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• What Is Electricity?

Lesson What Is Electricity?

Grade Level: 5 (5-6)

Time Required: 1 hours 15 minutes

Lesson Dependency: None

Subject Areas: Physical Science, Physics, Science and Technology

NGSS Performance Expectations:

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• Is It Shocking?

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An understanding of electricity is important for general technological literacy. In addition, many engineering careers require a fundamental knowledge of electricity in order to invent and design technologies and products that we depend upon every day. Electricity is present everywhere in our modern lives and engineers who specialize in electricity (electrical engineers) make that possible.

After this lesson, students should be able to:

• Relate the flow of electrons to current.
• Correlate the flow of water with the flow of electricity in a system.
• Explain that static electricity is the buildup of a charge (either net positive or net negative) over a surface.
• Compare and contrast two forms of electricity—current and static.
• Name a few engineering careers that involve electricity.

Educational Standards Each TeachEngineering lesson or activity is correlated to one or more K-12 science, technology, engineering or math (STEM) educational standards. All 100,000+ K-12 STEM standards covered in TeachEngineering are collected, maintained and packaged by the Achievement Standards Network (ASN) , a project of D2L (www.achievementstandards.org). In the ASN, standards are hierarchically structured: first by source; e.g. , by state; within source by type; e.g. , science or mathematics; within type by subtype, then by grade, etc .

Ngss: next generation science standards - science, international technology and engineering educators association - technology.

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State Standards

California - science, indiana - science, oklahoma - science.

Students should be familiar with different forms of energy, including exposure to the term "electrical energy," the basics of matter, and the structure of an atom.

(Write the following sentences on the classroom board, or ask a few students to do so.)

• Astrid turned on the computer.
• When someone shuffles their feet on the carpet, their hair gets crazy and stands up.
• I need to charge my cell phone battery.
• Lightning struck during the last storm.
• The engineer wired the circuit board.
• A lot of power is made in the desert using solar panels.
• After someone slides down the slide, they can shock you.

What do all these sentences have in common? (Give students some time to consider; listen to their ideas.) All these sentences involve electricity.

We use electricity every day, but you may not know what it is, how it works and how we can control it. So that you understand electricity, this lesson will build on the science you already know, such as energy, the parts of an atom and types of materials.

How many of these sentences involved an engineer or engineered technology? (See if students can figure it out; answer: 1, 3, 5 and 6.)

Everyone, take a moment to write a sentence that relates engineering and electricity? (Give students some time; then ask a few students to share their answers. As desired, provide additional information on the topic, such as: engineers make, control and give us ways to use electricity.)

Many fields of engineering require that people have a good understanding of electricity. For example, chemical engineers study the reactions responsible for producing charged particles to create electricity. Material engineers make many substances that serve as conductors and insulators. Electrical engineers are able to control electricity by changing the current or resistivity. This lesson covers the basics of electricity and materials so when we conduct the associated activity Is It Shocking? you can act as if you are engineers to select the best materials for retaining and releasing electricity.

Lesson Background and Concepts for Teachers

Prepare to show students the 19-slide What Is Electricity? Presentation , a PowerPoint® file, guided by the slide notes below. Note the critical thinking questions/answers included in the notes for slides 8, 10 and 12. For two simple classroom demos, have handy water and containers, and some inflated balloons.

Electricity is the flow or presence of charged particles (usually electrons). Remind students of the two types of charged particles in an atom (protons and electrons). Expect students to already have an appreciation for the importance of electricity, which can be cultivated by discussing as a class or creatively writing about what a day without electricity might be like (as provided on slides 1-2).

(Slide 1) While students are looking at the images of an electrical transmission tower and a wall of televisions in a store, ask them: How would your life be different with no electricity?

(Slide 2) Prompt: A power outage has just happened in your city. What actions from your daily life would not be possible without electricity? Use this hypothetical scenario to start a class discussion or creative writing exercise. For example, brainstorm as a class and then give students 15-20 minutes to write on their own.

Why do we bother learning about electricity? The point of the hooks in the first two slides is to emphasize that we constantly use electricity and that our lives would be dramatically different if we did not have access to electricity. Thus, understanding electricity is important in our daily lives.

(Slide 3) Topic preview: electricity, conductors, insulators, current, static charge.

(Slide 4) What are atoms? Expect the structure of an atom to be a review for students. If not, spend more time on this topic. Atoms are the basic unit of all elements of matter. They are made of electrons, protons and neutrons. The center nucleus contains the protons and neutrons.

(Slide 5) What are electrons? Electric charge is the physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when near other electrically charged matter. Two types of electric charges exist—positive and negative. Positively charged substances are repelled from other positively charged substances, but attracted to negatively charged substances; negatively charged substances are repelled from negatively charged substances and attracted to positively charged substances. An object is negatively charged if it has an excess of electrons; otherwise, it is positively charged or uncharged (neutral).

(Slide 6) Students may not have an understanding of flow. As necessary, clarify with a simple demo: Have students pour water from one container to another to provide a tangible understanding of the concept of flow. The key point is that flow is movement ! Technically, electricity is the flow of any charged particles. The mnemonic device of "ELECTRicity and ELECTRons" may help students remember.

(Slide 7) Conductors are materials that are good at conducting electricity! In conductors, electrons are free to move around and flow easily. This is not true for insulators, in which the electrons are more tightly bound to the nuclei (which we'll discuss next). When current is applied, electrons move in the same direction.

In preparation for review questions, ask students to think of other metals they know about. You may want to discuss the properties of metals (bendable/ductile, metallic in color) to review students' knowledge of materials.

(Slide 8) Metals, such as copper, are conductors. Copper is an excellent conductor of electricity.

Critical thinking question: How would we test whether something is a good conductor? Answer: By connecting a wire of the material we want to test to a low-voltage battery with a light bulb connected to it. (It may be helpful to draw a sketch of this setup on the classroom board.) If the tested wire is a good conductor, the bulb lights up.

(Slide 9) In insulators, the electrons are more tightly bound to the nuclei (plural for nucleus) of the atoms. So in these materials, the electrons do not flow easily. What are some everyday examples? For example, most of our homes have fiberglass insulation that prevents inside heat from FLOWING outside through the walls of our houses, and the foam cozy that keeps soda from warming in the hot summer air temperatures.

Think about safety measures for electricians. Where would you want to put insulators? (Answer: Anywhere around conductors that you might touch, such as wires that carry electricity.)

Are the words "conductor" and "insulator" antonyms or synonyms? (Answer: Antonyms, or opposites.)

Are insulators such as glass, wood and rubber considered metals or nonmetals? Think of the periodic table and the primary elemental components of these materials (silicon for glass, carbon for wood, and carbon and oxygen for rubber). (Answer: Nonmetals.)

(Slide 10) Rubber is an example of a good insulator. Critical thinking question: We know that insulators and conductors are opposites. Do you think rubber is a good or poor conductor? Why? (Answer: Since rubber is a good insulator, it must be a poor conductor because they are opposite properties.) When students answer correctly, click to reveal the "poor conductor" bullet.

(Slide 11) Is the photograph labeled correctly with which is the conductor and which is the insulator? (Answer: Yes, this picture is labeled correctly. Copper is a metal; most metals make good conductors. Current does not flow easily through rubber, which makes it a good insulator to wrap around the copper wire.)

(Slide 12) Next we'll discuss current, which is the flow of electricity/electrons. We often use water to understand electrical systems because of their similarities. For example, water can build up pressures, like in a dam, and flow like in a river. Electricity acts the same way.

Critical thinking question: What are some examples of how we use analogies to explain more complex scientific phenomena? Examples: Humans use stories like the Greek myths to explain seasons and sunrise/sunset. We often think of materials and animals as having human "personalities" and behaviors, like saying that conductors "direct" and move electrons.

(Slide 13) In water systems, current is the flow of water. In electrical systems, current is the flow of electrons. Refer to the drawings on this slide as you relate back to the water flow demo.

(Slide 14) Let's consider static charge. How can it be explained in our water system analogy? Dammed water collects (like in a dam), but cannot flow. Static charge, or static electricity, collects charge, but cannot flow. It may help to think of the mnemonic device of: "STATIc electricity is STATIonary"—it does not move. A situation when electrons are unable to move between atoms. Thus, charge collects in a similar way to how water collects behind a dam.

(Slide 15) While showing this slide, direct students to rub inflated balloons on the hair on their heads. Ask them: What makes your hair stand up? Objects may gain or lose electrons. Rubbing the balloon on hair causes more electrons to go onto the balloon from the hair. The hair loses electrons, thus becoming positively charged (net positive charge). The balloon becomes negatively charged (net negative charge). What does the term "net" mean? (Answer: "Net" means "total.")

(Slide16) Let's go through some review questions and answers. (Note: Click to reveal the answers.) Do you think electrical current flows more easily in conductors or insulators? (Answer: Electrical current flows more easily in conductors because electrons move better in conductors. Static electricity builds up more easily in insulators because electrons cannot move well in insulators.)

