thesis topics on monitoring and evaluation

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MASTER'S THESIS - INFLUENCE OF MONITORING AND EVALUATION ON PROJECT SUSTAINABILITY IN NIGERIA, A CASE STUDY OF LOCAL EMPOWERMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PROJECT (LEEMP) IN BENUE STATE

This study examines the Influence of Monitoring and Evaluation on Project Sustainability in Nigeria, A Case Study of Local Empowerment and Environmental Management Project (LEEMP) in Benue State. Monitoring and Evaluation (M & E) helps to track project performance at any given time and provides reasons for an observed project status. In this study, M & E was defined as the key component of project management that gives control over the main parameters that define a project; scope, quality, resources, completion time and cost, as well as play major role in ensuring sustainability of the project. The objectives of the study were to determine the influence of monitoring and evaluation plan on project performance and sustainability in Nigeria; Investigate the extent to which monitoring and evaluation contribute to project performance and sustainability in Nigeria; Examine the implication of implementing development project without monitoring and evaluation plan; and Interrogate the benefits of adoption monitoring and evaluation framework on project performance and sustainability in Nigeria. The literatures reviewed on M & E traced the evolution of M & E and examined the paradigm shifts that have occurred from viewing M & E as a mere tracking tool to sustainability component. Given the research objective, design and methods, data collection and analysis were guided by the descriptive statistics. This approach was selected as the most appropriate for addressing the research questions. Secondary data as well as primary data sourced from interviews of 60 participants conducted through focus group discussion in 6 communities and 140 questionnaires were employed. Data analysis was conducted using both quantitative and qualitative method. The results show that monitoring and evaluation, indeed has influence on project performance and sustainability. Furthermore, the results show that the implication of implementing development project without monitoring and evaluation plan include lack of stakeholder engagement, lack of communication, and lack of clear roles and responsibilities, which will in turn leads to poor project performance and lack of sustainability. The study concluded that the monitoring and evaluation has direct influence on project performance and sustainability. Hence, Monitoring and evaluation should be comprehensive enough to measure the relevance, impact, sustainability and efficiency of a project or development interventions. Keywords: Monitoring, Evaluation, Project, Sustainability, Performance. Wordcount: 338 Words

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Monitoring and Evaluation system'

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Ozmen, Teoman. "Gas Turbine Monitoring System." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607957/index.pdf.

Hedström, Therese, and Sara Lundahl. "Evaluation of monitoring systems and processes." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-31855.

Hill, James B. "Methodology for monitoring the USMC performance evaluation system." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/21434.

Typrin, Marcello. "IMTS (Intelligent Monitoring and Trending System) : a PC-based monitoring, evaluation and trending system for rotating machinery /." Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-12302008-063435/.

Hunt, Victor J. "Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring of Highway Bridges." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin974836791.

Haugros, Håkon Unander, and Signe Bø Overå. "A home based health monitoring system: An implementation and evaluation." Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Computer and Information Science, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-8873.

The advances in technology over recent years have opened up a lot of opportunities in the field of wearable health monitoring. Technology equipment that was once reserved for hospital use may now be used in the home of a consumer; this could ease the life of many long term patients and their next of kin. We have been in contact with the case of a child, who suffers from a number of rare conditions and complications. She has to be monitored almost all the time in her home by her parents. She has been in and out of the hospital a number of times, without ever figuring out what causes her problems. Her parents have to use a lot of time and effort to monitor her. Our goal in this thesis was two-fold, automate and ease the monitoring of her as well as logging all the data of vital signs so that it may later be used for diagnosing. We made a prototype system using the hardware of a wearable monitoring shirt called the LifeShirt. Our main focus was to create a system that would allow for discussion around potential usage areas of the LifeShirt. We did live testing on the patient and evaluated the solution with the family and the patients physician. We found that our prototype concept fulfills a need that is currently unmet. Their monitoring can be simplified, and the physician can get more data to use for diagnosing purposes. Based on our result we see a great potential for using wearable health monitoring technology in the home. We envisage many areas that could benefit from automated monitoring with the LifeShirt, both in home as well as in hospital settings.

Fors, Carina. "Evaluation of a Laser Doppler System for Myocardial Perfusion Monitoring." Licentiate thesis, Linköping : Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping University, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-9584.

Bhattarai, Saroj K. "Monitoring and evaluation system for rural development projects in Nepal." Virtual Press, 1986. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/508013.

Jones, Philip Edward James. "Evaluation of water distribution system monitoring using stochastic dynamic modeling." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/40441.

Stagkopoulou, Alexandra. "Simulative Evaluation of Security Monitoring Systems based on SDN." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-193710.

Li, Guang M. Eng Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Evaluation of continuous glucose monitoring systems." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/45357.

Gabriel, Komakech. "A conceptual model for a programme monitoring and evaluation information system." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/85755.

Wu, Hui Hsien. "Development and Evaluation of a BlackBerry-based Wearable Mobility Monitoring System." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20500.

Lam, Andrew K. F. (Andrew Kin Fai). "Development and evaluation of an expert monitoring system for an ICU." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=67528.

Motingoe, Rapulo Solomon. "Monitoring and evaluation system utilisation for municipal support / Rapulo Solomon Motingoe." Thesis, North-West University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/9179.

Mosman, James P. (James Paul). "Evaluation of Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring for shipboard cycling system diagnostics." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/36277.

Makhomo, Selbourne Rapoone. "Remote monitoring and evaluation of a photovoltaic (PV) groundwater pumping system." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1270.

Brogan, Daniel S. "Development and Evaluation of the Online Watershed Learning System (OWLS)." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/75213.

Maynard, Whitney E. "The Monitoring and Evaluation of Geothermal Systems." Scholar Commons, 2010. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3634.

Knowles, William. "Traffic Modeling and Evaluation of QoS schemes in Wide Area Monitoring System." Thesis, KTH, Industriella informations- och styrsystem, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-138572.

Qin, Xiaodong. "Performance evaluation of a database server for a distributed application monitoring system." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq36946.pdf.

Meyer, Eric Todd. "Evaluation of exhaust flowrate measurement techniques for a mobile emissions monitoring system." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2001. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1855.

Graybeal, Dale Kevin. "Evaluation of water distribution system monitoring using a combined simulation-optimization approach." Thesis, This resource online, 1995. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-01312009-063527/.

Abdel, Hakim Karim A. "Continuous non-invasive BP monitoring : service evaluation during induction of anaesthesia and haemodialysis." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2011. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11930/.

Mahirah, Binti Jahari. "Double Lighting Machine Vision System for Rice Quality Evaluation." Kyoto University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/228241.

Mahamed, Mahamed Rage. "Developing a monitoring and evaluation system for the ceasefire gang violence programme in Hanover Park, Cape Town." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/8548.

Mickevičiūtė, Asta, and Hasan khan. "Evaluation of packet capturing systems for passive monitoring." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för Informationsvetenskap, Data– och Elektroteknik (IDE), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-23451.

Abbasi, Saddedine. "Critical evaluation and novel design of a non-invasive and wearable health monitoring system." Thesis, Brunel University, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.553648.

Stegard, Simon. "Implementation and evaluation of a centralized hardware monitoring system for HP servers : A case study." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för informationsteknologi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-15273.

Kimaro, Josephine Rogate. "Analysis of the Monitoring and Evaluation system : a case study of the Tanzanian Local Government." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/65486.

White, Catherine. "An evaluation of the implementation of the 3-tiered ART monitoring system in South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/22825.

Moll, Remington James. "Development and evaluation of a terrestrial animal-borne video system for ecological research." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5782.

Cheung, William Wai Ming 1978. "Evaluation of infrastructure monitoring systems using PDA and GPS technologies." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/8908.

Mahasele, Phehello Anthony. "Monitoring and evaluation indicators of the HIV & AIDS programme in Grahamstown's public sector health care system." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003248.

Fonkem, Nguika Judith. "An Analysis of a Readiness Assessment for establishing a Monitoring and Evaluation System in Early Childhood Development (ECD) Programmes: a case study of Ikamva Labantu Centre, Khayelitsha." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4007.

Srinivasan, Abirami. "Development and Evaluation of the Ethernet Interface(s) for the Monitoring and Control System of a New Beamforming Radio Telescope." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34744.

Kienzler, Vincent. "Performance-based management and accountability systems : the case of the community-based monitoring and evaluation system in Iganga District, Uganda." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2015. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3657/.

Gerdes, Mike. "Predictive Health Monitoring for Aircraft Systems using Decision Trees." Licentiate thesis, Linköpings universitet, Fluida och mekatroniska system, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-105843.

Zwane, Engeline. "Monitoring and evaluation mechanisms for sustainable development in Sedibeng District Municipality." Thesis, North West University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/13041.

Oghenetega, Joshua Ogheneovo. "Participatory monitoring and evaluation for improved service delivery: The case Of C3 notification system in site C Khayelitsha." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6579.

Greeff, Maria. "Evaluation of the monitoring system for volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions at NATREF, South Africa / M. Greeff." Thesis, North-West University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/528.

De, Vries Stephen. "Enhancing participatory democracy in municipal affairs through the ward committee system: a participatory monitoring and evaluation approach." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6719.

de, Vries Stephen. "Enhancing participatory democracy: in municipal affairs through the ward committee system: A participatory monitoring and evaluation approach." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6522.

Cheng, Danling. "Integrated System Model Reliability Evaluation and Prediction for Electrical Power Systems: Graph Trace Analysis Based Solutions." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28944.

Johnson, Laura Young. "Evaluation of Bureau of Land Management Protocols for Monitoring Stream Condition." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45202.

Agarwal, Gunjan. "Experiments with the pentium Performance monitoring counters." Thesis, Indian Institute of Science, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/69.

Jelena, Ivanovic. "Evaluation of Surgical Quality with a Focus on the Standardized Monitoring of Peri-Operative Morbidity and Mortality." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20097.

Eenboom, Frauke [Verfasser], Björn [Akademischer Betreuer] Poppe, and Dietmar [Akademischer Betreuer] Georg. "Development and evaluation of a dose monitoring system for modern radiotherapy / Frauke Eenboom. Betreuer: Björn Poppe ; Dietmar Georg." Oldenburg : BIS der Universität Oldenburg, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1079000321/34.

Brodsky, Rachel Amanda. "Effective Prestress Evaluation of the Varina-Enon Bridge Using a Long-Term Monitoring System and Finite Element Model." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/99398.

Eenboom, Frauke Verfasser], Björn [Akademischer Betreuer] [Poppe, and Dietmar [Akademischer Betreuer] Georg. "Development and evaluation of a dose monitoring system for modern radiotherapy / Frauke Eenboom. Betreuer: Björn Poppe ; Dietmar Georg." Oldenburg : BIS der Universität Oldenburg, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:715-oops-26362.

