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Do space and astronomy excite you? If so, we have got something for you. Download our free Chandrayaan 3 template inspired by India’s third and most recent lunar exploration mission under the Chandrayaan program. Chandrayaan 3 has been a topic of discussion among astronomers and scientists worldwide. The mission’s main objective is to further explore the Moon’s surface and gather valuable scientific data.

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‘India Is on the Moon’: Lander’s Success Moves Nation to Next Space Chapter

The Chandrayaan-3 mission makes India the first country to reach the lunar south polar region in one piece and adds to the achievements of the country’s homegrown space program.

By Hari Kumar ,  Alex Travelli ,  Mujib Mashal and Kenneth Chang

Hari Kumar and Alex Travelli reported from Bengaluru, India, near the Chandrayaan-3 mission control.

• Published Aug. 23, 2023 Updated Aug. 24, 2023

Two visitors from India — a lander named Vikram and a rover named Pragyan — landed in the southern polar region of the moon on Wednesday. The two robots, from a mission named Chandrayaan-3, make India the first country to ever reach this part of the lunar surface in one piece — and only the fourth country ever to land on the moon.

“We have achieved soft landing on the moon,” S. Somanath, the chairman of the Indian Space Research Organization, said after a roar ripped through the ISRO compound just past 6 p.m. local time. “India is on the moon.”

The Indian public already takes great pride in the accomplishments of the nation’s space program, which has orbited the moon and Mars and routinely launches satellites above the Earth with far fewer financial resources than other space-faring nations.

But the achievement of Chandrayaan-3 may be even sweeter, as it comes at a particularly important moment in the South Asian giant’s diplomatic push as an ambitious power on the rise.

India Successfully Lands Spacecraft on Moon’s Surface

The control room at the indian space research organization erupted in cheers when the chandrayaan-3 spacecraft landed on the southern polar region of the moon..

The altitude is being brought down from 800 meters. And we are nearing and approaching the lunar surface. He hung up a painting for the exact day. He the. People are applauding. From the Secretary department of space and chairman isro Somnath. I’m confident. That all countries in the world. Including those from the Global South. Are capable of achieving such feats. We can all aspire. Part of the moon and beyond.

Indian officials have been advocating in favor of a multipolar world order in which New Delhi is seen as indispensable to global solutions. In space exploration, as in many other fields, the message of Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s government has been clear: The world will be a fairer place if India takes on a leadership role, even as the world’s most populous nation works to meet its people’s basic needs.

That assertiveness on the world stage is a central campaign message for Mr. Modi, who is up for re-election to a third term early next year. He has frequently fused his image with that of India’s rise as an economic, diplomatic and technological power.

Mr. Modi has been physically present at mission control for other recent moments in India’s space history, including during a successful orbit of Mars in 2014 and a failed moon landing in 2019 where he was seen consoling the scientists and hugging the chief of ISRO, who was weeping.

But the Chandrayaan-3 landing coincided with his trip to South Africa for a meeting of the group of nations known as BRICS . Mr. Modi’s face beamed into the control room in Bengaluru during the landing’s final minutes, where he was split-screen with the animation of the lander.

“Chandrayaan-3’s triumph mirrors the aspirations and capabilities of 1.4 billion Indians,” Mr. Modi said when the landing was complete, declaring the event as “the moment for new, developing India.”

In a country with a deep tradition of science, the excitement and anticipation around the landing provided a rare moment of unity in what has otherwise been fraught times of sectarian tension stoked by divisive policies of Mr. Modi’s ruling Hindu nationalist party.

Prayers were offered for the mission’s success at Hindu temples, Sikh Gurdwaras and Muslim mosques. Schools held special ceremonies and organized live viewings of the moon landing, with an official YouTube video of the event racking up tens of millions of views. The police band in the city of Mumbai, India’s commercial and entertainment hub, sent a “special musical tribute” to the scientists, performing a popular patriotic song.