(Slide 17) What do we call the flow of charged particles? (Answer: Electricity.) Does it matter if the particles are positive or negative? (Answer: No, but typically electricity is the flow of electrons—negative charge.)

(Slide 18) We have shown that copper is a conductor. Name three more conductors. (Answers: Gold, silver and aluminum.) Where would an electrician use an insulator? What type of material would it be? Why would an electrician use an insulator? (Answer: Electricians use insulator material around electrical wires and the handles of tools and other equipment. Often, electricians use rubber as the material. Insulators protect electricians from electrical shock because current does not travel very well through insulators.)

(Slide 19) If you wanted to design an electrical system that stored static electricity, would you use a conductor or an insulator? Why? (Answer: To build a static electricity storage system, you would want to use an insulator, because insulators reduce electron flow.)

(If students have had exposure to analogies, which is part of the sixth-grade curriculum in many states, use the analogy question. If not, students may need assistance on how analogies work.) Finish the analogy: River IS TO water molecules AS wire is to ______. (Answer: Electrons.)

Watch this activity on YouTube

After completing the associated static electricity activity, have students recap the activity using scientific terms to explain what happened. Then re-emphasize the water analogy to cement the connection. Ask a few additional real-world application questions:

• Describe how engineers might control electricity in a television: What if they wanted more electricity? (Answer: Increase the current.)
• What if they wanted to protect themselves and you from electrocution? (Answer: Use an insulator.)

atom: The basic unit of all elements of matter.

conductor: A substance that allows the easy movement of electricity.

current: Something that flows, such as a stream of water, air or electrons, in a definite direction.

electricity: The presence or movement of electric charges. Electric charge occurs when a net difference in charged particles (such as proton or electrons) exists.

electron: A particle in an atom that has a negative charge, and acts as the primary carrier of electricity.

insulator: A substance that does not allow the easy movement of electricity.

proton: A particle located in the nucleus of an atom that has a positive electrical charge.

static electricity: A stationary electric charge buildup on an insulating material.

Pre-Lesson Assessment

Discussion : As presented in the Introduction/Motivation section, guide students to realize that the five sentences on the classroom board all involve electricity. Further, have students pick out which of the sentences involve engineers and electricity. Then, have students write their own scenarios involving electricity and engineers. It may be helpful to prompt that engineers think of, design, make and control ways to use electricity.

Post-Introduction Assessment

Critical Thinking Questions : As part of the What Is Electricity? Presentation , critical thinking questions and answers are included in the notes for slides 8, 10 and 12. They are also suitable as classroom board questions or handwritten quiz questions.

Review Questions: Test students' understanding of electricity basics by asking them the seven review questions at the end of the What Is Electricity? Presentation (slides 16-19). Click to reveal the answer after each question. Alternatively, similar questions are provided in the pre-activity Electricity Review Worksheet attachment in the associated activity.

Lesson Summary Assessment

Tiny Pen Pals : To test for understanding of electrical terms, give students the Particle Pen Pals Assignment , which asks them to use terms learned in the lesson in context to describe electricity through storytelling: Pretend you are an electron and you are writing a letter to your favorite proton telling him/her that you are moving away. In this creative writing exercise, students are asked to use at least four of the following terms provided in a word bank on the handout: electricity, atom, static electricity, proton, neutron, electron, conductor, insulator and current.

Lesson Extension Activities

Assign students to investigate and research different professions in electricity and/or involving knowledge of electrical systems, as outlined in the Electrical Careers Research Project Handout . Have students present their summary paragraphs to the rest of the class.

This lesson introduces the concept of electricity by asking students to imagine what their life would be like without electricity. Students learn that electrons can move between atoms, leaving atoms in a charged state.

Students come to understand static electricity by learning about the nature of electric charge, and different methods for charging objects. In a hands-on activity, students induce an electrical charge on various objects, and experiment with electrical repulsion and attraction.

Students gain an understanding of the difference between electrical conductors and insulators, and experience recognizing a conductor by its material properties. In a hands-on activity, students build a conductivity tester to determine whether different objects are conductors or insulators.

Students are introduced to the fundamental concepts of electricity. They address questions such as "How is electricity generated?" and "How is it used in every-day life?" Illustrative examples of circuit diagrams are used to help explain how electricity flows.

"Electricity." Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. Accessed August 11, 2014. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/182915/electricity

Headlam, Catherine (ed.). The Kingfisher Science Encyclopedia. New York, NY: Kingfisher Books, 1993.

Muir, Hazel. Science in Seconds:200 Key Concepts Explained in an Instant . New York, NY: Quercus, 2013.

Contributors

Supporting program, acknowledgements.

The contents of this digital library curriculum were developed by the Renewable Energy Systems Opportunity for Unified Research Collaboration and Education (RESOURCE) project in the College of Engineering under National Science Foundation GK-12 grant no. DGE 0948021. However, these contents do not necessarily represent the policies of the National Science Foundation, and you should not assume endorsement by the federal government.

Last modified: January 28, 2021

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Electricity

by Chris Woodford . Last updated: March 23, 2024.

I f you've ever sat watching a thunderstorm, with mighty lightning bolts darting down from the sky, you'll have some idea of the power of electricity . A bolt of lightning is a sudden, massive surge of electricity between the sky and the ground beneath. The energy in a single lightning bolt is enough to light 100 powerful lamps for a whole day or to make about twenty thousand slices of toast! [1]

Electricity is the most versatile energy source that we have; it is also one of the newest: homes and businesses have been using it for not much more than a hundred years. Electricity has played a vital part of our past. But it could play a different role in our future, with many more buildings generating their own renewable electric power using solar cells and wind turbines. Let's take a closer look at electricity and find out how it works!

What is electricity?

Electricity is a type of energy that can build up in one place or flow from one place to another. When electricity gathers in one place it is known as static electricity (the word static means something that does not move); electricity that moves from one place to another is called current electricity .

• Static electricity

Photo: Lightning happens when static electricity (built up in one place) turns to current electricity (flowing from one place to another).

Static electricity often happens when you rub things together. If you rub a balloon against your pullover 20 or 30 times, you'll find the balloon sticks to you. This happens because rubbing the balloon gives it an electric charge (a small amount of electricity). The charge makes it stick to your pullover like a magnet , because your pullover gains an opposite electric charge. So your pullover and the balloon attract one another like the opposite ends of two magnets.

Have you ever walked across a nylon rug or carpet and felt a slight tingling sensation? Then touched something metal, like a door knob or a faucet (tap), and felt a sharp pain in your hand? That is an example of an electric shock . When you walk across the rug, your feet are rubbing against it. Your body gradually builds up an electric charge, which is the tingling you can sense. When you touch metal, the charge runs instantly to Earth—and that's the shock you feel.

Lightning is also caused by static electricity. As rain clouds move through the sky, ice crystals inside them sink to the bottom, while water droplets rise to the top. The crystals have one kind of charge (negative) while the water droplets have the other kind (positive). It's the separation of these charges that allows a cloud to build up its power. Eventually, when the charge is big enough, it leaps to Earth as a bolt of lightning. You can often feel the tingling in the air when a storm is brewing nearby. This is the electricity in the air around you. Read more about this in our article on capacitors .

How static electricity works

Electricity is caused by electrons, the tiny particles that "orbit" around the edges of atoms , from which everything is made. Each electron has a small negative charge. An atom normally has an equal number of electrons and protons (positively charged particles in its nucleus or center), so atoms have no overall electrical charge. A piece of rubber is made from large collections of atoms called molecules. Since the atoms have no electrical charge, the molecules have no charge either—and nor does the rubber.

Suppose you rub a balloon on your pullover over and over again. As you move the balloon back and forward, you give it energy. The energy from your hand makes the balloon move. As it rubs against the wool in your pullover, some of the electrons in the rubber molecules are pulled free and gather on your body. This leaves the balloon with slightly too few electrons. Since electrons are negatively charged, having too few electrons makes the balloon slightly positively charged. Your pullover meanwhile gains these extra electrons and becomes negatively charged. Your pullover is negatively charged, and the balloon is positively charged. Opposite charges attract, so your pullover sticks to the balloon.

Photo: A classic demonstration of static electricity you may have seen in your school. When you touch the metal ball of a Van de Graaff static electricity generator, you receive a huge electric charge and your hair literally stands on end! Each strand of hair gets the same static charge and like charges repel, so the hairs push away from one another. In a bit more detail: the Van de Graaff ball builds up a huge positive charge. This "sucks" electrons (e) out of your body, and from the hairs in your head, leaving each clump of hair with a positive charge that repels the other hairs. Find out how a Van de Graaff Generator works .

Current electricity

When electrons move, they carry electrical energy from one place to another. This is called current electricity or an electric current . A lightning bolt is one example of an electric current, although it does not last very long. Electric currents are also involved in powering all the electrical appliances that you use, from washing machines to flashlights and from telephones to MP3 players . These electric currents last much longer.

