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Applications of Biomedical Engineering in Dentistry pp 21–42 Cite as

Materials Used Intraoperatively During Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Procedures

• Mina D. Fahmy 2 ,
• Anish Gupta 3 ,
• Arndt Guentsch 4 &
• Andre Peisker 5  
• First Online: 28 August 2019

1278 Accesses

Oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS) is a broad scope medical and dental specialty that focuses on the diagnoses and treatment of a wide range of disorders including those that affect the head and neck, as well as the facial complex and skeleton. A number of tools and materials can be used intraoperatively with the intention of increasing the success rate of a surgical procedure and shortening the healing time for patients. In this chapter, we will explore several elements of surgical intervention relating to the use of varying types of bone grafts, along with implementing growth factors and enhancers including bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), transforming growth factor-β (TGF - β), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and platelet-rich plasma (PRP). In addition, we will examine the use of biodegradable materials including bone plates, membranes, and scaffolds. Further, we will discuss the use of implantable devices in the surgical treatment of patients for replacement of teeth and fixation of hard tissue structures using customizable titanium plates and screws within the realm of OMFS. Finally, we consider what the future holds with regard to technologically assisted surgery.

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Hot Topics in Clinical Oral Implants Research: Recent Trends in Literature Coverage

Vesela valkova.

1 Medical University of Vienna, Bernhard Gottlieb School of Dentistry, Sensengasse 2a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; [email protected] (V.V.); moc.oohay@aneeneec (C.U.M.)

Ceeneena Ubaidha Maheen

Bernhard pommer.

2 Academy for Oral Implantology, Lazarettgasse 19/DG, A-1090 Vienna, Austria

Xiaohui Rausch-Fan

3 Medical University of Vienna, Rausch-Fan Laboratory, Sensengasse 2a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; [email protected]

Rudolf Seemann

4 Medical University of Vienna, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; [email protected]

This systematic review looks at thematic trends in clinical research publications on dental implants. For this purpose, MEDLINE electronic searches as well as additional hand searches of six main journals in the field were conducted. A total of 2875 clinical studies published between 2001 and 2012 met the inclusion criteria and were subjected to statistical analysis. Hot topics in dental implant literature included immediate loading (14.3%), bone substitutes (11.6%), cross-arch full bridges (8.0%), and immediate implant placement (7.5%). A significant increase in scientific interest for immediate loading (+6.3%, p = 0.001), platform switching (+2.9%, p = 0.001), guided implant surgery (+1.9%, p = 0.011), growth factors ( p = 0.014, +1.4%), piezoelectric surgery (+1.3%, p = 0.015), and restorative materials (+0.7%, p = 0.011) was found. A declining scientific interest in onlay grafting (−0.3%, p = 0.042) was recorded. The findings regarding current clinical oral implants research tie in with better-informed consumers and increased patient demands. Our results demonstrate an increasing interest in techniques that avoid complicated procedures such as bone grafting and that reduce treatment duration.

1. Introduction

The present special issue of Dentistry Journal deals with “Advances in Implant Dentistry,” and the following keywords denote hot topics in this field: template-guided implant placement, minimally invasive techniques, short lengths and reduced implant diameters, novel bone grafting techniques, medically compromised patients, peri-implantitis treatment, immediate placement and restoration, transition from a failing dentition, CAD/CAM prosthetics, and optical intraoral impressions. As the first paper in this special issue, the following review aims to provide the background to recent trends and “hot topics” in advanced and minimally invasive oral implant treatment [ 1 ].

The concept of osseointegration of oral implants was introduced by Branemark 40 years ago and set the precedent for new knowledge in oral medicine. Since then, oral implantology has become one of the most investigated topics in dental medicine, with exponential growth in the use of implant products [ 2 ]. Data shows that the number of implants used for oral rehabilitation in the USA increased ten-fold between 1983 and 2002 and also ten-fold from 2000 to 2010 [ 3 ]. While previously the primary aim of research on oral implantology was to find ways to rehabilitate function [ 4 ], many efforts nowadays are focused on the shortening of treatment procedures, simplifying surgical techniques, and esthetic improvement [ 5 ]. It is well known that oral implantology is a prosthetically driven field with a major surgical component [ 6 ]. Therefore, the current state of the art in implant dentistry represents advances in both surgical and prosthodontic techniques [ 5 ].

Keeping pace with research development, the aim of this systematic review was to investigate contemporary issues in oral implantology research and to perform a topical trend analysis of clinical studies published in the time period from 2001 to 2012.

2. Material and Methods

2.1. search strategy.

A MEDLINE electronic literature search was conducted, limited to clinical studies on dental implants published between 2001 and 2012. The search term “dental implant,” sorted by “year of publication” was used in order to capture all relevant articles [ 7 ]. Additional hand searching was performed to examine six main journals in the field: The International Journal of Maxillofacial Implants , Journal of Oral Implantology , Clinical Oral Implant Related Research , Implant Dentistry , European Journal of Oral Implantology , and Clinical Oral Implant Research . Two reviewers independently identified all trials [ 8 ]. The PubMed search initially identified 15,695 publications, and 5048 additional results were identified by hand search. These studies were screened for their relevance based upon a threshold set [ 9 ]:

• inclusion criteria: prospective and retrospective studies, cross-sectional studies, case-control studies, case reports with at least 10 patients
• exclusion criteria: non-English publications, statistical studies, animal studies, finite element analyses, in vitro studies, review articles, and case series with fewer than 10 patients.

