Subscribe to the PwC Newsletter
Join the community, search results for author: ieee, found 66 papers, 11 papers with code, instance paradigm contrastive learning for domain generalization.
no code implementations • IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology 2024 • Zining Chen , Weiqiu Wang , Zhicheng Zhao , Fei Su , Member , IEEE , Aidong Men , and Yuan Dong
In this paper, we propose an instance paradigm contrastive learning framework, introducing contrast between original features and novel paradigms to alleviate domain-specific distractions.
An Ultralightweight Hybrid CNN Based on Redundancy Removal for Hyperspectral Image Classification
no code implementations • IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING, 2024 • Xiaohu Ma , Wuli Wang , Member , IEEE
Simultaneously, for PW-Conv, we design a spectral convolution with redundancy removal (R2Spectral-Conv).
Meta Reinforcement Learning for Multi-Task Offloading in Vehicular Edge Computing
no code implementations • TMC 2024 • Penglin Dai , Yaorong Huang , Kaiwen Hu , Xiao Wu , Huanlai Xing , and Zhaofei Yu , Member , IEEE
The objective is to design a unified solution to minimize task execution time under different MTO scenarios.
Ultra-Robust Real-Time Estimation of Gait Phase
no code implementations • IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering 2023 • Mohammad Shushtari , Hannah Dinovitzer , Jiacheng Weng , and Arash Arami , Member , IEEE
The estimator is finally tested on a participant walking with an active exoskeleton, demonstrating the robustness of D67 in interaction with an exoskeleton without being trained on any data from the test subject with or without an exoskeleton.
Interaction-Aware Planning With Deep Inverse Reinforcement Learning for Human-Like Autonomous Driving in Merge Scenarios
1 code implementation • journal 2023 • Jiangfeng Nan , Weiwen Deng , Member , IEEE , Ruzheng Zhang , Ying Wang , Rui Zhao , Juan Ding
To consider the interaction factor, the reward function for planning is utilized to evaluate the joint trajectories of the autonomous driving vehicle (ADV) and traffic vehicles.
Spoof Trace Disentanglement for generic face antispoofing
no code implementations • journal 2023 • Yaojie Liu and Xiaoming Liu , Member , IEEE
Yet, it is a challenging task due to the diversity of spoof attacks and the lack of ground truth for spoof traces.
Bio-Inspired Feature Selection in Brain Disease Detection via an Improved Sparrow Search Algorithm
no code implementations • IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT, 2022 • Wenyu Yu , Hui Kang , Geng Sun , Member , Shuang Liang , and Jiahui Li , Student Member , IEEE
Finally, the proposed ISSA is utilized to solve the objective function.
VCI-LSTM: Vector Choquet Integral-based Long Short-Term Memory
no code implementations • IEEE 2022 • Mikel Ferrero-Jaurrieta , Zdenko Taka ́cˇ , Javier Ferna ́ndez , Member , IEEE , Lˇubom ́ıra Horanska ́ , Grac ̧aliz Pereira Dimuro , Susana Montes , Irene D ́ıaz and Humberto Bustince , Fellow , IEEE.
Choquet integral is a widely used aggregation oper- ator on one-dimensional and interval-valued information, since it is able to take into account the possible interaction among data.
Lightweight Deep Neural Network for Joint Learning of Underwater Object Detection and Color Conversion
no code implementations • journal 2022 • Chia-Hung Yeh , Chu-Han Lin , Li-Wei Kang , Member , Chih-Hsiang Huang , Min-Hui Lin , Chuan-Yu Chang , and Chua-Chin Wang , Senior Member , IEEE
Li-Wei Kang is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106, Taiwan (e-mail: lwkang@ntnu. edu. tw).
Topology Change Aware Data-Driven Probabilistic Distribution State Estimation Based on Gaussian Process
no code implementations • IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 2022 • Di Cao , Member , Junbo Zhao , Weihao Hu , Senior Member , Qishu Liao , Qi Huang , Zhe Chen , Fellow , IEEE
Abstract—This paper addresses the distribution system state estimation (DSSE) with unknown topology change.
STMGCN: Mobile Edge Computing-Empowered Vessel Trajectory Prediction Using Spatio-Temporal Multigraph Convolutional Network
no code implementations • IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics 2022 • Ryan Wen Liu , Maohan Liang , Jiangtian Nie , Yanli Yuan , Zehui Xiong , Member , IEEE , Han Yu
—The revolutionary advances in machine learning and data mining techniques have contributed greatly to the rapid developments of maritime Internet of Things (IoT).
Coverage Control Algorithm for DSNs Based on Improved Gravitational Search
no code implementations • IEEE Sensors Journal 2022 • Yindi Yao , Huanmin Liao , Xiong Li , Student Member , IEEE , Feng Zhao , Xuan Yang , and Shanshan Hu
—In directional sensor networks (DSNs), coverage control is an important way to ensure efficient communication and reliable data transmission.
High-order Correlation Preserved Incomplete Multi-view Subspace Clustering
3 code implementations • IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 2022 • Zhenglai Li , Chang Tang , Xiao Zheng , Xinwang Liu , Senior Member , Wei zhang , Member , IEEE , and En Zhu
Specifically, multiple affinity matrices constructed from the incomplete multi-view data are treated as a thirdorder low rank tensor with a tensor factorization regularization which preserves the high-order view correlation and sample correlation.
A GAN-Based Short-Term Link Traffic Prediction Approach for Urban Road Networks Under a Parallel Learning Framework
no code implementations • IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 2022 • Junchen Jin , Member , IEEE , Dingding Rong , Tong Zhang , Qingyuan Ji , Haifeng Guo , Yisheng Lv , Xiaoliang Ma , and Fei-Yue Wang
This paper proposes a short-term traffic speed prediction approach, called PL-WGAN, for urban road networks, which is considered an important part of a novel parallel learning framework for traffic control and operation.
Shallow Network Based on Depthwise Over-Parameterized Convolution for Hyperspectral Image Classification
no code implementations • 1 Dec 2021 • Hongmin Gao , Member , Zhonghao Chen , Student Member , IEEE , Chenming Li
Therefore, this letter proposes a shallow model for HSIC, which is called depthwise over-parameterized convolutional neural network (DOCNN).
Distributed Differential Evolution Based on Adaptive Mergence and Split for Large-Scale Optimization
1 code implementation • IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation 2021 • Yinglan Feng , Liang Feng , Senior Member , Sam Kwong , and Kay Chen Tan , Fellow , IEEE
In this way, the number of subpopulations is adaptively adjusted and better performing subpopulations obtain more individuals.
Double Deep Q-learning Based Real-Time Optimization Strategy for Microgrids
no code implementations • 27 Jul 2021 • Hang Shuai , Xiaomeng Ai , Jiakun Fang , Wei Yao , Senior Member , Jinyu Wen , Member , IEEE
It is challenging to solve this kind of stochastic nonlinear optimization problem.
A Novel Deep Learning Method for Thermal to Annotated Thermal-Optical Fused Images
no code implementations • 13 Jul 2021 • Suranjan Goswami , IEEE Student Member , Satish Kumar Singh , Senior Member , Bidyut B. Chaudhuri , Life Fellow , IEEE
As a part of this work, we also present a new and unique database for obtaining the region of interest in thermal images based on an existing thermal visual paired database, containing the Region of Interest on 5 different classes of data.
Deep Learning Based Autonomous Vehicle Super Resolution DOA Estimation for Safety Driving
no code implementations • IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 2021 • Liangtian Wan , Yuchen Sun , Lu Sun , Member , Zhaolong Ning , Senior Member , and Joel J. P. C. Rodrigues , Fellow , IEEE
Abstract— In this paper, a novel system architecture including a massive multi-input multi-output (MIMO) or a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) and multiple autonomous vehicles is considered in vehicle location systems.
Content-Preserving Image Stitching with Piecewise Rectangular Boundary Constraints
no code implementations • IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 2021 • Yun Zhang , Yu-Kun Lai , and Fang-Lue Zhang , Member , IEEE
By analyzing the irregular boundary, we construct a piecewise rectangular boundary.
Deep Reinforcement Learning Based Optimization for IRS Based UAV-NOMA Downlink Networks
no code implementations • 17 Jun 2021 • Shiyu Jiao , Ximing Xie , Zhiguo Ding , Fellow , IEEE
This paper investigates the application of deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) to intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) based unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) assisted non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) downlink networks.
Detailed Primary and Secondary Distribution System Model Enhancement Using AMI Data
no code implementations • 29 May 2021 • Karen Montano-Martinez , Sushrut Thakar , Shanshan Ma , Zahra Soltani , Student Member , Vijay Vittal , Life Fellow , Mojdeh Khorsand , Raja Ayyanar , Senior Member , Cynthia Rojas , Member , IEEE
Reliable and accurate distribution system modeling, including the secondary network, is essential in examining distribution system performance with high penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs).
Context-aware taxi dispatching at city-scale using deep reinforcement learning
no code implementations • IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 2021 • Zhidan Liu , Jiangzhou Li , and Kaishun Wu , Member , IEEE
Abstract— Proactive taxi dispatching is of great importance to balance taxi demand-supply gaps among different locations in a city.
Low-Complexity Symbol Detection and Interference Cancellation for OTFS System
no code implementations • 期刊 2021 • Huiyang Qu , Guanghui Liu , Lei Zhang , Shan Wen , Graduate Student Member , and Muhammad Ali Imran , Senior Member , IEEE
Orthogonal time frequency space (OTFS) is a two-dimensional modulation scheme realized in the delay- Doppler domain, which targets the robust wireless transmissions in high-mobility environments.
Multi-Scale and Multi-Direction GAN for CNN-Based Single Palm-V ein Identification
no code implementations • IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION FORENSICS AND SECURITY 2021 • Huafeng Qin , Mounim A. El-Y acoubi , Y a n t a o L i , Member , IEEE , and Chongwen Liu
Despite recent advances of deep neural networks in hand vein identification, the existing solutions assume the availability of a large and rich set of training image samples.
Joint Trajectory and Power Allocation Design for Secure Artificial Noise Aided UAV Communications
no code implementations • journals 2021 • Milad Tatar Mamaghani , Graduate Student Member , and Yi Hong , Senior Member , IEEE
This paper investigates an average secrecy rate (ASR) maximization problem for an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) enabled wireless communication system, wherein a UAV is employed to deliver confidential information to a ground destination in the presence of a terrestrial passive eavesdropper.
Data-Driven Assisted Chance-Constrained Energy and Reserve Scheduling with Wind Curtailment
no code implementations • 2 Nov 2020 • Xingyu Lei , Student Member , Zhifang Yang , Member , Junbo Zhao , Juan Yu , Senior Member , IEEE
Case studies performed on the PJM 5-bus and IEEE 118-bus systems demonstrate that the proposed method is capable of accurately accounting the influence of wind curtailment dispatch in CCO.
Systems and Control Systems and Control
CRPN-SFNet: A High-Performance Object Detector on Large-Scale Remote Sensing Images
no code implementations • 28 Oct 2020 • QiFeng Lin , Jianhui Zhao , Gang Fu , and Zhiyong Yuan , Member , IEEE
Extensive experiments on the public Dataset for Object deTection in Aerial images data set indicate that our CRPN can help our detector deal the larger image faster with the limited GPU memory; meanwhile, the SFNet is beneficial to achieve more accurate detection of geospatial objects with wide-scale range.
Frame-wise Cross-modal Matching for Video Moment Retrieval
1 code implementation • 22 Sep 2020 • Haoyu Tang , Jihua Zhu , Meng Liu , Member , IEEE , Zan Gao , Zhiyong Cheng
Another contribution is that we propose an additional predictor to utilize the internal frames in the model training to improve the localization accuracy.
Attention Transfer Network for Nature Image Matting
1 code implementation • IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology 2020 • Fenfen Zhou , Yingjie Tian , Member , IEEE , and Zhiquan Qi
Then, we introduce a scale transfer block to magnify the feature maps without adding extra information.
A New Multiple Source Domain Adaptation Fault Diagnosis Method between Different Rotating Machines
no code implementations • TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL INFORMA TICS 2020 • un Zhu , Nan Chen , Member , IEEE , and Changqing Shen
To solve this issue, transfer learning is proposed by leveraging knowl- edge learned from source domain to target domain.
Learning Person Re-identification Models from Videos with Weak Supervision
no code implementations • 21 Jul 2020 • Xueping Wang , Sujoy Paul , Dripta S. Raychaudhuri , Min Liu , Yaonan Wang , Amit K. Roy-Chowdhury , Fellow , IEEE
In order to cope with this issue, we introduce the problem of learning person re-identification models from videos with weak supervision.
Obstacle Avoidance and Tracking Control of Redundant Robotic Manipulator: An RNN-Based Metaheuristic Approach
no code implementations • IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics 2020 • Ameer Hamza Khan , Student Member , Shuai Li , and Xin Luo , Senior Member , IEEE
In this article, we present a metaheuristic-based control framework, called beetle antennae olfactory recurrent neural network, for simultaneous tracking control and obstacle avoidance of a redundant manipulator.
Edge server deployment scheme of blockchain in IoVs
no code implementations • 16 Jun 2020 • Liya Xu , Mingzhu Ge , Weili Wu , Member , IEEE
In fact, the application of blockchain in IoVs can be implemented by employing edge computing.
Service Provisioning Framework for RAN Slicing: User Admissibility, Slice Association and Bandwidth Allocation
no code implementations • IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing 2020 • Yao Sun , Shuang Qin , Member , Gang Feng , Lei Zhang , and Muhammad Ali Imran , SeniorMember , IEEE
Network slicing (NS) has been identified as one of the most promising architectural technologies for future mobile network systems to meet the extremely diversified service requirements of users.
A Simplified 2D-3D CNN Architecture for Hyperspectral Image Classification Based on Spatial–Spectral Fusion
no code implementations • 5 Jun 2020 • Chunyan Yu , Rui Han , Meiping Song , Caiyu Liu , and Chein-I Chang , Life Fellow , IEEE
Abstract—Convolutional neural networks (CNN) have led to a successful breakthrough for hyperspectral image classification (HSIC).
Decision Fusion in Space-Time Spreading aided Distributed MIMO WSNs
no code implementations • 16 May 2020 • I. Dey , H. Joshi , Member , N. Marchetti , Senior Member , IEEE
In this letter, we propose space-time spreading (STS) of local sensor decisions before reporting them over a wireless multiple access channel (MAC), in order to achieve flexible balance between diversity and multiplexing gain as well as eliminate any chance of intrinsic interference inherent in MAC scenarios.
Energy-Efficient Over-the-Air Computation Scheme for Densely Deployed IoT Networks
no code implementations • IEEE 2020 • Semiha Tedik Basaran , Student Member , Gunes Karabulut Kurt , and Periklis Chatzimisios , Senior Member , IEEE
The proposed MMSE estimator provides a signif- icant mean squared error improvement with reducing en- ergy consumption compared to the conventional estimator.
A Lightweight and Privacy-Preserving Authentication Protocol for Mobile Edge Computing
no code implementations • 27 Feb 2020 • Kuljeet Kaur∗ , Sahil Garg∗ , Georges Kaddoum∗ , Member , Mohsen Guizani† , Fellow , IEEE , and Dushantha Nalin K. Jayakody‡ , Senior Member , IEEE.
With the advent of the Internet-of-Things (IoT), vehicular networks and cyber-physical systems, the need for realtime data processing and analysis has emerged as an essential pre-requite for customers’ satisfaction.
Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface Assisted Multiuser MISO Systems Exploiting Deep Reinforcement Learning
1 code implementation • 24 Feb 2020 • Chongwen Huang , Member , IEEE , Ronghong Mo , Chau Yuen , Senior Member
In this paper, we investigate the joint design of transmit beamforming matrix at the base station and the phase shift matrix at the RIS, by leveraging recent advances in deep reinforcement learning (DRL).
Reinforcement Learning Tracking Control for Robotic Manipulator With Kernel-Based Dynamic Model
no code implementations • TRANSACTION 2020 • Yazhou Hu , Wenxue Wang , Hao liu , and Lianqing Liu , Member , IEEE
In this algorithm, a reward function is defined according to the features of tracking control in order to speed up the learning process, and then an RL tracking controller with a kernel-based transition dynamic model is proposed.
Broad Learning System Based on Maximum Correntropy Criterion
no code implementations • 24 Dec 2019 • Yunfei Zheng , Badong Chen , Shiyuan Wang , Senior Member , Weiqun Wang , Member , IEEE
As an effective and efficient discriminative learning method, Broad Learning System (BLS) has received increasing attention due to its outstanding performance in various regression and classification problems.
Localization and Clustering Based on Swarm Intelligence in UAV Networks for Emergency Communications
no code implementations • IEEE Internet of Things Journal 2019 • Muhammad Yeasir Arafat , Sangman Moh , Member , IEEE
Second, we propose an energy-efficient swarm-intelligence-based clustering (SIC) algorithm based on PSO, in which the particle fitness function is exploited for inter-cluster distance, intra-cluster distance, residual energy, and geographic location.
VSSA-NET: Vertical Spatial Sequence Attention Network for Traffic Sign Detection
no code implementations • 5 May 2019 • Yuan Yuan , Zhitong Xiong , Student Member , Qi. Wang , Senior Member , IEEE
Our contributions are as follows: 1) We propose a multi-resolution feature fusion network architecture which exploits densely connected deconvolution layers with skip connections, and can learn more effective features for the small size object; 2) We frame the traffic sign detection as a spatial sequence classification and regression task, and propose a vertical spatial sequence attention (VSSA) module to gain more context information for better detection performance.
GETNET: A General End-to-end Two-dimensional CNN Framework for Hyperspectral Image Change Detection
1 code implementation • 5 May 2019 • Qi. Wang , Senior Member , Zhenghang Yuan , Qian Du , Xuelong. Li , Fellow , IEEE
In order to better handle high dimension problem and explore abundance information, this paper presents a General End-to-end Two-dimensional CNN (GETNET) framework for hyperspectral image change detection (HSI-CD).
Discrete-Time Impulsive Adaptive Dynamic Programming
no code implementations • IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics 2019 • Qinglai Wei , Ruizhuo Song , Member , IEEE , Zehua Liao , Benkai Li , and Frank L. Lewis
Abstract—In this paper, a new iterative adaptive dynamic programming (ADP) algorithm is developed to solve optimal impulsive control problems for infinite horizon discrete-time nonlinear systems.
Generalization of the Dark Channel Prior for Single Image Restoration
no code implementations • IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 2019 • Yan-Tsung Peng , Keming Cao , and Pamela C. Cosman , Fellow , IEEE
Abstract— Images degraded by light scattering and absorption, such as hazy, sandstorm, and underwater images, often suffer color distortion and low contrast because of light traveling through turbid media.
A MIP Model for Risk Constrained Switch Placement in Distribution Networks
no code implementations • IEEE 2019 • Milad Izadi , Student Member , IEEE and Amir Safdarian , Member , IEEE
The model is applied to the RBTS-Bus4 and a real distribution network.
PEA265: Perceptual Assessment of Video Compression Artifacts
no code implementations • 1 Mar 2019 • Liqun Lin , Shiqi Yu , Tiesong Zhao , Member , Zhou Wang , Fellow , IEEE
To monitor and improve visual QoE, it is crucial to develop subjective and objective measures that can identify and quantify various types of PEAs.
A Provably Secure and Efficient Identity-Based Anonymous Authentication Scheme for Mobile Edge Computing
no code implementations • 22 Feb 2019 • Xiaoying Jia，Debiao He , Neeraj Kumar , and Kim-Kwang Raymond Choo , Senior Member , IEEE
Mobile edge computing (MEC) allows one to overcome a number of limitations inherent in cloud computing, although achieving the broad range of security requirements in MEC settings remains challenging.