Open access
Published: 05 March 2022

Promising practices for the monitoring and evaluation of gender-based violence risk mitigation interventions in humanitarian response: a multi-methods study

Vandana Sharma ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-4156-0229 1 , 2 ,
Emily Ausubel 2 ,
Christine Heckman 3 ,
Sonia Rastogi 3 &
Jocelyn T. D. Kelly ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-4603-2046 2 , 4

Conflict and Health volume 16 , Article number: 11 ( 2022 ) Cite this article

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Risks of gender-based violence (GBV) are exacerbated in humanitarian crises. GBV risk mitigation interventions aim to reduce exposure to GBV and ensure that humanitarian response actions and services themselves do not cause harm or increase the risk of violence. The 2015 IASC Guidelines for Integrating Gender-Based Violence Interventions in Humanitarian Action (‘GBV Guidelines’) are a globally endorsed resource that provides comprehensive guidance for all humanitarian actors and sectors on GBV risk mitigation. While uptake of GBV risk mitigation approaches across multiple humanitarian sectors has occurred, there is limited understanding of how to monitor and evaluate GBV risk mitigation interventions.

A multi-methods study was conducted in 2019 to identify promising practices for the monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of GBV risk mitigation interventions in non-GBV sectors and to develop a set of illustrative case examples. The study included a comprehensive desk review of 145 articles, documents and resources from the published and grey literature, as well as 11 in-depth interviews and five focus group discussions with humanitarian practitioners. Using Dedoose software and a codebook developed a priori, qualitative data were transcribed and coded and a content analysis was conducted. Excerpts focusing on promising practices from the qualitative data and the desk review were analyzed together and grouped by thematic area. Similar promising practices were combined and consolidated to create a final list, and case examples were identified.

Current promising practices for M&E of GBV risk mitigation activities in the following categories are described: (1) Coordination and collaboration, (2) Designing M&E approaches and tools for GBV risk mitigation activities, (3) Contextualization, (4) Developing and selecting indicators, (5) Data collection, (6) Data analysis and use of findings, (7) Potential safety concerns for affected populations and staff, and (8) Staff capacity and engagement. These are supplemented with seven diverse case examples to illustrate application of the promising practices using real-world examples.

This paper highlights current promising practices for M&E of GBV risk mitigation interventions in humanitarian response. Further application of these practices—alongside ongoing documentation of emerging approaches—will be critical to ensuring that GBV risk mitigation interventions are more rigorously tested with the aim of building the evidence base on the effectiveness of different GBV risk mitigation interventions within specific humanitarian sectors.

Gender-based violence (GBV) remains one of the most prevalent and life-threatening issues facing women and girls globally, as an estimated 30% of women experience some form of physical or sexual violence in their lifetime [ 1 ]. Evidence demonstrates that humanitarian crises—including conflict, natural disasters, and public health emergencies—exacerbate risks of GBV, as communities and families may face multiple destabilizing factors and affected populations may experience increased vulnerabilities which exacerbate pre-existing gender inequalities and create particular safety risks for women and girls [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ]. Furthermore, with the humanitarian sector providing services to millions of displaced people worldwide in a variety of response areas, humanitarian actors have begun to recognize the ways in which the design and implementation of humanitarian programming across all sectors can also affect pre-existing gender inequalities and other GBV risks [ 7 ]. Humanitarian programs across all sectors must be designed to ensure they proactively identify and reduce the risks of violence related to humanitarian programming and minimize negative unintended consequences [ 8 , 9 ]. This paper seeks to build the evidence base on the relationship between humanitarian programming and GBV risk, specifically focusing on the monitoring and evaluation of GBV risk mitigation interventions.

The foundation of the current humanitarian coordination system was established when the UN General Assembly created the Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC) in 1991. The IASC system brings together UN agencies, several international NGOs and a number of standing invitees to develop guidance and policies for a streamlined approach to humanitarian response worldwide. In 2005, the ‘humanitarian reform agenda' introduced the Cluster Approach, which is used for coordinating specific functional areas of operation in humanitarian emergencies. The current 11 clusters are Camp Coordination and Camp Management (CCCM), Early Recovery, Education, Emergency Telecommunications, Food Security, Health, Logistics, Nutrition, Protection, Shelter, and Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH). The IASC’s definition of protection is “… all activities aimed at obtaining full respect for the rights of the individual in accordance with the letter and the spirit of the relevant bodies of law (i.e., International Human Rights Law (IHRL), International Humanitarian Law, International Refugee law (IRL))” [ 10 ]. The Protection Cluster is further broken down into four Areas of Responsibility: Gender-Based Violence, Child Protection, Land, Housing and Property and Mine Action.

In 2015, the IASC launched the Guidelines for Integrating Gender-Based Violence Interventions in Humanitarian Action (‘GBV Guidelines’), a revision to guidelines first released in 2005 [ 11 ]. These Guidelines serve as the first comprehensive interagency guidance that focus on GBV risk mitigation for all humanitarian actors and sectors. Within the GBV Guidelines, the IASC differentiates between GBV “prevention,” GBV “response” and GBV “risk mitigation.” GBV prevention is defined as actions that aim to prevent GBV from occurring in the first place, such as activities targeting underlying drivers of GBV and those that promote gender equality. GBV response refers to activities related to care and assistance for survivors of GBV, including medical, psychosocial and legal services. GBV risk mitigation is described as “reducing the risk of exposure to GBV ( e.g., ensuring that reports of ‘hot spots’ are immediately addressed through risk-reduction strategies; ensuring sufficient lighting and security patrols are in place from the onset of establishing displacement camps; etc . )” [ 11 ].

An underlying principle of the GBV Guidelines is that GBV-related risks are affected by—and have implications for—all humanitarian sectors. As such, addressing GBV cannot be relegated to a single standalone GBV sector; on the contrary, it needs to be treated as a collective responsibility that cuts across the entire humanitarian system. The GBV Guidelines provide guidance for all of the sectors, clusters and areas of responsibility, aiming to help colleagues working in other sectors implement GBV risk mitigation activities even in the absence of specialized support. Specifically, they emphasize the essential actions that should be undertaken across other (non-GBV) sectors to protect those affected by crises from GBV risks across all stages of preparedness and response, from pre-emergency to recovery.

The GBV risk mitigation recommendations outlined in the GBV Guidelines seek to ensure that humanitarian actions and services do not cause harm and are responsive and sensitive to the diversity of needs, capacities and abilities among affected communities. As the GBV Guidelines have been rolled out, progress has been made across the humanitarian system to institutionalize GBV risk mitigation practices within agency policies, procedures and programming [ 12 , 13 ]. However, there remains limited evidence on how, and to what extent, GBV risk mitigation activities improve GBV-related outcomes, such as women and girls’ safety. Practitioner insights and field reports suggest that GBV risk mitigation does lead to women reporting they feel safer, but a recent review reports that no rigorous impact evaluations have been completed to date to formally assess and document these outcomes [ 14 ]. In addition, there is limited evidence on how reducing GBV risk may contribute to key outcomes of interest for other humanitarian sectors (such as school enrollment and attendance (Education sector), malnutrition rates (Nutrition and Food Security sectors), and access to water and sanitation facilities (WASH sector) [ 15 , 16 ]. These evidence gaps may be driven to some degree by the fact that there is limited understanding of how to measure the effectiveness of GBV risk mitigation actions—especially when the actions are implemented during acute crises, across a variety of sectors and, sometimes, by individuals who are less familiar with GBV-related data [ 16 ]. In particular, there are concerns around the safety and ethics of data collection and measurement of GBV risks by non-GBV specialists, and lack of clarity about which types of data would be appropriate for determining success of risk mitigation interventions [ 7 , 11 , 16 ].

As humanitarian practitioners across non-GBV sectors integrate GBV risk mitigation activities within their own programming, there is a need for guidance and promising practices for monitoring implementation and measuring GBV-related, as well as sector-specific, outcomes of these efforts. Incorporating appropriate measurement considerations in the design of these interventions will be critical to ensure that GBV risk mitigation activities are safely monitored, tested and evaluated and to identify which activities are particularly effective within each sector as well as to capture any potential unintended consequences. The aim of this multi-methods research study was to identify and develop a set of promising practices relevant to the measurement of GBV risk mitigation effectiveness across sectors that can guide future efforts within the humanitarian system.

A multi-methods study was conducted from March to December 2019 by researchers at the Harvard Humanitarian Initiative (HHI) in partnership with UNICEF to identify promising practices for measurement of GBV risk mitigation activities in non-GBV sectors in humanitarian settings. The study included a systematic desk review, as well as qualitative in-depth interviews (IDIs) and focus group discussions (FGDs), to gather existing perspectives and documented practices from humanitarian professionals and researchers on the monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of GBV risk mitigation interventions in humanitarian settings with focus on measuring effectiveness.

Systematic mapping and in-depth desk review

Study design

A systematic mapping and in-depth desk review of published, peer-reviewed journal articles, as well as grey literature, was undertaken between March and May 2019. Full details of the methodology are published elsewhere [ 14 ]. An explicit search strategy was used to identify relevant articles, documents, tools, reports, guidelines and case examples within a range of electronic databases and specialist websites. Key words were related to GBV, humanitarian response, GBV risk mitigation or safety, program utilization, measurement, assessment and evaluation. An open call for submission of relevant resources was also released and circulated among public health and humanitarian professional networks and communities.

The documents gathered from the database and website search and the call for submissions included project documents, guidance notes, and reports, as well as peer-reviewed academic journal articles. These documents focused on GBV risk mitigation interventions in humanitarian settings, as well as on methods for carrying out M&E of these interventions. In particular, the desk review focused on analyzing interventions for GBV risk mitigation carried out by non-GBV specialists in other humanitarian sectors.

Screening and inclusion criteria

Overall, a total of 2108 documents were identified, including 1788 peer reviewed journal articles, 299 documents from the grey literature, and 21 resources submitted through the open call for materials. These documents were reviewed given the inclusion criteria, which included the following:

The document was published after 2005, when the IASC Guidelines for Gender-Based Violence Interventions in Humanitarians Settings were first published;

Documents were in the English language (though no language restrictions were placed on the open call for resources);

The document specifically discussed GBV risk mitigation activities, defined as “activities that reduce the exposure to GBV by addressing contributing factors,” as distinguished from GBV prevention and GBV response activities;

The document discussed GBV risk mitigation specifically in the context of humanitarian operations, including any phase of humanitarian response and all non-GBV sectors within the humanitarian cluster system;

The document discussed GBV risk mitigation activities that have incorporated measurement of outcomes or impact, both related to GBV and other sectors’ outcomes, including routine program monitoring as well as evaluations of GBV risk mitigation activities.

No restrictions were placed on the type of document, the geographic region, or the type of humanitarian crisis it discussed (acute versus protracted crises or natural disaster versus conflict).

