positive research 2022

Positive Research 2022

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Some introductory thoughts

Dear friends, you are holding in your hands the latest issue of Positive Research—the annual journal on practical cybersecurity. In 2022 Positive Technologies celebrates its 20th anniversary. Since 2013, Positive Research has featured the work of the brilliant Positive Technologies’ team, keeping an in-depth chronicle of the company’s research. During the last 9 years, we have published about 300 articles by over 120 authors, producing more than 1,200 pages. In our anniversary year, we have gathered the best of the recent research and asked people closely related to Positive Technologies to share their thoughts about the company and the journal.

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• Who's afraid of a cyberstorm? How to ensure business protection from unacceptable events (page 106).
• From The Standoff participants to the judges: how Innostage Group coped with the role of a global SOC (page 118).
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2022 pos research conference, inspiring research and inspiring scholars.

The POS Research Conference is an opportunity to share and advance empirical and theoretical research in the field of Positive Organizational Scholarship. This biennial gathering of scholars promotes research that inspires and enables leaders to build high-performing organizations that bring out the best in people.

At the conference, the Michigan Ross Center for Positive Organizations typically presents the Award for Outstanding Published Article , which recognizes research in Positive Organizational Scholarship.

Call for Abstracts

Scholars are invited to submit a one-page, single-spaced abstract of an empirical or theoretical research project for potential presentation at the 2022 POS Research Conference. Abstracts should summarize already conducted (as opposed to planned) scholarly work and should be structured with the following components:

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As in previous years, acceptance of your individual or coauthored work is required to secure attendance at the conference. All members of the authorship team will be invited to register for the conference after January 18, 2022. If you would like to attend the conference but do not have accepted work being presented, please complete our Waitlist Form . If seats remain available, we will notify you via email by April 30 and share a private registration link.

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EDITORIAL article

Editorial: positive psychological assessments: modern approaches, methodologies, models and guidelines: current perspectives.

• 1 Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
• 2 WorkWell Research Unit, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
• 3 Department of Psychology, Health and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
• 4 Department of Methodology and Statistics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
• 5 Social Psychology Department, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
• 6 Department of Industrial Engineering and Innovation Sciences, University of Eindhoven, Eindhoven, Netherlands
• 7 Optentia Research Unit, North-West University, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa
• 8 Department of Human Resource Management, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
• 9 Department of Social Psychology, Institut für Psychologie, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Editorial on the Research Topic Positive Psychological Assessments: Modern Approaches, Methodologies, Models and Guidelines

Introduction

Sparked by evidence showing that positive psychological approaches and practices not only foster flourishing but also help to reduce mental illness, maintain mental health, and strengthen one's psychological resources and capacities ( Waters et al., 2022 ), positive psychology interventions and coaching have emerged as popular approaches for practitioners interested in the development and wellbeing of people ( Lomas, 2020 ; Moskowitz et al., 2021 ; Richter et al., 2021 ). Indeed, bourgeoning evidence for the social, behavioral, and physical health benefits of positive psychology constructs ( Donaldson et al., 2021 ; Moskowitz et al., 2021 ) has led to an increasing influence of positive psychology underpinning practice ( Green and Palmer, 2019 ), with significant growth of the use of positive psychological assessment measures (PPAMs).

Despite such popularity, research has also highlighted the shortcomings of existing PPAMs (e.g., Wong and Roy, 2017 ; van Zyl and Rothmann, 2022 ), with important implications for a valid and reliable assessment of the effectiveness of positive psychology practices as well as the advancement of our understanding of wellbeing through the development and conceptualization of new positive psychological constructs ( Gruman et al., 2018 ; van Zyl and Rothmann, 2022 ; Van Zyl and Salanova, 2022 ). For example, it has been argued that the broad category of wellbeing, encompassing independent and separable components ( Diener, 1984 ; Ng et al., 2021 ), is inconsistently operationalized across studies, making it difficult to determine whether positive psychology interventions have stronger effects on particular aspects of wellbeing compared to others ( Moskowitz et al., 2021 ). Similarly, across different studies, diverse positive constructs can be found grouped together, for example, combining positive emotions with outcomes (e.g., meaning, purpose, life satisfaction; Sin and Lyubomirsky, 2009 ; Chakhssi et al., 2018 ) or with other cognitive and affective appraisals of one's life as a whole ( Bolier et al., 2013 ; Hendriks et al., 2019 ; Moskowitz et al., 2021 ).

Given the key role of PPAMs in advancing the science and practice of positive psychology ( van Zyl and Rothmann, 2022 ), this Research Topic specifically focused on collecting evidence and informed proposals of modern approaches, methodologies, models, and guidelines for PPAMs.

Structure and contribution of the Research Topic

The contributions included in this Research Topic are summarized in Table 1 and presented below. In summary, responding to our call for more thorough evidence on the validity and reliability of both newly developed and translated popular PPAMs, nine manuscripts included in this Research Topic focused on investigating the psychometric properties of different PPAMs using a variety of modern statistical modeling techniques and across different cultural contexts. Moreover, two contributions used survey data to provide an example of best practice guidelines and investigate the properties of positive psychological constructs using modern approaches. Finally, one contribution presented a systematic review of observational PPAMs developed to assess momentary wellbeing in people living with dementia.

Table 1 . Characteristics of the studies included in the Research Topic.

Scale development and validation

Bauman and Ruch presented a study on the development and validation of the Fulfilled Life Scale, capturing people's experience of a fulfilled life. Using data from three different German-speaking samples (development sample n = 282; replication sample n = 406; selected exemplar participants n = 39), they identified three optimal factors across cognitive and affective experiences of a fulfilled life, labeled unfolded self and life , the worthwhile life , and positive impact and legacy . Cognitive and affective fulfillment incrementally predicted a global rating of a fulfilled life and mental wellbeing, even after controlling for subjective and eudaimonic wellbeing.

Carmona-Halty et al. presented an adaptation of the Flourishing Scale (FS) to a Chilean high school context and provided evidence of its validity. Using a cross-sectional sample of 1,348 students from three different schools in Chile, they showed that their adapted version of the FS is invariant across genders and is positively related with study–related positive feelings (i.e., happiness, pleasure, and satisfaction) and negatively related with study–related negative feelings (i.e., sadness, displeasure, and anger).

Focusing on behaviors aimed to better align life goals, personal needs, values, and capabilities, Chen et al. proposed a conceptualization of life crafting and developed, validated, and evaluated a measure of overall life crafting, the Life Crafting Scale (LCS). Using a mixed-method, multi-study research design, in the first qualitative phase, they created a pool of items; then, in Study 1, involving 331 English-speaking employees, they found support for a three-factor structure encompassing cognitive crafting, seeking social support , and seeking challenges . In Study 2, involving 362 employees in the Netherlands, the factorial structure of the scale was confirmed, and the LCS showed to be a reliable tool, partially invariant across genders, and positively associated with meaning in life, mental health, and work engagement, while negatively related to job burnout.

Cromhout et al. zoomed into the construct of eudaimonic wellbeing and used various analytical models, including CFA, bifactor CFA, Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM), and bifactor ESEM, to investigate the dimensionality of the Questionnaire for Eudaimonic WellBeing (QEWB) in four culturally diverse South African samples, including three student samples (English, n = 326; Afrikaans, n = 478; and Setswana, n = 260) and one multicultural adult sample ( n = 262). Their results showed that eudaimonic wellbeing is multidimensional but, at the same time, represents an overarching higher-order construct. Moreover, they found configural invariance across the different languages in which the QEWB was administered, but also that the QEWB shows differential psychometric properties across different age groups and developmental phases.

Espejo et al. focused on the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) with five response options and investigated its psychometric properties in a Colombian sample of 1,255 participants. Their results showed that the SWLS, in its Spanish version used in Colombia, is a reliable and valid tool displaying excellent psychometric properties and invariance across genders and age groups. Also, as expected, it correlates significantly with life satisfaction, flourishing, positive and negative affect, optimism, and pessimism.

Guitard et al. provided a thorough investigation of the Temporal Satisfaction with Life Scale (TSWLS) structure and number of optimal items. Based on a large international and multicultural sample ( n = 6912), their findings showed that a 12-item version of the scale was optimal compared to the original 15-item one, and it was equivalent and valid across English speakers in different geographic regions of the world, including Oceania, North America, Europe, and Asia. Also, their results showed that six different translations of the TSWLS function in similar ways, yet some differences exist in item functioning across cultures. All three subscales of the TSWLS, that is, past, present, and future, displayed positive correlations with aspects of wellbeing (strengths use and knowledge, subjective happiness, gratitude, hope, and the presence of meaning in life) and negative ones with aspects of ill-being (search for meaning in life, rumination, depression), as expected.

Van Zyl et al. investigated the psychometric properties, longitudinal invariance, and criterion validity of the Strengths Use Scale (SUS) within 360 students in the Netherlands. Their results showed that the SUS comprises two first-order factors, namely affinity for strengths and strengths use behaviors . This factorial structure showed to be consistent across time, and longitudinal evidence showed that strengths use remained stable over time. Moreover, strengths use predicted study engagement assessed 3 months after, providing evidence of the criterion validity of the SUS.