Location-Centered House Price Prediction: A Multi-Task Learning Approach
no code implementations • 7 Jan 2019 • Guangliang Gao , Zhifeng Bao , Jie Cao , A. K. Qin , Timos Sellis , Fellow , IEEE , Zhiang Wu
Regarding the choice of prediction model, we observe that a variety of approaches either consider the entire house data for modeling, or split the entire data and model each partition independently.
DATS: Dispersive Stable Task Scheduling in Heterogeneous Fog Networks
no code implementations • Conference 2018 • Zening Liu , Xiumei Yang , Yang Yang , Kunlun Wang , and Guoqiang Mao , Fellow , IEEE
Abstract—Fog computing has risen as a promising architecture for future Internet of Things (IoT), 5G and embedded artificial intelligence (AI) applications with stringent service delay requirements along the cloud to things continuum.
Blockchain for Secure and Efficient Data Sharing in Vehicular Edge Computing and Networks
no code implementations • IEEE INTERNET OF THINGS JOURNAL, VOL. 6, NO. 3 2018 • Jiawen Kang , Rong Y u , Xumin Huang , Maoqiang Wu , Sabita Maharjan , Member , Shengli Xie , and Y an Zhang , Senior Member , IEEE
Due to limited resources with vehicles, vehicular edge computing and networks (VECONs) i. e., the integration of mobile edge computing and vehicular networks, can provide powerful computing and massive storage resources.
Optimal Training for Residual Self-Interference for Full-Duplex One-Way Relays
no code implementations • 13 Aug 2018 • Xiaofeng Li , Cihan Tepedelenlio˘glu , and Habib ¸Senol , Member , IEEE
For the former, we propose a training scheme to estimate the overall channel, and for the latter the CRB and the optimal number of relays are derived when the distance between the source and the destination is fixed.
Medical Image Synthesis with Deep Convolutional Adversarial Networks
1 code implementation • IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 2018 • Dong Nie , Roger Trullo , Jun Lian , Li Wang , Caroline Petitjean , Su Ruan , Qian Wang , and Dinggang Shen , Fellow , IEEE
To better model a nonlinear mapping from source to target and to produce more realistic target images, we propose to use the adversarial learning strategy to better model the FCN.
Single Image Dehazing Using Color Ellipsoid Prior
1 code implementation • IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 2018 • Trung Minh Bui , Student Member , and Wonha Kim , Senior Member , IEEE
The proposed method constructs color ellipsoids that are statistically fitted to haze pixel clusters in RGB space and then calculates the transmission values through color ellipsoid geometry.
Significantly Fast and Robust Fuzzy C-MeansClustering Algorithm Based on MorphologicalReconstruction and Membership Filtering
no code implementations • IEEE 2018 • Tao Lei , Xiaohong Jia , Yanning Zhang , Lifeng He , Hongy-ing Meng , Senior Member , and Asoke K. Nandi , Fellow , IEEE
However, the introduction oflocal spatial information often leads to a high computationalcomplexity, arising out of an iterative calculation of the distancebetween pixels within local spatial neighbors and clusteringcenters.
An Integrated Platform for Live 3D Human Reconstruction and Motion Capturing
no code implementations • 8 Dec 2017 • Dimitrios S. Alexiadis , Anargyros Chatzitofis , Nikolaos Zioulis , Olga Zoidi , Georgios Louizis , Dimitrios Zarpalas , Petros Daras , Senior Member , IEEE
The latest developments in 3D capturing, processing, and rendering provide means to unlock novel 3D application pathways.
Robust Single Image Super-Resolution via Deep Networks With Sparse Prior
1 code implementation • journals 2016 • Ding Liu , Zhaowen Wang , Bihan Wen , Student Member , Jianchao Yang , Member , Wei Han , and Thomas S. Huang , Fellow , IEEE
We demonstrate that a sparse coding model particularly designed for SR can be incarnated as a neural network with the merit of end-to-end optimization over training data.
A Decentralized Cooperative Control Scheme With Obstacle Avoidance for a Team of Mobile Robots
no code implementations • journal 2013 • Hamed Rezaee , Student Member , and Farzaneh Abdollahi , Member , IEEE
The problem of formation control of a team of mobile robots based on the virtual and behavioral structures is considered in this paper.
A Grid-Based Evolutionary Algorithm for Many-Objective Optimization
1 code implementation • IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation 2013 • Shengxiang Yang , Member , IEEE , Miqing Li , Xiaohui Liu , and Jinhua Zheng
Balancing convergence and diversity plays a key role in evolutionary multiobjective optimization (EMO).
Physiological Parameter Monitoring from Optical Recordings with a Mobile Phone
no code implementations • 29 Jul 2011 • Christopher G. Scully , Student Member , Jinseok Lee , Joseph Meyer , Alexander M. Gorbach , Domhnull Granquist-Fraser , Yitzhak Mendelson , Member , and Ki H. Chon , Senior Member , IEEE
We show that a mobile phone can serve as an accurate monitor for several physiological variables, based on its ability to record and analyze the varying color signals of a fingertip placed in contact with its optical sensor.
Performance Analysis of Two Hop Amplify-and-Forward Systems with Interference at the Relay
no code implementations • journal 2010 • Himal A. Suraweera , Member , HariK.Garg , and A. Nallanathan , Senior Member , IEEE
Abstract—We analyze the performance of a two hop channel state information (CSI)-assisted amplify-and-forward system, with co-channel interference at the relay.
Efficiently Indexing Large Sparse Graphs for Similarity Search
no code implementations • 18 Feb 2010 • Guoren Wang , Bin Wang , Xiaochun Yang , IEEE Computer Society , and Ge Yu , Member , IEEE
Abstract—The graph structure is a very important means to model schemaless data with complicated structures, such as protein- protein interaction networks, chemical compounds, knowledge query inferring systems, and road networks.
ANALYSIS OF CALIBRATED SEA CLUTTER AND BOAT REFLECTIVITY DATA AT C- AND X-BAND IN SOUTH AFRICAN COASTAL WATERS
no code implementations • IEEE 2007 • Ron Rubinstein , Member , Tomer Peleg , Student Member , and Michael Elad , Fellow , IEEE
Abstract—The synthesis-based sparse representation model for signals has drawn considerable interest in the past decade.
Parameter-free Geometric Document Layout Analysis
no code implementations • IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 2001 • Seong-Whan Lee , Senior Member , IEEE , and Dae-Seok Ryu
Based on the proposed periodicity measure, multiscale analysis, and confirmation procedure, we could develop a robust method for geometric document layout analysis independent of character font sizes, text line spacing, and document layout structures.
web development Recently Published Documents
Total documents.
- Latest Documents
- Most Cited Documents
- Contributed Authors
- Related Sources
- Related Keywords
Website Developmemt Technologies: A Review
Abstract: Service Science is that the basis of knowledge system and net services that judge to the provider/client model. This paper developments a technique which will be utilized in the event of net services like websites, net applications and eCommerce. The goal is to development a technique that may add structure to a extremely unstructured drawback to help within the development and success of net services. The new methodology projected are going to be referred to as {the net|the online|the net} Development Life Cycle (WDLC) and tailored from existing methodologies and applied to the context of web development. This paper can define well the projected phases of the WDLC. Keywords: Web Development, Application Development, Technologies, eCommerce.
Analysis of Russian Segment of the Web Development Market Operating Online on Upwork
The Russian segment of the web services market in the online environment, on the platform of the Upwork freelance exchange, is considered, its key characteristics, the composition of participants, development trends are highlighted, and the market structure is identified. It is found that despite the low barriers to entry, the web development market is very stable, since the composition of entrenched firms that have been operating for more than six years remains. The pricing policy of most Russian companies indicates that they work in the middle price segment and have low budgets, which is due to the specifics of the foreign market and high competition.
Farming Assistant Web Services: Agricultor
Abstract: Our farming assistant web services provides assistance to new as well as establish farmers to get the solutions to dayto-day problems faced in the field. A farmer gets to connect with other farmers throughout India to get more information about a particular crop which is popular in other states. Keywords: Farmers, Assistance, Web Development
Tradução de ementas e histórico escolar para o inglês: contribuição para participação de discentes do curso técnico em informática para internet integrado ao ensino médio em programas de mobilidade acadêmica / Translation of summary and school records into english: contribution to the participation of high school with associate technical degree on web development students in academic mobility programs
Coded websites vs wordpress websites.
This document gives multiple instructions related to web developers using older as well as newer technology. Websites are being created using newer technologies like wordpress whereas on the other hand many people prefer making websites using the traditional way. This document will clear the doubt whether an individual should use wordpress websites or coded websites according to the users convenience. The Responsiveness of the websites, the use of CMS nowadays, more and more up gradation of technologies with SEO, themes, templates, etc. make things like web development much much easier. The aesthetics, the culture, the expressions, the features all together add up in order make the designing and development a lot more efficient and effective. Digital Marketing has a tremendous growth over the last two years and yet shows no signs of stopping, is closely related with the web development environment. Nowadays all businesses are going online due to which the impact of web development has become such that it has become an integral part of any online business.
Cognitive disabilities and web accessibility: a survey into the Brazilian web development community
Cognitive disabilities include a diversity of conditions related to cognitive functions, such as reading, understanding, learning, solving problems, memorization and speaking. They differ largely from each other, making them a heterogeneous complex set of disabilities. Although the awareness about cognitive disabilities has been increasing in the last few years, it is still less than necessary compared to other disabilities. The need for an investigation about this issue is part of the agenda of the Challenge 2 (Accessibility and Digital Inclusion) from GranDIHC-Br. This paper describes the results of an online exploratory survey conducted with 105 web development professionals from different sectors to understand their knowledge and barriers regarding accessibility for people with cognitive disabilities. The results evidenced three biases that potentially prevent those professionals from approaching cogni-tive disabilities: strong organizational barriers; difficulty to understand user needs related to cognitive disabilities; a knowledge gap about web accessibility principles and guidelines. Our results confirmed that web development professionals are unaware about cognitive disabilities mostly by a lack of knowledge about them, even if they understand web accessibility in a technical level. Therefore, we suggest that applied research studies focus on how to fill this knowledge gap before providing tools, artifacts or frameworks.
PERANCANGAN WEB RESPONSIVE UNTUK SISTEM INFORMASI OBAT-OBATAN
A good information system must not only be neat, effective, and resilient, but also must be user friendly and up to date. In a sense, it is able to be applied to various types of electronic devices, easily accessible at any whereand time (real time), and can be modified according to user needs in a relatively easy and simple way. Information systems are now needed by various parties, especially in the field of administration and sale of medicines for Cut Nyak Dhien Hospital. During this time, recording in books has been very ineffective and caused many problems, such as difficulty in accessing old data, asa well as the information obtained was not real time. To solve it, this research raises the theme of the appropriate information system design for the hospital concerned, by utilizing CSS Bootstrap framework and research methodology for web development, namely Web Development Life Cycle. This research resulted in a responsive system by providing easy access through desktop computers, tablets, and smartphones so that it would help the hospital in the data processing process in real time.
Web Development and performance comparison of Web Development Technologies in Node.js and Python
“tom had us all doing front-end web development”: a nostalgic (re)imagining of myspace, assessment of site classifications according to layout type in web development, export citation format, share document.
The Trusted Solution for Open Access Publishing
Fully Open Access Topical Journals
IEEE offers over 30 technically focused gold fully open access journals spanning a wide range of fields.
Hybrid Open Access Journals
IEEE offers 180+ hybrid journals that support open access, including many of the top-cited titles in the field. These titles have Transformative Status under Plan S.
IEEE Access
The multidisciplinary, gold fully open access journal of the IEEE, publishing high quality research across all of IEEE’s fields of interest.
About IEEE Open
Many authors in today’s publishing environment want to make access to research freely available to all reader communities. To help authors gain maximum exposure for their groundbreaking research, IEEE provides a variety of open access options to meet the needs of authors and institutions.
Call for Papers
Browse our fully open access topical journals and submit a paper.
News & Events
IEEE Announces 6 New Fully Open Access Journals and 3 Hybrid Journals Coming in 2024
IEEE Commits its Entire Hybrid Journal Portfolio to Transformative Journal Status Aligned with Plan S
IEEE and CRUI Sign Three-Year Transformative Agreement to Accelerate Open Access Publishing in Italy
New IEEE Open Access Journals Receive First Impact Factors
IEEE Access, a Multidisciplinary, Open Access Journal
IEEE Access is a multidisciplinary, online-only, gold fully open access journal, continuously presenting the results of original research or development across all IEEE fields of interest. Supported by article processing charges (APCs), its hallmarks are rapid peer review, a submission-to-publication time of 4 to 6 weeks, and articles that are freely available to all readers.
Now On-Demand
How to publish open access with ieee.
This newly published on-demand webinar will provide authors with best practices in preparing a manuscript, navigating the journal submission process, and important tips to help an author get published. It will also review the opportunities authors and academic institutions have to enhance the visibility and impact of their research by publishing in the many open access options available from IEEE.
Register Now
IEEE Publications Dominate Latest Citation Rankings
Each year, the Journal Citation Reports® (JCR) from Web of Science Group examines the influence and impact of scholarly research journals. JCR reveals the relationship between citing and cited journals, offering a systematic, objective means to evaluate the world’s leading journals. The 2022 JCR study, released in June 2023, reveals that IEEE journals continue to maintain rankings at the top of their fields.
Accessibility engineering in web evaluation process: a systematic literature review
- Review Paper
- Open access
- Published: 27 January 2023
Cite this article
You have full access to this open access article
- Jinat Ara 1 ,
- Cecilia Sik-Lanyi 1 &
- Arpad Kelemen 2
4030 Accesses
3 Citations
3 Altmetric
Explore all metrics
Several works of literature contributed to the web evaluation process in recent years to promote digital inclusion by addressing several accessibility guidelines, methods, processes, and techniques. Researchers have investigated how the web evaluation process could be facilitated by including accessibility issues to obtain an inclusive and accessible solution to improve the user experience and increase user satisfaction. Three systematic literature reviews (SLRs) have been conducted in the context of past research, considering such research focuses. This paper presents a new SLR approach concerning accessibility in the web evaluation process, considering the period from 2010 to 2021. The review of 92 primary studies showed the contribution of publications on different phases of the web evaluation process mainly by highlighting the significant studies in the framework design and testing process. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study focused on the web accessibility literature reporting the engineering assets for evaluation of new accessible and inclusive web-based solutions (e.g., websites). Besides, in this study, we aim to provide a new direction to the web designers and developers with an updated view of process, methods, techniques, tools, and other crucial aspects to contribute to the accessible process enrichment, as well as depict the gaps and challenges that may be worthy to be investigated in the future. The findings of this SLR introduce a new dimension in web accessibility research on determining and mitigating the research gap of web accessibility issues for web designers, developers, and other practitioners.
Similar content being viewed by others
Toward a Combined Method for Evaluation of Web Accessibility
Automated Evaluation Tools for Web and Mobile Accessibility: A Systematic Literature Review
Comparison of Accessibility Tools for the Evaluation of E-Commerce Websites
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
1 Introduction
In recent years, various aspects have motivated researchers to conduct studies about digital accessibility. The extension and increased availability of the web for multiple purposes (e.g., information search), the representation of the content (e.g., video, audio), and the emergence of new platforms (e.g., Internet of Things) and technologies (e.g., mobile, computer, tablets) are significant aspects to reinforce the investigation of the digital information platform. In particular, from the very beginning of the digital revolution, digital resources become the fundamental source for citizens to access information such as education, health care, government, news, and other information such as entertainment and sports [ 1 , 2 ].
According to the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and the Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) report, accessibility is a broad and extensible term associated with people who have disabilities, incompetent skills, or situational-induced impairment [ 3 ]. This initiative's objective is to ensure accessibility which means people with special needs should be able to access, navigate, interact, and contribute to the information that is available on the Web/Internet, electronic resources/materials, and computer. The current mission of the WAI initiative is to coordinate international, technical, and human efforts to improve web accessibility [ 4 ]. With this mission in mind, WAI launched a set of accessibility guidelines called Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAGs) [ 5 , 6 ]. A detailed description of WCAG is given in Sect. 2 .
The scientific research community has recognized that web design and development must inspect the assorted number of requirements of citizens across the population, including special needs users and elderly citizens. Earlier researchers considered accessibility checking as a supplementary requirement in the evaluation phase of any application development. However, in recent years, researchers suggested that accessibility requirements should be followed from the very beginning of the application design and development. Lack of consideration of accessibility issues during the design and development might introduce violations of accessibility guidelines and consequently basic rights of people with disabilities. A great volume of literature exists addressing accessibility guidelines in the design and development of web platforms [ 7 , 8 ]. More recently, a few studies highlighted the importance and emerging need of considering accessibility throughout the web development life cycle [ 9 , 10 ].
Few studies discussed the importance of systematic literature review (SLR) approaches to present the true insights of a particular topic for highlighting future improvement directions [ 11 , 12 , 13 ]. Campoverde-Molina et al. [ 14 ] mentioned that SLR is a synthesis process of past studies that have been published in different scientific databases focusing on a particular issue. SLR aims to review past literature on a specific domain to determine its effectiveness and find the research gap and new research areas. It helps to identify the way of knowledge improvement, promotes new theories for development, and reveals the new investigated area that needs to focus. Therefore, an SLR focusing on web accessibility engineering assets is essential to determine a way to promote an accessible web platform according to WCAG standards.
Emphasizing the necessity of the SLR approach in the web accessibility context, Akram and Sulaiman [ 14 ] and Campoverde‑Molina et al. [ 15 ] have conducted SLRs to analyze the accessibility of educational institute websites within a specific period. The first SLR performed the analysis regarding the period between 2009 and 2017. The second one conducted the investigation considering the period of 2009 to 2020. In 2021, Campoverde‑Molina et al. [ 16 ] extended their previous work intending to update the result of the past SLR and extended the period from 2002 to 2020. In general, SLR refers to the aggregation of knowledge about a particular domain of research with a set of research questions and solutions. Thus, the SLR process should be as unbiased as possible [ 17 ]. The selected SLRs are auditable and have significant effects. However, the focus on engineering assets such as processes, development techniques, and technologies is limited, which is a drawback of SLRs.
This paper presents an extensive SLR in the context of accessibility in the web evaluation process to identify several engineering processes to improve the accessibility of web platforms. This study will help a wide array of people (developers, designers, inventors, leaders, researchers, and users) and facilitate the accessible web design and evaluation process. The paper is organized as follows: In Sect. 2 , accessibility concepts, importance, and related works are presented. Section 3 describes the details of conducting the SLR. Section 4 represents the result of conducted SLR and discusses the main findings through a broad discussion. In Sect. 5 , we conclude the paper.
2 Background and related work
Digital accessibility is a process to ensure the availability of online tools or content to the users [ 13 ]. The prime objective of digital accessibility is to make an accessible, operable, and interactable online platform to provide equal information accessing opportunities for people with disabilities [ 18 , 19 ]. Several aspects might initiate barriers to implementing and ensuring digital accessible platforms or tools or content, such as limited accessibility knowledge and its guidelines. Sometimes organizational barriers and parameters such as organization size, capital, and cost influence accessibility issues. Addressing these issues, the governments and organizations of several countries declared various guidelines, standards, and conformance levels for the stakeholders [ 20 ]. Following these guidelines, associate authorities might overcome critical issues and ensure digital accessibility.
