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Hypothesis Testing

Hypothesis Testing

Subject: Mathematics

Age range: 16+

Resource type: Other

jontymarshall

Last updated

29 March 2018

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Excellent resource - really clearly written. Thank you!

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Excellent and well written PPT to introduce the Hypothesis testing. Thank you ever so much for sharing

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Unit 12: Significance tests (hypothesis testing)

About this unit.

Significance tests give us a formal process for using sample data to evaluate the likelihood of some claim about a population value. Learn how to conduct significance tests and calculate p-values to see how likely a sample result is to occur by random chance. You'll also see how we use p-values to make conclusions about hypotheses.

The idea of significance tests

  • Simple hypothesis testing (Opens a modal)
  • Idea behind hypothesis testing (Opens a modal)
  • Examples of null and alternative hypotheses (Opens a modal)
  • P-values and significance tests (Opens a modal)
  • Comparing P-values to different significance levels (Opens a modal)
  • Estimating a P-value from a simulation (Opens a modal)
  • Using P-values to make conclusions (Opens a modal)
  • Simple hypothesis testing Get 3 of 4 questions to level up!
  • Writing null and alternative hypotheses Get 3 of 4 questions to level up!
  • Estimating P-values from simulations Get 3 of 4 questions to level up!

Error probabilities and power

  • Introduction to Type I and Type II errors (Opens a modal)
  • Type 1 errors (Opens a modal)
  • Examples identifying Type I and Type II errors (Opens a modal)
  • Introduction to power in significance tests (Opens a modal)
  • Examples thinking about power in significance tests (Opens a modal)
  • Consequences of errors and significance (Opens a modal)
  • Type I vs Type II error Get 3 of 4 questions to level up!
  • Error probabilities and power Get 3 of 4 questions to level up!

Tests about a population proportion

  • Constructing hypotheses for a significance test about a proportion (Opens a modal)
  • Conditions for a z test about a proportion (Opens a modal)
  • Reference: Conditions for inference on a proportion (Opens a modal)
  • Calculating a z statistic in a test about a proportion (Opens a modal)
  • Calculating a P-value given a z statistic (Opens a modal)
  • Making conclusions in a test about a proportion (Opens a modal)
  • Writing hypotheses for a test about a proportion Get 3 of 4 questions to level up!
  • Conditions for a z test about a proportion Get 3 of 4 questions to level up!
  • Calculating the test statistic in a z test for a proportion Get 3 of 4 questions to level up!
  • Calculating the P-value in a z test for a proportion Get 3 of 4 questions to level up!
  • Making conclusions in a z test for a proportion Get 3 of 4 questions to level up!

Tests about a population mean

  • Writing hypotheses for a significance test about a mean (Opens a modal)
  • Conditions for a t test about a mean (Opens a modal)
  • Reference: Conditions for inference on a mean (Opens a modal)
  • When to use z or t statistics in significance tests (Opens a modal)
  • Example calculating t statistic for a test about a mean (Opens a modal)
  • Using TI calculator for P-value from t statistic (Opens a modal)
  • Using a table to estimate P-value from t statistic (Opens a modal)
  • Comparing P-value from t statistic to significance level (Opens a modal)
  • Free response example: Significance test for a mean (Opens a modal)
  • Writing hypotheses for a test about a mean Get 3 of 4 questions to level up!
  • Conditions for a t test about a mean Get 3 of 4 questions to level up!
  • Calculating the test statistic in a t test for a mean Get 3 of 4 questions to level up!
  • Calculating the P-value in a t test for a mean Get 3 of 4 questions to level up!
  • Making conclusions in a t test for a mean Get 3 of 4 questions to level up!

More significance testing videos

  • Hypothesis testing and p-values (Opens a modal)
  • One-tailed and two-tailed tests (Opens a modal)
  • Z-statistics vs. T-statistics (Opens a modal)
  • Small sample hypothesis test (Opens a modal)
  • Large sample proportion hypothesis testing (Opens a modal)

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Introduction to Hypothesis Testing

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Introduction to Hypothesis Testing

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HYPOTHESIS TESTING. Purpose The purpose of hypothesis testing is to help the researcher or administrator in reaching a decision concerning a population.