“There is full faith,” the song, in Hindi, says. “We will succeed.”

The Indian mission launched in July, taking a slow, fuel-conscious route toward the moon. But Chandrayaan-3 out-endured its Russian counterpart, Luna-25, which launched 12 days ago. Luna-25 was scheduled to land on the moon on Monday in the same general vicinity as the Indian craft but crashed on Saturday following an engine malfunction.

That India managed to outdo Russia, which as the Soviet Union put the first satellite, man and woman in space, speaks to the diverging fortunes of the two nations’ space programs.

Much of India’s foreign policy in recent decades has been shaped by a delicate balancing act between Washington and Moscow, but the country is grappling more with an increasingly aggressive China at its borders. The two countries’ militaries have been stuck in a standoff in the Himalayas for three years now, and the vulnerability to a threat from China is a major driving factor in India’s calculations.

A shared frustration with Beijing has only increased U.S. and Indian cooperation , including in space, where China is establishing itself in direct competition with the United States.

And with the success of Chandrayaan-3, Mr. Modi can reap benefits in leaning into India’s scientific prowess to “more confidently assert Indian national interest on the world stage,” said Bharat Karnad, an emeritus professor of national security studies at the Center for Policy Research in New Delhi.

The control room in Bengaluru became a joyous scene among the engineers, scientists and technicians of the Indian Space Research Organization.

Speaking after the landing, members of the ISRO leadership who managed Chandrayaan-3 made clear that the failure of their last moon landing attempt, in 2019, was a major driving force behind their work.

“From the day we started rebuilding our spacecraft after Chandaryaan-2 experience, it has been breathe in, breathe out Chandrayaan-3 for our team,” said Kalpana Kalahasti, the mission’s associate project director.

Chandrayaan-3 has been orbiting the moon since early August. On Sunday, an engine burn pushed the lander into an elliptical orbit that passed within 15 miles of the surface. On Wednesday, as the spacecraft approached the low point of the orbit, moving at more than 3,700 miles per hour, a preprogrammed sequence of maneuvers commenced.

The craft’s four engines fired again at the start of what ISRO called the “rough braking” portion of the descent, its speed of fall accelerating. After 11.5 minutes, the lander was just over 4.5 miles above the surface and started rotating from a horizontal to a vertical position while continuing its descent.

The spacecraft stopped to hover about 150 yards above the surface for a few seconds, then resumed its downward journey until it settled gently on the surface, about 370 miles from the south pole. The landing sequence took about 19 minutes.

Chandrayaan-3 is a scientific mission, timed for a two-week period when the sun will shine on the landing site and provide energy for the solar-powered lander and rover. The lander and rover will use a range of instruments to make thermal, seismic and mineralogical measurements.

India and ISRO have many other plans afoot.

Although an Indian astronaut flew to orbit on a Soviet spacecraft in 1984, the country has never sent people to space on its own. India is preparing its first astronaut mission, called Gaganyaan. But the project, which aims to send three Indian astronauts to space on the country’s own spacecraft, has faced delays, and ISRO has not announced a date.

The country is also working on launching a solar observatory called Aditya-L1 in early September, and later, an Earth observation satellite built jointly with NASA. India is also planning a follow-up to its recently concluded Mars orbiter mission.

Mr. Somanath has described the current moment as an inflection point, with the country opening its space efforts to private investors after half a century of state monopoly that made advances but at “a shoestring budget mode of working.”

“These are very cost-effective missions,” Mr. Somanath said after the landing. “No one in the world can do it like we do.”

When pressed by reporters about the cost of Chandrayaan-3, Mr. Somanath deflected with laughter: “I won’t disclose such secrets, we don’t want everyone else to become so cost-effective!”

While ISRO will continue exploring the solar system, the accomplishments of India’s private sector may soon garner as much attention. A younger generation of space engineers, inspired by SpaceX , have started going into business on their own. While ISRO’s budget in the past fiscal year was less than $1.5 billion, the size of India’s private space economy is already at least $6 billion and is expected to triple as soon as 2025.