Youssef-Morgan et al. introduced the new construct of work gratitude, defined as “the intentional choice to engage in positive appraisals and feelings of thankfulness and appreciation toward the characteristics, situations, and people currently present in the work context,” and presented a new instrument, the Work Gratitude Scale (WGS), to assess it. Using cross-sectional data from 625 employees from a school district in the United States, they found support for the validity of a second-order model of work gratitude with three underlying dimensions: grateful appraisals, gratitude toward others , and intentional attitude of gratitude . The WGS showed to be a valid and reliable instrument, useful to spark research on how to promote grateful appraisals, gratitude toward others, and intentional attitudes of gratitude in employees.

Zabo et al. presented a new five-scale mental health test, the Mental Health Test (MHT), that operationalizes a set of indicators of a newly introduced concept of positive mental health. Based on cross-sectional self-reported data collected in Hungary, they found support for a five-factor structure with 17 items ( n = 1736), which was confirmed in a separate sample ( n = 1083). The MHT maps aspects of wellbeing, savoring, creative and executive efficiency, self-regulation, and resilience. Results showed that the MHT displayed a high level of internal consistency, and correlations confirmed the content validity of the subscales with established measures of psychological wellbeing. Moreover, test-retest reliability was confirmed by longitudinal data collected after 2 weeks and again after 11 months. Overall, their results showed that the MHT could be considered a new reliable, valid measurement tool to assess several aspects of mental health.

Guidelines and survey design papers

Using data collected on the Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF) as an illustrative example, van Zyl and ten Klooster provided a practical tutorial on how to use Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM) with a convenient online tool for M plus . In their paper, they illustrated the applicability of the ESEM as an alternative to traditional CFA approaches and provided an overview of ESEM and structured guidelines on how to use and apply ESEM models, including a step-by-step guide to producing ESEM syntax to be used with M plus . Contributing to the literature on mental health assessment, they further showed that when measuring mental health with the MHC-SF, an approach that accounts for a bifactor ESEM model should be preferred to CFA models.

Focusing on mindsets across different domains, Ratchford et al. contributed evidence to the debate about domain specificity and generality of mindset while exploring how cohesion and divergence across moral and ability mindsets affect self-system, self-regulatory strategies, and wellbeing outcomes in a sample of 618 adolescents in metropolitan southern California. To assess congruence and discrepancies, they used response surface analysis to consider the within-person effects of domain specificity across various outcomes. Their findings showed that overall congruency between moral and ability mindsets did not relate significantly with any of the wellbeing outcomes considered, suggesting that ability and moral mindsets are distinct qualities for which congruence is not relevant for wellbeing. Hence, by showing that mindsets display high levels of domain specificity, this study offers implications for the assessment of mindsets as characteristic adaptations, suggesting that different mindsets should therefore be assessed and accounted for independently in future survey designs.

Systematic review paper

Madsø et al. presented a systematic review of 36 articles describing 22 observational instruments assessing momentary wellbeing in people with dementia. The instruments included in the review mapped three categories: observations of emotions, observations of positive behavioral expressions, and observations of engagement. Their analysis included risk of bias at the study level and assessment of measurement properties at the instrument level (content validity, construct validity, structural validity, internal consistency, measurement invariance, cross-cultural validity, measurement error, and inter-rater/intra-rater/test-retest reliability and responsiveness). Results showed that among the instruments included in the review, 11 were supported by high-quality evidence for content validity, while the presence of high-quality evidence of other central psychometric aspects was sparse. However, several instruments have the potential to meet such quality criteria if further investigated.

While much research in positive psychology is primarily situated within a positivistic paradigm and adopts quantitative designs ( Rich, 2017 ; Gruman et al., 2018 ; Lomas et al., 2021 ), there is still a need for a more robust understanding of the properties of—both widespread and newly developed—PPAMs, so as to enhance the credibility of the discipline and our knowledge and impact of positive psychology ( van Zyl and Rothmann, 2022 ). In an effort to address these challenges, this Research Topic provided a collection of contributions on assessment tools and operationalizations of positive psychology constructs, allowing us to gauge evidence regarding different approaches and instruments needed to understand the conditions and processes that foster optimal functioning and flourishing in people, groups, and institutions.

Author contributions

AC drafted the first version of the editorial. LvZ edited the manuscript. All authors provided conceptual input and approved the final draft.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher's note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

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Moskowitz, J. T., Cheung, E. O., Freedman, M., Fernando, C., Zhang, M. W., Huffman, J. C., et al. (2021). Measuring positive emotion outcomes in positive psychology interventions: a literature review. Emot. Rev. 13, 60–73. doi: 10.1177/1754073920950811

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Keywords: applied positive psychology, mental health, positive psychology, positive psychological assessment, positive psychology coaching, scale development, wellbeing, wellbeing assessment

Citation: Costantini A, De Beer LT, Klooster PMt, Zondervan-Zwijnenburg MAJ, Vera M and van Zyl LE (2022) Editorial: Positive Psychological Assessments: Modern Approaches, Methodologies, Models and Guidelines: Current perspectives. Front. Psychol. 13:1020653. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1020653

Received: 16 August 2022; Accepted: 25 August 2022; Published: 26 September 2022.

Edited and reviewed by: Chee-Seng Tan , Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia

Copyright © 2022 Costantini, De Beer, Klooster, Zondervan-Zwijnenburg, Vera and van Zyl. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

*Correspondence: Llewellyn Ellardus van Zyl, llewellyn101@gmail.com

Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Positive Psychology: Looking Back and Looking Forward

Affiliation.

• 1 Department of Psychology, Institute on Aging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.
• PMID: 35369156
• PMCID: PMC8967995
• DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.840062

Envisioning the future of positive psychology (PP) requires looking at its past. To that end, I first review prior critiques of PP to underscore that certain early problems have persisted over time. I then selectively examine recent research to illustrate progress in certain areas as well as draw attention to recurrent problems. Key among them is promulgation of poorly constructed measures of well-being and reliance on homogeneous, privileged research samples. Another concern is the commercialization of PP, which points to the need for greater oversight and quality control in profit-seeking endeavors. Looking ahead, I advocate for future science tied to contemporary challenges, particularly ever-widening inequality and the pandemic. These constitute intersecting catastrophes that need scientific attention. Such problems bring into focus "neglected negatives" that may be fueling current difficulties, including greed, indifference, and stupidity. Anger, which defies easy characterization as positive or negative, also warrants greater scientific study. Going forward I advocate for greater study of domains that likely nurture good lives and just societies - namely, participation in the arts and encounters with nature, both currently under study. Overall, my entreaty to PP is to reckon with persistent problems from its past, while striving toward a future that is societally relevant and virtuous.

Keywords: arts; commercialization; greed; indifference; inequality; nature; negative; positive.

Copyright © 2022 Ryff.