Ultimately, through a title and abstract review of all 2,108 identified documents, 311 documents met the inclusion criteria for analysis, which was further reduced to 145 after a full text review. A total of 112 tools, such as safety audit instruments and qualitative interview guides were extracted from the final set of included documents. Analysis of the final set of documents involved extracting data from each document into a matrix with numerous categories to facilitate thematic analysis including: type of document, sector, country, theme, details of GBV risk mitigation activities and their monitoring and evaluation, tools, indicators, challenges and promising practices.

The detailed methodology and main findings of the systematic review are presented in a separate paper [ 14 ]. For the purposes of the current analysis, the extracted data that specifically addressed emerging promising practices related to the measurement of GBV risk mitigation activities were analyzed.

Qualitative data collection

Study design and sampling

In addition to the desk review, 11 individual semi-structured IDIs (n = 11 participants) and five FGDs (n = 14 participants) were conducted between August and December 2019. Participants were recruited using purposive sampling in consultation with UNICEF, the interagency team involved in coordination and implementation of the GBV Guidelines and the study’s Technical Advisory Group. Participating key informants were also asked to recommend other humanitarian practitioners to consider for inclusion in the study. The formal inclusion criteria for participation in the study included: men and women above the age of 18 who were working in the humanitarian field in any sector (both GBV and non-GBV sectors) and had experience or technical expertise on the measurement of outcomes and/or evaluation of GBV risk mitigation activities during humanitarian response efforts. Staff members at NGOs, multilateral organizations or other types of organizations who were field practitioners or researchers were eligible. There were no predetermined geographic restrictions.

The final list of key informants included those chosen due to their roles as humanitarian practitioners and researchers, both in the area of GBV and in other sectors, including Food Security, Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH), Nutrition, Health, Cash and Livelihoods. An emphasis was placed on identifying practitioners from a range of organizations, humanitarian sectors, countries and humanitarian settings. In some cases, key informants requested that additional colleagues or team members from their organizations participate in the interview together. In these cases, focus groups were convened rather than individual interviews.

Data collection

The IDIs and FGDs were semi-structured, broadly following a discussion guide developed by the study authors. The guide was piloted and reviewed by the study’s Technical Advisory Group. The discussion guide included demographic questions (age, education level, length of time in the humanitarian sector, length of time working on GBV risk mitigation), as well as questions about the interviewee’s experience designing, implementing, monitoring and/or evaluating GBV risk mitigation interventions, including strategies, indicators, and tools. The discussion guide also included questions about promising practices for measuring the effectiveness of GBV risk mitigation activities. These questions included: (1) In your opinion, what are the best practices for measuring effectiveness and outcomes of GBV risk mitigation activities?, (2) What practices are you particularly proud of?, and (3) Follow up probes focused on the reasons for considering it a best practice, the countries, and sectors the best practice was used in, as well as specific lessons. Participants were not provided with a definition for “best practices” and thus shared practices based on their own interpretation of the term. Participants were also asked to share relevant tools and project documents for inclusion in the desk review. Interviews and FGDs were conducted in English remotely over audio recording software (Skype for Business 2016 and QuickTime Player 10.5), by members of the research team (EA, VS, JK). All interviews were conducted in private settings and audio recorded. IDIs and FGDs were between 40 and 100 min in duration.

Ethical considerations

Verbal informed consent was obtained from each of the individuals interviewed. The consent process involved explaining the purpose of the interview, that participation in the interview was voluntary and the interview could be terminated at any point, any potential risks or discomforts that could arise as a result of the interview, and that all information collected would be kept confidential. All interviews were conducted in private. The research methodology—including the use of software programs for the interviews and audio recording—and the interview guides were approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts.

Qualitative data analysis

Interviews and FGDs were transcribed, and the transcripts were uploaded into Dedoose (Version 7.0.23, Los Angeles, California) qualitative analysis software system. A codebook, structured according to the discussion guide, was developed a priori (VS, JK, EA) for the main analysis and used to code transcripts. For the current analysis, a content analysis [ 17 ] was undertaken in which coded excerpts related to promising practices were extracted from all IDI and FGD transcripts and analyzed as described below. FGD and IDI data were not analyzed separately or differently as the goal was to extract and analyze all promising practices shared.

Analysis and synthesis of desk review and qualitative data

For this paper, the analysis focused specifically on the coded excerpts from the qualitative data that reported on promising practices, as well as the promising practices information extracted from the desk review matrix. These data were analyzed together to identify promising practices related to the measurement of GBV risk mitigation that have been documented or shared across any humanitarian sector, and a set of illustrative case examples. The research team decided to categorize the findings as “promising” practices rather than “best practices” due to the lack of rigorous analysis on this topic, the breadth of practices discussed in the literature and by the key informants, and the fact that this field continues to evolve as practitioners gain more experience in M&E for GBV risk mitigation.

The process involved compiling the identified promising practices into a matrix, along with the source (literature, IDI, FGD) and sector linked to each one. The promising practices were grouped together into thematic areas. Similar promising practices were combined and consolidated to create a final list. It should be noted that the research did not seek to prioritize or assess strength of each promising practice.

The final set of promising practices align with established recommendations for monitoring and evaluation in humanitarian contexts. In the event where a practice identified through the research was not supported by other sources or contradicted other recommendations, including those in the GBV Guidelines, the team considered each on a case-by-case basis, and consulted other sources of information. When there was insufficient evidence supporting a particular practice, or the team disagreed with a proposed practice, it was excluded. The promising practices were reviewed by the research team and members of the Technical Advisory Group.

Several relevant field examples were identified. Examples were selected to illustrate diverse promising practices and their application to a given context and sector. In several cases, key informants were requested to provide additional details and/or other information sources were identified to triangulate the available data and fill information gaps.

Consent was not obtained from interviewees to use direct quotes in the final report or article; therefore, direct quotes are not presented in the analysis. In place of direct quotes, views are summarized, which may, in some cases, provide less nuance.

Document characteristics

In total, 145 documents were assessed as part of the systematic desk review. These documents span ten different humanitarian sectors listed in order from highest to lowest proportion of documents: protection, WASH, shelter, CCCM, livelihoods, health, education, food security, nutrition and mine action. Within these documents, 112 different tools for monitoring, evaluation and data collection were identified. The majority of tools were general and applicable across sectors. The next highest proportion of tools were specific to the WASH sector, followed by CCCM and Protection.

Participant characteristics

Overall, 12 key informants were working at non-governmental organizations, while 11 worked at United Nations agencies, one worked jointly at a University research institution and a UN agency, and one worked at a donor agency at the time of the data collection (See Table 1 ). Regarding representation of humanitarian sectors, six worked in WASH, six worked in Nutrition, three worked in CCCM, three worked in Food Security, two worked in GBV and Protection, two worked in Livelihoods, and one worked in Health. Approximately three quarters of the interviewed key informants worked at the headquarters or regional level, while the other quarter worked in field positions. Many of those based at the headquarters or regional level had direct field experience and/or were providing ongoing direct technical support to country-level projects or a regional project with several countries.

Emerging promising practices

Emerging promising practices spanned 8 categories including: (1) Coordination and Collaboration, (2) Designing Monitoring and Evaluation Approaches and Tools for GBV Risk Mitigation Activities, (3) Contextualization, (4) Developing and Selecting Indicators, (5) Data Collection, (6) Data Analysis and Use of Findings, (7) Safety Concerns for Affected Populations and Staff, and (8) Staff Capacity and Engagement. The full list of promising practices identified as part of this research is provided in Table 2 . The table presents the source of each promising practice (IDI/FGD versus desk review). To illustrate the use of the promising practices and highlight some of the lessons captured, case examples from programming and research are also provided (Tables 3 , 4 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ).

Coordination and collaboration

Considerations related to coordination of humanitarian activities were highlighted as a means to facilitate adoption of appropriate GBV risk mitigation and M&E of those activities. Promising practices addressed both coordination between different actors within organizations, as well as between organizations and sectors. Multisectoral coordination (both inter and intra-organizational) (1.1) was noted as critical in minimizing duplication of efforts, including related to M&E, and as an important approach to facilitate sharing of lessons and tools to support measurement across sectors. Working closely with GBV specialists (1.2) to design GBV risk mitigation activities and the accompanying M&E frameworks and tools, as well as to train staff on how to collect data about GBV risks without causing further harm to affected populations, was consistently noted. However, challenges of working with GBV specialists who were not familiar with specific humanitarian contexts or sector areas, as well as their limited availability, were also raised.

Ensuring buy-in of GBV risk mitigation at all levels of the organization (1.4), especially at the highest levels of leadership was frequently described as critical for prioritization of GBV risk mitigation and its M&E. For countries in which the humanitarian cluster system had been activated, the importance of cluster-level commitment to GBV risk mitigation was also highlighted. Building partnerships with key actors and stakeholders (1.3), including local groups and organizations, was also described as an important approach to ensure effective design and implementation of M&E related to GBV risk mitigation. Key informants highlighted that local organizations and staff have the most direct knowledge about the current context and relevant cultural considerations. They also emphasized the benefits of having organizations or staff with more experience on M&E of GBV risk mitigation involved in staff and organizational capacity strengthening of those with less experience, especially given the sensitivity of the subject, challenges in measurement and the risk that any GBV-related activities have for causing further harm to affected populations. It was also cited that assessing partner capacity in M&E of GBV risk mitigation (1.5) and providing support accordingly is a helpful strategy. Key informants also described supportive supervision approaches during this process, such as accompanying recently trained staff on initial data collection visits.

Designing Monitoring and Evaluation Approaches and Tools for GBV Risk Mitigation Activities

Promising practices related to M&E design have been grouped into two subcategories: A. Designing M&E approaches, and B. Designing tools.

Designing M&E Approaches

Several promising practices related to the design of M&E approaches were highlighted. While M&E for GBV risk mitigation has particular considerations (e.g., specific parameters around safe and ethical data collection, taking into account the availability of GBV response services, etc.), many of the practices cited are simply considered promising practice for humanitarian M&E in general. First, a strong M&E component should be developed from the outset of the program (2A.1), when GBV risk mitigation activities are being designed and budgeted. This ensures that planned M&E activities are well-integrated into the program, that they match the project design and objectives, and that data collection is feasible and timed appropriately. Similarly, contextualization is relevant across all thematic areas but is also further expanded in section 3 below.

Designing a robust M&E approach requires several key components. A sufficient timeframe to design the M&E component (2A.2) is needed, and resource planning should ensure sufficient budget allocation for M&E activities (2A.4). For programs that seek to facilitate more intensive GBV risk mitigation measurement, it can be beneficial for GBV risk mitigation interventions to have a theory of change (2A.3) that articulates the relationship between the problem identified, program strategies, and desired impacts to facilitate measurement and learning, that can act as the roadmap for the M&E framework. A theory of change is particularly relevant for programs planning robust evaluations to assess effectiveness. While this an important goal which would facilitate M&E, it was recognized that having a theory of change is not a requirement for risk mitigation program implementation. The collection of high-quality baseline data (2A.5) prior to the implementation of GBV risk mitigation activities can help inform the development of GBV risk mitigation interventions and ensure they are tailored to the specific needs of the population. Baseline data is also critical to assess changes in key indicators over time, as well as the effectiveness of the GBV risk mitigation activities. As described in the indicator section below, the markers of success for GBV risk mitigation interventions do not include GBV prevalence or incidence for a number of reasons. There are significant ethical and safety considerations around data collection and management of this type of data, as well as the practical limitations of what such data can actually say about the effectiveness of a specific programmatic intervention.