A total number of 3695 articles were subjected to abstract review. Where the abstract provided little information, a full text analysis was performed. Authors of potentially relevant publications, which were not available or lacked data, were contacted and asked for cooperation. Ultimately, 2875 clinical studies were identified as meeting the inclusion criteria. Our goal was to investigate how trends change over time as regards the topics examined in modern implant dentistry research. In this respect, we have determined that 31 topics were appropriate: 23 of them concerned surgical issues and 8 dealt with prosthodontic issues ( Table 1 ). First, all relevant publications were screened for the topics listed in Table 1 independently by two reviewers. Thereafter, the results were verified, and all doubtful publications were discussed before the final decision was taken.

Topics sorted by literature coverage. Absolute numbers of publications per year as well as the total percentage of all clinical papers 2001–2012 (* indicates prosthodontic topics).

2.2. Statistical Analysis

As mentioned above, 2875 publications were analyzed. In order to find statistical trends in respect to the relevant topics between 2001 and 2012, Poisson regression analysis was performed, taking the level of significance as p ≤ 0.05, using R-project statistical software version 3.1.0. This statistical test was used to model count data, which in this case was the number of publications. p -values were calculated for every topic, taking into account the relative number publications per topic from the total number of publications.

The surgical and prosthodontic topics of interest were computed as percentages of the total number of publications ( Table 1 ). Among the most covered surgical topics in the literature were immediate loading (14.3%), bone substitutes (11.6%), immediate implant placement (7.5%), simultaneous implant placement with bone augmentation (6.4%), onlay grafting (4.3%), medically compromised patients (4.0%), healing modality (3.7%), transcrestal sinus floor elevation (3.0%), flapless surgery (2.7%), socket grafting (2.6%), and guided surgery (2.4%). Immediate loading (14.3%), cross-arch implant bridges (8.0%), early loading (4.5%), and platform switching (1.7%) were ranked as the most prevalent prosthodontic issues in current oral implant research.

The surgical issues were the more prevalent topics, demonstrating an increasing rate of publications over the time in terms of mean coverage (0.53 ± 0.01) per publication ( Figure 1 ), as compared to prosthodontic issues (0.33 ± 0.05 hits). The mean coverage values were estimated based on yearly ratios: the number of prosthodontic/surgical publications per year in relation to the total number of publications per year. The significant increase in publications on surgical issues over the years was demonstrated by Poisson regression analysis ( p = 0.002).

Literature coverage of surgical (s) versus prosthodontic (p) issues: x-axis indicates year of publication, y-axis indicates the ratio of numbers of publications (surgical/prosthodontic) to the total number of publications per year.

A total of eight topics showed significant trends ( p < 0.05) over the years 2001 to 2012 ( Table 2 ). Immediate loading demonstrated the highest increase with a positive change of +6.3% and p = 0.001 ( Figure 2 a). Platform switching (+2.9%, p = 0.001) was the second topic showing a significant increase; however, only one relevant article was detected between 2001 and 2006 ( Figure 2 b). These topics were followed by guided implant surgery (+1.9%, p = 0.011), growth factors (+1.4%, p = 0.014), piezoelectric surgery (+1.3%, p = 0.015), and restorative materials (+0.7%, p = 0.011). The green line represents the percentage of the total number of publications for every year. The black trend line reveals the relationship between the year of publication (x-variable) and the percentage of the total number of publications (y-variable). Since there were no publications on platform switching between 2002 and 2005, there is a negative trend line intercept starting from 2001 ( Figure 2 b). Decreasing scientific interest and a corresponding downward trend were recorded for the topic onlay grafting (−0.3%, p = 0.042).

Trend curves (percentage out of the total number of publications per year) for ( a ) immediate loading; ( b ) platform switching; ( c ) flapless implant surgery; ( d ) guided implant surgery; ( e ) growth factors; ( f ) piezoelectric surgery; ( g )restorative materials; and ( h ) onlay grafting.

Topics demonstrating a significant increase (positive) or decrease (negative change) of scientific interest in the years 2001–2012.

4. Discussion

Comparisons of published clinical trials per year revealed a trend of increasing interest in conducting clinical trials, starting with 137 relevant articles in the year 2001 and reaching the number of 446 publications in the year 2012. However, even the total number of 3695 articles is smaller than the total number of 4655 clinical studies published between 1989 and 1999 reported by Russo et al. [ 10 ]. Given that the number of publications increased with every year, it was considered more appropriate to perform Poisson regression analysis related to percentage-based values rather than related to absolute values for all topics.