Have you heard of the terms potential energy and kinetic energy? Potential energy means energy that is stored somehow for use in the future. A car at the top of a hill has potential energy, because it has the potential (or ability) to roll down the hill in future. When it's rolling down the hill, its potential energy is gradually converted into kinetic energy (the energy something has because it's moving). You can read more about this in our article on energy .

Static electricity and current electricity are like potential energy and kinetic energy. When electricity gathers in one place, it has the potential to do something in the future. Electricity stored in a battery is an example of electrical potential energy. You can use the energy in the battery to power a flashlight, for example. When you switch on a flashlight, the battery inside begins to supply electrical energy to the lamp, making it give off light. All the time the light is switched on, energy is flowing from the battery to the lamp. Over time, the energy stored in the battery is gradually turned into light (and heat) in the lamp. This is why the battery runs flat.

Electric circuits

For an electric current to happen, there must be a circuit . A circuit is a closed path or loop around which an electric current flows. A circuit is usually made by linking electrical components together with pieces of wire cable. Thus, in a flashlight, there is a simple circuit with a switch, a lamp, and a battery linked together by a few short pieces of copper wire. When you turn the switch on, electricity flows around the circuit. If there is a break anywhere in the circuit, electricity cannot flow. If one of the wires is broken, for example, the lamp will not light. Similarly, if the switch is turned off, no electricity can flow. This is why a switch is sometimes called a circuit breaker .

You don't always need wires to make a circuit, however. There is a circuit formed between a storm cloud and the Earth by the air in between. Normally air does not conduct electricity. However, if there is a big enough electrical charge in the cloud, it can create charged particles in the air called ions ( atoms that have lost or gained some electrons). The ions work like an invisible cable linking the cloud above and the air below. Lightning flows through the air between the ions.

How electricity moves in a circuit

Materials such as copper metal that conduct electricity (allow it to flow freely) are called conductors . Materials that don't allow electricity to pass through them so readily, such as rubber and plastic , are called insulators . What makes copper a conductor and rubber an insulator?

A current of electricity is a steady flow of electrons. When electrons move from one place to another, round a circuit, they carry electrical energy from place to place like marching ants carrying leaves. Instead of carrying leaves, electrons carry a tiny amount of electric charge.

Electricity can travel through something when its structure allows electrons to move through it easily. Metals like copper have "free" electrons that are not bound tightly to their parent atoms. These electrons flow freely throughout the structure of copper and this is what enables an electric current to flow. In rubber, the electrons are more tightly bound. There are no "free" electrons and, as a result, electricity does not really flow through rubber at all. Conductors that let electricity flow freely are said to have a high conductance and a low resistance ; insulators that do not allow electricity to flow are the opposite: they have a low conductance and a high resistance.

For electricity to flow, there has to be something to push the electrons along. This is called an electromotive force (EMF) . A battery or power outlet creates the electromotive force that makes a current of electrons flow. An electromotive force is better known as a voltage .

Direct current and alternating current

Electromagnetism.

Electricity and magnetism are closely related. You might have seen giant steel electromagnets working in a scrapyard. An electromagnet is a magnet that can be switched on and off with electricity. When the current flows, it works like a magnet; when the current stops, it goes back to being an ordinary, unmagnetized piece of steel . Scrapyard cranes pick up bits of metal junk by switching the magnet on. To release the junk, they switch the magnet off again.

Electromagnets show that electricity can make magnetism, but how do they work? When electricity flows through a wire, it creates an invisible pattern of magnetism all around it. If you put a compass needle near an electric cable, and switch the electricity on or off, you can see the needle move because of the magnetism the cable generates. The magnetism is caused by the changing electricity when you switch the current on or off.

This is how an electric motor works. An electric motor is a machine that turns electricity into mechanical energy. In other words, electric power makes the motor spin around—and the motor can drive machinery. In a clothes washing machine , an electric motor spins the drum; in an electric drill , an electric motor makes the drill bit spin at high speed and bite into the material you're drilling. An electric motor is a cylinder packed with magnets around its edge. In the middle, there's a core made of iron wire wrapped around many times. When electricity flows into the iron core, it creates magnetism. The magnetism created in the core pushes against the magnetism in the outer cylinder and makes the core of the motor spin around. Read more in our main article on electric motors .

Make an electromagnet

Picture: Why not make an electromagnet? All you need is a few common household items.

You can make a small electromagnet using a battery, some insulated (plastic-covered) copper wire, and a nail. Here are a couple of websites that tell you what to do step-by-step:

• How do I make an electromagnet? : Handy hints from Jefferson Lab.
• Make your own Electromagnet : A simple activity from the Naked Scientists.
• Electromagnet science projects : Nine simple activities involving electromagnets from the Science Buddies website.

Making electricity

Just as electricity can make magnetism, so magnetism can make electricity. A dynamo is a bit like an electric motor inside. When you pedal your bicycle , the dynamo clipped to the wheel spins around. Inside the dynamo, there is a heavy core made from iron wire wrapped tightly around—much like the inside of a motor. The core spins freely inside some large fixed magnets. As you pedal, the core rotates inside these outer magnets and generates electricity. The electricity flows out from the dynamo and powers your bicycle lamp.

The electric generators used in power plants work in exactly the same way, only on a much bigger scale. Instead of being powered by someone's legs, pedaling furiously, these large generators are driven by steam. The steam is made by burning fuels or by nuclear reactions. Power plants can make enormous amounts of electricity, but they waste quite a lot of the energy they produce. The energy has to flow from the plant, where it is made, to the homes, offices, and factories where it is used down many miles of electric power cable. Making electricity in a power plant and delivering it to a distant building can waste up to two thirds of the energy that was originally present in the fuel!

Another problem with power plants is that they make electricity by burning "fossil fuels" such as coal, gas, or oil. This creates pollution and adds to the problem known as global warming (the way Earth is steadily heating up because of the energy people are using). Another problem with fossil fuels is that supplies are limited and they are steadily running out.

Photo: Making clean, renewable energy from the wind. Each wind turbine contains an electricity generator in the top section, just behind the spinning rotors. In this turbine, the rotors are on the left and the generator is the ribbed cylinder on the right. Photo by Joe Smith courtesy of National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) .

There are other ways to make energy that are more efficient, less polluting, and do not contribute to global warming. These types of energy are called renewable , because they can last indefinitely. Examples of renewable energy include wind turbines and solar power . Unlike huge electric power plants, they are often much more efficient ways of making electricity. Because they can be sited closer to where the electricity is used, less energy is wasted transmitting power down the wires.

Wind turbines are effectively just electric generators with a "propeller" on the front. The wind turns the propeller, which spins the generator inside, and makes a study current of electricity.

Unlike virtually every other way of making electricity, solar cells (like the ones on calculators and digital watches) do not work using electricity generators and magnetism. When light falls on a solar cell, the material it is made from (silicon) captures the light's energy and turns it directly into electricity. Potentially, this means solar cells are an extremely efficient way to make electricity. A home with solar electric panels on the roof might be able to make most of its own electricity, for example.

Electricity and electronics

Photo: A transistor (a typical electronic component) on a circuit board. Components like this run on electricity, just like clothes washing machines, but they use much smaller currents and voltages.

Electricity is about using relatively large currents of electrical energy to do useful jobs, like driving a washing machine or powering an electric drill. Electronics is a very different kind of electricity. It's a way of controlling things using incredibly tiny currents of electricity—sometimes even individual electrons! Suppose you have an electronic clothes washing machine. Large currents of electricity come from the power outlet (mains supply) to make the drum rotate and heat the water. Smaller currents of electricity operate the electronic components in the washing machine's programmer unit. These tiny currents control the bigger currents, making the drum rotate back and forth, starting and stopping the water supply, and so on. Read more in our main article on electronics .

The power of electricity

Before the invention of electricity, people had to make energy wherever and whenever they needed it. Thus, they had to make wood or coal fires to heat their homes or cook food. The invention of electricity changed all that. It meant energy could be made in one place then supplied over long distances to wherever it was needed. People no longer had to worry about making energy for heating or cooking: all they had to do was plug in and switch on—and the energy was there as soon as they wanted it.

Another good thing about electricity is that it's like a common "language" that all modern appliances can "speak." You can run a car using the energy in gasoline, or you can cook food on a barbecue in your garden using charcoal, though you can't run your car on charcoal or cook food with gasoline. But electricity is quite different. You can cook with it, run cars on it, heat your home with it, and charge your cellphone with it. This is the great beauty and the power of electricity: it's energy for everyone, everywhere, and always.

Measuring electricity

We can measure electricity in a number of different ways, but a few measurements are particularly important.

The voltage is a kind of electrical force that makes electricity move through a wire and we measure it in volts. The bigger the voltage, the more current will tend to flow. So a 12-volt car battery will generally produce more current than a 1.5-volt flashlight battery.

Voltage does not, itself, go anywhere: it's quite wrong to talk about voltage "flowing through" things. What moves through the wire in a circuit is electrical current : a steady flow of electrons, measured in amperes (or amps).

Together, voltage and current give you electrical power . The bigger the voltage and the bigger the current, the more electrical power you have. We measure electric power in units called watts. Something that uses 1 watt uses 1 joule of energy each second.