Publication types

• Systematic Review

Grants and funding

• U19 AG051426/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States

• University of Pennsylvania
• School of Arts and Sciences
• Penn Calendar

Positive Psychology Research

This page has a listing of Dr. Martin E.P. Seligman’s books and other publications on the topic of Positive Psychology. If you would like to see a complete listing of Dr. Seligman’s publications, please see his Curriculum Vitae .   BOOKS Seligman, M.E.P. (1998). Learned Optimism . New York: Pocket Books (Simon and Schuster). Seligman, M.E.P., Reivich, K., Jaycox, L., & Gillham, J. (1996). The Optimistic Child . New York: Harper Collins. Gillham, J.E. (Ed). (2000). The Science of Optimism and Hope: Research Essays in Honor of Martin E. P. Seligman . Radnor, PA: Templeton Foundation Press. Seligman, M.E.P. (2002). Authentic Happiness: Using the New Positive Psychology to Realize Your Potential for Lasting Fulfillment . New York: Free Press. Peterson, Christopher & Seligman, M.E.P. (2004). Character Strengths and Virtues A Handbook and Classification . Washington, D.C.: APA Press and Oxford University Press. Evans, D. L., Foa, E., Gur, R., Hendrin, H., O'Brien, C., Seligman, M.E.P. & Walsh, B.T. (Eds.). (2006). Treating and Preventing Adolescent Mental Health Disorders: What We Know and What We Don't Know . New York: Oxford University Press, The Annenberg Foundation Trust at Sunnylands, and The Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania. Seligman, M.E.P. (2007) What You Can Change and What You Can't . (2d ed.) New York: Vintage. Seligman, M.E.P., Reivich, K., Jaycox, L., & Gillham, J. (2007). The Optimistic Child . (2d ed.) New York: Mariner Books. Seligman, M.E.P. (2011). Flourish: A Visionary New Understanding of Happiness and Well-Being . New York: Free Press. SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS 2015 Duckworth, A. L., Eichstaedt, J., & Unger, L. (in press). The mechanics of human achievement. Social and Personality Psychology Compass. Duckworth, A. L., Shulman E. P., Mastronarde, A. J., Patrick, S. D., Zhang, J., Druckman*, J. (in press). Will not want: Self-control rather than motivation explains the female advantage in report card grades. Learning and Individual Differences. Duckworth, A.L., & Steinberg, L. (2015). Understanding and cultivating self-control in children and adolescents. Child Development Perspectives, 9(1), 32-37. Duckworth, A. L., & Tsukayama, E. (in press). Domain-specificity in self-control. In C. Miller, R. M. Furr, A. Knobel, and W. Fleeson (Eds.), Character: New Directions from Philosophy, Psychology, and Theology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Duckworth, A. L., & Yeager, D. S. (in press). Measurement matters: Assessing personal qualities other than cognitive ability for educational purposes. Educational Researcher. Galla, B.M. & Duckworth, A.L. (2015). More than resisting temptation: Beneficial habits mediate the relationship between self-control and positive life outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Advance online publication. Roepke, A. M. & Seligman, M. E. P. (2015). Doors opening: A mechanism for growth after adversity. Journal of Positive Psychology, 10(2): 107-115, doi:10.1080/17439760.2014.913669 Seligman, M. (2015). Chris Peterson’s unfinished masterwork: The real mental illnesses. Journal of Positive Psychology: Special issue in memory of Chris Peterson, 10(1), 3-6. doi:10.1080/17439760.2014.888582 White, R. E., Kross, E., & Duckworth, A. D. (in press). Spontaneous self-distancing and adaptive self-reflection across adolescence. Child Development. 2014 Duckworth, A. L., Gendler, T. S, & Gross, J. J. (2014). Self-control in school-age children. Educational Psychologist, 49(3), 199-217. Duckworth, A.L., & Gross, J.J. (2014). Self-control and grit: Related but separable determinants of success. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23(5), 319-325. Eichstaedt, J. C., Schwartz, H. A., Kern, M. L., Park, G., Labarthe, D., Merchant, R., … Seligman, M. E. P. (2014). Psychological language on Twitter predicts county-level heart disease mortality. Manuscript submitted for publication. Eskreis-Winkler, L., Duckworth, A. L., Shulman, E., & Beal, S. (2014). The grit effect: Predicting retention in the military, the workplace, school and marriage. Frontiers in Personality Science and Individual Differences, 5(36), 1-12. Eskreis-Winkler, L., Shulman, E.P., Beal, S. & Duckworth, A.L. (2014). Survivor mission: Why those who survive have a drive to thrive at work. Journal of Positive Psychology, 9(3), 209-218. Friedman, H. S., Kern, M. L., Hampson, S. E., & Duckworth, A. L. (2014). A new lifespan approach to conscientiousness and health: Combining the pieces of the causal puzzle. Developmental Psychology, 50(5), 1377-1389. Galla, B. M., Plummer, B. D., White, R., Meketon, D., D'Mello, S. K., & Duckworth, A. L. (2014). The Academic Diligence Task (ADT): Assessing individual differences in effort on tedious but important schoolwork. 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Moore & The Center for Child Well-Being (Eds.), Well-Being: Positive development across the lifespan. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Isaacowitz, D.M., Vaillant, G.E., & Seligman, M.E.P. (2003). Strengths and satisfaction across the adult lifespan. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 57(2), 181-201. Peterson, C., Lee, F., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2003). Assessment of optimism and hope. In R. Fernández Ballesteros (Ed.), Encyclopedia of psychological assessment. (pp. 646-649). London: Sage Publications. Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (in press). Character strengths before and after 9/11. Psychological Science. Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2003). Positive organizational studies: Thirteen lessons from positive psychology. In K. S. Cameron, J. E. Dutton, & R.E. Quinn (Eds.), Positive organizational scholarship. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler. Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2003). The Values in Action (VIA) classification of strengths. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Seligman, M.E.P. (2003). Positive Psychology: Fundamental Assumptions. Psychologist, 126-127. Seligman, M.E.P. (2003). The past and future of positive psychology. In C.L.M. Keyes & J. Haidt (Eds.), Flourishing: Positive psychology and the life well-lived (pp. xi - xx). Washington DC: American Psychological Association. Seligman, M.E.P. & Pawelski, J.O. (2003). Positive Psychology: FAQs. Psychological Inquiry, 159-163. Seligman, M.E.P., & Peterson, C. (2003). Positive clinical psychology. In L.G. Aspinwall & U.M. Staudinger (Eds.). A psychology of human strengths: Fundamental questions and future directions for a positive psychology. (pp. 305-317) Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Shatte, A.J., Seligman, M.E.P., Gillham, J.E., & Reivich, K. (2003). The role of positive psychology in child, adolescent, and family development. In Lerner, R.E., Jacobs, F., & Wertlieb, D. (Eds.). Handbook of applied developmental science: promoting positive child, adolescent, and family development through research, policies, and programs. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. 2002 Diener, E., & Seligman, M.E.P. (2002). Very happy people. Psychological Science, 13 (1), 81-84. Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). Positive psychology, positive prevention, and positive therapy. In C. R. Snyder & S.J. Lopez (Eds.), The handbook of positive psychology (pp. 3-12). New York: Oxford Press. 2000 Seligman, M.E.P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55, 5-14. Reprinted in Duffy, K.G. (Ed.). (2002). Annual editions: Personal growth and behavior. (pp. 2-5). Guilford, CT: McGraw-Hill/Dushkin. Seligman, M.E.P. (2000). The positive perspective. The Gallup Review, 3 (1), 2-7). Shatte, A.J., Reivich, K., Seligman, M.E.P. (2000). Promoting human strengths and corporate competencies. Psychologist, 4(2), 183-196. 1999 Gillham, J.E. & Seligman, M.E.P. (1999). Footsteps on the road to positive psychology. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, S163-S173.

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• International Attitudes Toward the U.S., NATO and Russia in a Time of Crisis

1. International public opinion of the U.S. remains positive

Table of contents.

• Key allies say the U.S. is a reliable partner to their country
• Majorities say partisan divisions are deep in U.S.
• Many favorable on U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan, yet say the withdrawal was poorly handled
• Less confidence in Biden in his second year as president
• 2. Positive ratings for NATO
• Confidence in Putin reaches a 20-year low in most countries
• 4. High confidence in Biden, Macron and Scholz, but low trust in Xi and Putin
• Acknowledgments
• Classifying parties as populist
• Classifying parties as left, right or center
• Pew Research Center’s Spring 2022 Global Attitudes Survey
• The American Trends Panel survey methodology

After all-time low ratings in many countries in 2020 and a sharp recovery in 2021, ratings of the U.S. remain high this year. A median of 61% across the 17 countries surveyed have a favorable view of the U.S., while only 35% have an unfavorable view.

In Poland and Israel, where more than eight-in-ten have a positive assessment of the U.S., this is the first time Pew Research Center has surveyed since the coronavirus outbreak and the end of Trump’s presidency. In Poland, ratings of the U.S. are now at a record high.

Nearly nine-in-ten also have a positive view of the U.S. in South Korea, a 12 percentage point increase since 2021, and the largest uptick in positive ratings since the previous year. Positive opinion has increased in only two other countries since 2021: Sweden (+9 points) and Australia (+7 points).

Views of the U.S. have stayed about the same in roughly half the countries surveyed in both 2021 and 2022, but have dropped since last year in Greece (-15 points), Italy (-13 points) and France (-8 points).

Publics in Singapore and Greece are roughly split in their views. Malaysia is the only country surveyed where a majority has a negative opinion of the U.S.

As we have seen consistently in Pew Research Center surveys , people who place themselves on the right of the ideological spectrum tend to view the U.S. more favorably than those on the left. For instance, in Greece, 60% of those on the right have a favorable view of the U.S., compared with only 22% of those on the left. This pattern can also be seen in Australia, the Netherlands, Sweden, the UK, Canada, Israel, Spain, South Korea, France and Belgium. (Ideology is not asked in Japan, Malaysia or Singapore.)

A median of 79% across the 17 countries surveyed say that the U.S. is a reliable partner to their country. Still, a median of just 19% say the U.S. is a very reliable partner. The share of the public who consider the U.S. a very reliable partner is largest in Israel, where 31% hold this view.

The share who says the U.S. is very or somewhat reliable has increased since 2021 in several nations. In South Korea, 83% express this opinion, up 25 points since 2021. Significant increases can also be seen in Sweden (+21 points), Australia (+16 points), Canada (+16 points), Germany (+11 points), Belgium (+10 points), the UK (+10 points), the Netherlands (+9 points) and Spain (+7 points). 

In every country, to the extent that people see the U.S. as reliable, they are much more likely to rate the U.S. positively overall. In the Netherlands, for example, among people who say the U.S. is a reliable partner to their country, 65% have a favorable view of the U.S. Among those who say the U.S. is not reliable, only 17% view the U.S. positively.

People in the countries surveyed tend to rate the U.S. political system poorly, despite generally positive views of the country overall. For example, in our 2021 survey conducted shortly after the Jan. 6 attack on the U.S. Capitol, people were split over whether the U.S. political system works well or not. Most of those surveyed did not believe that democracy in the U.S. was a good example for other countries to follow. And in a 2017 survey , many people in Canada and Europe said they dislike American ideas about democracy.

In the current survey, a median of 74% across 17 countries say there are strong or very strong conflicts between people who support different political parties in the U.S. In seven nations, four-in-ten or more see very strong partisan conflicts in the U.S. Almost half in Australia and 61% in Canada see intense partisan divisions. 

Few people see only weak conflicts or no conflicts at all when it comes to party differences in the U.S., but it is notable that the share of people who did not respond to this question is relatively high in some countries, including as many as 18% in Poland.