And the pace of change is quickening. Mr. Modi’s government wants India to harness the private sector’s entrepreneurial energy to put more satellites and investment into space — and faster.

Up on the moon Vikram and Pragyan were set to get to work, with the rover possibly rolling onto the lunar surface in the coming hours or sometime on Thursday according to Mr. Somanath. The landing site, on a plateau south of the Manzinus crater and to the west of the Boguslawsky crater, is at about the same latitude as the edge of Antarctica on Earth.

To date, spacecraft have successfully landed on the moon closer to the equator. The polar regions are intriguing because there is frozen water at the bottom of permanently shadowed craters. If such water can be found in sufficient quantities and extracted, astronauts could use it for future space exploration.

The lunar south pole is the intended destination for astronauts who could visit the moon as part of NASA’s Artemis program, and also for upcoming Chinese and Russian missions. In the nearer term, as many as three robotic missions, one from Japan and two from private U.S. companies working with NASA, could head to the moon later this year.

But in Bengaluru after the launch, Mr. Somanath hinted that India had its eyes on worlds beyond the moon.

“It is very difficult for any nation to achieve. But we have done so with just two attempts,” he said. “It gives confidence to land on Mars and maybe Venus and other planets, maybe asteroids.”

Hari Kumar is a reporter in the New Delhi bureau. He joined The Times in 1997. More about Hari Kumar

Alex Travelli is a correspondent for The Times based in New Delhi, covering business and economic matters in India and the rest of South Asia. He previously worked as an editor and correspondent for The Economist. More about Alex Travelli

Mujib Mashal is The Times’s bureau chief for South Asia. Born in Kabul, he wrote for magazines including The Atlantic, Harper’s and Time before joining The Times. More about Mujib Mashal

Kenneth Chang has been at The Times since 2000, writing about physics, geology, chemistry, and the planets. Before becoming a science writer, he was a graduate student whose research involved the control of chaos. More about Kenneth Chang

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The Journey Of Chandrayan 3...

Aug 26, 2023

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Chandrayan-3, india's 3rd lunar mission each stages in detail.....<br>source: https://www.madhyamam.com/science/chandrayaan-3-mission-schedule-1195457

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Chandrayaan-3: All you need to know about the mission and what happens after its successful Moon landing

What is a soft landing, why did india send chandrayaan-3 to the moon's south pole and what happened after the landing was accomplished we explain..

India’s Moon mission Chandrayaan-3 scripted history by successfully landing on the lunar surface at 6:04 pm on August 23. With the Lander accomplishing a ‘soft landing’ on the Moon’s south pole, India becomes the only country to have ever done so. A rover, which is a small vehicle that is meant to move around on the Moon’s surface, then came out of the Lander. On August 24, ISRO released a video of how this happened on X.

… … and here is how the Chandrayaan -3 Rover ramped down from the Lander to the Lunar surface. pic.twitter.com/nEU8s1At0W — ISRO (@isro) August 25, 2023

When Chandrayaan-3 took off for the Moon on July 14, we explained the basics of the mission – how a mission launches into Space, what the Chandrayaan-1 and Chandrayaan-2 missions were, etc. You can click here to read it . Here, we further explain why a ‘soft landing’ was crucial to the mission, what makes landing on the south pole a difficult feat, and what is to happen after the landing.

What is a soft landing, and why did Chandrayaan-3 land on the south pole?

According to ISRO, the mission’s three objectives were to demonstrate a safe and soft landing on the lunar surface, to demonstrate a Rover roving on the Moon and to conduct in-situ scientific experiments.

Soft landing simply means landing at a gentle, controlled speed to not sustain damage to a spacecraft. Amitabha Ghosh, a scientist for NASA’s Rover mission to Mars, explained it in The Indian Express thus : “Imagine a spacecraft hurtling through space, at 10 times the speed of an airplane, having to nearly come to a standstill in order to land gently on the Earth — all in a matter of a few minutes and, more importantly, without any human intervention. This, in a nutshell, is a soft landing.”