The electric power in a circuit is equal to the voltage × the current (in other words: watts = volts × amps). So if you have a 100-watt (100 W) light and you know your electricity supply is rated as 120 volts (typical household voltage in the United States), the current flowing must be 100/120 = 0.8 amps. If you're in Europe, your household voltage is more likely 230 volts. So if you use the same 100-watt light, the current flowing is 100/230 = 0.4 amps. The light burns just as brightly in both countries and uses the same amount of power in each case; in Europe it uses a higher voltage and lower current; in the States, there's a lower voltage and higher current. (One quick note: 120 volts and 230 volts are the "nominal" or standard household voltages—the voltages you're supposed to have, in theory. In practice, your home might have more or less voltage than this, for all sorts of reasons, but mainly because of how far you are from your local power plant or power supply.)

A brief history of electricity

• 600 BCE: Greek philosopher Thales of Miletus (c.624–546 BCE) discovered static electricity.
• 1600 CE: English scientist William Gilbert (1544–1603) was the first person to use the word "electricity." He believed electricity was caused by a moving fluid called humor.
• 1733: French scientist Charles du Fay (1698–1739) found that there were two different kinds of static electric charge.
• 1752: American printer, journalist, scientist, and statesman Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790) carried out further experiments and named the two kinds of electric charge "positive" and "negative."
• 1780: Italian biologist Luigi Galvani (1737–1798) touched two pieces of metal to a dead frog's leg and made it jump. This led him to believe electricity is made inside animals' bodies.
• 1785: French scientist Charles Augustin de Coulomb (1736–1806) explored the mysteries of electric fields: the electrically active areas around electric charges.
• 1800: One of Galvani's friends, an Italian physics professor named Alessandro Volta (1745–1827), realized "animal electricity" was made by the metals Galvani had used. After further research, he found out how to make electricity by joining different metals together and invented batteries.
• 1827: German physicist Georg Ohm (1789–1854) found some materials carry electricity better than others and developed the idea of resistance.
• 1820: Danish physicist Hans Christian Oersted (1777–1851) put a compass near an electric cable and discovered that electricity can make magnetism.
• 1821: A French physicist called Andre-Marie Ampère (1775–1836) put two electric cables near to one another, wired them up to a power source, and watched them push one another apart. This showed electricity and magnetism can work together to make a force.
• 1821: Michael Faraday (1791–1867), an English chemist and physicist, developed the first, primitive electric motor.
• 1830s: American physicist Joseph Henry (1797–1879) and British inventor William Sturgeon (1783–1850) independently made the first practical electromagnets and electric motors.
• 1831: Building on his earlier discoveries, Michael Faraday invented the electric generator.
• 1840: Scottish physicist James Prescott Joule (1818–1889) proved that electricity is a kind of energy.
• 1870s: Belgian engineer Zénobe Gramme (1826–1901) made the first large-scale electric generators.
• 1873: James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879), another British physicist, set out a detailed theory of electromagnetism (how electricity and magnetism work together).
• 1881: The world's first experimental electric power plant opened in Godalming, England.
• 1882: Thomas Edison (1846–1931) built the first large-scale electric power plants in the USA.
• 1890s: Edison's former employee Nikola Tesla (1856–1943) promoted alternating current (AC) electricity, a rival to the direct current (DC) system promoted by Edison. Edison and Tesla battled for supremacy and, although Edison is remembered as the pioneer of electric power, it was Tesla's AC system that ultimately triumphed.

DON'T ever play with electricity!

Electricity is amazingly useful—but it can be really dangerous as well. When electricity zaps from power plants to your home, it's at thousands of times higher voltages and massively more dangerous than the electricity in your home. If you are silly enough to touch or play near power equipment, you could die an extremely nasty and unpleasant death —electricity doesn't just shock you, it burns you alive. Heed warnings like this one and stay well away.

Electricity can also be dangerous in your home. Household electric power can kill you, so be sure to treat it with respect too. Don't play with household power sockets or push things into them. Don't take apart electrical appliances, because dangerous voltages can linger inside for a long time after they are switched off. If you want to know what something electrical looks like inside, search on the web—you'll find a safe answer that way.

It's generally okay to use small (1.5 volt) flashlight batteries for your experiments if you want to learn about electricity; they make small and safe voltages and electric currents that will do you no harm. Ask an adult for advice if you're not sure what's safe.

If you liked this article...

Find out more, related articles on our site, history of electricity, for younger children (ages 9–12).

• The Shocking World of Electricity with Max Axiom Super Scientist by Liam O'Donnell. Capstone, 2019. A graphic-novel (comic) style introduction likely to appeal to reluctant readers. Ages 7–10.
• Electricity (Science in a Flash) by Georgia Amson-Bradshaw. Hachette/Franklin Watts, 2017/2018. A clearly written 32-page guide for ages 7–9, with some basic hands-on activities and a helpful glossary.
• Electricity for Young Makers: Fun and Easy Do-It-Yourself Projects by Marc de Vinck. Maker Media, 2017. A safe and friendly hands-on introduction in which you get to build a flashlight, a loudspeaker, and a couple of electric motors!
• A Beginner's Guide to Electricity and Magnetism by Gill Arbuthnot. A&C Black/Bloomsbury, 2016. Another 64-page overview for ages 7–10.
• Eyewitness: Electricity by Steve Parker. Dorling Kindersley, 2005. A classic glossy Eyewitness book that blends facts and history. Also worth investing in the same series: Eyewitness: Electronics by Roger Bridgman. Dorling Kindersley, 2007. This one takes a similar approach but covers electronics and electronic components.
• Charged Up: The Story of Electricity by Jackie Bailey and Matthew Lilly. Picture Window Books/A & C Black, 2004. A humorous, cartoon-style tour through the history of electricity. (For some reason, it's also published under the title "Charging About.")

For older children (ages 10+)

• MAKE Electronics by Charles Platt. O'Reilly, 2015. A great hands-on guide to learning about electronic components and circuits.
• Electronic Gadgets for the Evil Genius by Roger Iannini. McGraw-Hill Education, 2013. There are quite a few "Evil Genius" books in this series that will appeal to budding young hackers keen to experiment with more advanced circuits.

Children's books by me

• Scientific Pathways: Electricity by Chris Woodford. Rosen, 2013: A simple introduction to the history of electricity, from the ancient Greeks to modern times. This book aims to show how science and technology progresses from one discovery to the next, a bit like a relay race, through the work of many different people. (This is an updated version of a book originally published by Blackbirch in 2004 under the series title Routes of Science.)
• Cool Science: Experiments with Electricity and Magnetism by Chris Woodford. Gareth Stevens, 2010: A 32-page, hands-on, practical approach to understanding electricity and magnetism.
• The Wizard of Menlo Park: How Thomas Alva Edison Invented the Modern World by Randall Stross. Random House, 2007. A revised look at the life of Thomas Edison, which portrays him as a much more flawed and hapless figure than conventional accounts.
• Electricity & Electronics Science Projects : Lots of great science fair project ideas from Science Buddies.
• Exploratorium: Science Snacks: Electricity : Simple experiments with electricity you can try for yourself.
• Creative Science Centre: Things to Make : Quite a few of Dr Jonathan Hare's projects are simple and safe experiments with electricity.

Notes and references

Text copyright © Chris Woodford 2006, 2021. All rights reserved. Full copyright notice and terms of use .

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Home PowerPoint Templates PowerPoint Templates Electricity Lesson PowerPoint Template

Electricity Lesson PowerPoint Template

Our Electricity Lesson PowerPoint Template features creative visuals to present the topics associated with electricity and energy production. The concept of electricity overlaps various science branches, i.e., mechanics, physics, chemistry, or engineering. With every passing day, scholars and researchers are trying to innovate the production and consumption of electricity. Simultaneously, teaching electricity is crucial for science and tech students. To facilitate this teaching process, we have prepared this 100% editable slide template showing the illustrations and images of electricity production and supply units. The slides are well-designed to cover the maximum aspects of the topic. For instance, users can discuss production methods, distribution channels, alternates of electricity, etc. 

This Electricity Lesson PowerPoint Template begins with a title slide showing an electric spark symbol. Presenters can use this electricity slide of our electrostatic PPT to display their presentation topic, subject name, instructor details, or brief introduction. The next slide, with a visual of electricity transmission lines, is to mention the presentation agenda . Following are the slides for:

• Introduction: The slide shows an image of the thermal power plant. Presenters can add their introduction in the provided space.
• Chapter overview: This simple slide can be duplicated according to the chapters in the electricity lesson.
• About the topic: It shows a bulb infographic to mention the highlighted point of the topic.
• Timeline: Using this timeline template with meaningful graphical icons, presenters can discuss the history, development, or modernization phases in the field of electricity.
• Comparison: This comparison slide provides an editable table diagram to showcase comparisons or competition in business presentations . 
• Statistics: Presenters can display important facts and figures with this static slide.
• Summary: The slide provides space to insert detailed text with an image of the wind power station. 