Immediate loading proved to be the most studied topic in the last decade ( Figure 2 a). This avid scientific interest can be explained by several advantages it offers, such as shortened treatment protocols, immediate rehabilitation of the function, and high patient satisfaction. Meta-analyses on single-tooth implant placement have shown encouraging results for the immediate loading protocol as a promising alternative to conventional loading, as it may be equally successful and may not significantly affect marginal bone resorption and implant success rates [ 11 , 12 , 13 ]. Another meta-analysis by Papaspyridakos et al. [ 14 ] reported that there was no significant difference between immediate, early, and conventional loading in edentulous patients with fixed prostheses, and all three protocols showed a high level of success. However, other reviewers disagree with this assessment of the unimpaired success of the immediate loading protocol. A meta-analysis of clinical studies comparing the immediate and conventional loading of single tooth implants discovered that immediate loading has a significantly higher risk of implant failure [ 15 ]. Schimmel and coworkers [ 16 ] concluded that, despite the high implant survival rates, the conventional and early loading protocols are superior to immediate loading as better documented protocols, providing better results in the first year of loading. A survey among implantologists from 16 countries all over the world stated that immediate loading was the treatment protocol most accepted by dentists in Australia and Europe [ 17 ]. Based on these controversial statements in the literature, it can be concluded that there is still a lack of well-designed RCTs concerning loading protocol [ 18 ] and immediate loading may well retain its place as a hot topic of discussion over the coming years.

The platform-switching concept arose in 1980 with the introduction of the wide diameter implants. Due to the lack of commercially available matching components for wide diameter implants, the standard-diameter abutments were used. Later, it was found that “platform-switched” implants demonstrated osseointegration with less initial crestal bone loss and were thus superior to the “platform-matched implants” [ 19 ]. However, the first introduction of this concept appeared in 2005 [ 20 ]. Radiographic observation over a period of 13 years demonstrated that platform switching resulted in little or no crestal bone loss as compared to the conventional implants, whereas marginal bone resorption of 1.5 mm on average was accepted as one of the criteria for success of the dental implant [ 21 ]. Our study shows that the increasing publication rate of clinical studies happened to coincide with the first official introduction of this concept, with a positive linear trend for this topic starting in 2005 ( Figure 2 b). Since guided surgery is performed in combination with the flapless procedure in most cases, [ 22 ] the similarity in literature coverage, illustrated in both scatter plots, does not come as a surprise ( Figure 2 c,d).

In contrast to the last decade of the 20th century, when the main progress in the field of oral implant research was made in alveolar bone resorption management to refine the different graft techniques [ 23 ], our findings show that in the 21st century there has been increasing interest in methods developed to overcome the grafting procedures and even a loss of interest in one of the most used augmentation techniques, i.e. , onlay bone grafting. It seems that dental implant scientific work is inspired more by the patient’s appraisals [ 24 ], seeking to improve minimally invasive surgical techniques [ 25 ], diminish patient morbidity, and shorten the treatment time. However, the role of industrial funding for conducting clinical studies should be taken into consideration. 32.4% of the clinical trials are supported by industry as a source of funding, which is a suitable way for companies not only to comply with safety and efficacy standards, but also to introduce their new products to the market [ 26 ]. This industry sponsorship may lead to biased reporting and pro-industry conclusions [ 27 ]. This does have the potential to reflect on ongoing trends in clinical research. In this connection for instance, the relatively innovative technique of guided implant surgery provides less painful and invasive treatment but at the same time is a more difficult and expensive procedure than conventional implant placement, demonstrating the same survival rate. However, a survey by Hof and coworkers [ 28 ] showed that the main priority for the patients when it comes to implant therapy remains the predictability of treatment success. The achievements brought about by ongoing clinical research, such as improved quality, ease of use of implant systems, as well as shorter treatment duration [ 29 ] may provide grounds for future researchers to face the challenge of preserving the perspectives of clinical implant research, and specifically, to enhance the relationship between private practice and science without involving marketing.

In order to adhere to ethical rules on explicit reporting, including also the disadvantages of any study, the researchers are obligated to report their study’s limitations. Undoubtedly, meta-analysis is the “gold standard” for performing any systematic review aiming at assessing treatment effects. Given that the variable investigated in the present study was the number of publications, the Poisson regression was selected as a statistical tool. The Poisson regression is used to model count data (in the present case this is the number of publications) and is an appropriate statistical method for predicting trends. Therefore, no methods estimating risk of bias, quality design, or heterogeneity of the studies provided by the meta-analysis were applied in this study.

A further limitation is presented by the use of only one database source. The findings in the present work are based on analysis, including studies from MEDLINE, and an additional hand search of six journals. However, the search strategy did not consider other databases such as EMBASE and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials.

In conclusion, the analysis of scientific literature on dental implants revealed several hot topics in the time period between 2001 and 2012. The most frequently covered surgical issues were bone substitutes (11.6%) and immediate implant placement, (7.5%), while the most prevalent prosthodontic topics involved immediate loading (14.3%) and cross-arch full bridges (8.0%). Given that the topics demonstrating the highest increase in interest were prosthodontic topics, i.e. , immediate loading (+6.3%) and platform switching (+2.9%), the interest in researching prosthodontic topics will most likely continue to increase.

Acknowledgments

No funding was received to support the study.