2.1 Accessibility standards
To develop an accessible solution (e.g., application, websites, software, etc.), several accessibility guidelines have been introduced by the government of several countries and various public and private institutes such as WCAG, Section 508, EN 301 549, YD/T 1761–2012, WAI-ARIA, BITV, ISO 9241 and ATAG are prominent. Web Content Accessibility Guideline (WCAG) was introduced by the Web Accessibility Initiative of the World Wide Web Consortium with several success criteria under 13 guidelines. Section 508 is accessibility requirements rules published by the US Government for digital resources to make the resources accessible. EN 301 549 is a European accessibility requirement that is suitable for public procurement of ICT products and services in Europe. YD/T 1761–2012 refers to the Chinese Technical requirements standards for web accessibility that primarily focus on ensuring accessibility in the digital platform. Besides, the WAI-ARIA standard was published by W3C to define a set of guidelines for HTML attributes to improve semantic accessibility. BITV is a German standard that is issued focusing on WCAG 2.0 to make the website and application accessible for people with disabilities by ensuring perceivable, operable, understandable, and robust guidelines. Similarly, ISO 9241 provides requirements for accessible developments throughout the application development life cycle. It concerns both hardware and software components for interactive design and development. Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines (ATAG) is WCAG and User Agent Accessibility guidelines-based instruction for accessible web content design and development.
Among these guidelines, WCAG is the most widely used accessibility standard. WCAG is a documented guideline that explains all the accessibility criteria and step-by-step recommendations about implementation, improvement, and measurement of accessibility to provide a better user experience, especially for people with disabilities. W3C-based WAI first developed the WCAG standards to make the web accessible [ 3 ]. As of July 2022, WAI has published five versions of the WCAG standard, including WCAG 1.0, WCAG 2.0, WCAG 2.1, WCAG 2.2, and WCAG 3.0 (draft version). The WCAG 3.0 is the most sophisticated standard, currently available as a working draft for web developers (front and back end) and designers to develop accessible and usable web content [ 21 ].
In 1999, the first version of WCAG 1.0 was released by W3C with three priorities, 14 guidelines, and 65 checkpoints [ 22 ]. In 2008, W3C released the second version of standards/guidelines, including 61 success criteria and 12 guidelines under four principles: perceivable, operable, understandable, and robust, concerning three conformance levels: Level A, Level AA, and Level AAA [ 23 ]. Furthermore, in 2018, the W3C published an updated version of WCAG 2.0 principles, namely the WCAG 2.1 standard [ 6 ]. It has all the principles, guidelines, success criteria, and conformance levels similar to WCAG 2.0 but they added one new guideline and 17 new success criteria. Therefore, completion of the WCAG 2.1 standard ensures the fulfillment of WCAG 2.0 and is followed with more accessibility concerns. The significant update in WCAG 2.1 is the ‘Operable’ principle. In this principle, a new guideline with six success criteria has been added.
In 2021, W3C extended the WCAG 2.1 guideline and released the WCAG 2.2, an updated version [ 24 ]. In this version, in the Operable principle under guideline (2.4), three new success criteria have been added. In December 2021, the last modified version of WCAG (3.0, working draft) was published, now in progress, waiting for the final draft of guidelines [ 21 ]. Figure 1 shows the WCAG standard with its principles, success criteria, and conformance levels. For the details about success criteria and conformance level, the author refers the reader to [ 24 ]. In addition, all the versions of WCAG followed three conformance levels of A, AA, and AAA to classify web content. By following the WCAG standard, developers and designers can make digital content accessible for a wide range of people with disabilities, including blindness, low vision or vision impairments, deafness and hearing loss, limited movement, dexterity, speech disabilities, sensory disorders, cognitive and learning disabilities, photo-sensitivity and combinations of these [ 25 ]. Nowadays, ensuring an accessible web and improving user experience is crucial for web engineers, researchers, and developers. According to the researchers' opinions, more research needs to be carried out in the next years to improve the accessibility of digital platforms [ 26 ]. Therefore, to understand web accessibility in-depth, a detailed and updated SLR approach is important.
Overview of web content accessibility guidelines (WCAG) version 2.0, 2.1 and 2.2
Our investigation found seven SLRs between 2010 and 2021 related to the area of digital accessibility (two), web accessibility (three), and web-based image and games accessibility (two). The main focus of these seven SLRs is to make digital content accessible for people with disabilities, which is also a prime objective of the digital accessibility consortium. A detailed discussion of the three SLRs concerning web accessibility has been described in the following subsection (2.2) and a comparison of our SLR with the seven earlier SLR studies is conducted in the discussion section.
2.2 Related SLR studies
In the web accessibility context, the first selected SLR was carried out by Akram et al. [ 14 ] to identify the issues with web accessibility of the Saudi Arabian university webpages from the web engineering point of view. To conduct this SLR, they followed three research questions: (1) what are the main principles of Web Content Accessibility Guideline 2.0 (WCAG-2.0) proposed by the W3C to improve web accessibility, (2) what is the compliance level of university and government websites with WCAG-2.0 globally, and (3) what is the compliance level of Saudi Arabian university and government websites with WCAG-2.0. To search past literature, they considered ten scientific databases: Google Scholar, Google search engine, EBSCO host, IEEE Explorer, Science Direct, The Elsevier, Springer Link, ACM Digital Library, Wiley, and Emerald, and found 15 pieces of literature from 2009 to 2017. Their systemic literature review concluded that 87% of the past research employed automatic accessibility testing tools to evaluate university websites. Their SLR also revealed that the most experimented automatic accessibility tools are Bobby, AChecker, eXaminator, TAW, Total Validator, EvalAccess, Cynthia Says, Magenta, Site Analyzer, MAUVE, FAE, WAVE, Valet, and W3C validator service. In addition, they incorporated the manual evaluation process (e.g., interview, questionnaire-based assessment). The manual investigation illustrated that in past research the majority of the work emphasized the improvement of a few accessibility issues such as navigation errors, orientation issues, timing errors, text equivalent to graphics, content, the validity of hypertext markup language (HTML), and cascading style sheets (CSS), use of HTML5, interface design, content, and scripting. However, they conclude that in Saudi Arabia, most universities do not follow World Wide Web Consortium guidelines.
The work proposed by Akram et al. is important in representing the insights of accessibility considering several aspects. However, to validate their represented statistics of implemented automatic accessibility testing with the experimented tools and to identify other possible techniques to validate the accessibility, Campoverde‑Molina et al. [ 15 ] carried out the second SLR and present the empirical results of the accessibility evaluation of educational websites. They have considered 25 past studies from 2009 to 2019 to answer ten research questions. This SLR investigated the selected papers focusing on the bibliometric analysis context and literature review. The SLR determined that 80% of past studies focused on automatic analysis through automatic accessibility evaluation tools, 8% through user incorporation, and 12% through hybrid approaches such as expert invitation, user involvement, and automated tools consideration. This SLR concluded that selected websites did not satisfy any version of the WCAG standard and their conformance levels that introduce the necessity of correction of errors by adopting automated tools and manual observation during website construction.
Following their first SLR, Campoverde‑Molina et al. [ 16 ] extended their previous SLR considering the period from 2002 to 2020 to investigate more research works to represent the accessibility insights in depth. This recent SLR aimed to analyze past literature that focused on the accessibility analysis of university websites. They performed an investigation of 42 selected papers obtained from three scientific databases (Web of Science, Scopus, and IEEE Xplore), focusing on the accessibility standards and accessibility evaluation methodologies. In 42 papers, they found that 38,416 university webpages have been experimented with in the past years. Their SLR result illustrates that all the experimented websites were from Asia. Most of the existing research has experimented with university homepages. All the past literature followed two standards: ISO/IEC 40,500:2012, and Sect. 508, to analyze the accessibility of web pages. They also concluded that past studies considered automatic evaluation tools to validate university web pages, which is around 90.47%. The most frequently used accessibility testing tools are AChecker, WAVE, Bobby, and TAW. However, the inspection result of this SLR is that most of the past investigated university websites showed violations of accessibility guidelines, most commonly adaptability, compatible, distinguishable, input assistance, keyboard accessible, navigable, predictable, readable, and text alternatives that show important accessibility issues.
The selected three systematic literature reviews represent the current insights of the web in detail, considering the term of accessibility context. Despite the importance of these SLR approaches, they have a poor concern about past research domains and lack consideration of engineering approaches, methods, etc. The lack of engineering methods shows the shortcoming of the past SLR that initiate the importance of a detailed future of SLR. In this paper, our presented SLR is unlike the other three systematic literature reviews. We consider a wide range of existing literature intending to determine the engineering approach to initiate future research to mitigate the current research gap.
3 Research methodology
This study aims to conduct a systematic literature review by following the SLR process guidelines and Kitchenham’s guidelines from Kitchenham and Charters [ 27 ]. This research considers three steps to facilitate the SLR approach: (i) planning the SLR process, (ii) conducting the SLR approach, and (iii) reporting the review findings. Figure 2 represents the flowchart of our SLR process.
Flowchart of the proposed systematic literature review (SLR)
3.1 Planning the SLR process
The main sub-activities related to planning the SLR are (i) research question specification, (ii) search string formulation, and (iii) database selection. All these sub-activities are described below.
3.1.1 Research questions
The first step of a literature review is to develop the research questions. Therefore, we developed the research questions according to our research focus. The two research questions are the following:
Research Question-1: What are the available methods, techniques, processes, and approaches to support the evaluation of accessible web?
Research Question-2: What are the current engineering assets (tools, technologies, etc.) to support the evaluation of accessible web?
3.1.2 Search string
To select the appropriate search strings, we defined a set of keywords according to our research questions concerning the accessibility and website domain. We tested the developed set of keywords in different scientific databases by searching manually and refined it based on the relevancy of the output with the research objective. The finally selected set of keywords represented using Boolean operation is the following:
{(Web engineering) or (Website accessibility) or (Web page accessibility) or (Universal accessibility design) or (Accessibility evaluation) or (Accessibility framework) or (Web accessibility methods and algorithms) or (Accessibility measuring software) or (Current accessibility violations)}.
3.1.3 Database selection
For the most relevant and updated literature identification, database selection is crucial. Several scientific databases are available, so appropriate database selection is critical. Herein considering the opinions of other researchers, we selected seven popular databases that provide quality literature and scientific publications. These databases used advanced search algorithms to extract the most related literature according to the user's interest. Seven databases used in this SLR are Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, ACM digital library, Google Scholar, IEEE Xplore, and PubMed.
3.2 Conducting the systematic literature review
This phase aims to describe review activities through the specification of (i) database searching and literature extraction, (ii) inclusion and exclusion implication, and (iii) data extraction and quality assessment. These sub-activities are described in detail in the following subsections. Figure 3 shows the flowchart of the review overview.
Flowchart of the review overview
3.2.1 Database searching and literature extraction
We tested the search strings in seven databases to extract past literature. These databases are accepted by scientific committees for scientific publishing. Most of the literature is open access. These databases have advanced search algorithms and semantic technology to retrieve the appropriate literature according to the search strings.
In total, 152 papers were found in the period from 2010 to November 2021 (Scopus: 30, Web of Science: 28, IEEE Xplore: 8, PubMed: 5, Science directory: 20, ACM digital library: 16 and Google Scholar: 45). Five studies were found from other source and were included in the preliminary screening process. These five papers were found in Research Gate (platform of scientific work) based on the suggestion of digital accessibility expertise (3 papers) and other colleagues’ recommendations (2 papers). These works were not available in the seven databases that we have used in this work. The considered five papers have potential contributions to web accessibility and significant observation that addressed the importance of consideration in this systematic literature review. Figure 4 shows the search result considering the number of papers selected in each database through the search query. However, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google scholar have a wider array of literature than other databases. Among 157 papers, we have selected the most related papers required for this review through inclusion and exclusion criteria (described in the next section).
The number of selected literature per database
3.2.2 Inclusion and exclusion criteria
The extracted literature has been evaluated to include the most relevant studies in this research. We excluded the literature that did not meet the inclusion criteria for the review. The inclusion criteria were the following: written in English, papers published in peer-reviewed journals or conferences (i.e., not books), publication period between 2010 and 2021, and describe accessibility improvement, development, or related to accessibility assessment.
The exclusion process was performed to eliminate papers from this review. The exclusion criteria were the following: duplicate papers, non-English papers, not directly related or irrelevant papers, papers that are not freely accessible, and those that are not research papers such as posters, letters, thesis, and editorials. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria to 157 papers, the following observation was made: 12 papers were duplicates, 11 papers were not in English, 29 papers were not directly related to our research focus, and 7 papers were not research papers. In total, we excluded 59 papers by primary screening. After eliminating these papers, we conducted the proposed SLR process considering the selected 98 papers (including 6 past literature reviews). The entire literature selection process has been performed through the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) technique. The PRISMA flow diagram of the study selection is shown in Fig. 5 .
Study selection through PRISMA approach
3.2.3 Data extraction and quality analysis
In this study, our research was conducted based on the search results during 10–15 January 2022, returning 157 papers. To identify a high-quality paper, data extraction and quality assessment are essential. Several earlier literature reviews followed this technique for the primary evaluation of the selected studies. Therefore, we followed assessment guidelines to identify quality papers, complete paper reading, and answer our research questions. Table 1 shows the assessment criteria for the evaluation of selected studies.
For each question, we set the score to 0 or 1. For each positive answer, a paper gets a score of 1. If not relevant to the assessment questions, the score is 0. For the Q1 indexed journal, the additional points are + 0.50. Similarly, the extra points for the Q2, Q3, and Q4 indexed journal is + 0.40, + 0.30, and + 0.20, respectively. We incorporated Equation-1 and Equation-2 to calculate the final and normalization score to estimate the quality of each selected paper. After conducting the quality analysis, we consider only those studies that passed at least four quality assessment questions with α ≥ 0.4 normalized scores. However, among 98 selected studies, six were excluded from this SLR (as shown in Fig. 5 , PRISMA diagram) based on the result of the quality assessment criteria. Table 2 shows the quality assessment result of the qualified 92 papers for this review.
3.3 Reporting the findings
In general, selected papers were related to web development, web accessibility, and information and communications technology (ICT) tools. The statistics of past research showed that existing SLRs focused on a few criteria, but other aspects also need to be considered. However, this study focused on previous SLR results and added new findings from our investigation results that were not highlighted in the earlier SLRs. Earlier SLRs considered accessibility requirements, standards, frequent violations, and improvement suggestions. However, accessible development criteria, evaluation tools development and their engineering methods, and updated validation and testing procedure need to highlight to identify the new research area. According to Durdu and Yerlikaya [ 28 ], before ensuring accessible web, web developers and designers should consider the standard guidelines and the requirements of people with disabilities. Also, Bradbard and Peters [ 29 ] shared the same observation. They highlighted that the majority of developers and designers have no adequate knowledge about accessibility requirements for people with disability and also lack knowledge about accessible web application development. Thus, in recent days, accessibility specialists have suggested checking accessibility criteria during the development and testing process through automatic accessibility testing tools and user and expert testing. Past works introduced various aspects of developing an effective webpage, but recent studies revealed that accessibility issues completely align with user satisfaction or usability. Therefore, the government of different countries and public and private organizations initiated a few guidelines concerning accessibility and usability criteria [ 30 ] that directed a new research area to make the development easier and barrier-free. In the Following, we would like to describe our findings and analysis results of the selected literature in the context of two research questions.
RQ-1: What are the available methods, techniques, processes, and approaches to support the evaluation of accessible web?
To answer the first research question, we analyzed 92 selected studies. The selected papers were classified into seven groups/processes: (i) accessibility requirements (AR), (ii) challenges (C), (iii) improvement directions (ID), (iv) framework design (FD), (v) framework implementations (FI), (vi) testing (T), and (vii) evaluation (E). All these phases are described in detail in the following subsections. Figure 6 presents the seven processes with an accounted number of papers for each process. Furthermore, nineteen studies emphasized two activities as presented in the Venn diagram of Fig. 7 , which is: {2 (AR & E) + 1 (AR & T) + 2 (AR & FI) + 1 (C & ID) + 1 (C & FD) + 4 (ID & T) + 1 (ID & E) + 1 (ID & FD) + 2 (FD & E) + 4 (T & E)}. The Venn diagram represents the number of papers that have multiple focuses instead of a particular focus or objective. In total 19 unique papers have been found that have multiple focuses. Figure 7 shows the number of papers with their associated activities through the blue arrow. For example, considering ‘accessibility requirements,’ 2 papers focused on accessibility requirements and evaluation process, 2 papers focused on accessibility requirements and implementation, and 1 paper focused on accessibility requirements and testing. Figure 7 shows the complete view of the number of papers with their multi-focused area. Moreover, results depict that past research mostly emphasized the technical processes, especially improvement direction, testing, and evaluation.
Percentage of studies considering each process related to web evaluation and accessible web applications
Venn diagram representing the number of studies for certain activities and multiple activities
3.3.1 Accessibility requirements (AR)
This section describes the accessibility and usability requirements with new methods for imposing the accessibility and usability requirements on the current web. Among 92 papers, nine (9) were related to accessibility requirements (representing 9.7% of the total literature) that emphasized ensuring the accessibility guidelines. These studies could be grouped into three main topics of interest, as presented in Table 3 .
In the context of accessibility requirements, Bai [ 31 ] and Henry et al. [ 32 ] described the importance of accessibility and usability criteria in web and mobile software applications. They added that improving web accessibility is essential for users with disabilities and non-disabled users. They indicate a significant gap between the needed strategies and the developed solutions for people with disabilities, including auditory, cognitive, neurological, physical, speech, and visual impairments. Therefore, the requirements of people with disabilities should be acknowledged during development as accessible technology is essential for equal access and interaction in today's digital world. Also, Riley-Huff [ 34 ] pointed out that the first step to developing an accessible website is following the web accessibility guidelines/standards. To ensure higher accessibility standards, a possible way is to improve accessibility and usability [ 35 ]. Thus, automatic accessibility testing tools are essential. To ensure usability, they mentioned a few existing models that are prominent to analyze. Another study by Wu et al. [ 33 ] investigated data visuality (chart type, chart embellishment, and data continuity) for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities. They emphasized that people with intellectual and developmental disabilities perform information processing differently. But the actual scenario is quite challenging that complicates the process of data visuality for these people. Thereby they suggested considering all the potential requirements with disabilities during development to improve data visuality and accessibility.
Sauer et al. [ 36 ] identified three criteria: accessibility, usability, and user experience. These are essential for making the internet platform accessible and convenient for people with and without disabilities. They suggested several methods to ensure accessibility (checklists, cognitive barrier walkthroughs, automatic checking), usability (user testing, observation, questionnaires, interviews, focus groups, heuristic evaluation, cognitive walkthrough, and data logging), and user experience. They suggested that accessibility and usability could be imposed during development to improve the user experience. Vu et al. [ 37 ] addressed that low-quality web designs often lead to user frustration that might cause abandonment of undesirable sites. They highlighted several potential and usable web design and evaluation components/methods to improve website usability, which results in a better user experience.
Furthermore, Almeida and Baranauskas [ 38 ] pointed out that web accessibility requirements for people with disabilities are crucial. The difficulty of understanding accessibility guidelines is the prime cause of inaccessible design and development. They also added that developers and designers are not experts and have limited knowledge of accessibility requirements. Therefore, they proposed an inclusive web-based collaborative tool to evaluate and modify the guidelines according to the universal and accessible design and development guidelines. It helps to represent the accessibility guidelines more skillfully. Furthermore, Gaggi and Pederiva [ 39 ] developed a tool for designers and developers concerning the same issue. They assisted the importance of accessibility measurement with a complete direction about guidelines that need attention during the web design and development phase.
3.3.2 Challenges (C)
This section describes the accessibility challenges that are generally liable for the current inaccessible web platform. Among 92 papers, four (4) studies were related to accessibility challenges (representing 4.3% of the total literature). These investigated studies could be grouped into three main topics of interest, as presented in Table 4 .