Given the limited evidence base on the effectiveness of GBV risk mitigation, more robust evaluation designs should be considered (2A.7) when it is deemed safe and appropriate and there is sufficient capacity, resources and time available to conduct such evaluations. It can be useful to incorporate longitudinal study designs when possible (2A.6), and other creative but robust designs can also be considered. Ultimately, the key is to consider the most appropriate M&E design for the given context and sector programming (2A.7).

Diversity factors must be considered within the affected populations, including those factors that could be linked to GBV risk (2A.8). Interventions and associated M&E should be developed with relevant subgroups in mind (e.g., adolescent girls, the elderly, people living with disabilities, LGBTQI), as well as with an intersectional approach that recognizes power hierarchies and the intertwining and compounding discrimination, inequality and lived experiences of people with diverse co-existing identities (e.g., gender, ethnicity, disability status).

In order to ensure GBV risk mitigation M&E effectively captures potential risks for vulnerable groups, it is important to be able to, at a minimum, disaggregate data by age, sex, and disability status. Disaggregation based on these characteristics can help identify differing levels of access and/or satisfaction with programming, as well as potential risk factors that are linked to GBV. Sample size calculations should take into consideration that there may be high attrition in emergency contexts (2A.9) and that it may be difficult to trace the same individuals for data collection at multiple time points.

Potential unintended consequences (both negative and positive) of programmatic activities, including those implemented with the intention of reducing GBV risk, must also be considered as part of the design of risk mitigation programming and M&E systems. Examples of unintended consequences were raised across numerous sectors. For instance, cash-based initiatives have the potential to reinforce harmful gender norms if cash is provided primarily to men, or exacerbate household tensions if cash is provided primarily to women without an evidence-based social norm change component. Therefore, all cash programming should include consultations or other mechanisms to provide program participants an opportunity to define the scope of the intervention in a manner that is acceptable and appropriate. It is imperative that, as part of M&E systems, practitioners consider safe and appropriate ways of monitoring potential unintended consequences and that there are mechanisms in place where people can report any negative effects on staff and affected communities (2A.10). Practitioners must actively involve women and girls in the design and monitoring of activities to reduce the likelihood of the program or the M&E activities causing additional harm and to ensure the needs of women and girls are kept at the forefront of the intervention. See Table 3 for a case example on identifying unintended consequences using participatory approaches.

In addition, M&E systems should retain some flexibility, as they may need to be modified if there are changes in the crisis context (2A.11) that result in new risks or vulnerabilities to GBV. In some cases, the program design or activities may also change, either due to changing crisis context or for other reasons. Such changes will also affect outputs, outcomes and the indicators that measure these, and thus require adjustments to M&E processes.

Participatory methods were highly cited in the research as a way to engage the local community, especially women and girls, in the design, planning, implementation and M&E of GBV risk mitigation activities (2A.12). This approach was one of the most mentioned practices both within the literature and from the key informants. Participatory approaches should be integrated throughout the M&E system from indicator selection, to data collection to analysis. Participatory approaches foster collaboration between affected communities and humanitarian actors, and help to create knowledge that is owned and used by and for the stakeholders, and is relevant to the local context. In GBV risk mitigation M&E, participatory methods are essential and have been employed to engage different groups, such as women and girls, about their specific needs and safety concerns.

Designing tools

Several promising practices related to the design of tools and instruments emerged. First, given the wide variation in terminology used to describe forms of GBV and differences in local understandings, both local and globally-agreed GBV definitions should be considered and consistency across stakeholders in a given setting should be ensured (2B.1). The tools themselves should prioritize a user-friendly design to facilitate uptake and correct use (2B.2). Tools should include guidance about how and when to implement them, including specific details on phrasing of questions, follow-up questions or probes to ask, and how to implement FGDs or other data collection modalities in different circumstances. Tool guidance should be targeted to the background and capacities of the intended users. In addition, tools should be flexible enough for practitioners to modify them for different contexts, objectives and situations (2B.3).

Furthermore, there may also be a need for different tools to measure short-term versus long-term effects of a program (2B.4). Guidance on how to contextualize tools for different settings and phases of an emergency and indicators to prioritize should be provided. For example, one key informant from the headquarters office of a donor agency commented on the differences between the first several weeks of an emergency compared to later phases and the potential benefit of developing different indicators for different phases of the emergency. Many respondents agreed that to the extent possible, GBV risk mitigation-related indicators should be embedded into various sectors’ and programs’ existing monitoring tools (2B.5) to reduce the burden on staff and increase the likelihood that the information will be collected and used to improve programming. Finally, tool design processes can also leverage relevant technology, as appropriate (2B.6). Specific technologies, such as KoBo Toolbox or smartphone apps, that allow rapid access to data by M&E teams for analysis, as well as easy and offline storage of data, were noted to be preferable given their increased efficiency and the reduction in errors. However, safety and ethical issues related to the use of technology should be carefully considered [ 19 , 20 , 21 ].

Contextualization

Both the literature and key informants from numerous sectors underscored that both risk mitigation activities and the M&E of those activities should be adapted to the specific contexts of the humanitarian setting (3.1). These contexts may relate to the type of disaster, the geography of the area, local gender norms, other cultural considerations, and the overall political situation and level of coordination with the government. Local organizations, local staff and GBV specialists should be consulted to adapt tools, including on selecting target groups for interviews and surveys, phrasing of specific questions, question order, prompts and data interpretation.

Several reflections from participants focused on translation and language considerations. These included ensuring M&E tools and accompanying materials are translated into the local languages, and appropriately reflect the local understanding of terms (3.2) [ 22 , 23 ]. The literacy level of the target population should also be considered in the design of tools (3.3), and input should be sought from GBV specialists and experts to embed context-specific understanding (3.4). Trainings should also be adapted to the context and include local examples (3.5). Table 4 illustrates a case example focused on accurate translation.

Developing and Selecting Indicators

Key informants and reviewed documents outlined factors to consider while developing and selecting indicators to assess within M&E systems. Many of these are applicable more broadly across humanitarian programming. For example, it was emphasized that development of M&E approaches should entail careful consideration of specific indicators with a focus on specificity, reliability, validity, comparability, precision, non-directionality and programmatically relevant indicators (4.1).

It was emphasized that gender-sensitive GBV risk indicators should be developed through participatory processes with input from local staff and women and girls themselves (4.2). In alignment with globally endorsed ethical standards for GBV data collection, non-GBV specialists should not ask direct questions about experiences of GBV, as doing so could result in disclosure and potential re-traumatization or other forms of additional harm for survivors. Instead, proxy indicators should be leveraged to better understand GBV risk (4.3).

Table 5 includes information about proxy indicators. For example, the number of women and girls accessing a program intervention, such as a food distribution or nutrition center, may serve as a proxy for GBV risk, as women and girls who are facing high GBV risk may not access services. Contextualized proxy indicators that have been vetted with GBV experts and local women and girls can help identify GBV risks when integrated into monitoring of program activities and facilities (4.4). However, the limitations to proxy indicators, including issues with biases and difficulty in interpretation, as well as potential sensitivities and safety considerations, should also be carefully considered. Furthermore, there is no clear consensus on reliable and valid proxy indicators for GBV risk.

In addition, it is important to include indicators that enable triangulation or cross-referencing of data (4.5). For example, data on accessibility and use of program or facilities could be collected from several sources and compared. In the nutrition sector, teams could report the number of community members accessing nutrition interventions from routine data captured at nutrition facilities. In addition, community members themselves could be interviewed to assess barriers to access and level of service utilization. Confirming findings through multiple sources of information helps counter any potential biases that may exist and ensure findings are as accurate and reflective of the situation on the ground as possible.

Promising practices related to data collection have been grouped into several subcategories: A. General considerations applicable to all types of data collection, B. Observational methods and safety audits, C. Qualitative approaches, D. Quantitative approaches, E. Participatory approaches and F. Measuring GBV risk and safety.

General considerations

It is important to use existing sources of data to fill gaps in information, especially when it may be unsafe, unethical or infeasible to collect primary data (e.g., during the acute crisis phase) (5A.1). However, it is important to also note the limitations of existing data sources, as relevant.

All data collection must follow existing ethical and safety guidelines [ 25 , 26 , 27 ] to ensure confidentiality (5A.2), that informed consent is obtained from all participants (5A.3), and that safe data storage practices are employed (5A.4) [ 28 , 29 ]. Any data collection involving minors requires extra caution (5A.5). Additional guidance is available in the Minimum Standards for Child Protection in Humanitarian Action [ 30 , 31 ].

Data collection could be conducted by external individuals or by program staff, and the decision about who would be most appropriate should be carefully considered (5A.18). For example, program participants may be hesitant to provide honest feedback or concerns when speaking to program staff. Thus, data collection conducted by an external individual may improve the accuracy of the information provided. However, having program staff members collect the data may increase ownership and use of the data, and program staff have gained trust within the community in a way that an external individual may not have. Staff should also seek support from GBV specialists as needed.

Data collectors should be matched with interviewees and/or focus group participants on age, sex and other characteristics (5A.8), and data on these characteristics should be collected and reported (5A.9). Data collector characteristics, such as ethnicity, language and religion, may influence reporting due to local inter-group dynamics and should be carefully considered. Data collectors should receive appropriate training and conduct the interviews or focus group discussions in the local language.

Barriers to participation in data collection activities should be identified and reduced in order to ensure a diverse group of participants. This could include deliberate measures to reach women and girls in remote locations, individuals with disabilities and other under-represented groups (5A.10). Truly inclusive participation may require visiting individuals in their homes and carrying out data collection at different times of the day. However, assessments/monitoring involving home visits may create additional risks and thus should always be planned with GBV specialists.

GBV risk mitigation-related data collection should not include asking direct questions regarding community or individuals’ personal experiences of GBV, as this could elicit harm to the respondent (5A.11). This was one of the most frequently repeated points, both in the IDIs/FGDs and throughout the literature. Using scenario-based vignettes or third-person questions can help obtain information about GBV risk in the community in a more general way. For example, questions could ask whether the respondent has heard of any safety concerns related to a specific program, or about how safe or unsafe a person similar in age and sex might feel in accessing a particular program or facility. Questions should be designed with the help of a GBV specialist (5A.15), and practitioners should leverage existing, recommended tools. It is also a promising practice to start with less sensitive questions and build rapport before engaging in questions that might be more sensitive, such as those that involve safety concerns and coping mechanisms (5C.3).