Professionals can choose the slides according to their presentation demands. This PPT template can also help users to re-purpose the slides for business or professional presentations. All slides and included graphics are 100% editable with PowerPoint, Google Slides, and Keynote.

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Electricity PowerPoint Presentation Template & Google Slides

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Top 10 Electricity PowerPoint Templates With Samples and Examples

Vaishali Rai

In 2018, a fire broke out in the ‘Windy City’ (Chicago) of a US high-rise apartment building. It started due to faulty wiring in a recessed lighting fixture in the ceiling. Can you imagine the speed of fire spreading, displacing many residents, and causing havoc and damage in no time? Luckily, no one got hurt.

But it makes you think harder, doesn't it? We must be more careful about who we trust to do electrical work in our homes. Reaching out to qualified electricians to install and maintain electrical fixtures is so important. And this whole scenario explains that we can't ignore electrical issues, no matter how insignificant they seem.

Such incidents also raise questions about quality control issues, customer communication, documentation, training standards, increasing costs, and extensive maintenance delays. 

But how does it relate to you? The incident teaches the importance of comprehensive planning and evaluation before undertaking any electrical projects, serving as a valuable lesson for contractors, businesses, investors, and construction companies. That’s where SlideTeam’s Electricity PowerPoint Templates come into play!

Before you build, plan wisely. Learn from these Top 10 Construction Feasibility Report Templates to curate a construction feasibility report! 

Are You Wired for Total Safety?

Our service templates, which are 100% editable and customizable, cover your business in these ways:

• Standardization and Quality Control : Templates ensure that electrical companies follow consistent and thorough installation, inspection, and repair procedures, reducing the chance of errors due to miscommunication or missed steps.
• Documentation and Liability : The templates keep record of service proposals and work performed, showing adherence to safety standards and protecting your business from unnecessary blame.
• Insurance Claims : Our templates help companies prove proper servicing for electrical malfunction or damage to claim the insurance amount. 
• Customer Communication : The templates are designed with a client-facing version of transparency with explanations in simple language, setting expectations and building trust.
• Customizable : These PowerPoints are content-ready and 100% customizable to provide you with the desired flexibility to create an  Electricity PowerPoint Template that caters to the needs of your corporate strategy. 

Let’s explore these ready-to-use templates!

Sustainability isn't just a trend; it's good business! Reduce costs, improve brand reputation, and unlock new opportunities with our Top 10 Environmental Dashboard Templates!

Template 1: Electrical Lighting and Fixture Service Proposal PowerPoint Presentation Slides

‘Light up your workspace,’ as this one says! This service proposal layout outlines a plan to align with your business proposal, addressing requirements like a cover letter for introducing your company.  The "Project Context and Objective" sections detail the client’s needs, outline the proposed business solutions, and define the project's desired outcome. It then mentions the "Offerings and Service Details," highlighting the services tailored to your project and elaborating on each service, clarifying the scope of work. Use this slide to detail your investments in the "Your Investments" section, outlining costs and ensuring transparency. Last but not least, the "About Us" and "Certifications" slides spotlight your company’s expertise and commitment to safety and quality. Get it now!

Download now!

Template 2: Circuit Symbol Protection Pyramid Electrical Component Electricity Interrelated

This complete deck is a cluster of simplified visual representations of common electrical components and symbols used in circuits that help convey their arrangement and function. It gives you a clear understanding of various electrical components, ensuring smooth navigation through circuit diagrams. PPT includes symbols representing data protection and security chips, nodes arranged in a pyramid shape, electrical resistor wires, transistors, electricity router devices, variable resistors, power supplies, interrelated networking nodes, counterclockwise circuit arrows, and symbols depicting the interaction between man and machine. Use this PPT Template to gain insights into their roles within circuits, from safeguarding sensitive data to managing electrical currents. With our template, you'll master the intricacies of electrical systems, enabling you to design, analyze, and troubleshoot circuits confidently and efficiently. Get it now!

Template 3: Business Electrical Bulb Connector Growth Opportunities Essentials Marketing Attainment

This PPT Template is packed with tools and icons to navigate every stage of your electrical business journey. It guides you through the following slides:

• Cost for setting up : Draft your accounting and business setup costs, tools required, and transportation aids to facilitate your business smoothly. 
• Growth opportunities : Explore potential markets and neighborhoods, identify commercial & insurance fit-outs, and record any government contracts and renovations.
• Business essentials :  Be mindful of crucial permits and training, qualifications, marketing strategies, and supplier selection, ensuring a smooth launch.
• Management and business prerequisites : Discover effective marketing techniques to attract and retain clients, building a thriving customer base. It includes quotes generating, choosing suppliers, tracking inventory, financial reporting, job inquiries, brand building, and more.
• Several opportunities and ways to enhance your business : It enlists developing a targeted marketing strategy to reach new clients and drive business growth: Communication, customer surveys, updating the database, following emerging trends, team relationships, etc.

Template 4: Electrical Newspaper Production Hanging Wooden Engineer Repairing

Are you looking for a template deck that sparks interest just like your business? Don’t worry! We are here to help! Whether you're an electrician illuminating homes and businesses, a newspaper keeping the world informed, a wooden product manufacturer creating beautiful and functional pieces, an engineer repairing crucial equipment, or an energy producer powering communities, effective communication is key to your success. This industry-specific deck understands the unique challenges and communication needs of your business. It includes engaging graphics, signages, charts, and images that help you craft compelling narratives, translate complex information into easy-to-understand visuals, and structure your presentation for maximum impact. Grab it now!

Template 5: Diagram Showing Process of Producing Electricity Using Nuclear Power Plant PPT Slide

This PPT collection is designed to simplify the complex process into jargon-free, easy-to-follow steps and elements- electric poles, generators, turbines, reactors, and condensers. Use this template to address important aspects of nuclear power, including:

• Safety mechanisms employed in nuclear power plants.
• Environmental considerations surrounding nuclear energy.
• The future of nuclear power and its potential role in a sustainable world.

 Get access to it now!

Template 6: Smart Grid Electricity Supply Network Framework

This smart grid is a roadmap to pave the way for a smarter, more resilient, and sustainable future for the electricity grid. It envisions a two-way communication system connecting consumers, producers (factories), and grid operators. This allows for real-time data exchange and informed decision-making, increasing efficiency. The framework also promotes diversification by integrating renewable energy sources (solar, thermal, wind, and hydroelectric) and distributed generation alongside traditional power plants. Its grid management and smart transport sections help you focus on advanced monitoring and control systems to optimize performance and identify potential issues, ensuring reliable power delivery. Get access to it now!

Template 7: Framework of the Power Grid of Electricity Production

Power up! This power grid framework PPT Template simplifies the complex journey of electricity. It outlines five key stages: generation (power transformers convert energy into electricity), transmission (high-voltage lines carry electricity over long distances), distribution (energy sources or distribution substations break down voltage and distribute electricity locally), transformation (voltage is further reduced to safer and consumable levels), and finally, reaching residential consumers. Use this template to showcase and gain a better understanding of the infrastructure behind reliable electricity in our homes and businesses. Grab it now!

Template 8: Electricity Generation Icon of Thermal Power Plant

While the world transitions towards renewable energy sources, including a slide with a thermal power plant icon can still offer advantages. While not the only source of electricity, these plants remain widely recognized, ensuring your audience grasps the concept. The slide can be helpful when discussing renewables, providing context for their role in the current energy mix. Additionally, the icon allows for visual comparisons of generation sources, highlighting relative size, scale, or environmental impact. Use this slide to align your message with your goal, avoiding misinterpretations. Get it now! 

Template 9: Engineers Doing Solar Panel Installation Process for Electricity

A "Solar Panel Installation by Engineers" icon isn't just a picture - it's a strategic tool. Showcasing professional engineers, the template signifies professionalism and technical expertise, building trust and assuring viewers of a safe and proper installation. The image also educates and sparks curiosity by visually depicting the process, which can be valuable for potential clients. It also serves as a marketing technique, attracting viewers drawn to clean energy with its visual appeal. Finally, featuring engineers highlights the human expertise and effort behind the switch to renewable energy, which resonates with audiences.

Download now !

Template 10: Technician Diagnosing Electricity Meter for Identifying Fault

This slide sets the context and establishes relevance for audiences familiar with electrical topics and the diagnostic process, aiding their understanding of the topic. Portraying professionalism and expertise, the image also adds a real-world touch, enhancing practicality and strengthening credibility. It also serves as a visual introduction to specific topics related to electricity meters, aiding understanding and discussion. Use the slide to highlight identifying faults and steps involved in diagnosing faults, enhancing comprehension, attention to detail, and retention. Grab it now!

It's Better To Be Safe Than Sorry!

The Chicago incident serves as a cautionary tale, reminding us of the importance of electrical safety not just during the holidays but throughout the year. Whether you're an electrician, engineer, or energy producer, each of the above PowerPoint Templates equips you to present complex information with clarity and impact. They empower you to communicate safety protocols, growth opportunities, strategies, project details, and industry insights, fostering trust and success.