Americans agree with others around the world that there are strong partisan conflicts in their country. In a 2021 survey , the U.S., along with South Korea, had the largest share of the public saying there were strong conflicts between people who support different political parties in their own society.

People who say there are very strong partisan conflicts in the U.S. are less likely than those who say there are not very strong conflicts to see the U.S. favorably in 12 countries. This difference is largest in Sweden: Among those who say there are not very strong conflicts (including strong, not strong and no conflicts at all), 75% have a favorable view of the U.S. Among those who say there are very strong partisan conflicts in the U.S., only 53% have a positive opinion of the country. Smaller differences in the same direction can be seen in Australia, the Netherlands, Canada, Malaysia, Italy, South Korea, Greece, Spain, Germany, France and Singapore. 

The U.S. decision to withdraw all American troops from Afghanistan in August 2021 is generally seen as having been the right decision. A median of 51% across 17 countries say this action was the right choice, compared with a median of 39% who say it was the wrong choice. In a few places, though, roughly one-in-five do not offer an opinion.

Half of Canadians feel the American decision to withdraw troops was the right one, while 40% say it was the wrong one.

In Europe, views of the withdrawal are more positive than negative. Half or more in six of the 10 nations surveyed feel favorably toward the U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan. Views are split in Italy, while half or more are negative on the withdrawal in the Netherlands, Germany and the UK.

Half of Israelis say the U.S. troop withdrawal was the right decision, while 30% say it was the wrong decision and 20% do not offer an opinion.

Across the Asia-Pacific publics surveyed, views of the U.S. exit of Afghanistan are slightly more positive overall than in Europe. Majorities in Malaysia, Australia and Singapore look favorably on the decision. While 47% say the withdrawal was a good choice in Japan, 19% do not offer a view either way. And opinion is split in South Korea: 45% say the withdrawal was the right choice and 50% say it was the wrong choice.

Americans generally approve of the decision to withdraw U.S. troops from Afghanistan: 60% say this was the right decision. Democrats and Democratic-leaning independents (78%) are much more likely than Republicans and GOP leaners (39%) to hold this view.

Despite generally supportive views of the U.S. withdrawal of troops from Afghanistan, public opinion in the countries surveyed is less positive on how the withdrawal was handled. A median of 57% across the 17 countries polled say the withdrawal was not handled well, compared with a median of 33% who say it was handled well. Only in two countries do half or more feel favorably toward the handling of the U.S. exit from Afghanistan: Poland and Malaysia.

In Canada and Europe, views of how the American withdrawal was handled are more negative than positive. About six-in-ten Canadians and majorities in seven of the 10 European countries polled feel negatively toward the handling of the withdrawal, including two-thirds or more in Germany (67%) and the UK (77%).

Israelis view the U.S. handling of the withdrawal from Afghanistan more unfavorably than favorably: 51% say it was not handled well, compared with 31% who say it was handled well (19% did not offer an opinion).

In the Asia-Pacific region, negative views of how the U.S. dealt with its troop withdrawal range from 46% in Malaysia to 73% in Australia.

Again, American views look similar to those in other parts of the world. Only around a third of Americans say the withdrawal from Afghanistan was handled well, though this share is higher among Democrats (46%) than Republicans (15%).

Those with more education (postsecondary degree or above) are more likely to say the U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan was not handled well, compared with those with less education (secondary or below) in most countries surveyed. In Belgium, for example, those with more education are 20 percentage points more likely to have a negative view than those with less education.

Along with a positive opinion of the U.S., most in the nations surveyed also have trust in the U.S. president. A median of 60% across 17 countries have confidence in Biden to do the right thing in world affairs.

Poles stand out for their particularly high trust in Biden (82%). Not only is it higher than any other country in the current survey, but it is also a record high for trust in the U.S. president in Poland. The last time this question was asked in 2019, 51% of Poles had confidence in Trump’s handling of international affairs. The previous high was in 2015, when 64% expressed confidence in Obama.

People in Sweden, South Korea, the Netherlands and Germany also have relatively high levels of confidence in Biden to do the right thing on the international stage. But not all countries have positive ratings of the U.S. president: Half or more lack confidence in Biden in Spain, Singapore, Italy and Greece.

While still relatively high in most places, trust in the U.S. president has dropped sharply since 2021 in nearly every country surveyed. Some initial excitement about a new president may wane after their first year, but the decrease in trust since 2021 is much larger than any small dips Obama saw in 2010 or 2011 in the same countries.

Despite double-digit decreases in most countries, confidence in the U.S. president is nowhere near the lowest it has been in the past. (The exception is Singapore, which was surveyed for the first time last year.) Ratings for Biden are still higher than those for Trump or Bush in every country except Israel.

Israeli views about U.S. presidents have often differed from attitudes in Europe and the Asia-Pacific region. In most other countries polled, confidence in the U.S. president was highest while Obama was in office and lowest during Trump’s administration. In Israel, Obama received both the highest (2014) and lowest (2011 and 2015) ratings. Confidence in Trump was similar, if somewhat higher, than trust in Obama.

Changes in confidence over time are related to perceptions of America’s reliability as a partner. While most groups have shown a decrease in trust in Biden since 2021, the change is largest among people who think the U.S. is not a reliable partner to their country. Across the 14 countries surveyed in both 2021 and 2022, confidence in Biden has plummeted among those who think the U.S. is not reliable, from a median of 58% in 2021 to just 24% now. But among those who say the U.S. is reliable, the drop in confidence in the U.S. president is much smaller, from a median of 84% in 2021 to 68% in the current survey.

In every country except Germany, confidence in Biden to do the right thing in world affairs is much lower among people who think America’s withdrawal from Afghanistan was handled poorly. For example, among Canadians who think the withdrawal was handled well, 75% trust Biden when it comes to international affairs. Among Canadians who think the withdrawal was not handled well, only 54% trust Biden.

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Test results of all 268 cases included in the cohort.

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Tsao J , Kussman A , Segovia NA , Abrams GD , Boehm AB , Hwang CE. Prevalence of Positive Rapid Antigen Tests After 7-Day Isolation Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection in College Athletes During Omicron Variant Predominance. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(10):e2237149. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.37149

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Prevalence of Positive Rapid Antigen Tests After 7-Day Isolation Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection in College Athletes During Omicron Variant Predominance

• 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
• 2 Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California

Question   Is the 5-day isolation period after SARS-CoV-2 infection that has been recommended by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention sufficient for infected individuals to receive negative test results?

Findings   In this case series, 268 collegiate student athletes who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 underwent rapid antigen testing starting 7 days after the initial positive test. At 7 days, the results of testing were still positive in 27% of the individuals tested, with a higher percent positive in symptomatic individuals and those infected with the Omicron BA.2 variant.

Meaning   The findings of this study suggest that use of rapid antigen testing to aid in the decision to end isolation may be needed to prevent individuals with infection from leaving isolation prematurely.

Importance   The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention shortened the recommended isolation period for SARS-CoV-2 infection from 10 days to 5 days in December 2021. It is unknown whether an individual with the infection may still have a positive result to a rapid antigen test and potentially be contagious at the end of this shortened isolation period.

Objective   To estimate the proportion of individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection whose rapid antigen test is still positive starting 7 days postdiagnosis.

Design, Setting, and Participants   This case series analyzed student athletes at a National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I university campus who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 between January 3 and May 6, 2022. Individuals underwent rapid antigen testing starting 7 days postdiagnosis to determine whether they could end their isolation period.

Exposures   Rapid antigen testing 7 days after testing positive for SARS-CoV-2.

Main Outcomes and Measures   Rapid antigen test results, symptom status, and SARS-CoV-2 variant identification via campus wastewater analysis.

Results   A total of 264 student athletes (140 [53%] female; mean [SD] age, 20.1 [1.2] years; range, 18-25 years) representing 268 infections (177 [66%] symptomatic, 91 [34%] asymptomatic) were included in the study. Of the 248 infections in individuals who did a day 7 test, 67 (27%; 95% CI, 21%-33%) tests were still positive. Patients with symptomatic infections were significantly more likely to test positive on day 7 vs those who were asymptomatic (35%; 95% CI, 28%-43% vs 11%; 95% CI, 5%-18%; P  < .001). Patients with the BA.2 variant were also significantly more likely to test positive on day 7 compared with those with the BA.1 variant (40%; 95% CI, 29%-51% vs 21%; 95% CI, 15%-27%; P  = .007).

Conclusions and Relevance   In this case series, rapid antigen tests remained positive in 27% of the individuals after 7 days of isolation, suggesting that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention–recommended 5-day isolation period may be insufficient in preventing ongoing spread of disease. Further studies are needed to determine whether these findings are present in a more heterogeneous population and in subsequent variants.

One of the cornerstones of management during the COVID-19 pandemic has been to isolate individuals with infection to prevent viral spread. Guidelines for most of the pandemic have recommended 10 days of isolation. 1 However, this prolonged period of isolation can lead to lost wages, workforce shortages, and other negative socioeconomic factors. 2 , 3 In December 2021, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention decreased the recommended isolation period after a positive test from 10 to 5 days followed by 5 days of properly wearing a well-fitting mask. This decision was based on literature showing a transmission risk 2 to 3 days before and 8 days after symptom onset. 4 , 5 However, these changes were made based on studies conducted during the development of the Omicron variant in 2022.