Researchers are trying to ensure an accessible web for more than a decade, including digital content, websites, user-machine interface, software, etc. Acosta-Vargas et al. [ 40 ] pointed out that to implement an accessible web, web researchers have found several challenges. They specified that accessible web page development required adequate knowledge that demands financial investment such as manufacturing and maintaining costs, testing costs, and quality assurance costs. These deliberations are crucial to improving the accessibility of the developed system. However, these deliberations rely on the organization's size, capital, opportunities, etc. Thus, ensuring these necessities is comparatively challenging. Inal et al. [ 41 ] showed their effort by conducting a user survey about digital accessibility practices to identify the challenges of creating an accessible system. They invited user experience (UX) professionals to find the most common challenges. The challenges were associated with time constraints, lack of training cost constraints, work overload, not being a requirement for the organization, not being a customer requirement, and people with disabilities or special needs not included as target users. Inal et al. highlighted that such challenges act as barriers to considering accessibility requirements seriously, which is responsible for the current inaccessible web.
Another study by Brajnik and Vigo [ 42 ] addressed some crucial challenges that need to consider for introducing an accessible web. The most pressing ones are validity, reliability, sensitivity, and adequacy of user-tailored metrics. Challenges with validity are associated with different validation systems of metrics. For example, there are no specific/gold standards to produce the output for the validation process. The reliance on tools and their limited coverage, completeness, and correctness are heterogonous issues that arise as challenges during metrics result in validation. The reliability of several evaluation performance metrics (human judgment, automatic evaluation, etc.) depends on the evaluation metric transparency and their reproducible and comparable results. Brajnik and Vigo depict that the actual cause for low reliability is the adopted sampling method to evaluate the pages, such as accessibility violation criteria, identified data, formulae, or methods to compute the final score. Sensitivity and adequacy are related to the meaningfulness and suitability of the generated scores through metrics. User-tailored metrics depend on the user's ability as all users have different needs. Accessibility barriers affect different ability users in various manners. Thus, such aspects addressed by Brajnik and Vigo need to be considered in future research.
Furthermore, Palaskar et al. [ 43 ] revealed that existing automated accessibility testing tools consider around 50% of Web Content Accessibility Guidelines. Though most of the rules are easy to understand, sometimes it is pretty challenging to implement all the natural language rules in an automatic system. They also claimed that some rules are unacceptable for ensuring accessibility, and others are inappropriate, for example, rules for color schemes and image captions accessibility checking. To develop an accessible website, consideration of some specific aspects is insufficient. Sometimes, accessibility checking requires more than the considered rules. Thus, validating the appropriate rules and incorporating all the guidelines is the major challenge for current web-based accessibility research.
3.3.3 Improvement directions (ID)
This section describes directions for future improvement of accessible development. Among 92 papers, ten (10) studies were related to improvement directions (representing 10.8% of the total literature). These investigated studies could be grouped into two main topics of interest, as presented in Table 5 .
In the context of improvement direction, few studies focused on the technological aspects of accessible development. Edelberg and Verhulsdonck [ 44 ] addressed that web developers and associated authorities choose the colors and font based on the choice of organization identity. However, through this process, it is not always possible to address accessibility issues such as inaccessible color and contrast, and fonts, which makes a difference in design and development for people with disabilities such as a person with low vision. They suggested that colors, fonts, and supporting elements should be perceived correctly during the development phase. Development should be encoded according to the content management system (CMS) to enhance the user experience of a wider audience. Brajnik and Vigo [ 42 ] pointed out the significant progress for accessibility metrics in the last decades. However, immaturity is still present in modern development. Thus, future research for further improvements is indicated. Based on their observation, they added a few improvement directions. For example, the implementation should follow Agile, an iterative development model to keep track of accessibility issues. In addition, following the hybrid approach like human judgments through different levels of expertise and users, such as disability type or user, might improve the accessibility of the development. Miesenberger et al. [ 45 ] presented some accessibility challenges related to cognitive disability with associated improvement direction. For instance, individual user-centered and personal services-based design and development should ensure. Accessibility requirements should be tested in development cycles with several testing tools (keyboard/mouse logging, eye tracking, etc.). To better usability design, an advanced development framework or platform for R&D should incorporate, and the development should follow the process model (e.g., Waterfall, Iterative, Spiral, Agile, etc.). In addition, Alismail and Chipidza [ 46 ] recommended following the WCAG 2.0 and 2.1 guidelines to develop accessible websites by addressing potential accessibility issues. Also, they emphasized user testing by involving people with disabilities, integrating assistive technologies during web accessibility evaluation, incorporating accessibility requirements during design, development, and maintenance phases, and arranging training for web developers and designers to spread accessibility awareness.
In the accessible prototype design context, Bhagat and Joshi [ 47 ] presented a few technical recommendations to overcome accessibility challenges. They also mentioned that all the accessibility requirements should be checked and validated by the website's quality assurance (QA) team. Ojha et al. [ 48 ] provided a few guidelines based on their detailed study on improving website accessibility with readability. Readability improvement suggestions are related to website structural components such as hyperlinks and image alt-text. These functions should ensure by incorporating the variable weight-based approach for different elements of web pages. Also, website dynamism should be considered in readability score computation to improve the readability in terms of the accessibility of the website. Furthermore, Morris et al. [ 52 ] emphasized ensuring alt text of visual content for screen reader users. They have articulated design guidelines for the representation of visual content with prototype design requirements, especially for people with vision impairments, to facilitate and improve visual content accessibility.
3.3.4 Framework design (FD)
This section describes several frameworks designed to contribute to the web evaluation process to facilitate web platform accessibility. Among 92 papers, seventeen (17) were related to framework design (representing 18.4% of the total literature). These investigated studies could be grouped into three main topics of interest, as presented in Table 6 .
To contribute to accessible user-centric design, Alahmadi [ 53 ] proposed a state-of-the-art framework for web accessibility evaluation to facilitate accessibility measurement and identify accessibility standards errors. The proposed model ensures user-centered design (UCD) based on usability and accessibility guidelines for deaf, visually impaired, and deaf-blindness people. Kaur and Gupta [ 54 ] proposed a quality index evaluation framework to evaluate website design to ensure the quality of web design and development. Hassouna et al. [ 55 ] addressed some significant issues for users with visual impairment. Concerning the accessibility requirements for users with vision impairment, they designed an accessible web page prototype. Few studies focused on ontology design. For example, Sapna and Mohanty [ 56 ] proposed a large-scale test scenario management process using ontology modeling with the help of Web Ontology Language (OWL) to facilitate the software and web development, and testing process by providing faster and more reliable services. Kourtiche et al. [ 57 ] designed an ontology of user-profiles considering user disability context to understand various user requirements during accessible web development. Another study proposed by Fayzrahmanov et al. [ 58 ] developed a user interface to improve web navigability considering the user requirements with visual impairment.
In the context of web accessibility evaluation, Li et al. [ 59 ] designed an interactive web accessibility evaluation system based on the Chinese government guidelines. This framework incorporates automatic tools and human inspection to make evaluation feasible for large web pages. Alsaeedi [ 60 ] proposed a novel framework for evaluating the performance of two accessibility testing protocols in webpage evaluation. Song et al. [ 61 ] designed a crowdsourcing-based web accessibility evaluation framework to validate against WCAG. It generates the automatic accessibility score of each evaluated webpage according to the weight of each checkpoint. Giovanna et al. [ 62 ] developed an open support accessibility evaluation tool to improve automatic accessible support following accessibility conformance testing (ACT) rules. Sanchez-Gordon and Luján-Mora [ 64 ] proposed an agile environment-based accessibility evaluation framework to improve evaluation results based on automated tools, simulators, and expert and user-based testing. In further evaluation, Song et al. [ 65 ] addressed the complexity of accessibility evaluation methods and the shortage of experts in this field. These aspects make the accessibility evaluation process difficult and reduce their significance. Thus, they proposed a crowdsourcing-based web accessibility evaluation system that uses decision strategies such as the golden set strategy and time-based golden set strategy. Palaskar et al. [ 43 ] claimed that most existing Americans with Disabilities (ADA) tools detect only 50% to 60% of accessibility violations because the rules are not understandable. They developed an API to test websites according to the WCAG 2.0 guidelines and A, AA, and AAA conformance level. Additionally, Acosta-Vargas et al. [ 66 ] designed a heuristic method to enable accessibility measurement of websites to ensure an accessible and inclusive web platform.
Additionally, Won [ 67 ] developed a color tool to understand website color meaning for accessible design practice. The proposed approach can evaluate webpage HTML design prototypes and provide a clear understanding of product-specific colors, cross-cultural color meanings, and color preference. It assists designers in making better color decisions during the design and development phase.
3.3.5 Framework implementations (FI)
This section describes several studies that implemented different approaches to contribute to evaluating an accessible web platform. Among 92 papers, seventeen (17) were related to implementation purposes (representing 18.4% of the total literature). These investigated studies could be grouped into three main topics of interest, as presented in Table 7 .
Concerning web accessibility evaluation, many research studies proposed decision support systems, evaluation tools, algorithms, frameworks, models, and interfaces. Mohamad et al. [ 68 ] developed a decision support system for large-scale compliance assessment against web accessibility recommendations and legislation. This architecture aims to provide scalable, interoperable, and integrated web accessibility assessment in the context of user-centric design to develop accessible web and mobile applications. Li et al. [ 69 ] proposed an EDBA decision support system for website accessibility evaluation at a lower cost. Among other scientific studies, Žuliček et al. [ 70 ] developed an accessibility evaluation tool to evaluate the whole webpage, including subpages, to provide a detailed analysis and simplified code refinement. Oliveira et al. [ 71 ] developed an accessibility assessment tool to analyze the strength and weaknesses of the website following the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines. Rashida et al. [ 72 ] developed an automated web-based tool to identify the quality of academic websites by considering websites' content of information, loading time, and overall performance metrics. Lim et al. [ 73 ] proposed an open-source customized automated accessibility testing tool based on the existing Axe accessibility testing engine to scale up the accessibility testing process. Gaggi and Pederiva [ 39 ] developed an automatic tool to assist designers and developers in understanding development aspects that should be considered during the development process to introduce an accessible website. In addition, Duarte et al. [ 74 ] developed an algorithm to automatically identify the semantic similarity between web content and its textual description in the context of web accessibility evaluation guidelines or rules. Wu et al. [ 75 ] developed a semi-supervised regression algorithm involving manual evaluation (webpage sampling) and automatic accessibility testing to generate the overall evaluation result of the website. Almeida and Baranauskas [ 38 ] developed a framework following universal design (UD) accessibility guidelines to help designers overcome accessibility barriers in a web-based system. Morato et al. [ 76 ] proposed a framework for automatic website accessibility checking in the context of readability through a linguistic characteristics analyzer to identify the best linguistic feature to detect text readability.
In the context of accessibility evaluation for visually impaired people, Michailidou et al. [ 78 ] implemented an open-source web accessibility prediction model to predict and visualize the complexity of web pages in the form of a pixelated heat map. Another work proposed by Bonacin et al. [ 79 ] developed an adaptive interface focusing on the requirements of Color Vision Deficiency (CVD) people considering automatic recoloring facilities to facilitate the interaction of CVD people with the web.
Additionally, for accessible prototype development, Matošević et al. [ 82 ] developed a machine learning algorithms-based expert knowledge system to classify web pages or parts of web pages to improve search engine optimization (SEO) guidelines.
3.3.6 Testing (T)
This section describes the studies associated with the testing purpose for accessibility validation of web platforms. Among 92 papers, thirty (30) were related to accessibility testing (32.6% of the total literature). These investigated studies could be grouped into five main topics of interest, as presented in Table 8 .
In the context of testing, many research studies focused on accessibility testing tools to validate website accessibility considering several disabilities. Few studies tested accessibility issues by incorporating automated accessibility testing tools. Martins et al. [ 83 ] tested eHealth websites using a single accessibility testing tool to identify the accessibility issues. Addressing the effectiveness of multiple automatic testing tools, Padure and Pribeanu [ 84 ] applied six accessibility evaluation tools to evaluate their selected websites. They suggested that a single testing tool is not enough to identify all the accessibility issues of a website. In other studies, Marino and Alfonzo [ 35 ] claimed that automatic tools are inadequate to clarify all the accessibility issues of websites. Thus, further manual observation is required. Therefore, Hassouna et al. [ 85 ] initiated a semi-automated evaluation process utilizing an automatic tool and human observation to evaluate design prototypes of websites. The considered evaluation tool is effective as it identifies problems in the design stage. For example, if it detects any error, it redirects to the design stage to show the problem and repair the design problems without modifying the original code. Also, Bhagat and Joshi [ 47 ] observed that a lack of awareness regarding assistive technologies and global accessibility standards is responsible for less inclusive and less accessible website design and development. Thus, they conducted the experimental procedure following automatic and user testing to help service providers, government divisions, and ministries ensure maximum accessibility of online platforms. Rysavy and Michalak [ 92 ] evaluated the library tools and services in terms of accessibility and usability with open-source tools that emphasized the involvement of blind student workers to validate the resulting transparency.
In contrast, few studies evaluated websites considering several tools and techniques to measure the performance of accessibility, usability, readability, and quality. Akgül [ 93 ] evaluated website accessibility, usability, quality, and readability using several tools and techniques. The author employed online open-source tools for accessibility testing and visual and manual inspection for usability testing considering several design standards and Google search results. For quality performance, Akgül incorporated webpage monitoring software considering download time, page size, and objects per website. Finally, evaluated readability, considering text alignment, webpage language, and all-caps text. Grant et al. [ 97 ] examined web accessibility and user experience using the hidden code optimization technique. They aim to motivate better web development practices and improve the overall holistic user experience. Ajuji et al. [ 96 ] and Kumar et al. [ 98 ] proposed two scientific studies. They depict that though the increasing web interactivity is significantly visible, still people with disabilities are finding it difficult to access. They highlighted that website has non-compliant issues against the W3C guidelines. Thus, to evaluate the websites' conformance to the WCAG, Ajuji et al. implemented an automatic accessibility testing tool to evaluate the websites in terms of Perceivable, Operable, Understandable, and Robust. Kumar et al. considered a simulator to visualize the accessibility issues for different types of disabilities. Burkard et al. [ 99 ] counteracted that the importance and awareness of digital accessibility are often not recognized during web development. Due to the complexity of the guidelines, people are not motivated to follow them. Therefore, automatic accessibility barrier checking, identifying, and fixing is an important issue. They considered several accessibility monitoring systems to validate the websites and compare tools in the context of completeness and correctness. Also, Alshamari [ 51 ] evaluated the accessibility of E-commerce websites through multiple accessibility evaluation tools to generate evaluation reports, locate potential errors, and direct warnings to help in accessible website design and development. Furthermore, Król et al. [ 105 ] evaluated the quality of the websites through automatic testing tools considering website performance, SEO quality, website availability, and mobile friendliness.
In the context of better user experience, Bai [ 31 ] emphasized accessibility and usability observation as website accessibility and usability are highly correlated. Bai choose the most frequently used automatic conformance testing tools and several usability testing models. Another study proposed by Yi [ 106 ] claimed that most websites are not accessible to people with visual impairment, even not readable by the screen reader. This problem happens as websites have too many menus, multiple frames, and a lack of alternative text. Thus, Yi proposed the web accessibility evaluation process using questionnaire-based user testing incorporating people with visual impairment. All the users tested websites using assistive technologies such as screen readers to share their opinions by answering questions about the websites’ accessibility.
3.3.7 Evaluation
This section describes several accessibility evaluation methods and techniques. Among 92 papers, nineteen (19) were related to accessibility evaluation (representing 20.6% of the total literature). These investigated studies could be grouped into three main topics of interest, as presented in Table 9 .
Here, we focus on the studies performed in the context of evaluation purposes. For accessibility evaluation, few studies focused on the questionnaire and expert-based evaluation. Hassouna et al. [ 55 ] and Moreno et al. [ 107 ] argued that the web is less accessible for people with vision impairments. They utilized questionnaire-based evaluation for accessibility prototypes with the participation of people with visual impairment. For descriptive analysis of the questionnaire result, they used statistical techniques to observe the relationship between the questionnaire items and the dependent variables. Another study by Hadadi [ 110 ] stated that designers are not careful about considering the requirements of disabilities such as color blindness. Thus, they overlooked the accessibility criteria to integrate into the design tools. This work evaluated the accessibility of widely used design tools through user feedback. The aim was to increase accessibility awareness and encourage product designers to design and develop an accessible solution. Alcaraz Martínez et al. [ 114 ] addressed that several statistical charts on websites are valuable for representing the information. Unfortunately, charts on websites are not accessible for people with low vision and CVD. Thus, they performed a heuristic accessibility evaluation of statistical charts focusing on the needs of people with low vision and CVD to find the usability problems in user interface design. In another study, Giovanna et al. [ 62 ] conducted a quantitative and qualitative analysis of user feedback regarding task completion time and computing success rate metric. In addition, some existing literature focused on automatic testing validator performance assessment and effeteness. Krawiec and Dudycz [ 108 ] evaluated the performance of automatic accessibility testing validator considering standards, the number of page validation ability, user interface interactivity, software update, free/commercial, etc. This assessment system helps to understand the most effective tool according to the specific requirements. Kous et al. [ 102 ] reinforced that several statistical methods using the quantitative data analysis concept are valuable for validating automatic web accessibility testing results. Grantham et al. [ 109 ] claimed that low literacy and numeracy skills sometimes affect user access and understanding of the website's content. Following accessibility guidelines and incorporating advanced assessment criteria against international legal accessibility requirements should be considered to ensure an accessible web.
Considering readability, Kimmons [ 111 ] claimed that most websites have accessibility issues with content understanding (readability) and structural elements. These issues introduce serious accessibility problems and act as a leading cause of reducing accessibility. Another work is conducted by Sun et al. [ 113 ] to assess e-textbooks’ accessibility. They investigated accessibility considering reading time and accuracy to content-related questions. They evaluated experiment results through composite, average, and weighted average scores to examine user experience and performance. However, Ojha et al. [ 48 ] addressed a wide array of accessibility and readability evaluation metrics for online content based on machine learning and statistical language modeling techniques.
In the context of usability evaluation, Radcliffe et al. [ 112 ] conducted m-Health app evaluation considering accessibility and usability concerns. The evaluation was performed through rapid user-testing and quantifying usability feedback. The user testing result and usability feedback were validated through several standardized evaluation methods for inclusive design requirements specification. Wu et al. [ 33 ] addressed that web designers and developers should focus on usability criteria instead of user experience as ensuring usability improves accessibility. Thus, their paper presents several methods and techniques for usability and accessibility evaluation of web design, such as naturalistic observation, participatory evaluation, web-based methods, prototyping, usability inspections, and usability laboratory testing. Giraud et al. [ 116 ] indicated that filtering redundant and irrelevant information is crucial for people with visual impairments similar to sighted users to improve the accessibility of the web. Therefore, to improve website usability, some specific needs of users with visual impairment are emerging to consider. They conducted experiments with users with vision impairment to determine the accessibility of web content in terms of filtered or not irrelevant and redundant information. Also, cognitive load, performance, and participants' satisfaction were investigated through the dual-task paradigm.
Figure 8 represents the number of papers on each topic of interest according to the seven processes. This figure depicts that the number of proposed approaches for accessibility testing to identify accessibility issues is more frequent than other approaches such as development, implementation, and evaluation. The observation result of research question 1 concludes that the number of the proposed approach for the development and implementation of the accessible web evaluation approach was relatively lower, which addresses a further concern of the web researcher.
Number of studies on each topic of research interest according to the seven processes/phase
RQ-2: What are the current engineering assets (tools, technologies, etc.) to support the evaluation of accessible web?
We analyzed the selected papers and identified several groups of interest considering our seven processes. Table 10 summarizes the 22 groups of topics of interest related to the seven processes, including verities of methods, tools, and techniques to answer our second research question.
Asset description
From the 7 process groups and 22 topics of interest (Table 10 ), we aimed to highlight the main assets related to the engineering aspects to support the technical process we have found in our SLR offered by past researchers. These findings will help developers, web engineers, accessibility researchers, and associated authorities to support the accessible design and development process. The addressed assets are listed and described below.