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statistical hypothesis tests

Statistical Hypothesis Tests

Aug 01, 2014

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Statistical Hypothesis Tests. Notes of STAT6205 by Dr. Fan. Overview. Introduction of hypotheses tests ( Sections 7.1,7.2 ) General logic Two types of error Parametric tests for one mean and for proportions What is the best test for a given situation? Order Statistics (Section 8.3)

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Statistical Hypothesis Tests Notes of STAT6205 by Dr. Fan 6205

Overview • Introduction of hypotheses tests (Sections 7.1,7.2) • General logic • Two types of error • Parametric tests for one mean and for proportions • What is the best test for a given situation? • Order Statistics (Section 8.3) • Wilcoxon tests (Section 8.5) 6205

Statistical Hypotheses • A statistical hypothesis is an assumption or statement concerning one or more population parameters. • Simple vs. composite hypotheses E.g. A pharmaceutical company wants to be able to claim that for its newest medication the proportion of patients who experience side effects is less than 20%. Q. What are the two possible conclusions (hypotheses) here? 6205

Hypothesis Tests • A statistical test is to check a statistical hypothesis using data. It involves the five steps: • Set up the null (Ho) and alternative (H1) hypotheses • Find an appropriate test statistic (T.S.) • Find the rejection (critical) region (R.R.) • Reject Ho if the observed test statistic falls into R.R. and not reject Ho otherwise • Report the result in the context of the situation 6205

Determine Ho and H1 • The null hypothesis Ho is the no-change hypothesis • The alternative hypothesis H1 says that Ho is false The Logic of Hypothesis Tests: “Assume Ho is a possible truth until proven false” Analogical to “Presumed innocent until proven guilty” The logic of the US judicial system Q: What are the two possible conclusions? 6205

Determine Ho and H1 Golden Rule: Ho must be a simple hypothesis. Practical Rule: If possible, the hypothesis we hope to prove (called research hypothesis) goes to H1. Back to the drug example, setting Ho and H1. 6205

Types of Errors H0 true H0 false Type II Error, or “ Error” Good! (Correct!) we accept H0 Type I Error, or “ Error” Good! (Correct) we reject H0

More Terms • a= Significance level of a test = Type I error rate • Power of a test = 1-Type II error rate=1- b • We only control a not b,  so we don’t say “accept Ho”. 6205

Report the Conclusion • Reject Ho: the data shows strong evidence supporting Ha Eg. The data shows strong evidence that the proportion of users who will experience side effects is less than 20% at significant level of 10%. • Fail to reject Ho: the data does not provide sufficient evidence supporting Ha Eg. Based on the data, there is not sufficient evidence to support the proportion is less than 20% at significant level of 5%.

Tests for One Mean 6205

Z Test For normal populations or large samples (n > 30) And the computed value of Z is denoted by Z*. 6205

Types of Tests 6205

Example 1 (Conti.) Conduct a test for Ho: mu=2500 vs. H1: mu =3000 at 5% significant level. • What is the R.R.? • What is the power of the test? Z test is the most powerful test! 6205

P-Values • The p-value is the smallest level of significance to reject Ho at the observed value, also called the observed significance level. p-value > a fail to reject Ho p-value <a reject Ho (= accept Ha) • That is, p-value is the probability of seeing as extreme as (or more extreme) what we observe, given Ho is true.

P-Value • The level of significance (called a level) is usually 0.05 • p-value > a fail to reject Ho (??) • p-value <a reject Ho (= accept Ha)

Computing the p-Value for the Z-Test

Computing the p-Value for the Z-Test P-value = P(|Z| > |z*| )= 2 x P(Z > |z*|)

t Test • For normal populations with unknown s Eg. Revisit Example 1

One Population

Testing Hypotheses about a Proportion • Three possible Ho and Ha Write them all as p=po in the future

The z-test for a Proportion • When 1) the sample is a random sample 2) n(po) and n(1-po) are both at least 10, an appropriate test statistic for p is

Example: New Drug (Conti.) • Ho: p > 20% vs. Ha: p < 20% • Z-test statistic; a = 0.05 • Find rejection region or p-value • Decide if reject Ho or not • Report the conclusion in the context of the situation

Hypothesis Test for the Difference of Two Population Proportions • Step 1. Set up hypotheses Ho: p1 = p2 and three possible Ha’s: Ha: p1 = p2 (two-tailed) or Ha: p1 < p2 (lower-tailed) or Ha: p1 > p2 (upper-tailed)

Hypothesis Test for the Difference between Two Population Proportions • Step 2. calculate test statistic where

Hypothesis Test for the Difference between Two Population Proportions • Step 3: Find p value • Must be two independent random samples; both are large samples: And • When the above conditions are met, use Z-Table to find p-value. • Steps 4 and 5 are the same as before