Author Contributions

Bernhard Pommer conceived and designed the experiments; Vesela Valkova and Ceeneena Ubaidha Maheen performed the experiments; Rudolf Seemann analyzed the data; Xiaohui Rausch-Fan contributed analysis tools; Vesela Valkova wrote the paper.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Book review

• Published: 08 December 2023

Emerging technologies in oral and maxillofacial surgery

• Mojtaba Mehrabanian 1  

British Dental Journal volume  235 ,  page 856 ( 2023 ) Cite this article

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Editors: Arash Khojasteh, Ashraf F. Ayoub and Nasser Nadjmi; 2023; Springer Singapore; £109.99 (hardcover); pp. 375; ISBN: 978-981-19-8601-7

The first edition of Emerging technologies in oral and maxillofacial surgery provides a detailed guide for surgeons and professionals in related fields. It covers the integration of advanced technologies such as 3D printing, virtual reality, augmented reality, artificial intelligence, and machine learning in oral and maxillofacial surgery practices. The book is expertly crafted, with organised chapters and high-quality flowcharts and figures throughout.

Divided into 18 chapters, this book provides a comprehensive journey from theoretical foundations to the practical application of advanced technologies in dentistry. In the initial chapter, the transformative impact of advanced technologies, including CAD/CAM, robotic surgeries, and regenerative dentistry applications, is discussed. The following chapter delves into the use of CBCT and MRI for computer-assisted maxillofacial treatments, offering clarity on surgical sites.

Moving forward, the third chapter focuses on the application of CBCT and MRI data in CAD/CAM, machine learning, and artificial intelligence. The next chapter classifies cutting-edge additive manufacturing techniques into extrusion- and fusion-based technologies. The fifth chapter explores rapid prototyping models that aid surgical planning, providing valuable pre-surgery simulations.

The sixth chapter discusses bone contouring in the reconstruction of facial defects using computer-designed patient-specific implants. In Chapter 7, the focus is on patient-specific implants produced by CAD/CAM for functional mandibular bone replacement. The next chapter explores the use of tissue engineering and 3D printing for bone regeneration.

Chapters 9-11 delve into in situ bone regeneration, recent advances in orthognathic surgery, and facial cosmetic surgery, respectively. The twelfth chapter emphasises the importance of custom-made dental implants for optimal oral rehabilitation. Chapter 13 explores the advantages, such as precision enhancement, and limitations, such as cost and size, of robotic surgery.

Chapter 15, serving as a valuable resource for individuals keen on understanding the fundamental principles of AI, along with Chapter 16, collectively define and introduce applications of artificial intelligence and machine learning in maxillofacial surgery. The subsequent chapter explores the performances and potential of artificial intelligence in precision medicine, tissue engineering, 3D and 4D printing, and robotic surgery, particularly when integrated with oral and maxillofacial surgery.

In Chapter 17, the focus is on bioprinting in maxillofacial surgery, utilising bio-ink for tissue scaffolds and addressing conventional printing issues. The last chapter explores the application of bioreactors in oral and maxillofacial surgery.

Overall, this book is a valuable resource, providing a comprehensive overview and practical insights into the latest advancements in the field, making it essential for professionals adopting these technologies in surgical practice.

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Mehrabanian, M. Emerging technologies in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Br Dent J 235 , 856 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41415-023-6611-1

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Published : 08 December 2023

Issue Date : 08 December 2023

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1038/s41415-023-6611-1

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The areas of research mainly focuses on minor oral surgery, space infections of the head and neck region, maxillofacial trauma, orthognathic surgery and TMJ disorders.

The details of the same for the last 5 years (2016-2020) are under mentioned.

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Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal

• Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal
• Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal

Research output

• 636 Citations
• 143 Article
• 21 Review article
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A framework to enhance the experience of cbct data in real-time using immersive virtual reality: impacting dental pre-surgical planning.

Research output : Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

• computerized tomography 100%
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Epidemiology of maxillofacial injuries during monsoon and non-monsoon season in India: a data-based retrospective study from a tertiary care dental teaching hospital

• teaching 100%
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Nasopalatine Duct Cyst Associated with Non-Vital Teeth: Report of a Rare Case

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Oral health in cancer palliative care: cross-sectional study

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Pedicled Osseous Reconstruction of Orbital Floor Defects Post-Total Maxillectomy

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Progressive loss of upper limb function as a presenting feature of glenohumoral metastasis from a primary tongue malignancy

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The interplay of EMT and stemness driving malignant transformation of Oral Submucous Fibrosis

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Anatomical approach to submental intubation through a paramedian transcrevicular approach

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An unsolved dilemma in the reliability of virtual planning in mandibular reconstruction surgery: Short communication

Assessment of quality of life in patients with surgically treated maxillofacial fractures.

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Difficulty of Arch Reduction with Gillies Temporal Approach in a Coronoid Hyperplasia Case

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Efficacy of Preemptive Dexamethasone versus Methylprednisolone in the Management of Postoperative Discomfort and Pain after Mandibular Third Molar Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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HOX cluster-embedded lncRNAs and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cancer: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities

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Immersive Viewing of Dento-facial Medical Data in Virtual Reality

Research output : Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

• motion 100%
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Interactive Volume Rendering Module using Two-Dimensional Transfer Function on Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Data

• volume 100%
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Necrotic oral lesions: a narrative review

• Lesion 100%
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Non-familial paediatric oral myofibroma - A masquerade. Case report with a brief literature review

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Occurrence of Second Oral Potentially Malignant Disorder following Excision of Primary Lesion: A Prospective Study of Cases from a Tertiary Care Centre

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Oral Metronomic Chemotherapy in Advanced and Metastatic Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Need of the Hour

• chemotherapy 100%
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Outcomes of Non-surgical Management of Zygomaticomaxillary Complex Fractures