Assets of accessibility requirements (AR)
(AR 1 .) Assets for the importance of accessibility and usability guidelines: (1) explanation of higher accessibility standards in website evaluation [ 31 ]; (2) explanation of the importance of accessibility guidelines and user requirements for people with disabilities [ 32 ]; (3) sets of usability requirements for conventional visualization elements design for cognitive barriers people [ 33 ]; (4) explanation of web usability and accessibility requirements of WCAG 2.0 and ISO 9241 standards [ 34 ].
Therefore, in this group, we identified two subgroups of assets: s-group-1: 3 studies for the explanation, and s-group-2: 1 study for requirements.
(AR 2 .) Assets for accessibility, usability, and user experience improvement methods: (1) methods to improve accessibility, usability, and user experience [ 36 ]; (2) methods to understand user perception to improve usability and user experience [ 37 ].
Therefore, in this group, we identified one subgroup of assets: s-group-1: 2 studies for methods.
(AR 3 .) Assets for accessibility requirements specification: (1) Faware is a framework for accessibility requirements representation and implementation in visualization elements design and development [ 38 ]; (2) WCAG4All is a tool for understanding accessibility requirements following standards guidelines [ 39 ];
Therefore, in this group, we identified two subgroups of assets: s-group-1: 1 study for framework and s-group-2: 1 study for tools.
Assets of challenges (C)
(C 1 .) Assets of limited resource adequacy: (1) cost for maintaining, testing, and quality assurance is challenging that depends on organization size, capital, and opportunities [ 40 ]; (2) opportunities for the training program, learning materials, etc. are not enough for accessibility knowledge improvement [ 56 ]; 3) practical experience and advanced knowledge of UX professionals from different countries are limited [ 41 ].
Therefore, in this group, we identified three subgroups of assets: s-group-1: 1 study for cost, s-group-2: 1 study for opportunities, and s-group-3: 1 study for experience and knowledge.
(C 2 .) Assets of success criteria validation: (1) metrics for accessibility evaluation concerning validity, reliability, sensitivity, and adequacy are challenging to ensure [ 42 ].
Therefore, in this group, one subgroup of assets was found: s-group-1: 1 study for metrics.
(C 3 .) Assets of rules optimization : (1) guidelines are not enough or appropriate, even difficult to incorporate in automated systems or web development processes [ 43 ].
Therefore, we found one subgroup of assets in this group: s-group-1: 1 study for guidelines.
Assets of improvement directions (ID)
(ID 1 .) Assets for technological aspects: (1) guidelines for accessible and functional prototype design and development [ 44 ]; (2) directions for accessible development [ 42 ]; (3) directions for cognitive disabilities and their particular accessibility barriers in recent development [ 45 ]; (4) suggestions for development that would be facilitated and tested during the design and development phase [ 46 ].
Therefore, in this group, we identified three subgroups of assets: s-group-1: 1 study for guidelines, s-group-2: 2 studies for directions, and s-group-3: 1 study for suggestions.
(ID 2 .) Assets for accessible prototype design: (1) directions for accessible prototype design and development [ 47 ]; (2) guidelines for improving website readability by ensuring proper structural components and website dynamism [ 48 ]; (3) suggestions for spreading awareness, organizing training, and focusing on the accessible prototype design to make the websites accessible to all, including people with special needs [ 49 ]; (4) suggestions for accessible prototype design to ensure advanced multimedia components [ 50 ]; (5) suggestions for some potential features that should be taken into consideration during feature development [ 51 ]; (6) guidelines for visual content representation and accessible prototype design for screen reader users [ 52 ].
Therefore, in this group, we identified three subgroups of assets: s-group-1: 2 studies for guidelines, s-group-2: 1 study for directions, and s-group-3: 3 studies for suggestions.
Assets of framework design (FD)
(FD 1 .) Assets for accessible user-centric design practice: (1) state-of-the-art framework for university website accessibility evaluation for students with hearing and visual impairment [ 53 ]; (2) evaluation of web page prototype design considering blind user requirement [ 55 ]; (3) OUPIP is a user profile-based ontological model for designers and developers to develop applications, and devices considering user’s needs, disability type and dynamic context [ 57 ]; (4) multi-axial serialization framework for the users with visual impairment to understand and find the required information in the webpage [ 58 ]; (5) Ontology for test management process to provide detailed knowledge about the specific domain and captured requirements for testing [ 56 ]; (6) tool for quantitative measurement by evaluating website HTML code to identify the quality of the website design [ 54 ].
Therefore, in this group, we identified five subgroups of assets: s-group-1: 2 studies for framework, s-group-2: 1 study for evaluation, s-group-3: 1 study for models, s-group-4: 1 study for tool, and s-group-5: 1 study for ontology.
(FD 2 .) Assets for web accessibility evaluation: (1) design a cost-effective crowdsourcing framework for web accessibility evaluation considering 25 checkpoints and 5 conformance levels [ 59 ]; (2) proposed a framework in order to evaluate the well-known automatic accessibility tools in terms of webpage accessibility through their proposed measurement metrics [ 60 ]; (3) a crowdsourcing framework for web accessibility evaluation against web accessibility content guidelines checkpoints [ 61 ]; (4) an open and flexible accessibility testing tool to support single and multi-page validation [ 62 ]; (5) WUAM is a framework for websites usability and accessibility evaluation to improve website performance [ 63 ]; (6) proposed a framework for web accessibility improvement following ISTQB in agile contexts [ 64 ]; (7) proposed a crowdsourcing framework for website accessibility evaluation to identify the accessibility barriers and determine the overall accessibility level [ 65 ]; (8) proposed an API based website accessibility testing tool following ADA guidelines to identify the potential errors and violations, even without prior knowledge [ 43 ]; (9) proposed a framework for website accessibility barrier measurement according to several variable magnitude techniques [ 50 ]; 10) proposed a heuristic method to determine the level of accessibility of high ranked websites [ 66 ].
Therefore, in this group, we identified four subgroups of assets: s-group-1: 7 studies for framework, s-group-2: 1 study for method, s-group-3: 1 study for tool, and s-group-4:1 study for API.
(FD 3 .) Assets for accessible color design: (1) an accessible color suggestions tool for designers to improve their color judgment ability and increase their inspiration for accessible design practice [ 67 ].
Therefore, in this group, we identified one subgroup of assets: s-group-1: 1 study for tools.
Assets of framework implementation (FI)
(FI 1 .) Assets for web accessibility evaluation system: (1) user-centric holistic decision support environment system for web and mobile application accessibility evaluation [ 68 ]; (2) a cost-effective task assignment-based decision support system for web accessibility evaluation [ 69 ]; (3) a module for automatically analyzing, identifying and solving the accessibility issues [ 70 ]; (4) an automated website readability assessment model to improve the accessibility and readability of the website [ 76 ]; (5) ShoppingForAll is a tool for evaluating and identifying the strength and weaknesses of the website in terms of user satisfaction and accessibility criteria [ 71 ]; (6) an algorithm for semantic similarity improvement of website content from the web accessibility perspective [ 74 ]; (7) a tool for quality assessment of the university websites by assessing website source code [ 72 ]; (8) FAware is a tool to provide accessibility issues and available suggestions [ 38 ]; (9) a semi-supervised model to evaluate and predict website accessibility [ 75 ]; (10) an open-source, industry-standard tool to addresses the shortcomings of current accessibility testing tools for the local government context [ 73 ]; (11) WCAG4All is a tool for consulting web designers and developers about accessibility guidelines [ 39 ]; (12) WAccess is a browser extension open-source accessibility testing tool to evaluate websites against WCAG guidelines [ 77 ].
Therefore, in this group, we identified five subgroups of assets: s-group-1: 2 studies for systems, s-group-2: 1 study for modules, s-group-3: 2 studies for models, s-group-4: 6 studies for tools, and s-group-5: 1 study for algorithms.
(FI 2 .) Assets for web accessibility evaluation for visually impaired users: (1) ViCRAM is a tool to predict the visual complexity of the web pages associated with accessibility issues for people with visually impaired or low vision people [ 78 ]; (2) FAIBOUD is a framework to facilitate the interaction of CVD people with the web [ 79 ]; (3) proposed an automatic system for identifying website drop-down menu widgets [ 80 ].
Therefore, in this group, we identified three subgroups of assets: s-group-1: 1 study for tool, s-group-2: 1 study for framework, and s-group-3: 1 study for the system.
(FI 3 .) Assets for accessible prototype improvements : (1) proposed a method to improve accessibility issues by modifying faulty code into correct code to make content management system-based websites more accessible [ 81 ]; (2) An expert knowledge system to detect web page SEO quality [ 82 ].
Therefore, in this group, we identified two subgroups of assets: s-group-1: 1 study for method and s-group-2: 1 study for the expert system.
Assets of testing (T)
(T 1 .) Assets for automatic detection of accessibility issues : (1) ACCESSWEB is an automated validator for accessibility evaluation considering different accessibility guidelines [ 83 ]; (2) TAW is an automated validator for web pages evaluation against the web content standards [ 35 ]; (3) Total Validator is an automated validator to validate accessibility against standards guidelines [ 86 ]; (4) A semi-automated process is to evaluate website design prototypes and repair without modifying the original page code [ 85 ]; (5) AChecker and TAW automated validators are to validate the accessibility of the website and identify the associated issues that violated accessibility guidelines [ 87 ]; (6) automatic testing by AChecker, Total Validator, WAVE, and HTML/CSS/ARIA automated validators for evaluation of higher educational institute websites [ 88 ]; (7) hybrid accessibility testing process with AChecker, WAVE, and aXe automatic accessibility testing tools and JAWS and Non-Visual Desktop Access, two open-source screen reader applications [ 47 ]; (8) WAVE is an automated validator to indicate accessibility issues and related accessibility features [ 89 ]; (9) AChecker, Cynthia Says, Mauve, TAW, Total Validator, and Wave are automated validators to identify the accessibility issues and compare their result to understand the effectiveness of the system [ 84 ]; (10) AChecker, WAVE, and SortSite are automated validators to identify the shortcoming of websites [ 46 ]; (11) AChecker, Cynthia Says, EIII Checker, MAUVE, SortSite, TAW, Tenon, and WAVE are automated validators to identify the effectiveness of result considering coverage completeness, correctness, specificity, inter-reliability and intra-reliability, validity, efficiency, and capacity [ 90 ]; (12) multi-tool accessibility assessment through automated validators such as AChecker, Cynthia Says, Tenon, WAVE, Mauve, and Hera to perform a comparative analysis of websites to identify the effective testing tool [ 49 ].
Therefore, in this group, we identified two subgroups of assets: s-group-1: 10 studies for the automated validator, and s-group-2: 2 studies for the process.
(T 2 .) Assets for content evaluation for osteoarthritis: (1) SMOG and FOG are two automated validators to determine webpage content readability considering informative images and relevant video [ 91 ].
Therefore, we identified one subgroup of assets in this group: s-group-1: 1 study for the automated validator.
(T 3 .) Assets for accessibility evaluation for blind users: (1) WAVE is an online automated validator for accessibility issues identification of library tools and services for blind users [ 92 ].
Therefore, this group identified one subgroup of assets: s-group-1: 1 study for the automated validator.
(T 4 .) Assets for accessibility evaluation: (1) propose a hybrid evaluation approach for improving user experience [ 97 ]; (2 ) A hybrid evaluation process for accessibility, usability, quality and readability testing [ 93 ]; (3) A semi-automated evaluation process incorporating AChecker, Total Validator, WAVE and expert opinion to examine the webpage code [ 94 ]; (4) AChecker is an automated validator to analyze education cooperative websites to determine its accessibility considering disabilities [ 95 ]; (5) TAW is an automated validator to validate websites against the conformance of WCAG 2.0 [ 96 ]; (6) A simulator for visual, hearing and mobility impairment to visualize the accessibility issue associated with the particular disability [ 98 ]; (7) A semi-automated process considering axe Monitor, Pope Tech, Siteimprove, ARC with user feedback to validate websites accessibility [ 99 ]; (8) WAVE is an automated validator to validate the accessibility of COVID-19 vaccine registration portals [ 100 ]; (9) accessibility evaluation through comparative analysis using automatic accessibility testing protocols and statistical observation [ 101 ]; (10) AChecker is an automated validator to evaluate website accessibility [ 102 ]; (11) AChecker, Cynthia Says, and TAW are automated validators to validate website e-accessibility [ 103 ]; (12) A comparative analysis using Webaccessibility automated accessibility validator and statistical technique to validate the websites against WCAG 2.1 conformance guidelines [ 104 ]; (13) Google PageSpeed Insights, Blink Audit Tool, Backlink Checker, WAVE and Bulk are automated validator to assess and evaluate website quality [ 105 ]; (14) Achecker, TAW, Eval Access, MAUVE and FAE are automated validators to identify the accessibility issues of the selected websites [ 51 ].
Therefore, in this group, we identified four subgroups of assets: s-group-1: 2 studies for evaluation, s-group-2: 7 studies for the automated validator, s-group-3: 1 study for the simulator, s-group-4: 2 studies for analysis, and s-group-5: 2 studies for the process.
(T 5 .) Assets for better user experience: (1) FAE, Nielsen’s10-item metric, and Baker’s six-dimension are automated validators for accessibility and usability testing for better user experience [ 31 ]; (2) questionnaire-based user assessment to identify the accessibility incompatibility with screen reader application [ 106 ].
Therefore, in this group, we identified two subgroups of assets: s-group-1: 1 study for automated validator and s-group-2: 1 study for assessment.
Assets of evaluation (E)
(E 1 .) Assets for accessibility evaluation methods: (1) manual assessment through assistive technology with users and experts in this field [ 83 ]; (2) questionnaire-based assessment for people with visual impairment through several data analysis techniques [ 85 ]; (3) questionnaire-based evaluation for discovering the navigation strategies of low vision people that cause to experience accessibility barriers [ 107 ]; (4) automatic assessment system to identify the most effective validator for accessibility testing [ 108 ]; (5) statistical data analysis to validate the reliability of the questionnaire result [ 55 ]; (6) quantitative data analysis using statistical analysis methods [ 102 ]; (7) manual assessment criteria for accessibility assessment of Australian private and governmental websites against DDA standards [ 109 ]; (8) user evaluation of Adobe online design platforms tool with the help of mix panel data analysis [ 110 ]; (9) statistical evaluation for quality analysis of the websites [ 105 ].
Therefore, in this group, we identified three subgroups of assets: s-group-1: 4 studies for assessment, s-group-2: 3 studies for evaluation, and s-group-3: 2 studies for analysis.
(E 2 .) Assets for readability evaluation tools and techniques : (1) metrics / tools for website content readability measurement to make website content universally accessible [ 48 ]; (2) descriptive evaluation of university homepage to validate the readability [ 111 ].
Therefore, in this group, we identified two subgroups of assets: s-group-1: 1 study for metrics/tool and s-group-2: 1 study for evaluation.
(E 3 .) Assets for usability evaluation methods: (1) statistical techniques for usability testing of m-Health application [ 112 ]; (2) questionnaire-based evaluation for user experience testing [ 113 ]; (3) quantitative and qualitative analysis considering the user performance, computing task completion time, and correct task completion ratio [ 62 ]; (4) quantitative and qualitative analysis with statistical measurements to evaluate user perceptions [ 115 ]; (5) statistical analysis to determine the relationship between web accessibility and usability [ 31 ]; (6) user evaluation to improve website accessibility and interface usability by reducing the cognitive load of people with blindness [ 116 ]; (7) hybrid evaluation process to identify the effectiveness of usability and interface design [ 33 ]; (8) quantitative and qualitative analysis to evaluate user perceptions for interactive user interface design [ 114 ].
Therefore, in this group, we identified three subgroups of assets: s-group-1: 1 study for technique, s-group-2: 3 studies for evaluation, and s-group-3: 4 studies for analysis.
Figure 9 shows the graphical representation of assets obtained in this SLR. The observation result of research question 2 (as shown in Fig. 9 ) illustrates that automated validators, tools, and frameworks are the main research assets in the investigated area. It demonstrated that most past researchers and the scientific community contributed to accessibility research using the existing automated validators. Recently researchers focused on developing accessibility testing tools and designing frameworks to contribute to accessibility practice, though the number of developed tools and frameworks is limited. In addition, a small group of researchers has conducted studies on other aspects in the accessibility context.
Identified assets of the research outcome
4 Discussion
4.1 research context’s investigation results.
This section highlights the context we focused on in our investigation to reveal in this SLR. The first context of the discussion is the invested domain of past studies. Figure 10 shows the number of papers in each research area found in this SLR. Most studies focused on education, such as government and higher education institute websites. However, few studies focused on other areas such as libraries, health care, electronic materials (e.g., eBooks, visual charts, etc.), tourism, and E-commerce. Accessibility research has a significant contribution to national and international legislation to develop accessible software or web in different domains. However, more investigation for accessibility measurement should be carried out considering other areas to present accessible systems within a broad scope of future research. Besides, during the COVID-19 pandemic, accessible healthcare websites were significantly valuable and were a crucial requirement for the world community [ 117 ]. However, the observation result depicts that the number of proposed studies focusing on the healthcare domain is not adequate, which is the present research gap in this particular domain. This finding exposes the necessity of devoting continued effort to investigating the healthcare domain in future research.
Number of studies of each area of research considering accessibility domain
Figure 11 shows that according to the investigated platforms, most of the selected studies focused on web systems (75 studies), four (4) studies focused on tools and applications, and six (6) studies presented platform-independent approaches.
Number of investigated studies of each platform
Regarding guidelines, most of the selected studies followed WCAG standards to evaluate and develop the web or software application. Figure 12 depicts that WCAG is the dominant and accepted standard for referencing primary accessibility guidelines for the accessible solution and prototype design or user-centric design issues. WCAG is also extensively used as a referencing guideline in accessibility assessment or testing tool development. However, as WCAG is incorporated widely; a few deliberations are laborious to solve by imposing this standard alone. Thus, a wide variety of supporting resources and other guidelines or standards is crucial help for web developers and designers to improve accessibility issues and overcome the current accessibility limitation.
Number of studies according to the focused guideline
Regarding programming language, the frequently used programming language to implement the proposed methods, tools, and frameworks were JavaScript (object-oriented), Python (high-level programming language), HTML (markup language), CSS/SCSS (style description language), PHP (scripting language), C+ + (case sensitive language), OWL (knowledge representation language) and SWRL (logical inference engine). The most frequently marked engineering tools were Apache and MySQL webserver, Oracle database, JavaScript (React), FontAwesome, Axe, Chrome, and HTML Code Sniffer accessibility evaluation libraries. Frequently applied Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) are Clarifai (for image and video), Indico (for semantic matching), Swoogle, AATT, and REST API for Windows and Linux Operating systems. Most tested websites followed content management systems such as WordPress, Joomla, and Drupal. The tested report represents in extensible markup language (XML), enhanced address recognition logic (EARL), and portable document format (PDF). However, Selenium Web Browser Automation and ChromeDriver Tools with Webdriver and MutationObserver API are effective among other web engineering tools.
Generally, the effectiveness and performance of the web concerning accessibility issues have been assessed through automatic testing (accessibility and usability) and human observation. Figure 13 shows that frequently implemented testing tools are WAVE, AChecker, and TAW. However, earlier studies also addressed other accessibility and usability testing tools such as Mauve, Cynthia Says, Total Validator, aXe Monitor, Tenon, Siteimprove, SortSite, etc. Among several automatic testing tools, some specific tools have been implemented frequently in the past literature. Despite the availability of a wide array of accessibility testing tools (approximately 75 according to W3C), most tools are underrated, and even web designers and developers have no idea about these tools and their effectiveness [ 118 ]. In the investigated works of literature, only three pieces of literature compared multiple automatic accessibility testing tools to evaluate their effectiveness. This limited number of comparative analyses is not sufficient to show the usefulness of the existing automated tools. Thus, it is crucial to devote continued effort to perform further comparative analysis considering the benefits of automatic testing tools in future accessibility research.