Example: Bike to School For 80 randomly selected men, 30 regularly bicycled to campus; while for 100 randomly selected women, 20 regularly bicycled to campus. • Find the p-value for testing: Ho: p1 = p2 vs. Ha: p1 > p2 Answer: z=2.60, p=0.0047 1: men; 2: women

Order Statistics • Min & Max • Joint and other orders 6205

Order Statistics Problem 1: Suppose X1, X2, …, X5 are a random sample from U[0,1]. Find the pdf of X(2). Problem 2: Suppose X1, X2, …, Xnare a random sample from U[0,1]. Show that X(k)~ beta(k,n-k+1). 6205

Order Statistics The CDF of X(k)and example 6205

Wilcoxon Tests Ho: median of X = median of Y vs. H1: Ho is false Wilcoxon tests (p. 448 - 450) • assume the two distributions are of similar shapes but do not need to be normal • See the supplementary material 6205

Exercise 8.5-9 X = the life time of light bulb of brand A Y = the life time of light bulb of brand B Data: (in 100 hours) X: 5.6 4.6 6.8 4.9 6.1 5.3 4.5 5.8 5.4 4.7 Y: 7.2 8.1 5.1 7.3 6.9 7.8 5.9 6.7 6.5 7.1 • Conduct the Wilcoxon test at 5 % level to test if brand B has longer life time in general. A: W(Y)=145 > 128 or Z= 3.024 > 1.645; reject Ho • Construct and interpret a Q-Q plot of these data. 6205

R Code for Q-Q Plot > x<-c(5.6, 4.6, 6.8, 4.9, 6.1, 5.3, 4.5, 5.8, 5.4, 4.7) > y<-c(7.2, 8.1, 5.1, 7.3, 6.9, 7.8, 5.9, 6.7, 6.5, 7.1) > qqplot(x,y,xlab="life time of brand A", ylab="life time of brand B", main="qqplot of Life time of Brand A vs. Brand B") 6205

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300654-Hypothesis-Testing_01

Hypothesis Testing Presentation Slides

Uncover the captivating world of hypothesis testing, a data-driven decision-making process that delves into null and alternative hypotheses, directional and statistical hypotheses, and the elusive null hypothesis, unraveling data's mysteries. Picture it as a scientific detective story, with data as evidence, guiding you towards profound insights. Now, introducing the hypothesis testing PowerPoint template, a versatile tool suitable for researchers, analysts, educators, and business professionals. This fully editable presentation simplifies complex statistical concepts, making data analysis more accessible and engaging. With it, you'll seamlessly guide your audience through the intricate world of hypothesis testing, promoting a deeper understanding of data interpretation and decision-making. Whether you're in academia or the corporate world, this template benefits both the presenter and the audience, streamlining presentations, enhancing comprehension, and encouraging informed decision-making.

Features of the templates:

  • 100% customizable slides and easy to download.
  • Slides are available in different nodes & colors.
  • The slide contains 16:9 and 4:3 formats.
  • Easy to change the colors of the slide quickly.
  • Highly compatible with PowerPoint and Google Slides.
  • Well-crafted template with an instant download facility.
  • Hypothesis Testing
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  • Hypothesis Testing Diagram
  • Hypothesis Testing Model
  • Hypothesis Testing Infographics
  • Research Hypotheses
  • Statistical Testing
  • Hypothesis Evaluation
  • Statistical Experiments
  • Hypothesis Confirmation
  • Google Slides

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  1. Hypothesis Testing

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  3. Hypothesis Testing- Meaning, Types & Steps

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VIDEO

  1. Six steps of hypothesis testing

  2. Hypothesis Testing Extra Practice

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  5. single means hypothesis test with spss

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COMMENTS

  1. Hypothesis Testing

    Hypothesis Testing. Subject: Mathematics. Age range: 16+. Resource type: Other. File previews. pptx, 616.63 KB. A powerpoint giving an introduction to hypothesis testing using the normal distribution. It also covers type I and type II errors, and has some examples of hypothesis testing using the Poisson and Binomial distributions, plus various ...

  2. PDF Statistical Hypothesis Testing

    Effect size. Significance tests inform us about the likelihood of a meaningful difference between groups, but they don't always tell us the magnitude of that difference. Because any difference will become "significant" with an arbitrarily large sample, it's important to quantify the effect size that you observe.

  3. Hypothesis Testing

    Table of contents. Step 1: State your null and alternate hypothesis. Step 2: Collect data. Step 3: Perform a statistical test. Step 4: Decide whether to reject or fail to reject your null hypothesis. Step 5: Present your findings. Other interesting articles. Frequently asked questions about hypothesis testing.