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Paediatric condylar trauma – primary management considerations – A review

• pediatrics 100%
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Piezo-Assisted Transmaxillary Approach for Microscope-Enabled Debulking of Infratemporal Schwannoma

• Diagnosis 100%
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Reconstruction of Maxillary Defects Using Virtual Surgical Planning and Additive Manufacturing Technology: A Tertiary Care Centre Experience

• additives 100%
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Re-Examination of the Maxillary Vestibular Approach with Emphasis on Facial Mimetic Muscle Preservation

• Examination 100%
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Role of CBCT in Prediction of Oro-antral Communication Post Third Molar Extraction: A Retrospective Study

• Interpersonal Communication 100%
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Synchronous Aberration of the Jugular and Carotid—a Case Report

• Patient 100%
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Use of the Smith’s Spreader as a Self-Retaining Retractor in the Direct Approach to Clival Tumours – A Technical Note

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“Giant cell fibroma of buccal mucosa ‑an unusual lesion of unusual size”: A case report

• Buccal Mucosa 100%
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A Convolutional Neural Network Based Deep Learning Algorithm for Identification of Oral Precancerous and Cancerous Lesion and Differentiation from Normal Mucosa: A Retrospective Study

• Differentiation 100%
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Anatomic Variation of Submental Artery: A Case of Submental Artery Coursing Through a Developmental Defect of Mylohyoid Muscle

Bilateral temporomandibular joint reconstructions with stock alloplastic prostheses on a distracted mandible–a case report.

• prostheses 100%
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• patients 50%
• management 25%

Biological implications of the immune factors in the tumour microenvironment of oral cancer

• Antibody 100%
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Current Concepts for Reconstruction of Oral Tissues Following Ablative Surgery: A Comprehensive Approach

• Tissues 100%
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Ewinga' s sarcoma of the mandibular condyle in a young adult: A rare case report

• adults 100%
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Malignant Transformation of Longstanding Dentigerous Cyst in the Antrum: A Case Report

• Omeprazole 100%
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MANDIBULAR DISTRACTION FOR TREATMENT OF PEDIATRIC SEVERE PULMONARY EDEMA SECONDARY TO OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA: REPORT OF A CASE AND REVIEW OF LITERATURE

• Sleep Disordered Breathing 100%

Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: knowledge and perceptions of medical professionals on the usage of bone modifying agents and dental referrals

• Drug Therapy 100%
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Morphological Study of the Transverse Ligament of Knee Joint in Embalmed Cadavers

• bone joints 100%
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• distance 18%

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• Periodontitis 100%
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• Assessment 100%
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PERCEPTION OF ORAL SURGERY AS A SPECIALTY AMONGST STUDENTS OF MANIPAL UNIVERSITY

• Dihydrotachysterol 100%
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PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY: A REVIEW

Resurgence of mucormycosis in india: a dentist's perspective, retrieval of fractured implant abutment screws: a narrative review.

• implants 100%
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Role of Dietary Flavonoids in Preventing COVID-19 Infection and Other Infectious Diseases: A Mini Review

• flavonoids 100%
• infectious diseases 100%
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• Flavonoid 100%

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Why use a dissertation or a thesis.

A dissertation is the final large research paper, based on original research, for many disciplines to be able to complete a PhD degree. The thesis is the same idea but for a masters degree.

They are often considered scholarly sources since they are closely supervised by a committee, are directed at an academic audience, are extensively researched, follow research methodology, and are cited in other scholarly work. Often the research is newer or answering questions that are more recent, and can help push scholarship in new directions. 

Search for dissertations and theses

Locating dissertations and theses.

The Proquest Dissertations and Theses Global database includes doctoral dissertations and selected masters theses from major universities worldwide.

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NDLTD – Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations provides free online access to a over a million theses and dissertations from all over the world.

WorldCat Dissertations and Theses searches library catalogs from across the U.S. and worldwide.

Locating University of Minnesota Dissertations and Theses

Use  Libraries search  and search by title or author and add the word "thesis" in the search box. Write down the library and call number and find it on the shelf. They can be checked out.

Check the  University Digital Conservancy  for online access to dissertations and theses from 2007 to present as well as historic, scanned theses from 1887-1923.

Other Sources for Dissertations and Theses

• Center for Research Libraries
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University of Minnesota Dissertations and Theses FAQs

What dissertations and theses are available.

With minor exceptions, all doctoral dissertations and all "Plan A" master's theses accepted by the University of Minnesota are available in the University Libraries system. In some cases (see below) only a non-circulating copy in University Archives exists, but for doctoral dissertations from 1940 to date, and for master's theses from 1925 to date, a circulating copy should almost always be available.

"Plan B" papers, accepted in the place of a thesis in many master's degree programs, are not received by the University Libraries and are generally not available. (The only real exceptions are a number of old library school Plan B papers on publishing history, which have been separately cataloged.) In a few cases individual departments may have maintained files of such papers.

In what libraries are U of M dissertations and theses located?

Circulating copies of doctoral dissertations:.