Doing so showcases a spacecraft’s technical capabilities. The landing site is near the south pole of the moon at 70 degrees latitude.

All of the previous spacecraft to have landed on the Moon have landed in the region near the Moon’s equator, firstly because it is easier and safer here. The terrain and temperature are more conducive for a long and sustained operation of instruments. Sunlight is also present, offering a regular supply of energy to solar-powered instruments.

The polar regions of the Moon, however, are different. Many parts lie in a completely dark region without sunlight, and temperatures can go below 230 degrees Celsius. This creates difficulty in the operation of instruments. In addition, there are large craters all over the place.

As a result, the polar regions of the Moon have remained unexplored. The extremely cold temperatures could mean that anything trapped in the region would remain frozen in time, without undergoing much change. The rocks and soil in Moon’s north and south poles could therefore provide clues to the early Solar System.

Notably, Chandrayaan-2 also planned to land in this region in 2019, but it was not able to accomplish a soft landing and lost contact after it hit the surface.

Why was Chandrayaan-2 unable to land correctly, and what has changed since then?

Subsequent analyses reported that there were both software and hardware problems in 2019’s Chandrayaan-2. Isro chairperson S Somanath recently said the changes to the current mission were “failure-based.” He said, “Instead of a success-based design in Chandrayaan-2, we are doing a failure-based design in Chandrayaan-3 —we are looking at what can go wrong and how to deal with it.” Some of the changes that have been made are :

*Chandrayaan-2 lost control over its descent around 7.2 km from the surface of the Moon. Its communications system relayed data of the loss of control up to around 400 m above the surface. The Lander had slowed down to about 580 km/hr when it crashed.

A Lander does not have wheels; it has stilts, or legs, which are supposed to touch down on the lunar surface, the legs of Chandrayaan-3 have been strengthened to ensure that it would be able to land, and stabilise, even at a speed of 3 m/sec, or 10.8 km/hour.

*The prospective landing site had its range increased, this time. Instead of trying to reach a specific 500mx500m patch for landing as targeted by Chandrayaan-2, the current mission was given instructions to land safely anywhere in a 4kmx2.4km area.

*The Chandrayaan-3 Lander carried more fuel than Chandrayaan-2. This was done to ensure that the Lander is able to make a last-minute change in its landing site if it needs to.

*The Chandrayaan-3 Lander has solar panels on four sides, instead of only two in Chandrayaan-2. This was to ensure that the Lander continued to draw solar power, even if it landed in a wrong direction, or tumbled over. At least one or two of its sides would always be facing the Sun, and remain active.

What needed to happen for Chandrayaan-3 to land successfully?

The critical technical manoeuvre that the Chandrayaan-3 Lander had to perform on August 23, when it entered the final 15 minutes of its attempt to make a soft landing on the Moon, was to transfer its high-speed horizontal position to a vertical one — in order to facilitate a gentle descent on to the surface.

After Chandrayaan-2 failed in its soft landing mission, K Sivan, then chairman of ISRO, described this process as “15 minutes of terror” for them. It includes four phases:

1. The Rough Braking phase includes reducing the lander’s horizontal velocity from a range of 1.68 km/sec (more than 6,000 km/h) at a height of 30 km from the lunar surface, to almost zero for a soft landing at the designated site. This has to be done with precision, within certain durations. Read this explainer for a more detailed explanation .

2. At a height of 7.42 km from the surface, the lander is to go into an “attitude hold phase” lasting around 10 seconds, during which it should tilt from a horizontal to a vertical position while covering a distance of 3.48 km.

3. The “fine braking phase” lasts around 175 seconds, during which the lander is to move fully into a vertical position. It is to traverse the final 28.52 km to the landing site, the altitude will come down to 800-1,000 m, and it would reach a nominal speed of 0 m/sec. It was between the “attitude hold phase” and the “fine braking phase” that Chandrayaan-2 lost control and crashed.