Go green, go further. Track your progress, measure impact, and achieve your sustainability goals with these Top 7 Sustainability Dashboard Templates!

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Electrical Engineering

Electrical engineering presentation, free google slides theme, powerpoint template, and canva presentation template.

Does your company work in the world of electrical engineering? Perfect, we have the ideal presentation! The Slidesgo team has designed this Google Slides and PowerPoint template to present a project proposal in a very electric style. Can't you feel the electricity transmitted by the yellow slides? Your audience is ready to feel it! Adapt the different sections we have included to what your project needs - the electric current of the presentation will take you far!

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Basic Electrical Theory

Mar 13, 2019

7.8k likes | 13.63k Views

Basic Electrical Theory. Objectives. Identify and describe the scientific principles related to electricity. Describe electrical terminology. Define Ohm’s law. Explain electrical power and energy relationships. Objectives continued. Perform electrical calculations.

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Presentation Transcript

Objectives • Identify and describe the scientific principles related to electricity. • Describe electrical terminology. • Define Ohm’s law. • Explain electrical power and energy relationships.

Objectives continued • Perform electrical calculations. • List and describe the basic types of electrical circuits.

Electron Theory • All matter is made up of atoms. • Atoms are made up of: • Electrons • Protons • Neutrons Each element has its own unique structure.

Electron Theory • Atoms • Nucleus • Protons: positive charge • Neutrons: neutral charge • Orbits • Electrons: negative charges circle the nucleus in orbits Neutrons Electricity is the flow of electrons from atom to atom in a conductor.

The Copper Atom • The copper atom has 29 electrons in four orbits or shells. The lone electron in the outer shell can easily be knocked out of it’s orbit by a free electron from a generator or battery. The electron once free will collide with another nearby atom in a chain reaction. e- e- e- e- Elements with fewer than four electrons in their outer shell are good conductors. Almost all metals have fewer than four electrons in their outer shell and thus are good conductors. e- e- e- e- e- e- e- e- e- e- Cu e- e- e- e- e- e- e- e- e- e- e- e- e- e- e-

Electrical Current • Current: the flow of electrons in a conductor Free electron from generator e- e- Cu e- Cu e- e- Cu Cu e- e- e- e- e- Copper Atom Note that the flow of electrons (e-) is from negative to positive!

Electron vs. Conventional Theory • In reality we know that electrons flow from negative to positive (Electron Theory). • However most electrical diagrams are based on the idea that electricity flows from positive to negative (Conventional Theory). • This seldom causes problems unless we are working with a DC circuit.

Two Theories of Current Flow

Electrical Circuit • Circuit: a continuous conductor that provides a path for the flow of electrons away from and back to the generator or source of current. • Note the “conventional flow” of this diagram. + Battery -

Electrical Voltage • An electrical generator (or battery) forces electrons to move from atom to atom. • This push or force is like the pressure created by a pump in a water system. • In an electrical circuit this pressure (electromotive force) is called voltage. • The volt (V) is the unit by which electrical pressure is measured.

Electrical Current (Amperage) • While voltage refers to the electrical pressure of a circuit, current or amperage refers to the electrical flow of a circuit. • Current or amperage is the amount of electric charges (or electrons) flowing past a point in a circuit every second. • One ampere (amp or A) is equal to 6.28 billion billion (or 6.28 x 1018) electrons per second.

Resistance • Opposition to flow in electrical circuits is called resistance (or impedance). • Measured in Ohms by using an ohmmeter. • One ohm, or R is the amount of electrical resistance overcome by one volt to cause one amp of current to flow. • Electrical current follows the path of least resistance. • Electricity can encounter resistance by the type of conductor, the size of conductor and even corrosion on the connections.

Basic Electronics & TheoryLesson 5 5.2 Concepts of Current, Voltage, Conductor, Insulator, Resistance Current Water flowing through a hose is a good way to imagine electricity Water is like Electrons in a wire (flowing electrons are called Current) Pressureis the force pushing water through a hose – Voltage is the force pushing electrons through a wire Friction against the holes walls slows the flow of water – Resistance is an impediment that slows the flow of electrons .

Basic Electronics & TheoryLesson 5 • There are 2 types of current • The form is determined by the directions the current flows through a conductor • Direct Current (DC) • Flows in only one direction from negative toward positive pole of source • Alternating Current (AC) • Flows back and forth because the poles of the source alternate between positive and negative

Basic Electronics & TheoryLesson 5 5.2 Concepts of Current, Voltage, Conductor, Insulator, Resistance Conductors and Insulators There are some materials that electricity flows through easily. These materials are called conductors. Most conductors are metals. Four good electrical conductors are gold, silver, aluminum and copper. Insulators are materials that do not let electricity flow through them. Four good insulators are glass, air, plastic, and porcelain.

Basic Electronics & TheoryLesson 5 5.3 Concepts of Energy & Power, Open & Short Circuits The Open Circuit The open circuit is a very basic circuit that we should all be very familiar with. It is the circuit in which no current flows because there is an open in the circuit that does not allow current to flow. A good example is a light switch. When the light is turned off, the switch creates an opening in the circuit, and current can no longer flow. You probably figured that since there are "open circuits" that there are probably also "closed circuits". Well, a closed circuit is when the switch is closed and current is allowed to flow through the circuit. A fuse is a device that is used to create an open circuit when too much current is flowing.

Basic Electronics & TheoryLesson 5 5.3 Concepts of Energy & Power, Open & Short Circuits The Short Circuit A short circuit can be caused by incoming power wires (wires that are normally insulated and kept separate) coming in contact with each other. Since a circuit usually has resistance, and the power wires that "short out" have very little resistance, the current will tend to flow through the path of least resistance... the short. Less resistance at the same amount of voltage will result in more current to flow. Therefore a short circuit will have too much current flowing through it. What's the best way to stop a short circuit from doing damage (because it is drawing too much power from the source)? By using a fuse. Fuses are designed to work up to a certain amount of current (e.g. 1 amp, 15 amps, ...). When that maximum current is exceeded, then the wire within the fuse burns up from the heat of the current flow. With the fuse burnt up, there is now an "open circuit" and no more current flows.

Basic Electronics & TheoryLesson 5 5.3 Concepts of Energy & Power, Open & Short Circuits Power Every circuit uses a certain amount of power. Power describes how fast electrical energy is used. A good example is the light bulbs used in each circuit of your home. When you turn on a light bulb, light (and heat) are produced. This is because of the current flowing through a resistor built into the bulb. The resistance turns the electrical power into primarily heat, and secondarily light (assuming an incandescent bulb). Each light bulb is rated at a certain power rating. This is how much power the bulb will use in a normal 110 Volt house circuit. Three of the most popular power values for inside light bulbs are 60, 75, and 100 Watts (Power is measured in Watts). Which of these light bulbs uses the most power? The 100 Watt bulb uses the most power.

Basic Electronics & Theory • 5.4 Ohm’s Law • E = electromotive force (a.k.a. Voltage) • I = intensity (French term for Current) • R = resistance • Voltage: E = I x R (Volts) • Current: I = E / R (Amps) • Resistance: R = E / I (Ohms)

Basic Electronics & TheoryLesson 5 5.4 Ohm’s Law Calculating Voltage and Current and Resistance Current? There is a very easy way to determine how much current will flow through a circuit when the voltage and resistance is known. This relationship is expressed in a simple equation (don't let the word scare you... this is going to be easy as "pie"... Let's start with the "pie"... This circle will help you to know how to figure out the answer to these electrical problems. The three letters stand for... E = electromotive force (a.k.a. Voltage) I = intensity (French term for Current) R = resistance

Basic Electronics & TheoryLesson 5 5.4 Ohm’s Law Calculating Voltage and Current and Resistance Current? Lets say you have 200Volts hooked up to a circuit with 100 Ohms of resistance. How much current would flow? Since our "unknown" value in this problem is the current, then we put our finger over the "I". What you see is "E over R". This means you take the Voltage and divide it by the Resistance. This is 200 Volts divided by 100 Ohms. The result is 2 Amps. E = electromotive force (a.k.a. Voltage) I = intensity (French term for Current) R = resistance

Basic Electronics & TheoryLesson 5 5.4 Ohm’s Law Calculating Voltage and Current and Resistance Voltage? What if we wanted to find out the voltage in a circuit when we know the current and resistance? Go back to the "pie" and cover up the E. You're now left with I times R. How much voltage would you need in a circuit with 50 ohms and 2 amps? E=IxR... E=2x50... E=100 Volts. E = electromotive force (a.k.a. Voltage) I = intensity (French term for Current) R = resistance

Basic Electronics & TheoryLesson 5 5.4 Ohm’s Law Calculating Voltage and Current and Resistance Resistance? Finally, if you had a circuit with 90 Volts and 3 amps, and you needed to find the resistance, you could cover up the R... the result is E over I (Volts divided by Current). R=E/I... R=90/3... R=30 Ohms. This circuit would have 30 Ohms of resistance if it was hooked up to 90 Volts and 3 amps flowed through the circuit. Ohm's Law This relationship between voltage, current, and resistance is known as Ohm's Law. This is in honour of the man who discovered this direct relationship (his last name was Ohm). The relationship described in Ohm's Law is used when working with almost any electronic circuit.