• Use Libraries Search to look for the author or title of the work desired to determine location and call number of a specific dissertation. Circulating copies of U of M doctoral dissertations can be in one of several locations in the library system, depending upon the date and the department for which the dissertation was done. The following are the general rules:
• Dissertations prior to 1940 Circulating copies of U of M dissertations prior to 1940 do not exist (with rare exceptions): for these, only the archival copy (see below) is available. Also, most dissertations prior to 1940 are not cataloged in MNCAT and can only be identified by the departmental listings described below.  
• Dissertations from 1940-1979 Circulating copies of U of M dissertations from 1940 to 1979 will in most cases be held within the Elmer L. Andersen Library, with three major classes of exceptions: dissertations accepted by biological, medical, and related departments are housed in the Health Science Library; science/engineering dissertations from 1970 to date will be located in the Science and Engineering Library (in Walter); and dissertations accepted by agricultural and related departments are available at the Magrath Library or one of the other libraries on the St. Paul campus (the Magrath Library maintains records of locations for such dissertations).  
• Dissertations from 1980-date Circulating copies of U of M dissertations from 1980 to date at present may be located either in Wilson Library (see below) or in storage; consult Libraries Search for location of specific items. Again, exceptions noted above apply here also; dissertations in their respective departments will instead be in Health Science Library or in one of the St. Paul campus libraries.

Circulating copies of master's theses:

• Theses prior to 1925 Circulating copies of U of M master's theses prior to 1925 do not exist (with rare exceptions); for these, only the archival copy (see below) is available.  
• Theses from 1925-1996 Circulating copies of U of M master's theses from 1925 to 1996 may be held in storage; consult Libraries search in specific instances. Once again, there are exceptions and theses in their respective departments will be housed in the Health Science Library or in one of the St. Paul campus libraries.  
• Theses from 1997-date Circulating copies of U of M master's theses from 1997 to date will be located in Wilson Library (see below), except for the same exceptions for Health Science  and St. Paul theses. There is also an exception to the exception: MHA (Masters in Health Administration) theses through 1998 are in the Health Science Library, but those from 1999 on are in Wilson Library.

Archival copies (non-circulating)

Archival (non-circulating) copies of virtually all U of M doctoral dissertations from 1888-1952, and of U of M master's theses from all years up to the present, are maintained by University Archives (located in the Elmer L. Andersen Library). These copies must be consulted on the premises, and it is highly recommended for the present that users make an appointment in advance to ensure that the desired works can be retrieved for them from storage. For dissertations accepted prior to 1940 and for master's theses accepted prior to 1925, University Archives is generally the only option (e.g., there usually will be no circulating copy). Archival copies of U of M doctoral dissertations from 1953 to the present are maintained by Bell and Howell Corporation (formerly University Microfilms Inc.), which produces print or filmed copies from our originals upon request. (There are a very few post-1952 U of M dissertations not available from Bell and Howell; these include such things as music manuscripts and works with color illustrations or extremely large pages that will not photocopy well; in these few cases, our archival copy is retained in University Archives.)

Where is a specific dissertation of thesis located?

To locate a specific dissertation or thesis it is necessary to have its call number. Use Libraries Search for the author or title of the item, just as you would for any other book. Depending on date of acceptance and cataloging, a typical call number for such materials should look something like one of the following:

Dissertations: Plan"A" Theses MnU-D or 378.7M66 MnU-M or 378.7M66 78-342 ODR7617 83-67 OL6156 Libraries Search will also tell the library location (MLAC, Health Science Library, Magrath or another St. Paul campus library, Science and Engineering, Business Reference, Wilson Annex or Wilson Library). Those doctoral dissertations still in Wilson Library (which in all cases should be 1980 or later and will have "MnU-D" numbers) are located in the central section of the third floor. Those master's theses in Wilson (which in all cases will be 1997 or later and will have "MnU-M" numbers) are also located in the central section of the third floor. Both dissertations and theses circulate and can be checked out, like any other books, at the Wilson Circulation desk on the first floor.

How can dissertations and theses accepted by a specific department be located?

Wilson Library contains a series of bound and loose-leaf notebooks, arranged by department and within each department by date, listing dissertations and theses. Information given for each entry includes name of author, title, and date (but not call number, which must be looked up individually). These notebooks are no longer current, but they do cover listings by department from the nineteenth century up to approximately 1992. Many pre-1940 U of M dissertations and pre-1925 U of M master's theses are not cataloged (and exist only as archival copies). Such dissertations can be identified only with these volumes. The books and notebooks are shelved in the general collection under these call numbers: Wilson Ref LD3337 .A5 and Wilson Ref quarto LD3337 .U9x. Major departments of individual degree candidates are also listed under their names in the GRADUATE SCHOOL COMMENCEMENT programs of the U of M, available in University Archives and (for recent years) also in Wilson stacks (LD3361 .U55x).

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Once Centers Of Soviet Propaganda, Moscow's Libraries Are Having A 'Loud' Revival

Moscow's Fyodor Dostoevsky Library was renovated in 2013 and now sees some 500 visitors a day, up from just a dozen or so per day in earlier years. The library hosts language clubs, readings, lectures and concerts. Lucian Kim/NPR hide caption

Moscow's Fyodor Dostoevsky Library was renovated in 2013 and now sees some 500 visitors a day, up from just a dozen or so per day in earlier years. The library hosts language clubs, readings, lectures and concerts.