4. “Terminal descent” is the final stage, when the spacecraft is supposed to descend totally vertically onto the surface.

And finally, what will happen after Chandrayaan-3’s successful landing on the Moon?

Spacecraft are often carrying certain instruments and experiments with them (called payloads) that observe and record what is happening in Space. This information is then relayed to Earth for scientists to analyse and study.

The six payloads on the Vikram lander and rover Pragyan remain the same as the previous mission. There will be four scientific payloads on the lander to study lunar quakes, thermal properties of the lunar surface, changes in the plasma near the surface, and a passive experiment to help accurately measure the distance between Earth and the Moon. The fourth payload comes from NASA.

There are two payloads on the Rover, designed to study the chemical and mineral composition of the lunar surface and to determine the composition of elements such as magnesium, aluminium and iron in the lunar soil and rocks.

For a detailed analysis of these experiments, and how they build on findings of the previous Chandrayaan missions (Chandrayaan-1 and Chandrayaan-2), read our explainer here. 

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Chandrayaan 3 School Projects Ideas and Suggestions for Students

Chandrayaan 3 school projects: india is about to make history with its new and third moon mission, chandrayaan 3. this historic movement must be etched forever in our hearts. to teach students about the importance of the india moon mission, we have brought to you a list of some school projects on chandrayaan 3..

Chandrayaan 3 School Project Ideas: India is on its most important event of the year, a space mission that would leave all the Indians crying and their chests swelled with pride. Yes, we are talking about Chandrayaan 3, India’s Moon Mission. With this mission, India aims to create history worldwide and unravel the parts of the moon that are yet to be discovered. How can this extravagant event not be introduced to our students, the future pillars of our nation? It is not only about inspiring them to do great things for the nation, it is about teaching them the importance of putting your country in a position of pride and recognition to an extent that is unbeatable in the world.

School Project Ideas for Students on Chandrayaan 3

Find below a few important school project ideas on ISRO Chandrayaan 3 for students. These will teach them the importance of Chandrayaan 3 and provide them with the right information.

         Source: YouTube

2. Chandrayaan 3 Drawings/Paintings : Art is an impeccable way of expressing emotions. In this project, students can put their thoughts, feelings, and emotions related to India's moon mission and reflect it upon paper, in the form of paintings and drawings. The best ones can be selected and put on notice boards, classroom walls, libraries, and more.

          Source: YouTube

        Related: Essay on Chandrayaan 3

7. Extempore : An extempore can be organized for students on the topic ‘Chandrayaan 3’. Students will have to come in front of the class and speak on the mission. Since it's an extempore, students will have to perform impromptu.

With these project ideas students will learn the importance of Chandrayaan 3, and the impact it will create in the world space history. With the successful landing of Vikram lander on the moon's surface, India and ISRO have already proved themselves worthy of achieving great heights. This article aims to inspire students to do the same indirectly. 

We hope these school projects on Chandrayaan 3 could add to your knowledge and let your creative juices flow. Such school projects are vital for the growth of students as well as schools, since they showcase the talent schools are producing. The amount of importance our education system lays on academics and textual knowledge, at least 30% of it should also be given to such interesting activities so that students become Jack of all trades. 

• Important Questions and Facts on Chandrayaan 3
• Know about ISRO scientists and their educational background
• Know the story behind India Moon Mission
• Chandrayaan 3 Landing Time on Moon

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• Chandrayaan 3

Chandrayaan - 3 [Latest Updates for UPSC]

India’s third lunar mission, Chandrayaan – 3 made history on August 23, 2023, by successfully achieving a soft landing on the south pole of the moon. With this, India became the first nation to land on the moon’s south pole and the fourth (after Russia, the US and China) to land successfully on Earth’s only natural satellite. In this article, you will learn all you need to know about the Chandrayaan III mission for the UPSC exam . This topic is important for the science and technology segment of the UPSC syllabus.