Basic Electronics & Theory Memorizing Ohm's law Memorizing Ohm's law may sound like a time consuming and daunting task, but if remember this little story you'll have it committed to memory for life within a few minutes! An old Indian was walking across the plains one day and he saw an eagle soaring high in the sky over a rabbit. Now, picture things from the Indian's stand point - he sees the Eagle flying over the Rabbit: Say to yourself Indian equals Eagle over Rabbit. Now just use the first letter of each word: I = E over R, which is this formula: Voltage: E = I x R (Volts)‏ Current: I = E / R (Amps)‏ Resistance: R = E / I (Ohms)‏

Basic Electronics & Theory Memorizing Ohm's law However, from the Rabbit's point of view, he sees things a little differently. The Rabbit looks out and sees the Eagle flying over the Indian. Say to yourself Rabbit equals Eagle over Indian. Now just use the first letter of each word: R = E over I, which is this formula: Voltage: E = I x R (Volts)‏ Current: I = E / R (Amps)‏ Resistance: R = E / I (Ohms)‏

Basic Electronics & Theory Memorizing Ohm's law Finally, the Eagle up in the sky sees both the Indian and the Rabbit standing on the ground together. Say to yourself Eagle equals Indian and Rabbit together. Now just use the first letter of each word: E = IxR, which is this formula: Now if you simply remember the story of the Indian, Eagle and Rabbit, you will have memorized all three formulae! Voltage: E = I x R (Volts)‏ Current: I = E / R (Amps)‏ Resistance: R = E / I (Ohms)‏

Basic Electronics & Theory Memorizing Ohm's law So now we have 3 different ways that we can algebraically express Ohm's Law. or or But of what significance is it? Here is the gist of it. If we know 2 out of the 3 factors of the equation, we can figure out the third. Let's say we know we have a 3 Volt battery. We also know we are going to put a 100 W resistor in circuit with it. How much current can we expect will flow through the circuit? Without Ohm's Law, we would be at a loss. But because we have Ohm's Law, we can calculate the unknown current, based upon the Voltage and Resistance. Voltage: E = I x R (Volts)‏ Current: I = E / R (Amps)‏ Resistance: R = E / I (Ohms)‏

Basic Electronics & TheoryLesson 5 Power calculations • The unit used to describe electrical power is the Watt. • The formula: Power (P) equals voltage (E) multiplied by current (I).P = I x E

Basic Electronics & TheoryLesson 5 • Power calculations (cont) • How much power is represented by a voltage of 13.8 volts DC and a current of 10 amperes. • P = I x E P = 10 x 13.8 = 138 watts • How much power is being used in a circuit when the voltage is 120 volts DC and the current is 2.5 amperes. • P = I x E P = 2.5 x 120 = 300 watts

Basic Electronics & TheoryLesson 5 • Power calculations (cont) • You can you determine how many watts are being drawn [consumed] by your transceiver when you are transmitting by measuring the DC voltage at the transceiver and multiplying by the current drawn when you transmit. • How many amperes is flowing in a circuit when the applied voltage is 120 volts DC and the load is 1200 watts. • I = P/E I = 1200/120 = 10 amperes.

Basic Electronics & Theory Memorizing Ohm's law Power Formula P= I x E Lets try some examples we are familiar with; P= 60 watt light bulb E=120 volts I= .5 amps P=100 watt light bulb E=120 volts I=.83 amps Electric Kettle consumes P=900 watts E=120 volts I= 7.5 amps Electric Toaster P= 1200 watts E=120 volts I=10 amps Power: P = I x E (Watts)‏ Current: I = P / E (Amps)‏ Voltage: E = P/ I (Volts)‏ E = Electromotive Force aka Volts I = Intensity aka Current

Basic Electronics & TheoryLesson 5 5.5 Series & Parallel Resistors Series circuits A series circuit is a circuit in which resistors are arranged in a chain, so the current has only one path to take. The current is the same through each resistor. The total resistance of the circuit is found by simply adding up the resistance values of the individual resistors: equivalent resistance of resistors in series : R = R1 + R2 + R3 + ...

Basic Electronics & TheoryLesson 5 5.5 Series & Parallel Resistors Series circuits A series circuit is shown in the diagram above. The current flows through each resistor in turn. If the values of the three resistors are: With a 10 V battery, by V = I R the total current in the circuit is: I = V / R = 10 / 20 = 0.5 A. The current through each resistor would be 0.5 A.

Basic Electronics & TheoryLesson 5 5.5 Series & Parallel Resistors Series circuits R = R1 + R2 + R3 + ... R1=100 ohms R2=150 ohms R3=370 ohms RT= ? ohms

Basic Electronics & TheoryLesson 5 5.5 Series & Parallel Resistors Series circuits R = R1 + R2 + R3 + ... R1=100 ohms R2=150 ohms R3=370 ohms RT= 620 ohms

Basic Electronics & TheoryLesson 5 5.5 Series & Parallel Resistors Parallel circuits A parallel circuit is a circuit in which the resistors are arranged with their heads connected together, and their tails connected together. The current in a parallel circuit breaks up, with some flowing along each parallel branch and re-combining when the branches meet again. The voltage across each resistor in parallel is the same. The total resistance of a set of resistors in parallel is found by adding up the reciprocals of the resistance values, and then taking the reciprocal of the total: equivalent resistance of resistors in parallel: 1 / R = 1 / R1 + 1 / R2 + 1 / R3 +...

Basic Electronics & TheoryLesson 5 5.5 Series & Parallel Resistors Parallel circuits A parallel circuit is shown in the diagram above. In this case the current supplied by the battery splits up, and the amount going through each resistor depends on the resistance. If the values of the three resistors are: With a 10 V battery, by V = I R the total current in the circuit is: I = V / R = 10 / 2 = 5 A. The individual currents can also be found using I = V / R. The voltage across each resistor is 10 V, so: I1 = 10 / 8 = 1.25 A I2 = 10 / 8 = 1.25 A I3=10 / 4 = 2.5 A Note that the currents add together to 5A, the total current.

Basic Electronics & TheoryLesson 5 5.5 Series & Parallel Resistors Parallel circuits 1 / R = 1 / R1 + 1 / R2 + 1 / R3 +... R1=100 ohms R2=100 ohms R3=100 ohms RT= ? Ohms

Basic Electronics & TheoryLesson 5 5.5 Series & Parallel Resistors Parallel circuits 1 / R = 1 / R1 + 1 / R2 + 1 / R3 +... R1=100 ohms R2=100 ohms R3=100 ohms RT= ? Ohms 1/100 + 1/100 + 1/100 = .01 + 01 + .01 = .03 1/.03= 33.33 ohms

Basic Electronics & TheoryLesson 5 5.5 Series & Parallel Resistors A parallel resistor short-cut If the resistors in parallel are identical, it can be very easy to work out the equivalent resistance. In this case the equivalent resistance of N identical resistors is the resistance of one resistor divided by N, the number of resistors. So, two 40-ohm resistors in parallel are equivalent to one 20-ohm resistor; five 50-ohm resistors in parallel are equivalent to one 10-ohm resistor, etc. When calculating the equivalent resistance of a set of parallel resistors, people often forget to flip the 1/R upside down, putting 1/5 of an ohm instead of 5 ohms, for instance. Here's a way to check your answer. If you have two or more resistors in parallel, look for the one with the smallest resistance. The equivalent resistance will always be between the smallest resistance divided by the number of resistors, and the smallest resistance. Here's an example. You have three resistors in parallel, with values 6 ohms, 9 ohms, and 18 ohms. The smallest resistance is 6 ohms, so the equivalent resistance must be between 2 ohms and 6 ohms (2 = 6 /3, where 3 is the number of resistors). Doing the calculation gives 1/6 + 1/12 + 1/18 = 6/18. Flipping this upside down gives 18/6 = 3 ohms, which is certainly between 2 and 6.

Basic Electronics & TheoryLesson 5 5.5 Series & Parallel Resistors Circuits with series and parallel components Many circuits have a combination of series and parallel resistors. Generally, the total resistance in a circuit like this is found by reducing the different series and parallel combinations step-by step to end up with a single equivalent resistance for the circuit. This allows the current to be determined easily. The current flowing through each resistor can then be found by undoing the reduction process. General rules for doing the reduction process include: Two (or more) resistors with their heads directly connected together and their tails directly connected together are in parallel, and they can be reduced to one resistor using the equivalent resistance equation for resistors in parallel. Two resistors connected together so that the tail of one is connected to the head of the next, with no other path for the current to take along the line connecting them, are in series and can be reduced to one equivalent resistor. Finally, remember that for resistors in series, the current is the same for each resistor, and for resistors in parallel, the voltage is the same for each one

Basic Electronics & TheoryLesson 5 5.7 AC, Sinewave, Frequency, Frequency Units What is frequency? The number of cycles per unit of time is called the frequency. For convenience, frequency is most often measured in cycles per second (cps) or the interchangeable Hertz (Hz) (60 cps = 60 Hz), 1000 Hz is often referred to as 1 kHz (kilohertz) or simply '1k' in studio parlance. The range of human hearing in the young is approximately 20 Hz to 20 kHz—the higher number tends to decrease with age (as do many other things). It may be quite normal for a 60-year-old to hear a maximum of 16,000 Hz. We call signals in the range of 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz audio frequencies because the human ear can sense sounds in this range

The Relationship of Frequency and Wavelength The distance a radio wave travels in one cycle is called wavelength. V+ One Cycle 0V time V- One Wavelength

Basic Electronics & TheoryLesson 5 • Names of frequency ranges, types of waves • - Voice frequencies are Sound waves in the range between 300 and 3000 Hertz. • - Electromagnetic waves that oscillate more than 20,000 times per second as they travel through space are generally referred to as Radio waves.