The Chistye Prudy neighborhood is one of Moscow's liveliest, with restaurants and cafes clustered along a boulevard with a tram line and grand old apartment buildings.

Before the bars fill up in the evenings, the neighborhood's most popular hangout is the Fyodor Dostoevsky Library, named for the 19th century Russian writer. While young people huddle over laptops as city traffic growls past the large windows in the main reading hall, a theater group is rehearsing a play in another room. A constant stream of visitors comes through the entrance, with the front door banging behind them.

"It's one of the best libraries here in Moscow just because it has changed so much," says Alsu Gorbatyuk, 40, an English teacher who popped in after a visit to a skating rink. "I suppose that right now, Moscow is one of the centers of library culture."

Until recently, that culture seemed doomed to become a relic of the analog past. After Russia's rocky transition from Communism and the rise of the Internet, there seemed little use for the more than 400 city libraries as public spaces fell into neglect and Russians found new sources of information. Unexpectedly, Moscow's libraries are now experiencing a transformation from musty houses of Soviet propaganda into bustling work spaces for 21st century city-dwellers.

"People are voting with their feet, we get a lot of visitors," says Andrei Lisitsky, the director of the Dostoevsky Library. "But this isn't just a busy place like a train station, church or cafe. It's a place for creating new ideas about the urban space and a center of informal learning."

An outside view of the Dostoevsky Library in Moscow. In recent years, the city's team in charge of libraries has discarded almost all traditional conceptions of what a public library is. Lucian Kim/NPR hide caption

An outside view of the Dostoevsky Library in Moscow. In recent years, the city's team in charge of libraries has discarded almost all traditional conceptions of what a public library is.

In recent years, the city's team in charge of libraries has discarded almost all traditional concepts of what a public library is.

"We have a different idea from the way things used to be. A library can be a loud place," says Maria Rogachyova, the official who oversees city libraries. "Of course there should be some quiet nooks where you can focus on your reading, but our libraries also host a huge amount of loud events."

The Dostoevsky Library hosts three to four events a day, including language clubs, readings and lectures. Once an acoustic music concert got so loud that there were noise complaints from the hookah lounge in the basement, Lisitsky recalls, laughing.

If a dozen or so people per day came through the doors of the Dostoevsky Library before its renovation in 2013, Lisitsky says it now gets 500 daily visitors, who are drawn by its modern facilities and evening events.

Andrei Akritov, 22, an aspiring standup comedian from out of town, says he discovered the library when he walked by and saw people reading inside.

"I'm staying at a hostel, and it's impossible to concentrate there," he says. Working on his monologues, he says, "Here I can spend three, four, even five hours."

The Dostoevsky Library was part of a pilot project to renew Moscow libraries. The city commissioned a Russian-Dutch design bureau to do away with the library's original floral curtains, potted plants and mustard-yellow paint in favor of a contemporary look with open stacks, modern lighting and white walls. Opening hours were extended until 10 p.m.

The library now has its own website , Facebook page and even YouTube channel .

"Moscow libraries aren't competing with modern technology, they're trying to use it," says Rogachyova. "The rise of electronic media shouldn't spell the death of libraries as public spaces."

While some employees certainly preferred whiling away their time knitting in empty libraries, she says, most of the changes have taken place thanks to the initiative of librarians, who came up with new ideas to attract visitors. Only last May did the mayor's office allocate an additional 500 million rubles (about $7.5 million) per year for library renovation.

"Our job is to develop the most democratic and accessible cultural locations for Muscovites," Rogachyova says. "This isn't about libraries for the sake of libraries, as it sometimes seemed in the past. We need to listen to what Muscovites' needs are, so they start loving us."

The city's libraries aren't just competing with the city's myriad parks and museums, she says, but also with the lure of the couch and TV set. That has meant coming up with events to attract professionals and families, putting catalogs online and even opening onsite coffee shops.

"The library of my childhood was a lot more boring, and I wouldn't have imagined it as a place to spend time," says Ksenia Yeltsova, 20, a student who likes to study at the Dostoevsky Library. "This isn't just a place to check out a book but where you can work, learn something new, listen to a concert and meet people."

While Moscow is at the vanguard of rethinking its libraries, Lisitsky says the trend is picking up across Russia.

"Probably the most negative legacy of the Soviet Union was that people expected the state to take care of everything," he says. "Now they are coming to understand that they can solve many of their own problems without the government."

And the public space where people can meet and discuss solutions, Lisitsky says, is their local library.

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Step inside 'Leninka,' Russia's largest and oldest library (PHOTOS)

The Russian State Library, and the monument to Fyodor Dostoyevsky in front of it

The camera clicks cause all eyes in the hall to switch disapprovingly from the reading material in front of them to the photographer – the source of unwelcome noise. “Keep silence” here is as common a sign as “No smoking” on board a plane.

The moment we show up with our photographic gear, the library supervisors, like hawks, swoop on us from all sides, demanding to see our permission to take photos (thankfully, we have it on us). With custodians such as these, the largest book collection in Russia need never fear for its security .

Some history

Initially, the library collection was formed from the personal collection of manuscripts and rare books of Count Nikolai Rumyantsev, a Russian statesman. By personal order of Nicholas I, the Rumyantsev Museum was founded in St Petersburg in 1828. Over time, however, it could not withstand the competition from other institutions in Russia’s then capital, so the decision was taken to relocate the institution to Moscow. It was assigned one of the most beautiful buildings right outside the Kremlin walls, Pashkov House .