Chandrayaan-3 Mission

The Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) had undertaken two previous missions to the moon, namely, the Chandrayaan I and the Chandrayaan II. Chandrayaan-1 was launched in 2008 and lasted till 2009 after communications to it were lost. The mission, among other things, tested a crash landing on the lunar surface. Chandrayaan-2 , launched in 2019 attempted a soft landing on the moon but failed. The third mission, Chandrayaan-3 took into account the drawbacks and lessons learnt from the second mission and successfully achieved soft landing.

Objectives of Chandrayaan 3 Mission

• To demonstrate a safe and soft landing on the lunar surface
• To demonstrate rover roving on the moon
• To conduct in-situ scientific experiments

Chandrayaan III Features

Chandrayaan 3 mission’s lander is named Vikram and the rover Pragyan, like those of the second mission.

• The mission consists of a lander module, a propulsion module, and a rover.
• SHAPE has the objective of exploring exo-planets for habitability by studying reflected light. 
• Chandra’s Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE) to measure the thermal conductivity and temperature
• Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA) for measuring the seismicity around the landing site
• Langmuir Probe (LP) to estimate the plasma density and its variations
• A passive Laser Retroreflector Array from NASA for lunar laser ranging studies
• Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS)
• Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS)
• The advanced technologies present in the payloads help in conducting scientific experiments on the moon.
• The mission’s life is one lunar day or 14 earth days.
• The budget of the Chandrayaan-3 mission is Rs 615 crore.

Chandrayaan 3 Mission Timeline

• Chandrayaan-3 mission took off on July 14, 2023 from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) in Sriharikota, A.P.
• On August 5, the mission entered the lunar orbit.
• On August 17, the lander module separated from the propulsion module.
• Deboosting is the slowing down of the spacecraft in an orbit where the Perilune (closest point to the Moon) is 30 km, and the farthest point (the Apolune) is 100 km from the landing site. 
• This process is necessary for the proper landing of the spacecraft.
• On August 23, the lander landed at around 69.36°S and 32.34°E (between Manzinus C and Simpelius N craters) on the south pole of the moon.
• On August 24, the rover Pragyan started its exploration.
• Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is a scientific method using intense laser pulses to analyse material composition.

How is Chandrayaan 3 Different from Chandrayaan 2?

Many changes and improvements were made to the third lunar mission taking into account the lessons learnt from the failed soft landing mission of Chandrayaan-II. Major changes included strengthening the legs of the lander, enhancing fuel reserves and expanding the landing site. Previously, the Vikram lander of Chandrayaan-2 had lost control and communication during descent, which caused it to crash on the moon’s surface. Chandrayaan 3 focused on a failure-based design approach to foresee and prevent potential mishaps.

• The landing area was expanded giving flexibility to soft-land safely within a larger designated region on the surface of the moon.
• Vikram was equipped with more fuel enabling it to travel more towards the landing site.
• Chandrayaan 2 had only two solar panels while Chandrayaan-3 has four.
• The lander’s speed was continuously monitored by an instrument called Laser Doppler Velocimeter onboard the mission that sent laser beams to the lunar surface to calculate the Lander’s speed.

Significance of Lunar South Pole

Previous lunar missions have focused on the equatorial region of the moon owing to its favourable terrain. The south pole region is more challenging compared to the equatorial region. The lack of enough sunlight and extreme cold conditions (up to -230 degrees C) lead to difficulties in instrument operation and sustainability. The polar regions may contain water according to scientists. Also, experts think that the craters in these regions contain fossil records of the early planetary system.

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General Studies

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Study Material

Chandrayaan 3

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Sub-Categories:

GS-III: Science & Technology

• What is the Chandrayaan-3 Mission?

Parts of the Chandrayaan 3 Mission

Timeline of the chandrayaan 3 mission.