Several promising practices related to community engagement emerged. First, mechanisms for the affected community to provide feedback must be in place (5A.12) to identify unintended consequences, potential harms and other concerns of the affected population. However, the flow of information should not be just unidirectional. Instead, the community should be kept informed of and involved in M&E design and implementation (5A.13). Furthermore, community dialogue on planned M&E activities should be undertaken to obtain buy-in, especially when activities may differ from community norms and expectations (5A.14).

It is important to leverage existing resources, including the IASC GBV Guidelines (5A.16), which includes a section on M&E for the mitigation of GBV across all sectors of humanitarian response [ 10 ]. Staff should have access to the GBV Guidelines and use the GBV Pocket Guide (available in booklet form and as a mobile application) to help prepare frontline workers, including data collectors, to respond appropriately in case someone shares an experience of GBV with them [ 32 , 33 ]. Checklists can be incorporated into program monitoring activities to track progress on how well GBV risk mitigation and gender considerations have been integrated into programming and whether the programming meets established or recommended standards, such as those within the IASC GBV Guidelines (5A.16).

M&E tools should be field-tested with individuals similar to the target population to refine phrasing and ordering of questions, response options, and overall length. Direct feedback on the questions should be obtained, including by reading and discussing M&E questions with community members (5A.17). The use of digital data collection tools to enable rapid access to data and reduce errors (5A.7) was also described as a promising practice. Digital tools can be beneficial in the right context, but may not be appropriate or feasible for every setting or situation.

Observational data and Safety Audits

Observational data collected via safety audits and other tools is an important modality used in numerous sectors, including WASH, shelter, and CCCM. A safety audit uses observation and sometimes consultation with affected communities, especially women and girls, to assess sector-specific GBV risks related to the environment, resource availability and provision of humanitarian services and assistance [ 34 ]. Several promising practices apply to this type of data. First, safety audits can be implemented anywhere along the humanitarian to development continuum and are particularly useful in time-sensitive crisis situations when the collection of other quantitative or qualitative data may not be feasible or safe (5B.1). The content and timing of safety audits should be adapted for different sectors, types of facilities and for specific contexts (5B.2).

If appropriate for the program, safety audits can be incorporated into routine monitoring activities and conducted regularly to measure change in safety and risk over time (5B.3). When conducting safety audits for specific settings, it is important that staff consider the security context of the surrounding areas and possible safety risks that may arise in accessing the environment, facility or site (5B.4), such as the route to and from a facility. Depending on the context, participatory methods, such as community safety walks or community safety mapping, can also be incorporated into safety audits.

Qualitative Approaches

Focus group discussions and/or individual interviews are particularly useful to gain a better understanding of potential GBV risks (5C.4). With respect to FGDs, a number of promising practices emerged. It is advisable for practitioners to consult with a GBV specialist to develop FGD questions related to GBV risk mitigation (5C.1). Prioritization of questions should be based on program and sector needs, the program’s theory of change (if relevant), and context, and guidance on how to prioritize questions should be provided (5C.2). Questions should be adapted to the local context and translated appropriately, and staff must be adequately trained. Group composition is an important consideration, and groups should be divided by demographics characteristics such as age and sex (5C.5), and potentially other qualities depending on the context. For example, in some contexts it may be necessary to make adjustments in how focus groups are conducted based on dynamics between displaced populations and host communities, power dynamics linked to marital status and other considerations.

Quantitative Approaches

As described above, ensuring the collection of sex, age and disability status data and the disaggregation of data by these factors (5A.9) is important. This was particularly emphasized in relation to quantitative data collection to better understand how GBV risks and risk mitigation interventions affect different sub-groups within the target population. Ensuring survey participants include people of various ages and genders (5D.1) and collecting individual-level data for household members during household surveys were also mentioned. One key informant in the field office of an NGO addressed this point directly, explaining the limitation of teams carrying out household surveys without systematically thinking about including both men and women. For example, deciding only to talk with heads of households, who are disproportionately men, leads to a missed opportunity to collect data that could potentially be used to inform GBV risk mitigation actions. However, it is important to note that it may not always be safe, appropriate or feasible to collect individual-level data during household surveys.

Assessing the effectiveness of GBV risk mitigation activities was not frequently mentioned during the interviews. However, it was noted that quantitative data collected at different time points (for example pre- and post-intervention) allows assessment of changes in key indicators over time (5D.2) and in some cases the effectiveness of the interventions. Table 6 provides a case example on measuring change related to GBV risk mitigation activities. In addition, assessing existing data, including facility utilization data, or analysis of GBV patterns and trends provided by GBV specialists, was noted to provide important insights into broader GBV patterns and signal potential changes in context or risk (5D.3). For example, practitioners can use trend data to better understand what demographic groups should be included in assessments to identify GBV risks. It is also worth noting that often the most valuable information on GBV patterns and trends is gathered through qualitative methodologies (supervised by GBV specialists). As described earlier, data collection, sharing and analysis for GBV risk mitigation purposes should never include the actual number of GBV incidents, due to safety and ethical considerations and limited utility from an M&E standpoint. See Table 7 for a case example on using administrative data to identify trends in program/facility use. It is important to note that administrative trend data may provide little information on short-term or more subtle changes for a specific indicator or the needs of specific subgroups within the population. Such trend data may be insufficient to assess programmatic effects, since changes in trend data may also reflect changes in the overall context that are unrelated to program activities. Caution must be employed when interpreting such data.

Participatory Approaches

Participatory approaches should be considered as part of data collection on GBV risk mitigation (5E.1). Such participatory methods may include participatory safety rankings, or community / safety mapping activities in which specific groups are invited to draw maps of the site and indicate any places that they feel safe or unsafe. Some documents also suggest participatory safety walks, where community members accompany program staff on observational walks through the sites and point out any safety concerns they have. Participatory approaches focused on GBV risk mitigation should be planned and implemented in collaboration with GBV specialists and local staff.

Measuring Safety / GBV Risk

Given that GBV risk mitigation is an emerging area of programming and research, there is limited evidence about how non-GBV specialists can best measure GBV risk and safety. However, several promising practices have emerged from the review. First it is critical to understand and respect local understanding of GBV-related concepts (5F.1). In some languages, words such as gender and safety may not have clear or direct translations, and in certain contexts, talking explicitly about GBV or safety may lead to backlash from community members, or discomfort among program participants. Using terms that are more familiar to and accepted by the community can help avoid these issues. Working together with the community is key in ensuring the right terms are used in a culturally sensitive way.

Proxy indicators (such as distance travelled to obtain a service or access a facility) can be used to measure exposure to potential GBV risks (5F.2). Proxy indicators may be particularly useful when local terms for a particular concept do not exist, or when asking questions related to GBV risk may not be feasible or safe. Community members, especially women and girls, can assist with identifying and/or adapting proxy indicators related to safety and access that correspond most closely with GBV risk. Local women’s organizations can also help to determine which proxies are appropriate within a given context. This process should always be undertaken in collaboration with a GBV specialist. It is also important to be aware of the limitations of proxy indicators and their potential biases and note that the specific choice of appropriate, valid proxy indictors will be context- and population-specific. One strategy to help address some of these limitations is to incorporate multiple proxy measures, rather than relying on one or two. Table 8 includes a case example on using proxy indicators to assess GBV risk.

Both key informants and the reviewed documents emphasize that GBV specialists and non-GBV specialists can work together to craft questions about women and girls’ perceptions of safety rather than their personal experiences of GBV (5F.3). Collecting data about safety related to access and use of services and facilities can be useful to obtain GBV risk information while reducing the likelihood of spontaneous disclosure of sensitive personal experiences. However, safety encompasses more than GBV risk, and it may be challenging to disentangle GBV concerns from other types of safety risks. Perception data may also not align well with actual risks, as it can be influenced by numerous factors and be prone to bias. As an example, a respondent may not feel safe accessing a latrine because of the physical integrity of the structure, rather than due to GBV-related concerns. Affected populations may also not share their concerns or critique programs for fear of losing access to them. Therefore, more accurate data may be obtained when data are collected by a different agency rather than the program implementer (5F.5). Given these factors, measuring perceptions of safety has the potential for both under- and over-estimating GBV risk. Additional work is needed to develop technical guidance and sample questions and indicators on this topic.

Because of these challenges, when asking affected populations about safety accessing services, use a number of techniques, data sources and data points to triangulate information (5F.4). This may include capturing risks while traveling to a facility, at the facility itself and at different times of the day, and use of indirect or third person phrasing so respondents do not disclose their own experiences. Pilot testing with local staff and affected populations, including women and girls, is essential. Table 9 includes a case example on triangulation.

Other field experience data suggest that for quantitative indicators of safety, questions with dichotomous response options such as yes/no or safe/unsafe may not capture enough variation and nuanced perspectives (5F.6). It is therefore preferrable to avoid using safety questions with dichotomous response options (5F.6). It is also important to note that GBV risk and perceptions of safety are not fixed characteristics, and they can fluctuate due to various factors as well as from one person to another. There is limited guidance on how best to frame the safety related questions, the recall period to use and how to capture risks at different times of the day or related to different aspects of programming. When measuring safety in a given humanitarian context, it may be useful to try to identify and differentiate GBV risks that can be mitigated through program design and those that might not. This may include risks that were caused or exacerbated by the emergency or risks that are associated with or exacerbated by the humanitarian program itself (5F.7). This can help to identify which types of mitigation interventions should be prioritized. Use of secondary data and collaboration with GBV and protection colleagues can facilitate understanding of these risks.

Data Analysis and Use of Findings

Even when data related to GBV risk mitigation are collected, M&E staff often are not trained on how to analyze that data, and program staff often do not know how to translate findings into program modifications or other actions. Key informants therefore indicated that M&E staff should be trained to analyze the M&E data collected (6.1), including analyzing proxy indicators for GBV risk, interpreting GBV risk findings within M&E data and using them to inform program adaptations and design of future programs. This will enable staff to address the important issues or risks related to the program immediately and adjust the intervention if needed. As part of this training, staff could be provided with examples of how they can adapt their programs or services based on specific findings.

In general, M&E data should be regularly analyzed to assess progress towards targets (6.2). Staff should not only aim to assess the success of the program, but also measure program and data quality. For example, data quality monitoring can be facilitated with electronic surveys, which enable supervisors to measure how long each enumerator took to complete each survey and determine if they spent sufficient time explaining questions to participants. Analysis should include triangulation of data from multiple sources to assess consistency and the strength of the findings (6.3), and findings should be analyzed and reported with disaggregation by age, sex and disability status (6.4). Disaggregation of data was one of the most mentioned recommendations both within the literature and from the key informants. Monitoring data are key for day-to-day decision-making and to identify issues which require immediate action (6.5). M&E data could also help determine whether more intensive assessments in specific locations or on certain topics are needed.