Rapid antigen test (RAT) positivity has been correlated with lower real-time polymerase chain reaction cycle threshold values, indicating higher viral loads and potential increased infectivity. 6 - 9 Previous studies examining RAT results at day 5 have shown positivity rates higher than 40%. 10 , 11 This percentage suggests that a substantial number of individuals may still be contagious when leaving isolation in the 5- to 10-day period. The purpose of this study was to estimate the rate of RAT positivity after 7 days of isolation in the context of the Omicron variants BA.1 and BA.2.

In this case series, student athletes at a National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I school who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 via polymerase chain reaction or antigen testing between January 3 and May 6, 2022, and were at least 2 weeks postcompletion of 2 doses of Moderna or Pfizer-BioNTech or 1 dose of Janssen vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 were eligible for inclusion in this study. Participants were placed in isolation housing for a minimum of 7 days from the date of their positive test, regardless of symptom onset date, and had the opportunity to test out (ie, exit) of isolation with a negative RAT starting on day 7. RATs were used per manufacturer instructions (Sofia SARS antigen FIA, QuidelOrtho, and Flowflex, Acon Laboratories Inc). Participants who tested positive could test again on days 8 and 9 or opt to a complete full 10-day isolation period without further testing. Participants self-reported symptoms occurring at any point during their isolation period on a post-COVID-19 clearance questionnaire that was filled out before exiting isolation and used to categorize each individual as symptomatic or asymptomatic. Herein we report the results of these test-out antigen tests. Campus wastewater data were used for circulating SARS-CoV-2 variant identification, using previously published methods (eMethods in the Supplement). 12 - 14 This study followed the reporting guideline for case series.

This study was approved by the Stanford University Institutional Review Board. Because all data were deidentified and involved minimal risk, this study received a waiver of informed consent according to the US Department of Health and Human Services (45 CFR §46).

A multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to analyze the days until an individual who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 receives a negative test result between variants and between participants who are symptomatic and asymptomatic. Multivariable logistic regression models were also used to estimate the odds of receiving a positive test on day 7 between variants and symptom status. All analyses were completed in RStudio, version 2021.09.1 (R Foundation for Statistical Analysis), using a 2-sided level of significance of P  = .05.

A total of 264 student athletes (140 [53%] female, 124 [47%] male; mean [SD] age, 20.1 [1.2] years; range, 18-25 years) representing 268 infections (177 [66%] symptomatic, 91 [34%] asymptomatic) were included in the study. A total of 179 (67%) infections were detected via polymerase chain reaction testing; 89 (33%) infections were found via a RAT. A total of 183 (68%) infections occurred when the BA.1 variant was dominant and 85 (32%) with a dominant BA.2 variant.

Of the 268 infections, 248 (93%) had a postpositive day 7 RAT performed, with 181 (73%) testing negative. On postpositive day 8, 76 tests were performed, with 36 (47%) testing negative, and on day 9, 43 tests were performed with 15 (35%) testing negative ( Table 1 ). The remaining 28 student athletes who tested positive on day 9 were allowed to leave isolation on day 10 without further testing. A flow diagram of all the cases is shown in Figure 1 . Individuals who tested positive on their first test were more likely to remain positive on subsequent tests with 62% of individuals testing positive on day 7 also testing positive on day 8, and 69% of those testing positive day 7 or 8 also testing positive on day 9. Kaplan-Meier curves showing the rate of persistent positivity based on symptomatic vs asymptomatic infections and the dominant strain are shown in Figure 2 . Patients who were asymptomatic were significantly less likely to have a persistently positive RAT, with a hazard ratio of 0.60 (95% CI, 0.46-0.79; P  < .001). Similarly, patients with the BA.1 variant were significantly less likely to have persistent positivity, with a hazard ratio of 0.69 (95% CI, 0.51-0.92; P  = .01).

When looking only at day 7 tests, the positivity rate was significantly higher (57 of 161 [35%]) ( Table 2 ) in individuals who had a symptomatic infection compared with those who were asymptomatic (10 of 87 [11%]), with an odds ratio of 3.92 (95% CI, 1.94-8.66; P  < .001). Individuals who had the BA.2 variant were also more likely to have a positive initial test (32 of 80 [40%]), with an odds ratio of 2.29 (95% CI, 1.25-4.19; P  = .007) compared with those infected by the BA.1 variant (35 of 168 [21%]) ( Table 3 ).

The dominant variant from January 3 to March 10, 2022, was BA.1; BA.2 became dominant from March 19 until the end of the study period (eFigure in the Supplement). There were no SARS-CoV-2–positive individuals between March 10 and March 19, 2022, when there was no clearly dominant strain.

In the cohort of National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I student athletes, 27% had a persistent positive RAT 7 days after their initial positive test. The rate of persistent positivity on RAT was even higher in participants with a symptomatic infection, with 34% testing positive. These rates are similar to those previously reported for the 5- to 10-day window, ranging from 17% to 58%. 10 , 15 , 16

Individuals who tested positive on their first test were more likely to remain positive on subsequent tests with 62% of individuals testing positive on day 7 also testing positive on day 8, and 69% of those testing positive day 7 or 8 also testing positive on day 9 ( Figure 1 ). The timing of antigen tests in this study was determined by the initial positive test rather than the onset of symptoms because university policy was to encourage individuals to test immediately on the onset of symptoms. As a result, symptoms typically did not precede a positive test by more than 1 day. Nevertheless, the symptomatic individuals in our cohort had a longer isolation period compared with other studies that used onset of symptoms. 10 , 17 If day 0 had been symptom onset, it is likely that an even greater number of our cohort would have had persistent positive tests because they would have been eligible to test earlier.

There was also a significant difference in persistent positivity with the BA.2 Omicron variant independent of the presence of symptoms compared with the BA.1 variant. Together, these findings could call into question the current guidelines allowing for exit of isolation after 5 days without requiring additional testing to prevent further spread, particularly in the setting of newer variants, such as BA.4 and BA.5.

The use of testing before exiting isolation in the 5- to 10-day period to reduce the risk of persistent infectiousness is a common strategy used by universities, including Stanford University, and other organizations. 10 , 16 , 17 Although the present study did not evaluate the association between RAT and infectivity, previous studies have shown a good correlation between RAT and viral load. 6 - 8 One recent study found that a positive RAT on day 6 was only 50% predictive of a positive culture; however, a negative RAT on day 6 was 100% predictive of a negative culture. 17 These results suggest the potential value of RAT to inform isolation duration, even beyond the previously recommended 10-day period or shorter than the 5-day period.

This study has limitations. Wastewater samples were used to infer the circulating variant rather than clinical samples because a large number of students in the cohort never underwent polymerase chain reaction testing, limiting the availability of samples for sequencing. However, wastewater data are specific to the university population and are likely to represent the variants in circulation well. 12 , 18 , 19 The eFigure in the Supplement illustrates the overlap between case incidence and wastewater virus levels. Wastewater data were used as a surrogate for variant typing, but the efficacy of this approach with subsequent strains will need to be revisited.

Another limitation of this study is that the university discontinued mandatory surveillance testing partway through the study period; thus, there are fewer asymptomatic infections in the BA.2 variant cohort, which represents the latter half of the testing period. The use of multivariate and Cox proportional hazards regression analyses helps to minimize this potential confounder.

All participants in this study were college-aged, fully vaccinated, and had received booster doses if eligible, limiting the generalizability to unvaccinated or partially vaccinated populations and to the general population. We were also unable to assess whether individuals had any persistent symptoms at the time of their RAT, which has previously been associated with a positive RAT. 6 Because testing out of isolation before 10 days was voluntary, not all individuals tested every day starting at day 7 and not all chose to test on their first eligible day. However, most participants (248 of 268) tested on day 7.

More than a quarter of individuals in this case series had a positive RAT 7 to 10 days after their initial positive test, with even higher percentages of persistent positivity in individuals with symptomatic infections and the newer BA.2 variant. This finding suggests that a substantial number of individuals may still be contagious after completing the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention–recommended 5-day isolation period.

Accepted for Publication: August 30, 2022.

Published: October 18, 2022. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.37149

Open Access: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY License . © 2022 Tsao J et al. JAMA Network Open .

Corresponding Author: Calvin E. Hwang, MD, Stanford University School of Medicine, 341 Galvez St, Lower Level, Stanford, CA 94305 ( [email protected] ).

Author Contributions : Dr Hwang had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.

Concept and design: Tsao, Kussman, Abrams, Hwang.

Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Tsao, Kussman, Segovia, Boehm, Hwang.

Drafting of the manuscript: Tsao, Boehm, Hwang.

Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Kussman, Segovia, Abrams, Hwang.

Statistical analysis: Tsao, Segovia, Hwang.

Obtained funding: Boehm.

Administrative, technical, or material support: Kussman.

Supervision: Kussman.

