.

APA for Online Legal Materials

The APA Manual suggests adding URLS  where it will aid retrieval.  When citing cases or court decisions  to include the "URL from which you retrieved the case information (optional: this is not strictly required for legal citations but may aid readers in retrieval)." (p. 358).  For legislation  one may "include the URL from which you retrieved the statute after the year.  This is not strictly required for legal citations but may aid readers in retrieval." (p. 361)   Publication manual of the American Psychological Association , 7th ed., 2020.

The following examples were created by a Douglas College librarian.   You need to use your own judgment.  We suggest you check with your instructor first .

Apology Act , SBC 2006, c 19.  http://www.bclaws.ca/civix/

document/id/complete/statreg/06019_01

In Text  

( Apology Act , 2006)

-----------------------------------------------------

Nunavut Ac t, SC 1993, c 28. http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/

eng/acts/N-28.6/index.html

( Nunavut Act , 1993)

------------------------------------------------------

R v Villaroman , 2016 SCC 33, [2016] 1 SCR 1000. https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/16078/index.do

In Text 

( R v Villaroman, 2016)

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APA 6th Referencing Style Guide

• APA referencing style
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Law and APA

Acts (Statutes)

Regulations (legislative instruments)

Cases - reported cases, cases - unreported cases, commentary on legislation and cases, new zealand parliamentary debates (hansard).

• Standards & patents
• Specific health examples
• Exhibition catalogue
• APA is not specifically designed for referencing New Zealand legal materials
• Law students at AUT should use the New Zealand Law Style Guide for referencing law materials, NOT APA.

Law students

Use the AUT Library Law subject guide , which contains Legal Referencing & Citation Tools  and the New Zealand Law Style Guide .

Non-law students

• Students studying other disciplines can use APA to cite the occasional Act or case
• The guidelines in the APA manual relate to American legislation and are inappropriate for New Zealand.
• The APA Referencing Style Guide here gives AUT interpretations on APA for New Zealand legal resources.
• An Act (also called a Statute) is a written law passed by a legislative body
• The date is part of the title of the Act and does not need parentheses or comma's to differentiate it

Reference format for an Act:

Reference list entry:

In-text citation:

Section of an Act

• Acts have section numbers
• Use the abbreviation s for a section or ss for sections
• Section numbers are not included in the reference list

In text citation:

• A Bill is a draft of a proposed law presented to parliament for discussion
• The Bill number is part of the title of the Bill and doesn't need a comma
• The date is part of the title of the Bill and does not need parentheses or comma's to differentiate it

Reference format for a Bill:

Citing clauses of a Bill

• Bills have clauses rather than sections
• Use the abbreviation cl for a clause or cls for clauses
• Clause numbers are not included in the reference list

Regulations

• A Regulation is a legislative instrument made by the Governor-General, ministers of the crown, and certain other bodies under powers conferred by an Act of parliament
• The date is part of the title of the Regulation and does not need parentheses or comma's to differentiate it

Reference format for a Regulation:

Citing clauses and regulations of a Regulation

• Regulations have clauses rather than sections
• Use the abbreviation cl for a clause or cls for clauses. Use the abbreviation reg for a regulation or regs for regulations.

Reported cases

• Reported cases are court and tribunal decisions that have been reported or published in a report series
• The New Zealand Law Reports are the official (government authorised) report series for New Zealand
• Other law report series are published in New Zealand. These are unofficial reporting series and contain significant cases. Examples: the New Zealand Family Law Reports and the New Zealand Employment Law Reports
• Use the same reference format for cases published in official and unofficial report series
• If a case is not published in a report series, it is 'unreported'. See Cases - Unreported cases for the correct referencing style

Reference format for reported cases:

• Parties (people or organisations involved – sometimes substituted by a letter eg. X if a name is suppressed), separated by the letter v
• Year (year the case was reported). Brackets: follow the example used in your case title.
• Abbreviation (of the law report where the case is published or the court where the case was heard). Search Legal Citations of Aotearoa New Zealand for the correct abbreviation
• Volume and page number (or case number for unreported cases).  A volume number is not always available.
• Court identifier (for reported cases only - court name is found on the first page of the case you are using)

Unreported cases

• Unreported cases are court or tribunal decisions that have not been published in a law report series
• Unreported cases may be downloaded from the AUT law databases (LexisNexisNZ, WestlawNZ), or from the court, tribunal or commission who issued the decision
• Use the New Zealand Law Foundation's abbreviations for courts and tribunals
• Use the official neutral citation if available. Neutral citations are provided on the original copy of the case. See: Neutral citation
• If a neutral citation is not provided, use the case file number . See: No neutral citation

Reference format for an unreported case (with neutral citation):

Reference format for an unreported case (no neutral citation):

• Only include the registry information for a court or tribunal with multiple registries. For example, New Zealand has 58 district courts and 19 high courts. 
• Legal commentaries provide up-to-date, detailed information on a particular subject area. Texts, journal articles and legal encyclopedias are examples of commentaries.
• Commentaries are available through the AUT law databases
• If you cannot locate the general editor or author, omit this information
• If you cannot locate a date of publication for commentary found in the AUT databases, use n.d. (no date) in your reference list and in-text citation. See the examples below.

Reference format for printed New Zealand Parliamentary Debates

Reference format for electronic New Zealand Parliamentary Debates

Knowledge Basket (AUT database)

New Zealand Parliament website

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Education Act 1996

1996 Chapter 56

An Act to consolidate the Education Act 1944 and certain other enactments relating to education, with amendments to give effect to recommendations of the Law Commission.

[24th July 1996]

Be it enacted by the Queen’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—

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Writing Center & Communications Lab

Writing tips, managing citations, get research management tools help.

HGSE students may work with a Writing Center Teaching Fellow to:

• define a research question.
• organize the content of their papers.
• review and revise drafts.
• cite sources appropriately.

Schedule an appointment with a Writing Center TF

HGSE students may work with a CommLab Teaching Fellow to:

• Practice and receive feedback on an academic, class presentation or a doctoral defense
• Create an "elevator pitch"
• Organize a conference poster
• Develop and storyboard a presentation
• Get assistance with other mixed-medium communication

Schedule an appointment with a CommLab TF

• Writing Center & Communications Lab More information and resources from the Writing Center & Communications Lab

APA "cheat sheet": Examples of Commonly Used References at HGSE

F inding Your Voice

Literature Review: A Research Journey

The tools supported by the Harvard Library are EndNote  and Zotero . With them, you can:

• create a searchable database of the books, articles, book chapters, and more that you're using in your research
• import citations, abstracts, and more from online sources
• organize notes and full text documents, such as PDFs, images, spreadsheets
• share references when you're working on collaborative projects
• create reference lists in APA and other formats

To learn more and for a list of upcoming classes, visit:

• Research Management and Citation Tools at Harvard
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