Safety Concerns for Affected Populations and Staff

The importance of considering the safety of both affected populations and humanitarian staff while designing and implementing GBV risk mitigation and M&E activities was emphasized across most documents and interviews. Staff members should know how to support survivors who willingly disclose their experience of GBV, including how to safely and ethically link them to services using a GBV referral pathway (7.1). Feedback mechanisms should be in place to monitor any negative consequences of GBV risk mitigation and M&E activities for affected populations and staff (7.4). Such mechanisms must take into account the needs of non-literate populations as well as minority languages and communication-related disabilities.

Other promising practices include conducting ongoing risk analysis (7.2) to understand how activities may cause or exacerbate harm to affected populations and including a gender and GBV analysis as part of risk assessments (7.3). Conduct community safety mapping, which may include mapping of risks identified in safety audits (7.5). This can help to provide a holistic picture of the specific geographical locations or service delivery points that present potential risks and inform any restructuring or redesign of activities or site locations to reduce risks. To ensure the safety of staff and participants, staff should not complete forms in unsafe areas (7.6), and should stop data collection if at any point they determine that safety is at risk. Organizations have a duty of care to ensure that female staff have support while they are in the field (e.g., safety and security plans should be in place).

Regarding the safety of affected populations during M&E activities, much of the guidance relates to the specific types of questions that staff ask during data collection, as well as following best practices for informed consent, confidentiality, responding to GBV disclosures, safe referrals and human subjects research, much of which is addressed in the data collection section. Data should be stored in accordance with data security protocols (paper documents are locked and electronic documents are password protected/encrypted) and only shared with relevant staff on a “need to know” basis (7.7).

Staff Capacity and Engagement

Promising practices related to staff capacity and engagement were frequently highlighted across the literature and within the in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. For example, providing gender and GBV training for staff members working on risk mitigation activities (8.1) was noted as important to build foundational knowledge on GBV terminology and definitions and ensure consistency across key stakeholders, as well as strengthen knowledge and skills related to safety, referrals and doing no harm. Continual engagement with staff on gender and GBV, rather than one-time training, was underlined as important to deconstruct the biases of staff members themselves, and to track understanding and application of the information. It was also noted that when undertaking staff capacity strengthening activities, in addition to assessing completion rates, it is helpful to also measure change in attitudes and behaviors (8.7).

Collective training, promoting exchange and dialogue and building trust between team members were noted to help ensure staff buy-in, a key element to undertaking effective M&E for GBV risk mitigation activities. Multiple sources describe how crucial staff buy-in is for both GBV risk mitigation programming and M&E. This process should begin well before the introduction of new tools or methodologies. Staff must be fully trained on the theory of change (when it exists) and program objectives, potential risks of conducting M&E of GBV risk mitigation and other related topics (8.2). This promising practice was one of the most common points mentioned across the literature and the from the key informants. One promising practice for achieving this degree of buy-in is to foster trusting relationships between GBV specialists and non-GBV teams and to engage in co-design of programs and M&E tools.

One promising practice that was frequently highlighted in the reviewed documents and by key informants is that staff collecting data and involved in M&E should be trained on psychological first aid, ensuring confidentiality, informed consent, referring to GBV services and use of the GBV Pocket Guide (8.3). This ensures that in the event survivors do disclose to these non-GBV specialist staff they are properly prepared to support them without causing further harm. It is crucial that survivors have confidential avenues for reporting, and staff such as enumerators, who are directly engaging with the affected populations, should be trained on how to support survivors who willingly disclose their experiences. This includes referring to GBV response services, where they are available, and what to do in locations where such services are lacking. In these settings, the GBV Pocket Guide is the key resource to guide non-GBV specialists to support survivors and it uses a psychological first aid framework.

M&E staff should receive training on how to analyze GBV risk mitigation data and how to translate the findings into program changes (8.4). Non-M&E staff should also receive guidance on how to adapt programming based on M&E findings. GBV specialists should conduct training (8.5) for non-specialist staff on relevant M&E tools. The growing need for GBV specialists who can strengthen capacity on GBV risk mitigation and accompanying M&E for colleagues in other sectors was highlighted. Several sources highlighted devoting more financial and human resources to recruitment of GBV specialists. Table 10 provides a case example on supportive supervision.

In addition, it was noted that self-care is an important and often overlooked issue. As staff, including M&E staff, may experience secondary trauma when discussing sensitive issues such as GBV risk, staff self-care should be addressed in training, self-care resources should be provided to staff and organizations should have clear staff care policies and offerings for staff to see trained counselors (8.6). Finally, it was emphasized that gender parity should be ensured among staff, particularly when activities involve direct contact with women and children (8.8), and the workplace should be a safe and supportive environment for female staff. Ensuring gender parity is particularly relevant for M&E staff, such as enumerators, as data collection can involve direct interaction with women, and same-sex interviews are a key promising practice.

This study identified a total of 92 current promising practices across 8 different categories relevant for measuring both protection and non-protection outcomes related to the implementation of GBV risk mitigation activities. We provide descriptions of each promising practice to help guide humanitarian operations, as well as the source(s) of the promising practice. All promising practices included directly apply to the M&E of GBV risk mitigation in humanitarian settings. However, a number of the promising practices for measurement may be broadly applicable to overall M&E activities, as well as both inside and outside of the humanitarian sector. In keeping with the original aim of the research, the process for determining inclusion of each promising practice attempted to align with current global guidance on GBV risk mitigation, such as the IASC GBV Guidelines; however, some recommendations from both the IDIs/FGDS and the desk review went beyond the scope of the Guidelines, in part reflecting the continually changing nature of this field [ 11 ]. The findings of this research are available as a resource for global and local humanitarian practitioners and researchers in diverse settings and sectors. The promising practices are supplemented with seven diverse case examples from various sectors that aim to illustrate the application of the promising practices using real-world examples. The case examples are intended to increase the understanding of this work and serve as valuable learning aids during capacity strengthening efforts. The promising practices and case examples are meant to complement and be utilized in conjunction with other GBV risk mitigation resources, namely the GBV Guidelines, GBV Minimum Standards, GBV Pocket Guide (including the mobile application version), and sectors’ own resources on GBV risk mitigation [ 11 , 32 , 33 ].

The term “best practices” is commonly used to denote approaches that, through rigorous analysis, have been identified as the most successful at achieving a specific aim. In this paper, we intentionally chose to use the term “promising practices” to emphasize the remaining need for more rigorous methodological research on these practices, as well as evaluation of GBV risk mitigation activities and monitoring approaches. The impetus for this research comes directly from the dearth of such rigorous evaluation of GBV risk mitigation and any subsequent evidence-based findings. The combination of a systematic desk review, IDIs and FGDs enabled us to gather a large number of perspectives to determine currently employed promising practices and allows for an important level of detail and nuance to the analysis. However, we cannot make statistically significant claims about our findings. Provision of the source(s) of the promising practices provides insights into and contextualization of the identified promising practices but should be interpreted with caution. The study was designed to capture a broad range of promising practices but not to prioritize, rank or compare the degree of consensus across each of the promising practice. Further validation, testing and prioritization could be an avenue for future research and discourse.

Some of the promising practices identified in this study seemed to have broad consensus behind their utility, but no clear agreement on the actual means of carrying them out. For example, many of the reviewed documents and key informants mentioned that questions framed around women and girls’ perceptions of safety are generally more appropriate than asking about personal experiences with GBV. However, neither the existing literature nor key informants presented a standard and validated approach or methodology for measuring safety perceptions, or a prescribed set of circumstances or conditions that must be present to safely assess these perceptions. Further research is needed to strengthen the evidence base on these promising practices and address key emerging questions about delivering safe and effective humanitarian programming. This includes methodological research to advance the GBV risk mitigation field toward “gold standard” measurement approaches that are valid, reliable and accurate, as well as research to demonstrate effectiveness of GBV risk mitigation strategies with respect to both GBV and sector-specific outcomes.

While the research for this study was conducted in 2019 and prior to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the landscape of the humanitarian sector has since shifted in an effort to reduce spread of COVID-19 and limit deaths and adverse health effects among displaced populations. Many standard humanitarian interventions, norms, and so-called best practices have been redesigned and adapted to fit a new reality of limited in-person interaction and stay at home orders, including in displacement settlements and other humanitarian settings. With emerging evidence about how COVID-19 response measures have exacerbated GBV risk globally [ 39 , 40 , 41 ], GBV risk mitigation and the promising practices identified in this document are more relevant than ever and should be adopted and put into practice by all humanitarian practitioners. However, several aspects of the promising practices may need to be modified during the time of COVID-19 and potentially permanently moving forward as the humanitarian sector adopts precautions for any future outbreaks. In fact, adaptability is highlighted as a promising practice itself, including in 2A.11 and 2B.3. Many organizations and researchers—including authors of documents reviewed or those interviewed—presented recommendations for modifying interventions to COVID-19, and the GBV Guidelines implementation team has additionally released guidance on GBV risk mitigation within the context of COVID-19 together with a compilation of related resources [ 42 ]. Practitioners should take into account these recommendations in addition to the promising practices identified above.

In general, the promising practices identified should always be considered within the specific context in which a humanitarian actor is placed. While the identified promising practices were included specifically because there was a broader level of agreement about their merit, there were at times differences in opinion between members of different humanitarian sectors or those operating in different types of humanitarian contexts. Thus, any approaches to GBV risk mitigation outlined above should be adapted to the given context and, when possible, piloted before being formally introduced into humanitarian programs and operations.

The desk review, IDIs and FGDs all pointed to differences in the extent to which various humanitarian sectors engage with M&E of GBV risk mitigation. Some sectors—such as the WASH sector—have invested heavily in GBV risk mitigation and monitoring of these efforts. The crucial role that individuals in specific leadership positions have played in prioritizing these efforts within a given sector or country operation was highlighted as one contributing factor to this heterogeneity. The differences across sectors may present an opportunity for sectors to learn from those that have more experience, and ultimately signals that more work needs to be done to secure buy-in and develop field-friendly methods and tools that are relevant and appropriate for each sector as they seek to increase their GBV risk mitigation efforts. Additional work is also needed at the inter-sectoral level (multi-sector needs assessments, monitoring and reporting templates, etc.) and with senior management to firmly embed safety considerations with women and girls into the core of humanitarian response operations. Furthermore, potential misunderstandings and/or tensions that can arise between non-protection specialists and protection or GBV actors as they coordinate to develop humanitarian programs and determine priorities in program design were described as a barrier to adoption of GBV risk mitigation and its M&E. While all key informants confirmed their commitment to GBV risk mitigation activities and recognized their importance, some also described the difficulty that non-protection actors can have in adapting their standard activities and M&E approaches to include new approaches for GBV risk mitigation. These reflections illustrate the need for more and continued coordination between GBV and non-GBV actors to easily facilitate uptake of GBV risk mitigation promising practices so that non-GBV actors can adapt them in a way that works best for their sector.