After the 1917 Revolution, the library flourished. The capital followed the library to Moscow, and the Rumyantsev Museum essentially became the country’s main depository of books; a new building and indeed a new book depository were subsequently built for it. Today, the library buildings occupy an entire block. And Pashkov House is also home to a music section, as well as a manuscripts and cartography department .

In Soviet times, the Rumyantsev Museum was renamed the Lenin State Library of the USSR, in whose honor the nearby subway station, opened in 1935, was christened Biblioteka imeni Lenina (Lenin Library). In more recent times, the library shed its Lenin prefix, but by then the name had stuck, and it is still referred to today as the Leninka.

In 2013, a special library department and reading room opened at Moscow’s Jewish Museum and Tolerance Center. It houses the Schneerson Library – a collection of religious and secular literature by Hasidic Jews. Since then, however, the materials in the collection have been completely digitized .

Some modernity

Visiting the library of, say, Oxford University in Britain, one feels the hand of ancient history resting on the shoulder. Likewise, the Leninka plunges the curious visitor into the past, nearer in time, yet still gone. Green halls, cloth-covered tables, lamps – it is embalmed socialism with a human face, and perhaps the best that remains of the lost Soviet empire .

The Leninka is never empty, its cloakroom always buzzing with people. Every second, young women in short skirts and bespectacled professors ascend the main staircase of exquisite beauty. An eccentric fire-red haired lady of indeterminate age, humming something to herself, strides confidently into the music section, clearly a frequenter .

Inside the library are several reading rooms kitted out with computers, as well as endless corridors and recesses with reading desks. The conveyor belt continuously churns out all kinds of volumes and folios from the book depository. Yours truly has time to catch sight of an Italian teach-yourself guide, a book on the basics of accounting, and a rare edition of Boris Pasternak .

For some pilgrims, the library is a near religious experience – a ritual replete with antique books and tables with the old-world scent of wooden cabinets, parquet floors, and history itself hanging in the air. Switched on, the legendary green lamps plunge the room into an atmosphere of wonder .

A smartly dressed elderly gentleman examines a manuscript through a magnifying glass, nearby sits a stern-looking middle-aged woman in glasses, clearly a teacher. Their neighbor is a bearded professor, and one table away a group of students are taking selfies. Other students, Chinese, are diligently studying Russian (making up for time lost on less academic activities).

In the hall with card files, the atmosphere is more relaxed. A pensioner reads freshly pressed magazines so as not to purchase them. At the next table, a man in a tracksuit is solving a crossword puzzle. Is he passing time before catching a train? Or just exercising the grey cells? On the topic of exercise, some even do the physical kind. One visitor, for instance, spreads out a rubber sheet in a remote corridor and does gymnastics, nourishing the mind and body in true Ancient Greek style .

Some numbers

Today, the library houses more than 47 million units of storage in 367 languages, including some rare Oriental ones. In addition to publications (the library receives an obligatory copy of all printed works), there are rare manuscripts, printed versions of visual arts, photo materials, maps, sheet music, periodicals, regulatory acts, military literature, and, of course, literature on the art of librarianship. Here, one can also find every dissertation written in the country since 1951 .

The library has 36 reading rooms open to visitors, and Wi-Fi is near ubiquitous. Around 100,000 new users register annually. Employees offer up an interesting statistic: Every minute the library doors are opened by five visitors.

The Leninka is currently in the process of digitizing its archives. Its electronic library already has 1.3 million documents, not to mention access to remote electronic databases, including those of Cambridge University Press and Springer Publishing, various online library databases, and the JSTOR archive of digitized journals. The full list is available on the Leninka website .

Citizens at least 14 years old of any country can register at the library. And it is absolutely free – all that’s required is a piece of ID (plus passport and visa for those without visa-free entry to Russia) .

The procedure takes no more than ten minutes. You will be photographed and issued a plastic library card. Students often joke that the mugshot on your Leninka card is bound to be the worst you’ve ever had (you can always blame the photographer). That said, these days it’s possible to sign up online .

After registration, you will need to offload your coat and any large bags or rucksacks to the cloakroom. One small bag and a laptop can be taken inside .

The library is open from 9 am to 8 pm every day except Sunday. Be prepared to have to wait for the book you want, perhaps even a few hours while it gets delivered from the book depository. If time is short, you can always order a book and pick it up the next day .

For many a long year, the Leninka had a reputation as a place for meeting one’s better half – a wife or husband from a respectable professorial family. Some visited the library with this specific purpose in mind. If the walls of the Leninka smoking room could talk, they would tell quite a story. For it was here that romantic hopefuls came to chat so as not to violate the hallowed silence of the reading rooms .

In the Oscar-winning movie Moscow Doesn’t Believe in Tears , the heroine, a provincial student, pines away in the Leninka reading hall, eyeing up any number of suitable matches, before heading into the smoking room, where two young academics simultaneously offer her a light. According to the library supervisors, visitors still ask about the famous smoking room, but alas, it is no longer there – smoking is now prohibited inside the building. But don’t despair, there’s a wonderful canteen instead. If that’s not a place for kindred souls to find each other, what is?

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