• What differentiates Chandrayaan-3 from Chandrayaan-2?
• Chandrayaan-3 vs. Luna-25
• Significance of the Chandrayaan-3 Mission

Way Forward

• FAQs on Chandrayaan-3

Prelims: General Science

Mains:   Achievements of Indians in science & technology; indigenisation of technology and developing new technology

Chandrayaan-3 Mission is the second attempt of the Indian Space Research Organisation after the Chandrayaan-2 to demonstrate the capability of India in safe landing and roving on the lunar surface. The Lander Module of Chandrayaan-3 carrying the Lander, Vikram and Rover, Pragyan,  made the historic soft landing on the surface of the Lunar South Pole on August 23, 2023 . Thus, India became the first nation to soft-land on the surface of the Lunar south pole and overall the fourth to do a soft landing anywhere on the Earth’s natural satellite. Indian Space Research Organisation launched the Chandrayaan-3 Mission by using the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III (LVM3) on 14th July 2023 from Sriharikota.

With the objective to demonstrate the ability to soft landing and roving as well as to carry out experiments on the lunar surface, the Chandrayaan 3 Mission aims to strengthen India's prowess in space discovery and innovation. Continuing the success of its predecessors (Chandrayaan-1 and Chandrayaan-2), the Mission has brought India into the exclusive elite space club.

What is the Chandrayaan 3 Mission?

The Chandrayaan 3 Mission was launched using the LVM3 rocket system. LVM3 is the new launch vehicle of ISRO with the capability to place the modules into the GTO (Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit) in a cost-effective manner. It is a three-stage launch vehicle with two solid strap stages and one core liquid stage. The Launcher, LVM3 M4, placed the integrated Modules in an Elliptic Parking Orbit of size approx. 170 x 36500 km (a GTO).

Objectives of Chandrayaan 3 Mission

One of the many goals of the Mission is to look for water ice that could support future human life on the Moon and also for supplying propellants for spacecraft in future interplanetary missions. The objectives of the Chandrayaan-3 mission are:

• Safe and Soft Landing on the Lunar Surface by the Lander
• Roving on the Moon by the Rover
• In-situ scientific experiments by the Rover

The Chandrayaan-3 Mission consists of two modules - The propulsion module (PM) and the Lander module (LM). The total mass of both the modules is 3900 kg (Propulsion Module-2148 kg, and Lander Module-1752 kg, including Rover-26 kg).

Propulsion Module

The propulsion module carried the lander and rover configuration till the 100 km lunar orbit. Other than carrying the Lander Module, it also has a scientific payload called Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE).

• The SHAPE payload will conduct novel spectro-polarimetric studies of Earth from lunar orbit. It will look for smaller planets that could be habitable in the reflected light.

Lander Module

The Lander Module consists of a Lander (Vikram) and a Rover (Pragyan). The Lander Module made the soft landing using the Automatic Landing Sequence (ALS), where the Lander started its engine (thrusters) and maneuvered the speed and direction of the Module as well as the position of the landing site.

After the historic touchdown, the Rover inside it ramped down on the lunar surface to carry out in-situ chemical analysis of the lunar surface during its mission life.

• The total lifespan of the Mission (Lander and Rover) is lunar day (14 Earth days).
• Both the Lander and the Rover have scientific payloads to carry out experiments on the lunar surface.
• The objectives of scientific payloads planned on the Chandrayaan-3 Lander Module and Rover are provided below:
• Launched: July 14, 2023
• Inserted into Lunar Orbit: August 05
• Separation of the Lander Module from the Propulsion Module: August 17
• Deboosting is the slowing down of the spacecraft in an orbit where the Perilune (closest point to the Moon) is 30 km, and the farthest point (the Apolune) is 100 km from the landing site in the South Polar Region.
• It is required for the proper landing as the speed needed to land is much less than the lander.
• Second Deboosting on August 20
• The targeted site on the Moon was around 70 degrees South near the Southern pole of the Moon.
• If the Lander had missed the target of the commencement of the soft landing, It would have to wait for 1 month.
• It landed at around 69.36°S and 32.34°E (between Manzinus C and Simpelius N craters).
• Rover started its exploration on August 24

What differentiates Chandrayaan 3 from Chandrayaan 2?