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Kussman reported receiving speaking fees from Fresno Madera Medical Society outside the submitted work. Dr Abrams reported owning stock or stock options from AxGen and Cytonics; serving as an unpaid board or committee member for the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine, and International Society of Arthroscopy, Knee Surgery and Orthopaedic Sports Medicine; receiving cadaver instruction and equipment for educational purposes from Arthrex and Stryker; receiving consulting fees from Bioventus Inc, Cytonics, Fidia Pharma, and RubiconMD; and serving as an unpaid consultant for TeachAids. No other disclosures were reported.

Funding/Support: The study was funded by the Stanford University Provost’s office.

Role of the Funder/Sponsor: The Stanford University Provost’s office had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

Additional Contributions: We thank the Stanford University Provost’s office for funding for the wastewater data collection.

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Media Center 5/1/2024 10:00:00 AM Corbin McGuire

How the NCAA is prioritizing mental health

New resources, initiatives and research driving actions focused on student-athletes.

The NCAA continued its commitment to advancing mental health for its more than 520,000 student-athletes in the 2023-24 academic year. Check out a few ways the NCAA has made progress in this area, including new resources, initiatives and research.  

Mental Health Best Practices

The second edition of  NCAA Mental Health Best Practices  was approved at the 2024 NCAA Convention in January and will go into effect Aug. 1. The document includes emerging information about the intersection of mental health and sports betting, social media, corruption in sport, suicide contagion, and name, image and likeness. The document also details specific considerations for student-athletes of color, LGBTQ student-athletes, international student-athletes and student-athletes with disabilities.

"The updated Mental Health Best Practices reflects the highest standards of excellence and evidence-based practice and of comprehensive and up-to-date guidance on supporting mental health in collegiate athletics," NCAA Chief Medical Officer Brian Hainline, who announced his retirement in March, said after a  February meeting of the Committee on Competitive Safeguards and Medical Aspects of Sports . "The NCAA recognizes the importance of promoting and protecting the mental wellness of student-athletes, who face unique challenges and pressures in their pursuit of excellence."

The document's four best practices  have been updated to recognize the importance of creating healthy environments as a first step in promoting mental health, as well as to provide membership increased flexibility in implementation. The best practices are: 

• The creation of healthy environments that support mental health and promote well-being. 
• Procedures, including mental health screening tools, for identifying student-athletes with mental health symptoms and disorders. 
• Action plans that outline referral pathways of student-athletes to qualified providers.
• Licensure of providers who oversee and manage student-athlete mental health care.

Additionally, as part of Division I's holistic student-athlete model, schools in the division will be required to attest to providing services and support consistent with the best practices, with the first attestation deadline in November 2025. Under the NCAA constitution adopted in January 2022, each member school — regardless of division — must facilitate an environment that reinforces physical and mental health within athletics by ensuring access to appropriate resources and open engagement with respect to physical and mental health.

To support NCAA members in implementing mental health best practices, the NCAA Sport Science Institute recently hosted a  series of webinars  featuring membership-based examples of ways to support and promote student-athlete mental health. 

Sports betting

Protecting student-athletes from the pitfalls of sports betting, ranging from addiction to harassment, quickly became a priority of NCAA President Charlie Baker after he started his role in March 2023. Since then, the NCAA's advocacy and efforts in this space have been impactful . 

The national office is continuing to aggressively pursue advocacy in states that have or are considering legalized sports betting to incorporate antiharassment measures. This includes calling for a ban on player-specific prop bets. As a result, several states have taken positive steps to protect student-athletes from sports betting harassment. Four states have implemented restrictions on prop betting, and another four states have introduced bills that protect student-athletes from harassment. 

The NCAA has expanded its educational efforts with EPIC Global Solutions, designing specific curriculum that discusses handling abusive content. Over 50,000 student-athletes have been educated through the program, the largest of its kind globally. The NCAA also has launched a sports betting e-learning module designed to educate current and prospective student-athletes on problem gambling harms and the risks sports betting poses to the integrity of sports.

The NCAA  is also working with Signify Group  to pilot an initiative targeting social media harassment for the 2023-24 championship season. The initiative focuses on select championships with a heightened risk for harassment and abuse directed at championship participants, particularly student-athletes. This initiative is intended to further promote the mental health and well-being of the college sports community through data collection and analytics.  

In March, the NCAA launched a campaign called " Draw the Line ," prioritizing student-athlete education on the effects of sports betting. Draw the Line is aimed at college students and will run across social media channels. It will include a membership toolkit for member schools and conferences to access resources that extend the campaign to their campuses.

"Sports betting is everywhere — especially on college campuses — so it's critical student-athletes get the real story about how it can impact them and their ability to play," Baker said. "We know some bettors are harassing student-athletes and officials, so that's why we are advocating for policy changes at the state level and launching monitoring tools around championships to refer serious threats to law enforcement. The NCAA is doing more than ever to protect the integrity of the game and arm student-athletes with the truth about sports betting." 

The NCAA has continued to get direct feedback from student-athletes on their experiences, especially on mental health concerns. 

In December, the NCAA  released results  from a nationally representative survey of more than 23,000 student-athletes. The findings, drawn from the  NCAA Student-Athlete Health and Wellness Study , indicated student-athletes are reporting fewer mental health concerns than they did during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, although the improvements are smaller in some demographics.

Similar to findings from  online studies conducted in 2020 and 2021 , self-reported mental health struggles were more common among student-athletes of color, those identifying on the queer spectrum and those identifying as transgender or nonbinary — population subgroups that commonly display higher rates of mental distress. 

"Getting an accurate understanding of what student-athletes are experiencing — directly from them — is vitally important to help member schools better serve the students on their campuses," said Tom Paskus, NCAA managing director of research. "The NCAA and our research partners, including NCAA faculty athletics representatives, devote substantial time and energy to conducting student-athlete well-being surveys because they allow us to examine important issues such as mental health trends over time. Having tens of thousands of respondents allows us to really dig deep into concerns we see in particular sports or within particular demographic groups."

In addition to sharing findings from the Health and Wellness Study, the NCAA Wagering and Social Environments Study is currently in the field, and the NCAA research team anticipates sharing preliminary results early this fall. The study represents the first comprehensive national examination of how NCAA student-athletes are being impacted by the proliferation of legal sports wagering options in the U.S. after the Supreme Court's 2018 overturning of the Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act of 1992. Additionally, the survey examines how student-athletes interact with campus and community groups and deal with various issues that arise in their social environment. The study will expand the NCAA's understanding of the sports betting landscape and its direct impact on student-athletes, including whether rates of problem gambling behaviors in this population have changed as sports betting has become legal in many states, whether student-athletes are experiencing fan abuse related to sports betting, and how social media use is impacting student-athlete mental wellness. 

Post-eligibility insurance — mental health coverage 

In August 2023, the NCAA Board of Governors approved the creation of the  NCAA Post-Eligibility Insurance Program  for all student-athletes, which will begin Aug. 1. For up to two years (104 weeks) after student-athletes separate from school or voluntarily withdraw from athletics, the program will cover excess medical expenses for athletically related injuries sustained on or after Aug. 1 during participation in an NCAA qualifying intercollegiate sport. The coverage will provide benefits in excess of any other valid and collectible insurance. The policy will have a $90,000 excess limit per injury, with no deductible.

The program includes coverage for mental health services stemming from an eligible, documented athletic injury sustained during participation in an NCAA qualifying intercollegiate sport. Of the $90,000 available, a sublimit of up to $25,000 will be available for mental health services related to an eligible, documented athletic injury.

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Positivism Research Philosophy

It has to be acknowledged that it is difficult to explain positivism research philosophy in a precise and succinct manner. This is because there are vast differences between settings in which positivism is used by researchers. The number variations in explaining positivism may be equal to the number of authors who addressed the area of  research philosophy . Nevertheless, in its essence, positivism is based on the idea that science is the only way to learn about the truth. The text below explains positivism research philosophy with the focus on business studies in particular.

Positivism:  Introduction  

As a philosophy, positivism adheres to the view that only “factual” knowledge gained through observation  (the senses), including measurement, is trustworthy. In positivism studies the role of the researcher is limited to  data collection  and  interpretation   in an objective way. In other words, the researcher is an objective analyst and she distances herself from personal values in conducting the study. In these types of studies research findings are usually observable and quantifiable.

Positivism depends on quantifiable observations that lead to statistical analyses. It has been a dominant form of research in business and management disciplines for decades. It has been noted that “as a philosophy, positivism is in accordance with the empiricist view that knowledge stems from human experience. It has an atomistic, ontological view of the world as comprising discrete, observable elements and events that interact in an observable, determined and regular manner” [1] .

Moreover, in positivism studies the researcher is independent form the study and there are no provisions for human interests within the study. Crowther and Lancaster (2008) [2]  argue that as a general rule, positivist studies usually adopt  deductive approach , whereas  inductive research approach  is usually associated with a  phenomenology philosophy . Moreover, positivism relates to the viewpoint that researcher needs to concentrate on facts, whereas phenomenology concentrates on the meaning and has provision for human interest.

Researchers warn that “if you assume a positivist approach to your study, then it is your belief that you are independent of your research and your research can be purely objective. Independent means that you maintain minimal interaction with your research participants when carrying out your research.” [3]  In other words, studies with positivist paradigm are based purely on facts and consider the world to be external and objective.