Number of studies considering implemented testing tools
Concerning the accessibility and usability evaluation and validation results, SPSS, Microsoft Excel, and STATISTICA were the most used statistical analysis tools. Frequently used statistical standards are standard deviation (SD), Pearson’s correlation analysis, one-way ANOVA, System Usability Scale (SUS), Tierney’s 7-min accessibility assessment and app rating system, z-score calculation, Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, Shapiro–Wilk test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, arithmetic mean, median, coefficient of variation, minimum and maximum value computation. According to past literature, these statistical techniques are effective in accessibility evaluation and validation practice.
Concerning the publication frequency, the observation result shows that between 2010 and 2021, seven (7) studies were published per year on average. Figure 14 displays that the observed number of published studies was low until 2017. Since then, the number of published works has grown. Between 2020 and 2021, the number of publications has shown tremendous growth. This significant growing number of publications depicts that nowadays, web researchers are concerned about the importance of accessible web and ensuring accessibility of the digital platform.
Number of publications per study year for the SLR
Considering our seven processes, we classified the selected papers into three periods: 2010–2013, 2014–2017, and 2018–2021. As shown in Fig. 15 , the number of publications between 2018 and 2021 was much higher in each of the 7 processes compared to the earlier periods. This increase was greatest in testing. The rise of articles in the implementation, evaluation, and design areas is also remarkable. These statistics indicate that concern about digital accessibility has increased in recent years. Compared with other processes, accessibility requirements, challenges, and improvement directions are underrated topics in accessibility research. In addition, the number of papers for development methods (development and implementation) is also limited. This observation directs the importance of devoting continued efforts to conducting future research concerning accessibility requirements, challenges, improvement directions, and development methods.
Number of publications in seven processes of the SLR considering three time periods
As the prime objective of accessibility research is to ensure online platforms are accessible to people with disabilities, thus, in this SLR study, we classified the past studies according to their focused disability type. Almost one-third of the selected studies did not focus on any group of disabilities (see Fig. 16 ). A prominent number of studies focused on issues with every disability. The number of studies focused on visual impairment is also noticeable. However, compared to these three criteria (AI (area independent), AD (all types of disabilities), and VD (visual impairment)), a few studies considered the cognitive, sensory impairment, and physical disabilities issues. Apart from the invested disability types, it is crucial to show the continued effort for other exceptional cases, such as hearing disabilities, moving disabilities, special children, and autism.
Publications with focused disabilities group
Despite the importance of applications to support during the web development process to ensure accessible application development, studies related to application development for accessibility direction are still limited compared to studies on web accessibility evaluation. This result shows the importance of putting effort into methods, tools, and assets to support the development of accessible web and web applications, considering the engineering feature of this platform.
4.2 Web accessibility in past studies
In our search for past studies, we found seven SLRs addressing web accessibility. Najadat et al. [ 119 ] indicated that research on web accessibility has grown since 2007. However, the development of accessibility evaluation tools, metrics, and standards was addressed poorly by past literature. They showed the most common web metrics regarding design, speed, size, diagnosis tools, and metrics for better provision of services. Following this, an SLR carried out by Muniandy and Sulaiman [ 120 ] depicts that for years, accessible computer application design, including mobile applications, computer applications, and online web applications for visually impaired people, has gained immense popularity. Research conducted by Baldwin and Ching [ 121 ] identified that user-centric web prototype design would be helpful to improve accessibility in upcoming development for people with disabilities.
Addressing these issues, an SLR carried out by Akram and Sulaiman [ 14 ] indicated that many studies published between 2009 to 2017 devoted to automated tools development to validate the technical aspects against the accessibility conformance or guidelines. Despite the importance of automatic accessibility testing tools, the lack of advanced techniques to develop these tools required human observation to interact with people with disabilities with interactive systems. With the same focus, an SLR carried out by Campoverde-Molina et al. [ 15 ] stated that a synthesis study is crucial to determine the web accessibility standards and the evaluation methods. They also indicated that the testing process remains the main focus of the current web research. In another SLR, Campoverde-Molina et al. [ 16 ] added that the majority of the experimented websites have potential accessibility issues that address further investigation and more research in this field.
In our findings, we identified a few studies related to the accessible design pattern of rich internet application (RIA), accessibility guidelines visualization, and user interface designs. Compared with the previous SLR studies proposed by Akram and Sulaiman and Campoverde-Molina et al., our proposed study also identifies the importance and growth of accessibility requirements elicitation. They added that research on accessible development and evaluation techniques, user-centric design, and user requirements with disabilities should consider.
Further, an SLR conducted by Oh et al. [ 122 ] indicated that web accessibility research in the area of web image analysis and web-based gamification or game development has increased. They added that understanding visual information (e.g., images) is a critical challenge for people with low vision. Another SLR proposed by Salvador-Ullauri et al. [ 123 ] depicted that web-based games are helpful for teaching and learning for people with disabilities. Web and game developers and designers are fascinated by implementing accessible features as accessibility guidelines are not limited to a particular domain of people. However, from the comparative analysis of previous SLRs, we can observe that (Table 11 ) most of the past SLR studies have lacked consideration of development and implementation approaches for web evaluation that are necessary to include in our SLR process.
4.3 Observation of research
In the investigated studies of this research, among the considered seven processes, challenges, and accessibility requirements experienced with less literature. The primary reason might be aligned with the current research focus. The majority of the research focused on the development of evaluation and testing methods, though addressing accessibility challenges during web development and enhancing the importance of ensuring accessibility guidelines is also important [ 124 ]. Without demonstrating the challenges that might be raised during the development process and their associated solutions, it is barely possible to ensure accessibility for digital sources (e.g., websites, software, etc.). To improve these issues, more attention should be given to the current research focus to identify the major challenges associated with the development of the accessible solution and demonstrate the accessibility guidelines with its advancements. Besides, the literature for framework design and development/implementation is not significant compared to the other processes (e.g., testing). Also, there was limited investigation for evaluation metrics to evaluate the correlation between experimented results and user (e.g., people with disabilities) perceptions, which introduces an urgent need to investigate accessibility result validation systems. In addition, our SLR result illustrates that most of the research focused on automatic accessibility testing tools to investigate the accessibility of the web platform. The articles found considered automatic accessibility testing tools while largely neglecting engineering asset development. Therefore, our proposed SLR depicts the importance of future research for updated methods, techniques, processes, and approaches to support the ensurement of an accessible web.
However, a positive finding observed in this SLR was the rapid growth of the number of studies in the accessibility context. Improving accessibility means developing accessible applications and solutions to help users with various disabilities. This perspective emphasized that developed systems should focus on user requirements (especially for special needs users) to ensure user-centric design, considering user involvement and global accessibility design guidelines for digital inclusion. To enable accessible development tendencies in companies and governmental organizations, several governments have proposed rules to improve the accessibility of digital services; for instance, the United Kingdom, the European Union, the Chinese government, and other public and private organizations. Despite several new digital content accessibility guidelines, investigating new processes, tools and techniques is a significant challenge that directs the importance of future investigations or state-of-the-art research.
5 Conclusion
A systematic literature review is presented in this paper, considering accessibility in the context of web evaluation processes. In this paper, we attempted to take a small step toward contributing to this research by pointing to a new direction for future goals and considerations.
This study showed automatic accessibility testing and evaluation of the focused area of research in the last decade for ensuring the inclusion of accessible web content. There was a great increase in the number of published works after 2017 compared to the previous years.
In the past, most of the literature focused on visual impairment, and very few papers discussed other disabilities, such as hearing, physical, and cognitive disabilities. In this SLR, we found requirements, challenges, engineering techniques, ontology, frameworks, API, algorithms, and testing tools for different levels of satisfaction associated with disabilities, but especially for visual impairment. Therefore, we identified and reported a research gap regarding other disabilities.
Unfortunately, there are few reference architectures for referring to accessible web design, development, and evaluation processes. For example, a framework for accessibility improvement of people with color vision deficiency [ 79 ], an approach for automatically identifying widgets [ 80 ], and an accessibility testing and refinement tool for the early design phase [ 110 ]. It would be beneficial to develop other reference architecture focusing on other contributing areas to solving three problems: (i) framework for the developer to identify and implement accessibility features to improve the accessibility issues, (ii) easy methods to understand and ensure accessibility requirements concerning every type of disabilities during the development phase, and (iii) updated automatic accessibility testing protocols incorporating the latest WCAG standards rules. To overcome these problems, we can note that developing new methods and tools could be a research topic in the upcoming years.
Considering the accessibility of current web platforms, in general, currently available web resources (websites, web-based games, web/mobile applications, etc.) are not accessible. Recently, the governments of many countries-imposed accessibility-related laws (i.e., WCAG) to ensure accessibility requirements. Furthermore, the methods and tools to solve the accessibility problems have limitations that direct future research concerning the development of engineering approaches.
For current accessibility research, there are many challenges to incorporating updated WCAG. Regarding automatic accessibility testing protocol, several studies focused on the limited number of guidelines and disability requirements. Studies for the design and development of accessibility testing protocols are limited. Thus, automatic accessibility testing protocol development concerning different disabilities and elderly user requirements could be a research area in the upcoming years.
Finally, consideration of several methodologies and open-source developments for ensuring accessibility is significantly important. Recently, several researchers and companies have been developing web-based solutions by adopting accessibility requirements. They develop open-source software that has an essential role for end-users and corporations. Accessibility is a crucial technological aspect of developing a new solution for any domain.
Abbreviations
Accessibility conformance testing
Americans with disabilities
Application programming interface
Cascading style sheets
Color vision deficiency
Disabilities discrimination act
Enhanced address recognition logic
Evaluator-decision-based assignment
Hypertext markup language
Information and communications technology
International software testing qualifications board
Web ontology language
Portable document format
Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses
Rich internet application
Syntactically awesome style sheet
Search engine optimization
- Systematic literature review
Semantic web rule language
User-centric design
Universal design
Web accessibility initiative
Web content accessibility guidelines
Extensible markup language
Nagano, Y., Suginome, K., Yoshimoto, K., Tsuchiya, Y.: Activities for improving web accessibility. Fujitsu Sci. Tech. J. 45 (2), 239–246 (2009)
Google Scholar
Basdekis, I., Klironomos, I., Metaxas, I., Stephanidis, C.: An overview of web accessibility in Greece: a comparative study 2004–2008. Univ. Access Inf. Soc. 9 (2), 185–190 (2010)
Article Google Scholar
World Wide Web Consortium.: 2022a: W3C—Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI), Making the Web Accessible. http://www.w3.org/WAI/
World Wide Web Consortium.: 2022b: About w3C, Groups. https://www.w3.org/Consortium/activities
World Wide Web Consortium.: 2022c. Web content accessibility guidelines (WCAG). https://www.w3.org/standards/
World Wide Web Consortium.: 2018. Web content accessibility guidelines (WCAG) 2.1. https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG22/
Koga, T.: Policy issues regarding electronic government and Web accessibility in Japan (2006)
Wentzel, J., Velleman, E., Geest, T.V.D.: Developing accessibility design guidelines for wearables: Accessibility standards for multimodal wearable devices. In: International Conference on Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction, pp. 109–119. Springer, Cham (2016)
Reichling, M., Cherfi, S.S.S.: Integrating accessibility as a quality property in web developments. In: IEEE 7th International Conference on Research Challenges in Information Science (RCIS), pp. 1–12). IEEE (2013)
Horton, S., Sloan, D.: Accessibility in practice: a process-driven approach to accessibility. In: Inclusive Designing, pp. 105–115. Springer, Cham (2014)
Moreno, L., Martínez, P.: A review of accessibility requirements in elderly users’ interactions with web applications. In: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Interacción Persona-Ordenador, pp. 1–2 (2012)
Estrada-Martínez, F.J., Hilera, J.R., Otón, S., Aguado-Delgado, J.: Semantic web technologies applied to software accessibility evaluation: a systematic literature review. Universal Access in the Information Society, 1–25 (2020)
Chadli, F.E., Gretete, D., Moumen, A.: Digital accessibility: a systematic Literature Review. In: SHS Web of Conferences, Vol. 119. EDP Sciences (2021)
Akram, M., Sulaiman, R.B.: A systematic literature review to determine the web accessibility issues in Saudi Arabian university and government websites for disable people. Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl. 8 (6) (2017)
Campoverde-Molina, M., Lujan-Mora, S., Garcia, L.V.: Empirical studies on web accessibility of educational websites: a systematic literature review. IEEE Access 8 , 91676–91700 (2020)
Campoverde-Molina, M., Luján-Mora, S., Valverde, L.: Accessibility of university websites worldwide: a systematic literature review. Universal Access in the Information Society, 1–36 (2021)
Stapic, Z., López, E.G., Cabot, A.G., de Marcos Ortega, L., Strahonja, V.: Performing systematic literature review in software engineering. In: Central European Conference on Information and Intelligent Systems, p. 441. Faculty of Organization and Informatics Varazdin (2012)
Bai, A., Fuglerud, K.S., Skjerve, R.A., Halbach, T.: Categorization and comparison of accessibility testing methods for software development (2018)
Chiang, M.F., Cole, R.G., Gupta, S., Kaiser, G.E., Starren, J.B.: Computer and world wide web accessibility by visually disabled patients: problems and solutions. Surv. Ophthalmol. 50 (4), 394–405 (2005)
Caldwell, R.: Web-accessibility, e-learning, and academic libraries. Int. J. Public Inf. Syst. 2 (1) (2006)
World Wide Web Consortium.: 2022d. Web content accessibility guidelines (WCAG) 3.0. https://www.w3.org/TR/wcag-3.0/
World Wide Web Consortium.: 1999. Web content accessibility guidelines (WCAG) 1.0. https://www.w3.org/TR/WAI-WEBCONTENT/
World Wide Web Consortium.: 2008. Web content accessibility guidelines (WCAG) 1.0. https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20/
World Wide Web Consortium.: 2021. Web content accessibility guidelines (WCAG) 2.2. https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG22/
Dror, A.A., Morozov, N.G., Layous, E., Mizrachi, M., Daoud, A., Eisenbach, N., Sela, E.: United by hope, divided by access: country mapping of COVID-19 information accessibility and its consequences on pandemic eradication. Front. Med. 7 , 1133 (2021)
Kim, N.W., Joyner, S.C., Riegelhuth, A., Kim, Y.: Accessible visualization: design space, opportunities, and challenges. In: Computer Graphics Forum, Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 173–188 (2021)
Kitchenham, B., Charters, S.: Guidelines for performing systematic literature reviews in software engineering (2007)
Durdu, P.O., Yerlikaya, Z.: The perception of website accessibility: A survey of Turkish software professionals. AJIT-e: Bilişim Teknolojileri Online Dergisi 11 (41), 42–71 (2020)
Bradbard, D.A., Peters, C.: Web accessibility theory and practice: an introduction for university faculty (2010)
Yu, S.Y.: A review of the accessibility of ACT COVID-19 information portals. Technol. Soc. 64 , 101467 (2021)
Bai, Y.: The relationship between Website accessibility and usability: an examination of US county government online portals. Electron. J. e-Gov. 17 (1), 47–62 (2019)
Henry, S.L., Abou-Zahra, S., Brewer, J.: The role of accessibility in a universal web. In: Proceedings of the 11th Web for all Conference, pp. 1–4 (2014)
Wu, K., Petersen, E., Ahmad, T., Burlinson, D., Tanis, S., Szafir, D.A.: Understanding data accessibility for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities. In: Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–16 (2021)
Riley-Huff, D.A.: Web accessibility and universal design. Libr. Technol. Rep. 48 (7), 29–35 (2012)
Marino, S.I., Alfonzo, P.L.: A web accessibility empirical analysis, a case study (2021)
Sauer, J., Sonderegger, A., Schmutz, S.: Usability, user experience and accessibility: towards an integrative model. Ergonomics 63 (10), 1207–1220 (2020)
Vu, K.P.L., Proctor, R.W., Hung, Y.H.: Website Design and Evaluation. Handbook of human factors and ergonomics, pp. 1016–1036 (2021)
Almeida, L.D.A., Baranauskas, M.C.C.: Universal design principles combined with web accessibility guidelines: a case study. In: Proceedings of the IX Symposium on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 169–178 (2010)
Gaggi, O., Pederiva, V.: WCAG4All, a tool for making web accessibility rules accessible. In: 2021 IEEE 18th Annual Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC), pp. 1–6. IEEE (2021)
Acosta-Vargas, P., Acosta, T., Lujan-Mora, S.: Challenges to assess accessibility in higher education websites: a comparative study of Latin America universities. IEEE Access 6 , 36500–36508 (2018)
Inal, Y., Guribye, F., Rajanen, D., Rajanen, M., Rost, M.: Perspectives and practices of digital accessibility: a survey of user experience professionals in uwait countries. In: Proceedings of the 11th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Shaping Experiences, Shaping Society, pp. 1–11 (2020)
Brajnik, G., Vigo, M.: Automatic Web Accessibility Metrics. In: Web Accessibility, pp. 505–521. Springer, London (2019)
Palaskar, A., Gondkar, S.R., Gondkar, R.R.: Web Accessibility test approach on developed websites. Available at SSRN 3835104 (2021)
Edelberg, J., Verhulsdonck, G.: Addressing accessibility as advocacy: special needs users in industry web development processes. In: The 39th ACM International Conference on Design of Communication, pp. 343–346 (2021)
Miesenberger, K., Edler, C., Heumader, P., Petz, A.: Tools and applications for cognitive accessibility. In: Web Accessibility, pp. 523–546. Springer, London (2019)
Alismail, S., Chipidza, W.: Accessibility evaluation of COVID-19 vaccine registration websites across the United States. J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc. 28 (9), 1990–1995 (2021)
Bhagat, S., Joshi, P.: Evaluation of accessibility and accessibility audit methods for e-governance portals. In: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance, pp. 220–226 (2019)