Limitations

It should be noted that these promising practices are driven to some degree by the available literature, including published and grey literature in formal reports and documents. Some field knowledge and experiences are not captured in such documents, reports and articles, and qualitative data collection was therefore conducted to ensure field lessons and insights on the measurement of GBV risk mitigation were included. However, it is possible that some important perspectives and relevant lessons were not included. In particular, due to limitations in the purposive sampling design and difficulty connecting with field-based staff, there are gaps in representation of national staff and local organizations and some geographic regions in our sample. The research was also confined by language restrictions as interviews and reviewed documents were in English. Furthermore, the desk review in particular focused mostly on documentation from the Protection, WASH, Shelter, CCCM and Livelihoods areas and these sectors were also better represented among the key informants.

Finally, the level of available evidence supporting the different categories of promising practices was variable. In some areas, such as monitoring outputs or outcomes of GBV risk mitigation activities especially around safety or how to integrate this type of measurement into existing M&E frameworks, there was limited information available. This is a reflection of the fact that M&E of GBV risk mitigation is a particularly novel area of programming and research. This paper synthesizes and presents the current state of knowledge on the measurement of GBV risk mitigation.

In summary, this paper provides a broad list of promising practices to strengthen the measurement of both GBV and non-GBV outcomes related to the implementation of GBV risk mitigation activities in humanitarian response. This list represents a foundation upon which further research and analysis can be built to validate specific practices and generate in-depth guidance for their implementation. Case examples are also presented to illustrate real-world applicability of several of these practices. The promising practices and case examples are designed to complement and be utilized in conjunction with other available GBV risk mitigation resources.

Availability of data and materials

Survey materials are available by request to the corresponding author.

Abbreviations

Camp coordination and camp management

Coronavirus Disease 2019

Democratic Republic of the Congo

Focus group discussion

Gender-based violence

Harvard humanitarian initiative

InterAgency Standing Committee

In-depth Interview

International Human Rights Law

Institutional Review Board

International Refugee Law

Intimate partner violence

Monitoring and evaluation

Water, sanitation and hygiene

World Food Program

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Acknowledgements

We acknowledge the support received from the study’s Technical Advisory Group and the humanitarian practitioners who participated in the study. We would also like to thank practitioners who we have learned from and multiple colleagues, particularly representatives of local women’s organizations who continue to help advance and refine this work.

This research was funded by the Government of the United States.

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VS, JK, CH, SR designed the study and VS, JK oversaw acquisition of data. VS, JK led the field team and data collection. VS, JK, and EA conducted key informant interviews. VS, EA analyzed the data. VS, EA drafted the manuscript. VS, JK, EA, CH, SR were involved in critical revisions of the manuscript for important intellectual content. All authors approved the final draft of the manuscript.

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Sharma, V., Ausubel, E., Heckman, C. et al. Promising practices for the monitoring and evaluation of gender-based violence risk mitigation interventions in humanitarian response: a multi-methods study. Confl Health 16 , 11 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13031-022-00442-4

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If your interest is in solving development challenges, using an evidence approach, and focusing on developing economies, then this PhD programme may be the one for you. The degree focuses on developing systems for modernisation, development and progress, with focus areas of Poverty, Inequality and Inclusive Growth, Social Justice and Political Economy and Institutions. The Department also hosts the Africa Leadership Centre, which creates a unique network with young leaders in Africa. This PhD may be completed part-time, or full-time.

PhD in the Evidence-based Practice Unit – University College London

If you’re already a subject specialist, looking an analysing critical issues such as healthcare provision and when to stop treatment, resilience in schools, child and adolescent mental health, mental well-being, or a range of other specialist areas at the centre of some of the world’s most significant development challenges, then why not browse the research areas currently support at UCL’s Evidence-Based practice unit. UCL, a ‘diverse global community of world-class academics, students, industry and external partners’, is well recognised for research strength and is growing its reputation as a leading multidisciplinary University. With links to the Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families in the UK, this is an excellent opportunity for those seeking to bring an evidence-based and evaluative focus to an existing development challenge.

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Master en gestion des achats et de la chaîne d’approvisionnement en santé publique

22 August 2023

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Monitoring and Evaluation

Monitoring and Evaluation Research Papers/Topics

“effects of fire on grassland ecosystem” a case of mashuru rangelands in maasai land, mashuru division, kajiado district, kenya..

ABSTRACTA study on effects of burning in rangeland on the environment was carried out in Mashuru Division, Kajiado District. Chapter one defines what is rangeland ecosystem, importance of rangeland ecosystem, need for protecting rangelands, laws and policies on range management and conservation in Kenya. Research questions and objectives were also realized. Objectives of study included; main activities carried out in Mashuru division, reasons for burning grass in Mash...

INFLUENCE OF MONITORING AND EVALUATION ON PROJECT SUSTAINABILITY IN NIGERIA, A CASE STUDY OF LOCAL EMPOWERMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PROJECT (LEEMP) IN BENUE STATE

ABSTRACTThis study examines the Influence of Monitoring and Evaluation on Project Sustainability inNigeria, A Case Study of Local Empowerment and Environmental Management Project(LEEMP) in Benue State. Monitoring and Evaluation (M & E) helps to track projectperformance at any given time and provides reasons for an observed project status. In thisstudy, M & E was defined as the key component of project management that gives controlover the main parameters that define a project; scope, quality,...

Determinants Of Adherence To Exclusive Breast Feeding Among Hiv Positive Mothers Attending Child Welfare Clinic At Pumwani Maternity Hospital, Nairobi County, Kenya

Globally, the estimated number of children below 15 years of age living with HIV increased from 1.6 million in 2001 to 2.5 million in 2009. Almost 90% of these children live in sub-Saharan Africa. Over 90% the new infections of HIV are acquired through Mother-To-Child Transmission(MTCT). According to Kenya Aids Indicator Survey (KAIS) report of 2007, nearly 1 out of 10 pregnant women in Kenya are infected with HIV. Exclusive Breast Feeding (EBF) of a child remains the best and safest source o...

Determinants Of Skilled Delivery Services Utilization Among Women Of Reproductive Age In Migori County, Kenya

ABSTRACT Skilled delivery is a key intervention that greatly contributes to improvement of maternal and child health. By extension, skilled delivery is a component of maternal and childcare provided during pregnancy, at delivery and post-delivery. Irrespective of the quality of service provided during pregnancy, delivery process remains a risk and hence needs to be given relevant attention. Global data shows that in developed countries, over 99% of the women access skilled delivery as compa...

Role of community health workers monetary incentives on retention and health service delivery in kibwezi district, makueni county, kenya.

ABSTRACT The global policy of providing primary level care was initiated with the declaration of Alma-Ata in 1978.Kenya is a signatory to the AlmaAtta declaration. Implementation of the Community Health Services is a top priority for the Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation in Kenya. The second National Health Sector Strategic Plan (NHSSP II) defined a new approach to the delivery of Health Care Services to Kenyans, the Kenya Essential Package of Health (KEPH).CHWs are the key agents in ...

Use Of Routine Health Information For Decision Making Among Health Workers At Coast General Hospital, Mombasa County, Kenya

ABSTRACT Health workers collect and report data routinely on all their activities. Studies show that very little of this vast amount of information is used by those who are collecting the data and by local health management at health facility or County levels. Ideally, local data should be collected, analyzed and used in order to support local health management, health promotion and prevention and to improve local health service delivery. Significant resources have been invested on HMIS but ...

Nutritional Status Of Free Living And Institutionalized Elderly And Associated Factors In Trans Nzoia County, Kenya

ABSTRACT Adequate nutrition, healthy ageing, and the ability to function independently are essential components of a good quality of life. Though it is recognized that nutritional challenges account for a significant proportion of elderly morbidity and mortality, less has been determined on nutritional status of the old age men and women living freely and in institutions. This study investigated the relationship between nutritional status of the elderly and related factors in free living and...

Utilization Of The Visual Inspection Screening Method For Cancer Of The Cervix In Kitui Central Subcounty, Kenya

ABSTRACT Cancer of the cervix is a disease of public health importance with a high global morbidity and mortality. More than 266,000 women die every year, 87% of these women coming from low and middle-income countries, where programmes for screening and treatment are deficient or underutilized.The Ministry of Health through the Division of Reproductive Health launched the National Cancer of the cervix Prevention Program, action plan 2005-2009 with the main aim of reducing cancer of the cervi...

Utilization Of Skilled Birth Attendants Among Women Of Reproductive Age In Central Division, Kajiado County, Kenya.

The proportion of births assisted by skilled birth attendants in Kenya is 44% while in Kajiado Central Sub County is 28%. Maternal mortality in Kenya is estimated to be 488 per 100,000 live births. This worrying trend of maternal mortality is thought to be a result of using unskilled attendants at birth. This study sought to determine the factors that influenced utilization of skilled birth attendants among women of reproductive age in Central division, Kajiado County. The objectives of ...

Uptake Of Cervical Cancer Screening Services Among Hiv Positive Women In Dagoretti, Nairobi City County, Kenya

ABSTRACT Although cervical cancer is said to be the leading cause of cancer deaths among women in low resource settings, screening services in health facilities remains very low. The risk of death from this disease is higher among HIV positive women as a result of persistent Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection with quicker progression to cancer. As a result, screening services have been in cooperated in routine care of all HIV positive women, but uptake remains very low. This could be due t...

A Comparative Analysis Of The Effects Of Household Economic Strenghthening On Well Being Of Orphans And Vulnerable Children In Migori County, Kenya

ABSTRACT Household Economic Strengthening (HES) programs improve the economic capacity of households (HH) to provide for needy families (increased income, savings, and access to credit). Scanty information exists on outcomes achieved beyond counting of program services provided. Outcomes on child well-being; health, nutrition and protection remain poorly understood, and few programs have been analyzed to establish these outcomes. Analysis highlights knowledge gaps that inform stakeholders of...

Utilization Of Herbal Medicine Among Children Under 5 Years Of Age In Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya

ABSTRACT The use of herbal medicine is on the rise globally, especially in developed countries. Indeed, over 80% of the populations in developing countries depend on herbal medicine. In Kenya herbal medicine is widely used, with 70% of the population having been reported to be dependent on it for primary health care. The World Health Organization (WHO) warns that growing use of traditional medicine, both in developed and developing nations, has been mirrored by an increasing number of reports...

Types And Management Of Alcohol-Related Physical Injuries Among Persons With Alcohol Use Disorder In Kiambu County,Githunguri Sub-County

ABSTRACT Around 5.1% of the worldwide disease burden and injury, as well as 5.9% of all fatalities are linked to alcohol abuse. In Kenya, Kiambu County is one of the leading counties in alcohol abuse and alcohol-related physical injuries. The study established the types and management of alcohol-related physical injuries among 383 persons with alcohol use disorder in Githunguri Sub-county, Kiambu County. The crosssectional survey specifically occurred from March-November 2015 in Githiga and ...