The five main principles of positivism research philosophy can be summarized as the following:

• There are no differences in the logic of inquiry across sciences.
• The research should aim to explain and predict.
• Research should be empirically observable via human senses. Inductive reasoning should be used to develop statements (hypotheses) to be tested during the research process.
• Science is not the same as the common sense. The common sense should not be allowed to bias the research findings.
• Science must be value-free and it should be judged only by logic.

The following are a few examples for studies that adhere to positivism research philosophy:

• A study into the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the equity of fashion brands in North America.
• An analysis of effects of foreign direct investment in information technology industry on GDP growth in
• A study of relationship between diffusion of innovation of mobile applications and saturation of applications in

The following Table 1 illustrates ontology, epistemology, axiology and typical research methods associated with positivism research philosophy:

Table 1 Ontology, epistemology, axiology and typical research methods associated with positivism research philosophy

Science as an Underlying Ground for Positivism  

Positivism often involves the use of existing theory to develop hypotheses to be tested during the research process. Positivist researchers tend to use highly structured research methodology in order to allow the replication of the same study in the future. Science can be specified as a cornerstone in positivism research philosophy.  Specifically, positivism relies on the following aspects of science.

1. Science is deterministic . Scientific approach is based on the assumption that X causes Y under certain circumstances. The role of researcher when following the scientific approach is to discover specific nature of cause and effect relationships.

2. Science is mechanistic . Mechanical nature of scientific approach can be explained in a way that researchers develop hypotheses to be proved or disproved via application of specific research methods. This leads to the fact that

3. Science uses method . Chosen methods are applied mechanically in order to operationalize theory or hypothesis. Application of methodology involves selection of sample, measurements, analysis and reaching conclusions about hypotheses.

4. Science deals with empiricism . In other words, science only deals with what can be seen or measured. From this perspective, science can be assessed as objective.

Differences between Positivism and Interpretivism

The key features of positivism and social constructionism philosophical approaches are presented in the following Table 2 by Ramanathan (2008) [4] .

Table 2 Differences between positivism and social constructionism

Alternatively, the differences between positivist and  phenomenology  paradigms are best illustrated by Easterby-Smith et al. (2008) [5]  in the following manner:

Table 3 Positivist and phenomenology paradigms

Shortcomings of Positivism

Positivism as an epistemology is associated with the following set of disadvantages:

Firstly, positivism relies on experience as a valid source of knowledge. However, a wide range of basic and important concepts such as cause, time and space are not based on experience. There might be many additional factors that have impacted research findings and positivism research philosophy fails to acknowledge the effect of these factors.

Secondly, positivism assumes that all types of processes can be perceived as a certain variation of actions of individuals or relationships between individuals.

Thirdly, adoption of positivism in business studies and other studies can be criticized for reliance on status quo. In other words, research findings in positivism studies are only descriptive, thus they lack insight into in-depth issues.

My e-book,   The Ultimate Guide to Writing a Dissertation in Business Studies: a step by step assistance contains discussions of theory and application of research philosophy. The e-book also explains all stages of the  research process  starting from the  selection of the research area  to writing personal reflection. Important elements of dissertations such as  research philosophy ,  research approach ,  research design ,  methods of data collection  and  data analysis  are explained in this e-book in simple words.

John Dudovskiy

[1] Collins, H. (2010) “Creative Research: The Theory and Practice of Research for the Creative Industries” AVA Publications, p.38

[2] Crowther, D. & Lancaster, G. (2008) “Research Methods: A Concise Introduction to Research in Management and Business Consultancy” Butterworth-Heinemann

[3] Wilson, J. (2010) “Essentials of Business Research: A Guide to Doing Your Research Project” SAGE Publications

[4] Ramanathan, R. (2008) “The Role of Organisational Change Management in Offshore Outsourcing of Information Technology Services” Universal Publishers

[5] Easterby-Smith, M, Thorpe, R. & Jackson, P. (2008) “Management Research” 3rd ed,SAGE Publications Ltd., London

Field of doctorate

As researchers expand their understanding of the world, new fields of study emerge, and existing fields change. Observing which fields are attracting students can provide early insight into where future research breakthroughs may occur.

Field of doctorate trends

Doctorates in S&E fields are a growing share of all doctorates awarded. Over the past 2 decades, doctorates in every broad S&E field increased in number. However, the fields of psychology, social sciences, and agricultural sciences and natural resources declined slightly in proportion to all doctorates awarded, despite their increase in number. Among S&E fields, engineering grew the most, from 13% of all doctorates in 2002 to 20% in 2022 ( figure 1 and figure 7 ). Between 2021 and 2022, all S&E broad fields grew in the number of doctorate recipients. The S&E fields with the largest increases in doctorate recipients in 2022 were engineering (1,297 or 13% increase from 2021), biological and biomedical sciences (1,080 or 13% increase from 2021), and physical sciences (756 or 16% from 2021). table A-4 ). For more details of data comparability, see the 2022 “ Technical Notes ” and the SED 2021 Taxonomy Changes Working Paper ." data-bs-content="Beginning in 2021, field of doctorate data are collected using a modified version of the 2020 Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) codes and reported using a new SED-specific taxonomy ( table A-4 ). For more details of data comparability, see the 2022 “ Technical Notes ” and the SED 2021 Taxonomy Changes Working Paper ." data-endnote-uuid="0db013ba-c3b8-4774-9971-dcbaa353631a">​ Beginning in 2021, field of doctorate data are collected using a modified version of the 2020 Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) codes and reported using a new SED-specific taxonomy ( table A-4 ). For more details of data comparability, see the 2022 “ Technical Notes ” and the SED 2021 Taxonomy Changes Working Paper .

Non-S&E

Among non-S&E broad fields in the past 20 years, the number of doctorates awarded in humanities and arts declined while the number in business increased ( figure 8 ). From 2012 to 2022, the number of doctorates declined by 293 in education and 1,097 in humanities and arts. Data source ” section." data-bs-content="The drop in the number of doctorate recipients in the field of education between 2009 and 2011 is at least partly attributable to the reclassification of Doctor of Education (EdD) programs. For details, see “Time series data changes” in the “ Data source ” section." data-endnote-uuid="e121527f-351e-4bbb-a7bf-258cc09a1ff2">​ The drop in the number of doctorate recipients in the field of education between 2009 and 2011 is at least partly attributable to the reclassification of Doctor of Education (EdD) programs. For details, see “Time series data changes” in the “ Data source ” section. Between 2021 and 2022, the number of doctorates increased in these three fields (humanities and arts by 330, education by 257, and business by 61). However, the increases were not large enough to bring the number of doctorate recipients in these three fields to pre-pandemic levels.

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Doctorates awarded in S&E trend broad fields: 2002–22

S&E = science and engineering.

The survey data collection for field of study changed in 2021, which may affect the data comparability across years. For more information, see the “ Data source ” section.

National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Earned Doctorates, 2022. Related detailed table 1-3 .

• For grouped bar charts, Tab to the first data element (bar/line data point) which will bring up a pop-up with the data details
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Doctorates awarded in non-S&E trend broad fields: 2002–22

The survey data collection for field of study changed in 2021, which may affect the data comparability across years. For more information on this and details on the drop in education doctorates between 2009 and 2011, see the “ Data source ” section.

Temporary visa holders

In the past 2 decades, the number of U.S. citizen and permanent resident doctorate recipients increased in every broad field of study except education Data source ” section." data-bs-content="For details about changes in the field of education between 2009 and 2011, see “Time series data changes” in the “ Data source ” section." data-endnote-uuid="01ae9aed-c930-486c-9640-c8eaa928fc24">​ For details about changes in the field of education between 2009 and 2011, see “Time series data changes” in the “ Data source ” section. and humanities and arts, while doctorates awarded to temporary visa holders increased in every broad field. table 1-6 ." data-bs-content="For additional data by citizenship status of doctorate recipients, see SED 2022 related detailed table 1-6 ." data-endnote-uuid="249e5112-155e-41da-a546-87728bfad338">​ For additional data by citizenship status of doctorate recipients, see SED 2022 related detailed table 1-6 . In 2022, temporary visa holders earned the majority of doctorates in computer and information sciences (64%), engineering (57%), and mathematics and statistics (54%) ( figure 9 ). The largest increases in the proportions of temporary visa holders since 2002 were in computer and information sciences, social sciences, and non-S&E broad fields. During this period, the proportion of temporary visa holder doctorate recipients declined in only one broad field—agricultural sciences and natural resources.

Doctorate recipients on temporary visas, by trend broad fields: 2002 and 2022

Percentages are based on the number of doctorate recipients who reported citizenship. The survey data collection for field of study changed in 2021, which may affect the data comparability across years. For more information, see the “ Data source ” section.

National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Earned Doctorates, 2022. Related detailed table 1-6 .

U.S. citizens and permanent residents

While racial and ethnic minorities ’ representation in doctoral degrees has increased over time, W hite recipients still hold the majority of doctoral degrees among U . S . citizens and permanent residents. In 2022, 66% of the 26,408 U.S. citizen and permanent resident doctorate recipients in S&E fields identified as White; 11% identified as Asian, 9% Hispanic or Latino, 6% Black or African American, and 4% as more than one race ( table A ). The remaining 3% identified as American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, or did not report their race or ethnicity.