Ojha, P.K., Ismail, A., Srinivasan, K.K.: Perusal of readability with focus on web content understandability. J. King Saud Univ. Comput. Inf. Sci. 33 (1), 1–10 (2021)
Ismail, A., Kuppusamy, K.S., Nengroo, A.S.: Multi-tool accessibility assessment of government department websites: a case-study with JKGAD. Disabil. Rehabil. Assist. Technol. 13 (6), 504–516 (2018)
Kuppusamy, K.S., Balaji, V.: Evaluating web accessibility of educational institutions websites using a variable magnitude approach. Universal Access in the Information Society, pp. 1–10 (2021)
Alshamari, M.: Accessibility evaluation of Arabic e-commerce web sites using automated tools. J. Softw. Eng. Appl. 9 (9), 439–451 (2016)
Morris, M.R., Johnson, J., Bennett, C.L., Cutrell, E.: Rich representations of visual content for screen reader users. In: Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–11 (2018)
Alahmadi, T.: A multi-method evaluation of university website accessibility: foregrounding user-centred design, mining source code and using a quantitative metric. In: Proceedings of the 14th International Web for All Conference, pp. 1–2 (2017)
Kaur, S., Gupta, S.K.: A fuzzy-based framework for evaluation of website design quality index. Int. J. Digit. Libr. 22 (1), 15–47 (2021)
Hassouna, M.S., Sahari, N., Ismail, A.: University website accessibility for totally blind users. J. Inf. Commun. Technol. 16 (1), 63–80 (2017)
Sapna, P.G., Mohanty, H.: An ontology based approach for test scenario management. In: International Conference on Information Intelligence, Systems, Technology and Management, pp. 91–100. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (2011)
Kourtiche, A., Mohamed Benslimane, S., Hacene, S.B.: OUPIP: ontology based user profile for impairment person in dynamic situation aware social networks. Int. J. Knowl.-Based Org. (IJKBO) 10 (2), 12–34 (2020)
Fayzrahmanov, R.R., Göbel, M.C., Holzinger, W., Krüpl, B., Baumgartner, R.: A unified ontology-based web page model for improving accessibility. In: Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on World Wide Web, pp. 1087–1088 (2010)
Li, L.C., Bu, J.J., Zhi, Y., Wei, W.A., Can, W.A.: An overview of web accessibility evaluation of government websites in China. In: International Conference on Social Sciences and Development (ICSSD), pp. 2–5 (2016)
Alsaeedi, A.: Comparing web accessibility evaluation tools and evaluating the accessibility of webpages: proposed frameworks. Information 11 (1), 40 (2020)
Song, S., Bu, J., Artmeier, A., Shi, K., Wang, Y., Yu, Z., Wang, C.: Crowdsourcing-based Web accessibility evaluation with golden maximum likelihood inference. In: Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 2(CSCW), pp. 1–21 (2018)
Giovanna, B., Manca, M., Paternó, F., Pulina, F.: Flexible automatic support for web accessibility validation. In: Proceedings of the ACM on Human–Computer Interaction, p. 4 (2020)
Zeleke, Y.: Usability and accessibility model for e-government websites in Ethiopia (2020)
Sanchez-Gordon, S., Luján-Mora, S.: A method for accessibility testing of web applications in agile environments. In: Proceedings of the 7th World Congress for Software Quality (WCSQ). En proceso de publicación.(citado en la página 13, 15, 85) (2017)
Song, S., Bu, J., Wang, Y., Yu, Z., Artmeier, A., Dai, L., Wang, C.: Web accessibility evaluation in a crowdsourcing-based system with expertise-based decision strategy. In: Proceedings of the 15th International Web for All Conference, pp. 1–4 (2018)
Acosta-Vargas, P., Salvador-Ullauri, L.A., Luján-Mora, S.: A heuristic method to evaluate web accessibility for users with low vision. IEEE Access 7 , 125634–125648 (2019)
Won, S.: Conveying colour research to design practice: design and evaluation of a web-based colour tool. Color. Res. Appl. 46 (2), 350–361 (2021)
Mohamad, Y., Velasco, C.A., Kaklanis, N., Tzovaras, D., Paternò, F.: A holistic decision support environment for web accessibility. In: International Conference on Computers Helping People with Special Needs, pp. 3–7. Springer, Cham (2018)
Li, L., Wang, C., Song, S., Yu, Z., Zhou, F., Bu, J.: A task assignment strategy for crowdsourcing-based web accessibility evaluation system. In: Proceedings of the 14th International Web for All Conference, pp. 1–4 (2017)
Žuliček, L., Tomić, S., Bosnić, I.: Adapting modularized web applications to web accessibility standards. In: 2021 44th International Convention on Information, Communication and Electronic Technology (MIPRO), pp. 470–475. IEEE (2017)
Oliveira, R.P., Afonso, A.P., Pinto, A.S.: E-commerce website accessibility evaluation: case study in Portugal. Şubat 10 , 2021 (2020)
Rashida, M., Islam, K., Kayes, A.S.M., Hammoudeh, M., Arefin, M.S., Habib, M.A.: Towards developing a framework to analyze the qualities of the university websites. Computers 10 (5), 57 (2021)
Lim, Z.Y., Chua, J.M., Yang, K., Tan, W.S., Chai, Y.: Web accessibility testing for uwaitie government e-services. In: Proceedings of the 17th International Web for All Conference, pp. 1–5 (2020)
Duarte, C., Matos, I., Carriço, L.: Semantic content analysis supporting web accessibility evaluation. In: Proceedings of the 15th International Web for All Conference, pp. 1–4 (2018)
Wu, Y., Yu, Z., Li, L., Wang, W., Bu, J., Zhang, Y., Dai, L.: Using semi-supervised group sparse regression to improve web accessibility evaluation. In: International Conference on Computers Helping People with Special Needs, pp. 52–56. Springer, Cham (2018)
Morato, J., Iglesias, A., Campillo, A., Sanchez-Cuadrado, S.: Automated readability assessment for uwaiti e-government information. J. Inf. Syst. Eng. Manag. 6 (2), em0137 (2021)
Boyalakuntla, K., Sri Manasa Venigalla, A., Chimalakonda, S.: Waccess—a web accessibility tool based on the latest WCAG 2.2 guidelines. arXiv e-prints, arXiv-2107 (2021)
Michailidou, E., Eraslan, S., Yesilada, Y., Harper, S.: Automated prediction of visual complexity of web pages: tools and evaluations. Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud. 145 , 102523 (2021)
Bonacin, R., Reis, J.C.D., de Araujo, R.J.: An ontology-based framework for improving color vision deficiency accessibility. Universal Access in the Information Society, pp. 1–26 (2021)
Antonelli, H.L., Igawa, R.A., Fortes, R.P.D.M., Rizo, E.H., Watanabe, W.M.: Drop-down menu widget identification using HTML structure changes classification. ACM Trans. Access. Comput. (TACCESS) 11 (2), 1–23 (2018)
Csontos, B., Heckl, I.: Improving accessibility of CMS-based websites using automated methods. Universal Access in the Information Society, pp. 1–15 (2020)
Matošević, G., Dobša, J., Mladenić, D.: Using machine learning for web page classification in search engine optimization. Future Internet 13 (1), 9 (2021)
Martins, J., Gonçalves, R., Branco, F.: A full scope web accessibility evaluation procedure proposal based on Iberian eHealth accessibility compliance. Comput. Hum. Behav. 73 , 676–684 (2017)
Padure, M., Pribeanu, C.: Comparing six free accessibility evaluation tools. Informatica Economica 24 (1), 15–25 (2020)
Hassouna, M.S., Sahari, N., Ismail, A.: Accessibility factors for totally blind users of Palestinian universities websites (2015)
Pribeanu, C., Fogarassy-Neszly, P.: A review of municipal web sites for accessibility: a computer-aided evaluation approach. Stud. Inf. Control 20 (3), 265–272 (2011)
Verkijika, S.F., De Wet, L.: Accessibility of South African university websites. Univ. Access Inf. Soc. 19 (1), 201–210 (2020)
AlMeraj, Z., Boujarwah, F., Alhuwail, D., Qadri, R.: Evaluating the accessibility of higher education institution websites in the State of Kuwait: empirical evidence. Univ. Access Inf. Soc. 20 (1), 121–138 (2021)
Sharma, A.: Web Accessibility of Indian University library website: an evaluation with WAVE website evaluation tool (2021)
Abduganiev, S.G.: Towards automated web accessibility evaluation: a comparative study. Int. J. Inf. Technol. Comput. Sci. 9 (9), 18–44 (2017)
Chapman, L., Brooks, C., Lawson, J., Russell, C., Adams, J.: Accessibility of online self-management support websites for people with osteoarthritis: a text content analysis. Chronic Illn. 15 (1), 27–40 (2019)
Rysavy, M.D., Michalak, R.: Assessing the accessibility of library tools & services when you aren’t an accessibility expert: Part 1. J. Libr. Adm. 60 (1), 71–79 (2020)
Akgül, Y.: Accessibility, usability, quality performance, and readability evaluation of university websites of Turkey: a comparative study of state and private universities. Univ. Access Inf. Soc. 20 (1), 157–170 (2021)
Doush, I., AlMeraj, Z.: Evaluating the accessibility of uwaiti e-government websites. Jordanian J. Comput. Inf. Technol. (JJCIT) 5 (03) (2019)
Baule, S.M.: Evaluating the accessibility of special education cooperative websites for individuals with disabilities. TechTrends 64 (1), 50–56 (2020)
Ajuji, M., Abubakar, A., Adam, Y.A., Emmanuel, D.U.: Evaluation of accessibility of randomly selected websites. ATBU J. Sci. Technol. Educ. 9 (3), 50–57 (2021)
Grant, J., Sumilang, G., Providenti, M., Cho, S., Reichler, D.: Accountability for the hidden codes toward a better user experience: case study of Hrsimple communication design for web accessibility and SEO. In: The 39th ACM International Conference on Design of Communication, pp. 347–350 (2021)
Kumar, S., Shree, D.V.J., Biswas, P.: Comparing ten WCAG tools for accessibility evaluation of websites. Technology and Disability, (Preprint), pp. 1–23 (2021)
Burkard, A., Zimmermann, G., Schwarzer, B.: Monitoring systems for checking websites on accessibility. Front. Comput. Sci. 2 (2021)
Jo, G., Habib, D., Varadaraj, V., Smith, J., Epstein, S., Zhu, J., Swenor, B.K.: COVID-19 Vaccine Website Accessibility Dashboard. Disabil. Health J. 101325 (2022)
Eusébio, C., Teixeira, L., Teixeira, P., Caneiro, M.J., Lemos, D., Silveiro, A.: The State of Web Accessibility for tourists with disabilities: a comparative study between different tourism supply agents. Disabil. Rehabil. Assistive Technol. 1–13 (2021)
Kous, K., Kuhar, S., Pavlinek, M., Heričko, M., Pušnik, M.: Web accessibility investigation of Slovenian municipalities’ websites before and after the adoption of European Standard EN 301 549. Univ. Access Inf. Soc. 20 (3), 595–615 (2021)
Ali, L.: Accessible websites for everyone—a case of UAE universities websites. Int. J. Inf. Educ. Technol. 11 (4) (2021)
Zare, S., Rahmatizadeh, S., Valizadeh-Haghi, S.: Academic medical libraries and accessibility challenges: the conformance of the websites with the WCAG2. 1. DESIDOC J. Lib. Inf. Technol. 41 (2) (2021)
Król, K., Zdonek, D.: The quality of infectious disease hospital websites in Poland in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 18 (2), 642 (2021)
Yi, Y.J.: Web accessibility of healthcare Web sites of Korean government and public agencies: a user test for persons with visual impairment. Univ. Access Inf. Soc. 19 (1), 41–56 (2020)
Moreno, L., Valencia, X., Pérez, J.E., Arrue, M.: An exploratory study of web adaptation techniques for people with low vision. Univ. Access Inf. Soc. 20 (2), 223–237 (2021)
Krawiec, Ł., Dudycz, H.: The approach to the assessment of validators for studying web-accessibility. Inf. Syst. Manag. 6 (2017)
Grantham, J., Grantham, E., Powers, D.: Website accessibility: an Australian view. In: Proceedings of the Thirteenth Australasian User Interface Conference-Volume 126, pp. 21–28 (2012)
Hadadi, S.: Adee: bringing accessibility right inside design tools. In: The 23rd International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility, pp. 1–4 (2021)
Kimmons, R.: Open to all? Nationwide evaluation of high-priority web accessibility considerations among higher education websites. J. Comput. High. Educ. 29 (3), 434–450 (2017)
Radcliffe, E., Lippincott, B., Anderson, R., Jones, M.: A pilot evaluation of mHealth app accessibility for three top-rated weight management apps by people with disabilities. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 18 (7), 3669 (2021)
Sun, Y.T., Vu, K.P.L., Strybel, T.Z.: A validation test of an accessibility evaluation method. In International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics, pp. 625–633. Springer, Cham 2017
Alcaraz Martínez, R., Turró, M.R., Granollers Saltiveri, T.: Methodology for heuristic evaluation of the accessibility of statistical charts for people with low vision and color vision deficiency. Universal access in the information society, pp. 1–32 (2021)
Cao, S., Loiacono, E.: Perceptions of web accessibility guidelines by student website and app developers. Behav. Inf. Technol. 1–19 (2021)
Giraud, S., Thérouanne, P., Steiner, D.D.: Web accessibility: Filtering redundant and irrelevant information improves website usability for blind users. Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud. 111 , 23–35 (2018)
Ara, J., Sik-Lanyi, C.: Investigation of COVID-19 vaccine information websites across Europe and Asia using automated accessibility protocols. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 19 (5), 2867 (2022)
Abascal, J., Arrue, M., Valencia, X.: Tools for web accessibility evaluation. In: Yesilada, Y., Harper, S. (eds) Web Accessibility. Human–Computer Interaction Series. Springer, London (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-7440-0_26
Najadat, H., Al-Badarneh, A., Alodibat, S.: A review of website evaluation using web diagnostic tools and data envelopment analysis. Bull. Electr. Eng. Inf. 10 (1), 258–265 (2021)
Muniandy, M., Sulaiman, S.: The role of multimedia design elements in computer accessibility for visually impaired: a complete review. J. Theor. Appl. Inf. Technol. 95 (20) (2017)
Baldwin, S.J., Ching, Y.H.: Accessibility in online courses: a review of national and statewide evaluation instruments. TechTrends 65 (5), 731–742 (2021)
Oh, U., Joh, H., Lee, Y.: Image accessibility for screen reader users: a systematic review and a road map. Electronics 10 (8), 953 (2021)
Salvador-Ullauri, L., Acosta-Vargas, P., Luján-Mora, S.: Web-based serious games and accessibility: a systematic literature review. Appl. Sci. 10 (21), 7859 (2020)
Araa, J., Cecilia, S.L.: Artificial intelligence in web accessibility: potentials and possible challenges. In: Proceedings of IAC 2022 in Vienna, p. 173 (2022)
Download references
Open access funding provided by University of Pannonia. The authors declare that this article is their research and was not financially supported.
Author information
Authors and affiliations.
Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u. 10, Veszprem, 8200, Hungary
Jinat Ara & Cecilia Sik-Lanyi
Department of Organizational Systems and Adult Health, University of Maryland Baltimore, 655 W. Lombard St #455B, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
Arpad Kelemen
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Contributions
JA and CS-L conceptualized the study. JA undertook the investigation and statistical analyses and managed the data with support from CS-L and AK and wrote the first draft of the paper. All authors critically inputted into the draft and reviewed it and agreed on the final version. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Correspondence to Jinat Ara .
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest.
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's note.
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ .
Reprints and permissions
About this article
Ara, J., Sik-Lanyi, C. & Kelemen, A. Accessibility engineering in web evaluation process: a systematic literature review. Univ Access Inf Soc (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10209-023-00967-2
Download citation
Accepted : 10 January 2023
Published : 27 January 2023
DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s10209-023-00967-2
Share this article
Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:
Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.
Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative
- Universal inclusion
- Digital accessibility
- Web accessibility
- Engineering assets
- Accessibility insights
- Find a journal
- Publish with us
- Track your research
Developing an E-commerce website
Ieee account.
- Change Username/Password
- Update Address
Purchase Details
- Payment Options
- Order History
- View Purchased Documents
Profile Information
- Communications Preferences
- Profession and Education
- Technical Interests
- US & Canada: +1 800 678 4333
- Worldwide: +1 732 981 0060
- Contact & Support
- About IEEE Xplore
- Accessibility
- Terms of Use
- Nondiscrimination Policy
- Privacy & Opting Out of Cookies
A not-for-profit organization, IEEE is the world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity. © Copyright 2024 IEEE - All rights reserved. Use of this web site signifies your agreement to the terms and conditions.
WEB DESIGN IEEE PAPERS-2020
Free ieee paper and projects, ieee projects 2022, seminar reports, free ieee projects ieee papers.
is Mainsite
- Search all IEEE websites
- Mission and vision
- IEEE at a glance
- IEEE Strategic Plan
- Organization of IEEE
- Diversity, Equity, & Inclusion
- Organizational Ethics
- Annual Report
- History of IEEE
- Volunteer resources
- IEEE Corporate Awards Program
- Financials and Statistics
- IEEE Future Directions
- IEEE for Industry (Corporations, Government, Individuals)
- IEEE Climate Change
- Humanitarian and Philanthropic Opportunities
- Select an option
- Get the latest news
- Access volunteer resources (Code of Ethics, financial forms, tools and templates, and more)
- Find IEEE locations
- Get help from the IEEE Support Center
- Recover your IEEE Account username and password
- Learn about the IEEE Awards program and submit nomination
- View IEEE's organizational structure and leadership
- Apply for jobs at IEEE
- See the history of IEEE
- Learn more about Diversity, Equity & Inclusion at IEEE
- Join an IEEE Society
- Renew your membership
- Member benefits
- IEEE Contact Center
- Connect locally
- Memberships and Subscriptions Catalog
- Member insurance and discounts
- Member Grade Elevation
- Get your company engaged
- Access your Account
- Learn about membership dues
- Learn about Women in Engineering (WIE)
- Access IEEE member email
- Find information on IEEE Fellows
- Access the IEEE member directory
- Learn about the Member-Get-a-Member program
- Learn about IEEE Potentials magazine
- Learn about Student membership
- Affinity groups
- IEEE Societies
- Technical Councils
- Technical Communities
- Geographic Activities
- Working groups
- IEEE Regions
- IEEE Collabratec®
- IEEE Resource Centers
- IEEE DataPort
- See the IEEE Regions
- View the MGA Operations Manual
- Find information on IEEE Technical Activities
- Get IEEE Chapter resources
- Find IEEE Sections, Chapters, Student Branches, and other communities
- Learn how to create an IEEE Student Chapter
- Upcoming conferences
- IEEE Meetings, Conferences & Events (MCE)
- IEEE Conference Application
- IEEE Conference Organizer Education Program
- See benefits of authoring a conference paper
- Search for 2025 conferences
- Search for 2024 conferences
- Find conference organizer resources
- Register a conference
- Publish conference papers
- Manage conference finances
- Learn about IEEE Meetings, Conferences & Events (MCE)
- Visit the IEEE SA site
- Become a member of the IEEE SA
- Find information on the IEEE Registration Authority
- Obtain a MAC, OUI, or Ethernet address
- Access the IEEE 802.11™ WLAN standard
- Purchase standards
- Get free select IEEE standards
- Purchase standards subscriptions on IEEE Xplore®
- Get involved with standards development
- Find a working group
- Find information on IEEE 802.11™
- Access the National Electrical Safety Code® (NESC®)
- Find MAC, OUI, and Ethernet addresses from Registration Authority (regauth)
- Get free IEEE standards
- Learn more about the IEEE Standards Association
- View Software and Systems Engineering Standards
- IEEE Xplore® Digital Library
- Subscription options
- IEEE Spectrum
- The Institute
- Proceedings of the IEEE
- IEEE Access®
- Author resources
- Get an IEEE Xplore Digital Library trial for IEEE members
- Review impact factors of IEEE journals
- Request access to the IEEE Thesaurus and Taxonomy
- Access the IEEE copyright form
- Find article templates in Word and LaTeX formats
- Get author education resources
- Visit the IEEE Xplore digital library
- Find Author Digital Tools for IEEE paper submission
- Review the IEEE plagiarism policy
- Get information about all stages of publishing with IEEE
- IEEE Learning Network (ILN)
- IEEE Credentialing Program
- Pre-university
- IEEE-Eta Kappa Nu
- Accreditation
- Access continuing education courses on the IEEE Learning Network
- Find STEM education resources on TryEngineering.org
- Learn about the TryEngineering Summer Institute for high school students
- Explore university education program resources
- Access pre-university STEM education resources
- Learn about IEEE certificates and how to offer them
- Find information about the IEEE-Eta Kappa Nu honor society
- Learn about resources for final-year engineering projects
- Access career resources
- News releases 2020
2020 news releases
Ieee 2020 news releases.
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, 5G, and IoT will be the Most Important Technologies in 2021, According to New IEEE Study 19 November 2020 IEEE the world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for humanity, today released the results of a survey of Chief Information Officers (CIOs) and Chief Technology Officers (CTOs) in the U.S., U.K., China, India, and Brazil regarding the most important technologies for 2021 overall, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the speed of their technology adoption and the industries expected to be most impacted by technology in the year ahead.
IEEE Unveils ‘Generation AI 2020: Health, Wellness, and Technology in a Post-COVID World’ 26 October 2020
IEEE, the world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for humanity, today unveiled "Generation AI 2020: Health, Wellness, and Technology in a Post-COVID World."