Basic Electronics & TheoryLesson 5 • Relationship between frequency and wavelength • - Frequency describes number of times AC flows back and forth per second • - Wavelength is distance a radio wave travels during one complete cycle • - The wavelength gets shorter as the frequency increases. • - Wavelength in meters equals 300 divided by frequency in megahertz. • - A radio wave travels through space at the speed of light.

Basic Electronics & TheoryLesson 5 • Identification of bands • The property of a radio wave often used to identify the different bands amateur radio operators use is the physical length of the wave. • The frequency range of the 2-meter band in Canada is 144 to 148 MHz. • The frequency range of the 6-meter band in Canada is 50 to 54 MHz. • The frequency range of the 70-centimeter band in Canada is 420 to 450 MHz.

Basic Electronics & TheoryLesson 5 • 5.8 Decibels • The decibel is used rather than arithmetic ratios or percentages because when certain types of circuits, such as amplifiers and attenuators, are connected in series, expressions of power level in decibels may be arithmetically added and subtracted. • In radio electronics and telecommunications, the decibel is used to describe the ratio between two measurements of electrical power • Decibels are used to account for the gains and losses of a signal from a transmitter to a receiver through some medium (free space, wave guides, coax, fiber optics, etc.)

Basic Electronics & TheoryLesson 5 • 5.8 Decibels • A two-time increase in power results in a change of 3dB higher • You can decrease your transmitter’s • power by 3dB by dividing the original power by 2 • You can increase your transmitter’s • power by 6dB by multiplying the original power by 4

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Light Blue and Orange Vintage Illustrative Science Subject for Elementary School Electricity Presentation Template

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Light Blue and Orange Vintage Illustrative Science Subject for Elementary School Electricity

From alternating to direct current, supercharge learning with this electricity template, perfect for lesson plans and class projects. Help your community understand the science of electricity with these vintage-style, light blue and orange slides. Fill out ready-made pages for main ideas, facts and figures, timelines, charts and graphs, and useful illustrations. Make Nikola Tesla and Ben Franklin proud with your own creative and educational touch. Check out the How-To slide at the start of the deck for tips on using it as a Google Slides theme, PowerPoint template, or Canva theme. 

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• Q&A: Tips for viewing the 2024 solar eclipse

Q&A: Tips for viewing the 2024 solar eclipse

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On Monday, April 8, the United States will experience a total solar eclipse — a rare astronomical event where the moon passes directly between the sun and the Earth, blocking out the sun’s light almost completely. The last total solar eclipse in the contiguous U.S. was in 2017, and the next one won’t be until 2044.

If the weather cooperates, people across the United States — from northeastern Maine to southwestern Texas — will be able to observe the eclipse using protective eyewear. Those in the path of totality , where the moon entirely covers the sun, will have the best view, but 99% of people in the continental U.S. will be able to see a partial eclipse. Weather permitting, those on the MIT campus and the surrounding area will see 93 percent of the sun covered, with the partial eclipse starting at 2:15 p.m. and reaching its peak around 3:29 p.m. Gatherings are planned at the Kresge Oval and the MIT Museum , and a live NASA stream will be shown in the Building 55 atrium .

Brian Mernoff , manager of the CommLab in the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, is an accomplished astrophotographer and science educator. Mernoff is headed to Vermont with his family to experience the totality from the best possible angle — but has offered a few thoughts on how to enjoy the eclipse safely, wherever you are.

Q: What should viewers expect to see and experience with this solar eclipse?

A: When you’re watching TV (the sun) and your toddler, dog, or other large mammal (the moon) blocks your view, you no doubt move over a bit to try to get a partial or full view of the TV. This is exactly how the path of totality works for an eclipse. If you are exactly in line with the moon and sun, it will be completely blocked, but if you start moving away from this path, your view of the sun will start to increase until the moon is not in the way at all.

The closer you are to the path of totality, the more of the sun will be blocked. At MIT, about 93 percent of the sun will be blocked. Those in the area will notice that things around you will get slightly darker, just like when it starts to become overcast. Even so, the sun will remain very bright in the sky and solar glasses will be required to view the entirety of the eclipse. It really goes to show how incredibly bright the sun is!

Within the narrow path of totality, the moon will continue to move across the sun, reaching 100 percent coverage. For this short period of time, you can remove your glasses and see a black disk where the sun should be. Around the disk will be wispy white lines. This is the corona, the outermost part of the sun, which is normally outshone by the sun’s photosphere (surface). Around the edges of the black disk of the moon, right as totality begins and ends, you can also see bright spots around the edges, known as Bailey’s Beads, caused by sunlight shining between mountains and craters on the moon.

But that’s not all! Although you will be tempted to stare up at the sun throughout totality, do not forget to observe the world around you. During totality, it feels like twilight. There is a 360-degree sunset, the temperature changes rapidly, winds change, animals start making different sounds, and shadows start getting weird (look into “shadow bands” if you have a chance).

As soon as totality ends, and you start to see Baily’s Beads again, put your solar glasses back on as it will get very bright again very fast as the moon moves out of the way.

Q: What are the best options for viewing the eclipse safely and to greatest effect?

A: No matter where you are during the eclipse, make sure you have solar glasses. These glasses should be ISO-approved for solar viewing. Do not use glasses with scratches, holes, or other damage.

If you are unable to obtain solar glasses in time, you can safely view the eclipse using a home-made projection method , such as a pinhole camera or even projecting the image of the sun through a colander.

The best view of the eclipse will be from within the path of totality, but even if you are not within it, you should still go outside to experience the partial eclipse. Use the NASA Eclipse Explorer to find the start, maximum, and end times, and then find a nice spot outside — preferably with some shade — put on your glasses, and enjoy the show.

For a closer view of the sun, find a friend that has a telescope with the correct ISO-certified solar filter. This will let you see the photosphere (or chromosphere if it is an H-alpha scope) in a lot more detail. If you do not have access to a telescope, NASA plans to livestream a telescope view throughout the eclipse. [The livestream will be displayed publicly on a large screen in Building 55 at MIT, rain or shine.]

The only time you can look at or image the sun without a filter is during 100 percent totality. As soon as this period is done, glasses and filters must be put back on.

After the eclipse, keep your glasses and filters. You can use them to look at the sun on any day (it took me an embarrassing amount of time to realize that I could use the glasses at any time instead of lugging out a telescope). On a really clear day, you can sometimes see sunspots!

Q: How does eclipse photography work?

A: This year I plan to photograph the eclipse in two ways. The first is using a hydrogen-alpha telescope. This telescope filters out all light except for one wavelength that is given off by hydrogen. Because it blocks out most of the light from the sun’s surface, it allows you to see the turbulent upper atmosphere of the sun, including solar prominences that follow magnetic field lines.

Because this telescope does not allow for imaging during totality as too much light is blocked, I also plan to set up a regular camera with a wide-angle lens to capture the total eclipse with the surrounding environment as context. During the 2017 eclipse, I only captured close-ups of the sun using a regular solar filter and missed the opportunity to capture what was going on around me.

Will it work? That depends on if we get clear skies, and how many pictures of my 1.5-year-old need to be taken (as well as how much chasing needs to be done).

If you would like to take pictures of the eclipse, make sure you protect your camera sensor. The sun can easily damage lenses, sensors, and other components. Here are some examples of solar damaged cameras . The solution is simple, though. If using a camera phone, you can take pictures through an extra pair of solar glasses, or even tape them to the phone. For cameras with larger lenses, you can buy cardboard filters that slide over the front of your camera or even buy ISO-approved solar film and make your own.

Q: Any fun, unique, cool, or interesting science facts about this eclipse to share?

A: If you want to get even more involved with the eclipse, there are many citizen science projects that plan to collect as much data as possible throughout the eclipse.

NASA is planning to run several experiments during the eclipse , and researchers with MIT Haystack Observatory will also be using four different technologies to monitor changes in the upper atmosphere , both locally and across the continent.

If you are interested in learning more about the eclipse, here are two of my favorite videos, one on “ unexpected science from a 0.000001 megapixel home-made telescope ” and one on solar eclipse preparation .

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