S&E doctorates awarded to U.S. citizens and permanent residents, by race or ethnicity: 2022

Percentages may not sum to 100 due to rounding.

National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Earned Doctorates, 2022. Related detailed table 1-11 .

White doctorate recipients accounted for the majority of doctorate recipients in each field, ranging from 64% in computer and information sciences to 80% in geosciences, atmospheric, and ocean sciences. ​ In 2022, the count of White doctorate recipients in each field is as follows: biological and biomedical sciences (4,442); engineering (2,875); psychology (2,153); social sciences (2,061); physical sciences (2,241); health sciences (1,250); mathematics and statistics (661); multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary sciences (513); computer and information sciences (473); agricultural sciences and natural resources (563); geosciences, atmospheric, and ocean sciences (569); non-S&E fields (5,519). In 2022, Asian doctorate recipients earned a larger share of doctoral degrees than other minority racial and ethnic groups in computer and information sciences, engineering, mathematics and statistics, physical sciences, and biological and biomedical sciences ( figure 10 ). Black or African American doctorate recipients were the largest racial or ethnic minority group in health sciences and non-S&E fields (particularly in education). table 1-11 ." data-bs-content="For details on non-S&E fields, see SED 2022 related detailed table 1-11 ." data-endnote-uuid="d0b020d0-3d65-446c-b6bc-c715b919d0ee">​ For details on non-S&E fields, see SED 2022 related detailed table 1-11 . Hispanic or Latino doctorate recipients were the largest minority group in geosciences, atmospheric, and ocean sciences and in agricultural sciences and natural resources.

Doctorates awarded to U.S. citizens and permanent residents, by selected race or ethnicity and broad field: 2022

Excludes U.S. citizen and permanent resident respondents who did not report race or ethnicity or were Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander. The survey data collection for field of study changed in 2021, which may affect the data comparability across years. For more information, see the “ Data source ” section.

National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Earned Doctorates, 2022. Related detailed table 3-4 .

Women’s share of doctorates has grown over the past 2 decades in most S&E broad fields ( figure 11 ). In 2022, women earned more than half of the doctorates in psychology, health sciences, biological and biomedical sciences, social sciences, agricultural sciences and natural resources, education, humanities and arts, and other non-S&E fields. table 1-4 ." data-bs-content="For additional data on the field of education, humanities and arts, and other non-S&E fields, see SED 2022 related detailed table 1-4 ." data-endnote-uuid="39dd0341-9e32-44e7-8347-0914b8909542">​ For additional data on the field of education, humanities and arts, and other non-S&E fields, see SED 2022 related detailed table 1-4 . Women earned between about 25% and 46% of the doctorates awarded in computer and information sciences; engineering; mathematics and statistics; physical sciences; and geosciences, atmospheric, and ocean sciences in 2022. However, women’s shares of doctorates in most of these broad fields have grown over the past 20 years. From 2002 to 2022, the proportion of female doctorates grew between 9 and 20 percentage points in agricultural sciences and natural resources; geosciences, atmospheric sciences, and ocean sciences; biological and biomedical sciences; and engineering. In computer and information sciences, social sciences, physical sciences, and psychology, women’s share in each field grew between 4 and 7 percentage points during this period.

Doctorates awarded to women, by trend broad field: 2002 and 2022

National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Earned Doctorates, 2022. Related detailed table 1-4 and table 1-5 .

Growing and declining S&E fields

The growth or decline in the share of female doctorate recipients in different fields does not always track with the overall growth in those fields. Between 2012 and 2022, the number of doctorate recipients in all fields increased by 13% while the share of women increased by 0.8 percentage points ( figure 12 ). table 1-5 ." data-bs-content="For detailed data by field, see SED 2022 related detailed table 1-5 ." data-endnote-uuid="373c4037-1c8c-40fe-a5b1-769ea7bd300f">​ For detailed data by field, see SED 2022 related detailed table 1-5 . From 2012 to 2022, the proportion of female doctorate recipients increased between 4 and 12 percentage points in the seven top growing fields (fields that grew 30% or more during these 10 years): civil engineering, bioengineering and biomedical engineering, material sciences engineering, mechanical engineering, chemical engineering, computer and information sciences, and industrial and manufacturing engineering. Women’s share of doctorates also increased between 3 and 9 percentage points in teacher education, education administration, anthropology, and history—fields in which the overall number of doctorates awarded declined between 25% and 30% during this 10-year period. Despite the growth of doctorate recipients in health sciences by 7% in the past 10 years, women’s shares of doctorates declined by about 1 percentage point. The proportion of female doctorate recipients also declined in foreign languages and literature, political science and government, and sociology—fields in which the overall number of doctorates declined as well.

Fastest-changing fields for female doctorate recipients and the overall growth rates of these fields: 2012–22

Fastest-changing fields for female doctorate recipients are the fields with the highest or lowest percentage-point changes in the share of women between 2012 and 2022. Overall growth rate of field is the percent change in doctorate recipients in this period in a field, including both women and men. The list of fields includes major fields and a few higher aggregates (e.g., computer and information sciences, health sciences); "All fields" is presented as a reference. The survey data collection for field of study changed in 2021, which may affect the data comparability across years. For more information, see the “ Data source ” section.

National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Earned Doctorates, 2022. Related detailed table 1-5 .

Intelligent Investment

U.S. Real Estate Market Outlook 2022

Despite uncertainty from the omicron variant and other risks, a growing economy will fuel demand for space and increase real estate investment across all property types.

December 8, 2021 46 Minute Read

• Chapter 1 Economy & Policy
• Chapter 2 Capital Markets
• Chapter 3 Office/Occupier
• Chapter 4 Retail
• Chapter 5 Industrial & Logistics
• Chapter 6 Multifamily
• Chapter 7 Hotels
• Chapter 8 Data Centers

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2022 u.s. real estate market outlook event recording.

Realizing Potential in Tomorrow's Economy

U.S. commercial real estate is set for an active 2022 amid robust economic growth and higher demand from both occupiers and investors across all property types. We anticipate a record year of investment activity, with intense investor competition, powered by abundant capital and liquid debt markets, driving up values—even as interest rates rise as monetary policy tightens.

We foresee a record year for commercial real estate investment, enabled by high levels of low-cost debt availability and new players drawn to real estate debt’s attractive risk-adjusted returns. Commercial real estate values will rise, particularly for sought-after industrial and multifamily assets. Investors will sharpen their focus on emerging opportunities in the office and retail sectors in search of better returns.

The supply/demand balance in the office sector will remain highly favorable for occupiers, but the pace of recovery will pick up following a sluggish 2021. With hybrid work the new normal, office properties with amenities that enhance employee collaboration, connection and wellness will fare best.

Retail, by contrast, is seeing the effects of a longer-term transition, which has included pricing adjustments, low levels of new construction and beneficial investment in the best experiential and convenience-led centers. Sales-to-square footage ratios are surging and the demographic- and pandemic-induced shift to the suburbs will favor grocery-anchored and neighborhood centers. With strong forward returns now achievable, we anticipate a decade-high level of retail investment volume in 2022.

Industrial & logistics hardly broke step during the pandemic as e-commerce surged. 2022 will see slower demand for physical goods as the service sector reopens and attracts more consumer spending. This will give supply a chance to catch up with demand. Third-party logistics operators are beginning to dominate the sector and are looking to get ever closer to the end consumer.

Multifamily will continue its recovery in 2022, with downtown locations returning to pre-pandemic occupancy levels. Single-family rentals in the suburbs will also fare well as some millennials leave the city to raise families.

A notable trend in the second half of 2022 will be the return of downtowns. As business and tourist travel picks up, we will see a sharp revival in the hotel sector in gateway cities, alongside the already recovering food & beverage sector. This, in turn, will stimulate the return to the office and the fuller recovery of downtown life.

The outlook for real estate in 2022 is positive, with big cities potentially surprising on the upside. Amid this recovery, ESG, demographics, digitization and decarbonization will take on a new importance.

We have produced this report to help you navigate the macro environment we expect in 2022 and look forward to working with you in the new year.

The outlook for real estate in 2022 is positive, with big cities potentially surprising on the upside.

Continue to Chapter 1: The Economy

Research Leadership

Richard barkham, ph.d..

Director, Executive Managing

• Phone +1 617 9125215

Julie Whelan

Global Head of Occupier Thought Leadership

• Phone +1 508 789 7085

Henry Chin, Ph.D.

Global Head of Investor Thought Leadership & Head of Research, Asia Pacific

• Phone +852 2820 8160

James Breeze

Vice President, Global Head of Industrial & Logistics Research

• Phone +1 602 735 1939

Ian Anderson

Senior Director of Research and Analysis

• Phone +1 215 561 8997

Matthew Vance

Research VP

• Phone +1 312 780 1252
• Mobile +1 970 652 4050

Darin Mellott

Vice President, Head of U.S. Capital Markets Research

• Phone +1 801 869 8014

Rachael Rothman

Head of Hotels Research & Data Analytics

• Phone +1 804 201 2004

Brandon Isner

Americas Head of Retail Research

• Phone +1 305 381 6407

Matt Walaszek

Director of Research

• Phone +1 312 297 7686

Taylor Jacoby

Director of Strategic Investment Consulting

• Phone +1 202 585 5547

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