Chandrayaan-2 failed in the final phase of its mission in 2019 because it could not achieve a soft landing. The main issue for the crash was that the five thrusters on the lander developed a higher velocity than expected. Also, the lander had to take pictures to fix the landing site. All of this made the accumulated errors. Learning from previous experiences, the ISRO had incorporated some advancements to achieve success this time, which are as follows:

“Failure-based design” instead of the "Success-based design":

• The failure-based design means that if everything, including sensors and electronics, had failed, Vikram would still have made the soft landing.
•  This was done by identifying and rectifying all the probable scenarios that could go wrong.
• These included failure of electronics, engine failure, unable to reach the landing spot, sensor failure, algorithm failure, velocity higher than required, etc.

Increase in the landing area:

• The target area of Chandrayaan-3 was kept at 4km x 2.4km area instead of 500m x 500m targeted by Chandrayaan-2 so that the Lander had more options to choose the best target site on its own.

More fuel to Lander:

• It was kept to facilitate the Lander to travel longer distances to the landing site and, if needed, to the alternate landing site.

Help from Chandrayaan-2 orbiter:

• The Chandrayaan-3 mission does not carry an orbiter; it is using the high-resolution images from the Chandrayaan-2 orbiter.

More robust integrated craft:

• The weight of the payload of Chandrayaan-3 had been kept more than the Chandrayaan-2, with the Lander having most of the extra weight for successful landing.
• The number of thrusters had decreased from five to four with no central thrusters.
• The legs of the Lander were made sturdier to ensure that they could land even at a higher velocity.
• Use of additional solar panels to ensure power generation after a soft landing regardless of the weather on the Moon.

Chandrayaan-3 vs Luna-25

Luna-25, Russia's first lunar mission since 1976, has recently crashed in an attempt to get into the landing orbit. It was targeted to land at the South Pole of the Moon, of particular interest to researchers believing that the polar craters might contain frozen water in their rocks. There are some differences between the Chandrayaan-3 and the Luna-25, which are as follows:

Chandrayaan 3 PPT Presentation And Google Slides Themes - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Chandrayaan 3 PPT Presentation And Google Slides Themes

Chandrayaan 3 presentation slides experience the future of lunar exploration through an immersive chandrayaan-3 presentation. step into the realm of india's ambitious mission as it unveils its remarkable advancements and groundbreaking discoveries. with cutting-edge technology and enhanced capabilities, chandrayaan-3 builds upon the triumphs of its predecessors, propelling us further into the mysteries of the moon. delve into the mission's key objectives, from scientific investigations to resource mapping and technological advancements, all aimed at expanding our understanding of the lunar surface. be captivated by the collaborative efforts of the indian space research organisation (isro) and international partners, forging a path towards scientific excellence and global space exploration. unlock the potential of this template and create your own captivating presentation, tailored to your specific needs. step forward and embrace the wonders of lunar exploration with chandrayaan-3. – powerpoint ppt presentation.

• Choose your favourite infographic and insert it in your presentation using Ctrl C Ctrl V or Cmd C Cmd V in Mac.
• Select one of the parts and ungroup it by right-clicking and choosing Ungroup.
• Change the color by clicking on the paint bucket.
• Then resize the element by clicking and dragging one of the square-shaped points of its bounding box (the cursor should look like a double-headed arrow). Remember to hold Shift while dragging to keep the proportions.
• Group the elements again by selecting them, right-clicking and choosing Group.
• Repeat the steps above with the other parts and when youre done editing, copy the end result and paste it into your presentation.
• Remember to choose the Keep source formatting option so that it keeps the design. For more info, please visit Slideegg (Tips Tricks).

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