  4. PPT S2.4 Hypothesis tests

    Find the critical region for a hypothesis test using a nominal 5% significance level. The probability of rejection in each tail should be as close as possible to 2.5%. Remember that the critical region for a hypothesis test is the set of values that would lead to the rejection of the null hypothesis. A two-sided hypothesis test would be ...

  5. Significance tests (hypothesis testing)

    Unit test. Significance tests give us a formal process for using sample data to evaluate the likelihood of some claim about a population value. Learn how to conduct significance tests and calculate p-values to see how likely a sample result is to occur by random chance. You'll also see how we use p-values to make conclusions about hypotheses.

  6. PDF Lecture 7: Hypothesis Testing and ANOVA

    The intent of hypothesis testing is formally examine two opposing conjectures (hypotheses), H0 and HA. These two hypotheses are mutually exclusive and exhaustive so that one is true to the exclusion of the other. We accumulate evidence - collect and analyze sample information - for the purpose of determining which of the two hypotheses is true ...

  7. PDF Hypothesis Testing

    Hypothesis Testing. Form the Null Hypothesis Calculate probability of observing data if null hypothesis is true (p-value) Low p-value taken as evidence that null hypothesis is unlikely Originally, only intended as informal guide to strength of evidence against null hypothesis.

  8. Hypothesis Testing

    The result of a hypothesis test: 'Reject H0 in favour of HA' OR 'Do not reject H0'. 7. Selecting and interpreting significance level 1. Deciding on a criterion for accepting or rejecting the null hypothesis. - the B-school 2. Significance level refers to the percentage of sample means that is outside certain prescribed limits.

  9. T-test and Hypothesis Testing (Explained Simply)

    Aug 5, 2022. 6. Photo by Andrew George on Unsplash. Student's t-tests are commonly used in inferential statistics for testing a hypothesis on the basis of a difference between sample means. However, people often misinterpret the results of t-tests, which leads to false research findings and a lack of reproducibility of studies.

  10. Resourceaholic: Statistics

    Statistics. This page lists recommended resources for teaching the statistics content in A level maths (based on the 2017 specification ), categorised by topic. In addition to the free resources listed here, I recommend the activities on Integral (school login required). Huge thanks to all individuals and organisations who share teaching resources.

  11. Introduction to Hypothesis Testing

    In a directional hypothesis test, or a one-tailed test, the statistical hypothesis (h0 and H1) specify either an increase or a decrease in the population mean score. That is, they make a statement about the direction of the effect. ... Download ppt "Introduction to Hypothesis Testing" Similar presentations . Introductory Mathematics ...

  12. STATISTICS: Hypothesis Testing

    Jan 14, 2013 • Download as PPTX, PDF •. 37 likes • 38,280 views. J. jundumaug1. Education. Slideshow view. Download now. STATISTICS: Hypothesis Testing - Download as a PDF or view online for free.

  13. hypothesis testing

    15. Chap 9-15 6 Steps in Hypothesis Testing 1. State the null hypothesis, H0 and the alternative hypothesis, H1 2. Choose the level of significance, , and the sample size, n 3. Determine the appropriate test statistic (two-tail, one-tail, and Z or t distribution) and sampling distribution 4.

  14. PPT

    7-1 Basics of Hypothesis Testing. Hypothesis in statistics, is a statement regarding a characteristic of one or more populations Definition. Statement is made about the population Evidence in collected to test the statement Data is analyzed to assess the plausibility of the statement Steps in Hypothesis Testing.

  15. PPT

    It involves the five steps: • Set up the null (Ho) and alternative (H1) hypotheses • Find an appropriate test statistic (T.S.) • Find the rejection (critical) region (R.R.) • Reject Ho if the observed test statistic falls into R.R. and not reject Ho otherwise • Report the result in the context of the situation 6205.

  16. Testing of hypothesis

    In Hypothesis testing parametric test is very important. in this ppt you can understand all types of parametric test with assumptions which covers Types of parametric, Z-test, T-test, ANOVA, F-test, Chi-Square test, Meaning of parametric, Fisher, one-sample z-test, Two-sample z-test, Analysis of Variance, two-way ANOVA.

  17. Get Hypothesis Testing PowerPoint And Google Slides Themes

    Features of the templates: 100% customizable slides and easy to download. Slides are available in different nodes & colors. The slide contains 16:9 and 4:3 formats. Easy to change the colors of the slide quickly. Highly compatible with PowerPoint and Google Slides. Well-crafted template with an instant download facility.