Food Consumption Patterns And Nutritional Status Of Children (6-59 Months) In Camps Of Internally Displaced Persons In Wadajir District, Mogadishu-Somalia

ABSTRACT The impact of the civil war, the waves of IDPs, emigration, poverty and the absence of a Central Government in Somalia have led to emergence IDPs camps with a large population. Malnutrition in Somalia is a huge public health problem, negatively affecting growth, development and survival of the population. The determinants of food consumption patterns and the prevalence of nutritional status are not well documented. The main objective of this study was to assess nutritional status o...

Uptake Of Community-Led Total Sanitation Approach Towards Attainment Of Open-Defecation-Free Status In Siaya County, Kenya

ABSTRACT By 2015, an estimated 2.4 billion people lacked basic sanitation and 15% still practiced open defecation globally. In Kenya, approximately 5.6 million people still defecated in the open. Siaya County adopted Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) in 2010 as an approach to address the problem of open defecation. This study aimed at assessing the uptake of the CLTS approach in Siaya County, Kenya. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 370 randomly selected households. Structured q...

Popular Papers/Topics

Factors influencing the performance of monitoring and evaluation systems in non-government organizations in lira district, northern uganda, effective role of public sector monitoring and evaluation in promoting good governance in uganda: implications from the ministry of local government, influence of monitoring practices on projects performance at the water sector trust fund, assessment of the impact of pregnancy school on pregnancy outcomes and skilled delivery in nabdam district of upper east region, factors affecting application of results based monitoring and evaluation system by nurture, role of logical framework adoption on project success in non-governmental organizations in kenya: a case of relief non-governmental organizations in nairobi county, determinants of effective utilization of routine health information within private health facilities in kampala -uganda, assessing the impact of maternal and child health and nutrition improvement project (mchnp) on service delivery outcomes in ghana, the influence of cash transfer programmes on socio-economic wellbeing of recipient households in migori county, kenya, assessment of the triage system at the emergency department of the greater accra regional hospital, assessment of the implementation of one-household onebin sanitation intervention in abokobi community..

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Creating a Corporate Social Responsibility Program with Real Impact

Emilio Marti,
David Risi,
Eva Schlindwein,
Andromachi Athanasopoulou

Lessons from multinational companies that adapted their CSR practices based on local feedback and knowledge.

Exploring the critical role of experimentation in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), research on four multinational companies reveals a stark difference in CSR effectiveness. Successful companies integrate an experimental approach, constantly adapting their CSR practices based on local feedback and knowledge. This strategy fosters genuine community engagement and responsive initiatives, as seen in a mining company’s impactful HIV/AIDS program. Conversely, companies that rely on standardized, inflexible CSR methods often fail to achieve their goals, demonstrated by a failed partnership due to local corruption in another mining company. The study recommends encouraging broad employee participation in CSR and fostering a culture that values CSR’s long-term business benefits. It also suggests that sustainable investors and ESG rating agencies should focus on assessing companies’ experimental approaches to CSR, going beyond current practices to examine the involvement of diverse employees in both developing and adapting CSR initiatives. Overall, embracing a dynamic, data-driven approach to CSR is essential for meaningful social and environmental impact.

By now, almost all large companies are engaged in corporate social responsibility (CSR): they have CSR policies, employ CSR staff, engage in activities that aim to have a positive impact on the environment and society, and write CSR reports. However, the evolution of CSR has brought forth new challenges. A stark contrast to two decades ago, when the primary concern was the sheer neglect of CSR, the current issue lies in the ineffective execution of these practices. Why do some companies implement CSR in ways that create a positive impact on the environment and society, while others fail to do so? Our research reveals that experimentation is critical for impactful CSR, which has implications for both companies that implement CSR and companies that externally monitor these CSR activities, such as sustainable investors and ESG rating agencies.

EM Emilio Marti is an associate professor at the Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University. His research focuses on corporate sustainability with a specific focus on sustainable investing.
DR David Risi is a professor at the Bern University of Applied Sciences and a habilitated lecturer at the University of St. Gallen. His research focuses on how companies organize CSR and sustainability.
ES Eva Schlindwein is a professor at the Bern University of Applied Sciences and a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Oxford. Her research focuses on how organizations navigate tensions between business and society.
AA Andromachi Athanasopoulou is an associate professor at Queen Mary University of London and an associate fellow at the University of Oxford. Her research focuses on how individuals manage their leadership careers and make ethically charged decisions.

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Evaluation Essay
An Integrated MERLA (Monitoring, Evaluation, Research, Learning, and
(PDF) Principles and Practice of Monitoring and Evaluation: A
INFLUENCE OF MONITORING AND EVALUATION ON PROJECT PERFORMANCE: A CASE
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[PDF] Conceptual Framework for Monitoring and Evaluation

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Master'S Thesis
Hence, Monitoring and evaluation should be comprehensive enough to measure the relevance, impact, sustainability and efficiency of a project or development interventions. Keywords: Monitoring, Evaluation, Project, Sustainability, Performance. Wordcount: 338 Words
(PDF) Principles and Practice of Monitoring and Evaluation: A
This article discusses the principles and practice of monitoring and evaluation and emphasises that monitoring and evaluation (M and E) is paraphernalia for effective development.
21161 PDFs
Rebecca J Wood. The 2021-22 Annual Report for the water dependent fauna theme (this document) outlines completed works and their findings under the Environmental Outcomes Monitoring and Research ...
Influence of Project Monitoring and Evaluation on Performance of
INFLUENCE OF PROJECT MONITORING AND EVALUATION ON ... (B.Sc. Construction Technology and Management) A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Construction Technology and Management, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi in partial ... fruitful guidance to do this project on the topic. By embarking on this project, I ...
| Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) topics covered by select institutes
Introduction The health systems in developing countries face challenges because of deficient monitoring and evaluation (M&E) capacity with respect to their knowledge, skills, and practices.
PDF An Investigation Into the Effectiveness of Monitoring and Evaluation
MONITORING AND EVALUATION PRACTICE IN PUBLIC PROJECTS: A SURVEY OF COUNTY GOVERNMENT PROJECTS OTIENO FREDRICK OKUTA MASTER OF SCIENCE (Construction Project Management) JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY OF ... A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment for the Degree of Master of
PDF The role of monitoring and evaluation in promoting good governance in
This thesis set out to examine the role played by monitoring and evaluation (M&E) in promoting good governance in South Africa. It examined how M&E, in promoting democratic and good governance deliverables, such as transparency, accountability and learning, influences public administration practice.
PDF Efficacy of Monitoring and Evaluation Framework on Implementation of
A Research Thesis Submitted to the Institute Of Postgraduate Studies in Partial ... Monitoring and Evaluation, (M&E) frameworks allow for project activities to be measured and analyzed. There is a gap in the design of monitoring and evaluation frameworks to generate information during the process of Monitoring and Evaluation and use of this ...
PDF Monitoring and evaluation practices, community participation and
MONITORING AND EVALUATION PRACTICES, COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY WATER PROJECTS IN KENYA: A CASE OF NYERI COUNTY BY FREDRICK NGOTHO MUNIU A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Project Planning and Management of the University of Nairobi 2017
Dissertations / Theses: 'Monitoring and evaluations'
Video (online) Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Monitoring and evaluations.'. Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA ...
Full article: Monitoring and evaluation practices and project outcome
Globally, monitoring and evaluation have received it fair share in literature with a number of studies looking at its impacts on project success. ... (Doctoral dissertation, University of Ghana). Google Scholar. Krogstie, J. G., Jorgensen, G., & van Marrewijk, A. (2017). Business environment and project monitoring in construction projects.
Analysis of the Monitoring and Evaluation system : a case study of the
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2018. Analysis of the Monitoring and Evaluation system : a case study of the Tanzanian Local Government
PDF Factors Influencing the Effective Application of Monitoring and
Figure 2.6 Monitoring and Evaluation (M & E) Framework 52 Figure 2.7 Monitoring & Evaluation in the Project Life Cycle 56 Figure 2.8 Conceptual Framework 63 Figure 2.9 Proportion of Program Budget Spent on M&E 67 Figure 3.1 Sequencing of Research Methods 86 Figure 3.2 M&E System Desk Review Guiding Template 87
PDF JOSEPH MBINDA MUINDI
influence of Monitoring and Evaluation on Social development projects' performance in Makueni County, Kenya. It specifically sought to establish how level of competence in monitoring and evaluation; resources availability for monitoring and evaluation; stakeholder participation in monitoring and evaluation; and stakeholder attitude on ...
PDF Effectiveness of Monitoring and Evaluation Systems on Projects
effectiveness of monitoring and evaluation systems on projects sustainability in tanzania: a case of ngo's in shinyanga municipal peter andrea matyoko a dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements the degree of master of arts in monitoring and evaluation of open university of tanzania 2019
Dissertations / Theses: 'Monitoring and Evaluation system ...
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles. Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Monitoring and Evaluation system.'. Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic ...
Promising practices for the monitoring and evaluation of gender-based
A multi-methods study was conducted in 2019 to identify promising practices for the monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of GBV risk mitigation interventions in non-GBV sectors and to develop a set of illustrative case examples. ... M&E data could also help determine whether more intensive assessments in specific locations or on certain topics are ...
10 PhDs for Monitoring and Evaluation
A doctorate will place you on a whole new trajectory when it comes to your field of specialisation. As the field of Monitoring and Evaluation grows, so are the opportunities for focused doctoral study expanding across fields, while also deepening in their technical specificity. Whether your strengths lie in the highly analytic, and technical aspects, …
PDF Effectivenes of M&E System in Non-governmental Organization Sectors
execution (including monitoring and controlling) and evaluation technical skills especially in information systems for M&E and take on board the stake holders since the formulation of M&E framework is designed. Keywords: Effectiveness of M&E system, Non-Governmental Organization, Community development projects, Zanzibar.
Role of Effective Monitoring and Evaluation in Promoting Good
This study examined the impact of monitoring and evaluation (M&E) on the promotion of good governance in public institutions. The main objectives were to evaluate how accountability, management ...
Monitoring and Evaluation Books and Book Reviews
ABSTRACT Monitoring and evaluation systems allow for project activities to be measured and analyzed. Unfortunately, there is often a gap in the design of M&E systems; generation of information during the process of M&E and use of this information in future designs. The purpose of this study was to establish the factors influencing performance ...
Monitoring and Evaluation Books and Book Reviews
ABSTRACTThis study examines the Influence of Monitoring and Evaluation on Project Sustainability inNigeria, A Case Study of Local Empowerment and Environmental Management Project (LEEMP) in Benue State. Monitoring and Evaluation (M & E) helps to track projectperformance at any given time and provides reasons for an observed project status.
(PDF) Proposal of the Monitoring and Evaluation Approach ...
Results based monitoring and evaluation (M&E) is a powerful public management tool to help policy makers track progress and demonstrate the outcomes and impacts of a given policy, program, or ...
Creating a Corporate Social Responsibility Program with Real Impact
Summary. Exploring the critical role of experimentation in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), research on four multinational companies reveals a stark difference in CSR effectiveness ...