IEEE Members Elect K. J. Ray Liu as 2021 IEEE President-Elect 12 October 2020
K. J. Ray Liu, IEEE Fellow, was elected as the 2021 IEEE President-Elect.
IEEE Shares Global Findings for the Power and Energy Industry in Response to COVID-19 Pandemic 28 May 2020
IEEE, the world’s largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for humanity, is committed to supporting a global response to COVID-19. A freely available new IEEE Power and Energy Society (PES) white paper titled "Sharing Knowledge on Electrical Energy Industry’s First Response to COVID-19" draws upon input from global energy industry stakeholders in an effort to share insights to assist utilities and operators meet emerging challenges.
IEEE and the University of Illinois Begin Open Access Agreement 13 May 2020
IEEE , the world’s largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for humanity, today announced it has entered an Open Access Read and Publish agreement with the University of Illinois, one of the leading institutions for engineering research.
IEEE Provides Free Access to COVID-19 Relevant Research Articles and Standards in IEEE Xplore® Digital Library 7 April 2020 IEEE, the world’s largest technical professional organization advancing technology for humanity, is committed to supporting the global response to COVID-19. The organization is providing free, direct access to a collection of various COVID-19 related research articles and standards to help researchers understand, manage and combat the different aspects of the pandemic.
Message from IEEE on coronavirus COVID-19 16 March 2020 As you are aware, last week the World Health Organization officially declared the novel coronavirus COVID-19 a pandemic. This global health crisis is a unique challenge that has impacted many members of the IEEE family. We would like to express our concern and support for all the members of the IEEE community, our staff, our families, and all others affected by this outbreak.
IEEE Future Networks Releases the International Network Generations Roadmap, Helping Developers Identify and Overcome Challenges of 5G and Future Network Deployment 25 February 2020 IEEE, the world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for humanity, and the IEEE Future Networks Initiative today announced the release of the IEEE International Network Generations Roadmap (INGR), First Edition.
IEEE Introduces TechRxiv™, a New Preprint Server for Unpublished Research 29 January 2020 IEEE, the world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for humanity, announces the launch of TechRxiv.org, a preprint server for the global technology community.
IoT Community and IEEE Announce Collaboration to Accelerate Global Adoption of Industrial Internet of Things 23 January 2020 The Internet of Things Community® (IoT Community®), the world’s largest and longest standing global independent IoT thought leadership community and the IEEE IoT Initiative today announced a series of collaborative activities to help accelerate the digital transformation of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) and to speed the development of IoT for broader adoption across enterprise and industrial sectors.
- Email Alert
论文 全文 图 表 新闻
- Abstracting/Indexing
- Journal Metrics
- Current Editorial Board
- Early Career Advisory Board
- Previous Editor-in-Chief
- Past Issues
- Current Issue
- Special Issues
- Early Access
- Online Submission
- Information for Authors
- Share facebook twitter google linkedin
IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica
- JCR Impact Factor: 11.8 , Top 4% (SCI Q1) CiteScore: 17.6 , Top 3% (Q1) Google Scholar h5-index: 77， TOP 5
Internet of Things for the Future of Smart Agriculture: A Comprehensive Survey of Emerging Technologies
Doi: 10.1109/jas.2021.1003925.
- Othmane Friha 1 , ,
- Mohamed Amine Ferrag 2 , ,
- Lei Shu 3, 4 , , ,
- Leandros Maglaras 5 , ,
- Xiaochan Wang 6 ,
Networks and Systems Laboratory, University of Badji Mokhtar-Annaba, Annaba 23000, Algeria
Department of Computer Science, Guelma University, Gulema 24000, Algeria
College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
School of Engineering, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN67TS, UK
School of Computer Science and Informatics, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
Department of Electrical Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
Othmane Friha received the master degree in computer science from Badji Mokhtar-Annaba University, Algeria, in 2018. He is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree in the University of Badji Mokhtar-Annaba, Algeria. His current research interests include network and computer security, internet of things (IoT), and applied cryptography
Mohamed Amine Ferrag received the bachelor degree (June, 2008), master degree (June, 2010), Ph.D. degree (June, 2014), HDR degree (April, 2019) from Badji Mokhtar-Annaba University, Algeria, all in computer science. Since October 2014, he is a Senior Lecturer at the Department of Computer Science, Guelma University, Algeria. Since July 2019, he is a Visiting Senior Researcher, NAULincoln Joint Research Center of Intelligent Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University. His research interests include wireless network security, network coding security, and applied cryptography. He is featured in Stanford University’s list of the world’s Top 2% Scientists for the year 2019. He has been conducting several research projects with international collaborations on these topics. He has published more than 60 papers in international journals and conferences in the above areas. Some of his research findings are published in top-cited journals, such as the IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials , IEEE Internet of Things Journal , IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management , IEEE Access , Journal of Information Security and Applications (Elsevier), Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies (Wiley), Telecommunication Systems (Springer), International Journal of Communication Systems (Wiley), Sustainable Cities and Society (Elsevier), Security and Communication Networks (Wiley), and Journal of Network and Computer Applications (Elsevier). He has participated in many international conferences worldwide, and has been granted short-term research visitor internships to many renowned universities including, De Montfort University, UK, and Istanbul Technical University, Turkey. He is currently serving on various editorial positions such as Editorial Board Member in Journals (Indexed SCI and Scopus) such as, IET Networks and International Journal of Internet Technology and Secured Transactions (Inderscience Publishers)
Lei Shu (M’07–SM’15) received the B.S. degree in computer science from South Central University for Nationalities in 2002, and the M.S. degree in computer engineering from Kyung Hee University, South Korea, in 2005, and the Ph.D. degree from the Digital Enterprise Research Institute, National University of Ireland, Ireland, in 2010. Until 2012, he was a Specially Assigned Researcher with the Department of Multimedia Engineering, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, Japan. He is currently a Distinguished Professor with Nanjing Agricultural University and a Lincoln Professor with the University of Lincoln, U.K. He is also the Director of the NAU-Lincoln Joint Research Center of Intelligent Engineering. He has published over 400 papers in related conferences, journals, and books in the areas of sensor networks and internet of things (IoT). His current H-index is 54 and i10-index is 197 in Google Scholar Citation. His current research interests include wireless sensor networks and IoT. He has also served as a TPC Member for more than 150 conferences, such as ICDCS, DCOSS, MASS, ICC, GLOBECOM, ICCCN, WCNC, and ISCC. He was a Recipient of the 2014 Top Level Talents in Sailing Plan of Guangdong Province, China, the 2015 Outstanding Young Professor of Guangdong Province, and the GLOBECOM 2010, ICC 2013, ComManTel 2014, WICON 2016, SigTelCom 2017 Best Paper Awards, the 2017 and 2018 IEEE Systems Journal Best Paper Awards, the 2017 Journal of Network and Computer Applications Best Research Paper Award, and the Outstanding Associate Editor Award of 2017, and the 2018 IEEE ACCESS. He has also served over 50 various Co-Chair for international conferences/workshops, such as IWCMC, ICC, ISCC, ICNC, Chinacom, especially the Symposium Co-Chair for IWCMC 2012, ICC 2012, the General Co-Chair for Chinacom 2014, Qshine 2015, Collaboratecom 2017, DependSys 2018, and SCI 2019, the TPC Chair for InisCom 2015, NCCA 2015, WICON 2016, NCCA 2016, Chinacom 2017, InisCom 2017, WMNC 2017, and NCCA 2018
Leandros Maglaras (SM’15) received the B.Sc. degree from Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece, in 1998, M.Sc. in industrial production and management from University of Thessaly in 2004, and M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical & computer engineering from University of Volos in 2008 and 2014, respectively. He is the Head of the National Cyber Security Authority of Greece and a Visiting Lecturer in the School of Computer Science and Informatics at the De Montfort University, U.K. He serves on the Editorial Board of several International peer-reviewed journals such as IEEE Access , Wiley Journal on Security & Communication Networks , EAI Transactions on e-Learning and EAI Transactions on Industrial Networks and Intelligent Systems . He is an author of more than 80 papers in scientific magazines and conferences and is a Senior Member of IEEE. His research interests include wireless sensor networks and vehicular ad hoc networks
Xiaochan Wang is currently a Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering at Nanjing Agricultural University. His main research fields include intelligent equipment for horticulture and intelligent measurement and control. He is an ASABE Member, and the Vice Director of CSAM (Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery), and also the Senior Member of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. He was awarded the Second Prize of Science and Technology Invention by the Ministry of Education (2016) and the Advanced Worker for Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (2012), and he also gotten the “Blue Project” in Jiangsu province young and middle-aged academic leaders (2010)
- Corresponding author: Lei Shu, e-mail: [email protected]
- Revised Date: 2020-11-25
- Accepted Date: 2020-12-30
- Agricultural internet of things (IoT) ,
- internet of things (IoT) ,
- smart agriculture ,
- smart farming ,
- sustainable agriculture
Proportional views
通讯作者: 陈斌, [email protected].
沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142
Figures( 12 ) / Tables( 9 )
Article Metrics
- PDF Downloads( 2066 )
- Abstract views( 10907 )
- HTML views( 1391 )
- We review the emerging technologies used by the Internet of Things for the future of smart agriculture.
- We provide a classification of IoT applications for smart agriculture into seven categories, including, smart monitoring, smart water management, agrochemicals applications, disease management, smart harvesting, supply chain management, and smart agricultural practices.
- We provide a taxonomy and a side-by-side comparison of the state-of-the-art methods toward supply chain management based on the blockchain technology for agricultural IoTs.
- We highlight open research challenges and discuss possible future research directions for agricultural IoTs.
- Copyright © 2022 IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica
- 京ICP备14019135号-24
- E-mail: [email protected] Tel: +86-10-82544459, 10-82544746
- Address: 95 Zhongguancun East Road, Handian District, Beijing 100190, China
Export File
- Figure 1. The four agricultural revolutions
- Figure 2. Survey structure
- Figure 3. IoT-connected smart agriculture sensors enable the IoT
- Figure 4. The architecture of a typical IoT sensor node
- Figure 5. Fog computing-based agricultural IoT
- Figure 6. SDN/NFV architecture for smart agriculture
- Figure 7. Classification of IoT applications for smart agriculture
- Figure 8. Greenhouse system [ 101 ]
- Figure 9. Aerial-ground robotics system [ 67 ]
- Figure 10. Photovoltaic agri-IoT schematic diagram [ 251 ]
- Figure 11. Smart dairy farming system [ 254 ]
- Figure 12. IoT-based solar insecticidal lamp [ 256 ], [ 257 ]
Georgia Tech Conference Center Atlanta, GA --> October 18 - 20, 2021 Virtual Conference
Sponsored by the ieee computer society technical committee on security and privacy.
Register
2021 papers
We solicit research papers, position papers, and “best practice” papers on a broad range of topics relating to secure systems development. Examples of topics that are in scope include: development libraries, tools, or processes to produce systems resilient to certain attacks; formal foundations that underpin a language, tool, or testing strategy that improves security; techniques that drastically improve the scalability of security solutions for practical deployment; and experience, designs, or applications showing how to apply cryptographic techniques effectively to secure systems.
SecDev also seeks hands-on and interactive tutorials on processes, frameworks, languages, and tools for building security in. The goal is to share knowledge on the art and science of secure systems development. SecDev also seeks posters and tool demos, and abstracts from practitioners to share their practical experiences and challenges in security development. Information on these solicitations are available on the SecDev website https://secdev.ieee.org/2021/home/
- Security/resiliency-focused system designs (HW/SW/architecture)
- Tools and methodology for secure code development
- Risk management and testing strategies to improve security
- Security engineering processes, from requirements to maintenance
- Security benchmarks
- Comparative experimental evaluation
- Programming languages, development tools, and ecosystems supporting security
- Static program analysis for software security
- Dynamic analysis and runtime approaches for software security
- Automation of programming, deployment, and maintenance tasks for security
- Distributed systems design and implementation for security
- Privacy by design
- Human-centered design for systems security
- Formal verification and other high-assurance methods for security
- Code reviews, red teams, and other human-centered assurance
Submission Details
- The website for submissions:
https://secdev2021.hotcrp.com/
- Submissions must use the two-column IEEE Proceedings style:
Submissions must be one of two categories:
At least one author of each accepted paper and tutorial must register for the conference and present the paper/tutorial. We are devoted to seeking broad representation in the program and may take this into account when reviewing multiple submissions from the same authors.
If you have any questions, please email [email protected] .
Important Dates
- Paper submission deadline: June 11, 2021 (extended)
- Author notification: August 6, 2021
- Camera-ready: September 10, 2021
- Conference: October 18-20, 2021
Main Navigation
- Contact NeurIPS
- Code of Ethics
- Code of Conduct
- Create Profile
- Journal To Conference Track
- Diversity & Inclusion
- Proceedings
- Future Meetings
- Exhibitor Information
- Privacy Policy
NeurIPS 2024, the Thirty-eighth Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, will be held at the Vancouver Convention Center
Monday Dec 9 through Sunday Dec 15. Monday is an industry expo.
Registration
Pricing » Registration 2024 Registration Cancellation Policy » . Certificate of Attendance
Our Hotel Reservation page is currently under construction and will be released shortly. NeurIPS has contracted Hotel guest rooms for the Conference at group pricing, requiring reservations only through this page. Please do not make room reservations through any other channel, as it only impedes us from putting on the best Conference for you. We thank you for your assistance in helping us protect the NeurIPS conference.
Announcements
- The call for High School Projects has been released
- The Call For Papers has been released
- See the Visa Information page for changes to the visa process for 2024.
Latest NeurIPS Blog Entries [ All Entries ]
Important dates.
If you have questions about supporting the conference, please contact us .
View NeurIPS 2024 exhibitors » Become an 2024 Exhibitor Exhibitor Info »
Organizing Committee
General chair, program chair, workshop chair, workshop chair assistant, tutorial chair, competition chair, data and benchmark chair, diversity, inclusion and accessibility chair, affinity chair, ethics review chair, communication chair, social chair, journal chair, creative ai chair, workflow manager, logistics and it, mission statement.
The Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation is a non-profit corporation whose purpose is to foster the exchange of research advances in Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, principally by hosting an annual interdisciplinary academic conference with the highest ethical standards for a diverse and inclusive community.
About the Conference
The conference was founded in 1987 and is now a multi-track interdisciplinary annual meeting that includes invited talks, demonstrations, symposia, and oral and poster presentations of refereed papers. Along with the conference is a professional exposition focusing on machine learning in practice, a series of tutorials, and topical workshops that provide a less formal setting for the exchange of ideas.
More about the Neural Information Processing Systems foundation »
IMAGES
VIDEO
COMMENTS
The responsive web design solves the compatibility problems of web pages displayed at different resolutions, different platforms, and different screen sizes, and also brings high-quality experience to users. Based on the research on responsive web design, and related technologies of HTML5 and CSS3, this paper expounds the design ideas and key technologies of responsive design with a responsive ...
This research paper discusses the process involved in developing a website in past and present, development of content delivery over the years, the website uses, a website for mobile devices, and performance comparison between two of the most used web backend development technologies, i. e, Node.js and Python.
Today advancement in technology is changing and challenging everyone's life and making it easier for humans to fulfil their needs, and to expect a great evolution in expansion for web development. Now when we hear about online systems, we seem to be well known to this term, whereas not long time ago, we were quite hesitant towards it and considered it a taboo and unnecessary science ...
A web-based information system is used to collect, process, store existing data, and provide information for decision-making. The use of web-based information systems can help support various business processes and integrate all the processes. Universitas Klabat, with the Career Center that carries out alumni tracer study, still does not have an integrated system in its implementation. An ...
E-commerce websites are now an important platform for e-commerce companies to connect with their target audience and conduct online transactions. As e-commerce grows increasingly popular, the quality of a company's website has emerged as a key sign of success. This study focuses on a specific research question: How does website design affect customer trust? With that, an SLR is performed by ...
Abstract— In this paper, a novel system architecture including a massive multi-input multi-output (MIMO) or a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) and multiple autonomous vehicles is considered in vehicle location systems. Autonomous Vehicles Super-Resolution. Paper. Add Code.
Developing a software project without the appropriate amount of effort would significantly impede and even fail the project, putting the software developer's quality at risk. Therefore, software development effort estimation (SDEE) is the most critical activity in software engineering. SDEE has seen extensive research, resulting in a massive rise in the literature in a relatively short period ...
Website Developmemt Technologies: A Review. Abstract: Service Science is that the basis of knowledge system and net services that judge to the provider/client model. This paper developments a technique which will be utilized in the event of net services like websites, net applications and eCommerce. The goal is to development a technique that ...
IEEE publishes the leading journals, transactions, letters, and magazines in electrical engineering, computing, biotechnology, telecommunications, power and energy, and dozens of other technologies. In addition, IEEE publishes more than 1,800 leading-edge conference proceedings every year, which are recognized by academia and industry worldwide ...
IEEE Access, a Multidisciplinary, Open Access Journal. IEEE Access is a multidisciplinary, online-only, gold fully open access journal, continuously presenting the results of original research or development across all IEEE fields of interest. Supported by article processing charges (APCs), its hallmarks are rapid peer review, a submission-to ...
In recent years, various aspects have motivated researchers to conduct studies about digital accessibility. The extension and increased availability of the web for multiple purposes (e.g., information search), the representation of the content (e.g., video, audio), and the emergence of new platforms (e.g., Internet of Things) and technologies (e.g., mobile, computer, tablets) are significant ...
In this era of internet, e-commerce is growing by leaps and bounds keeping the growth of brick-and-mortar businesses in the dust. In many cases, brick-and-mortar businesses are resorting to having a counterpart which is internet or e-commerce driven. People in the developed world and a growing number of people in the developing world now use e-commerce websites on a daily basis to make their ...
Progressive Web Apps (PWA) i s a n ew web. technology advocated by Google as a novel way to. develop as they promise to c ombine w eb technologies'. ease of development w ith the ve rsatility of ...
Special Edition ICDSIA-2020 (Twelfth Volume-I, 20 ISSN 2249 6157) 61 3.1 Design of Web Application The structure of web application is denoted as in Fig 1. The application consists of Home module, Wallet module, Transactions module. Web Interface for Visualizing Eye-Tracking Data.
Abstract. In web development, it takes much time to code for back-end including business logic and interface integration, which is machanized and high-repeated. In order to address the problem in back-end web coding, this paper analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of SSM (Spring, SpringMVC and MyBatis) framework and development pattern of ...
IEEE Secure Development Conference September 28 - 30, ... Register. 2020 papers. Posted on: December 19th, 2019 by Yousef Iskander Call For Papers and Tutorials. ... We solicit research papers, position papers, systematization of knowledge papers, and "best practice" papers. All submissions should present novel results, provide novel ...
In this paper, three typical development modes of smart agriculture (precision agriculture, facility agriculture, and order agriculture) are presented. Then, 7 key technologies and 11 key applications are derived from the above modes. Based on the above technologies and applications, 6 security and privacy countermeasures (authentication and ...
This paper starts with introducing an. overview of the leading frameworks and libraries in the field of. front-end development and examine each performance in web. services. By analyzing the ...
2020 news releases. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, 5G, and IoT will be the Most Important Technologies in 2021, According to New IEEE Study. 19 November 2020. IEEE the world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for humanity, today released the results of a survey of Chief Information ...
This paper presents a comprehensive review of emerging technologies for the internet of things (IoT)-based smart agriculture. We begin by summarizing the existing surveys and describing emergent technologies for the agricultural IoT, such as unmanned aerial vehicles, wireless technologies, open-source IoT platforms, software defined networking (SDN), network function virtualization (NFV ...
IEEE Secure Development Conference October 18 - 20, ... We solicit research papers, position papers, and "best practice" papers on a broad range of topics relating to secure systems development. Examples of topics that are in scope include: development libraries, tools, or processes to produce systems resilient to certain attacks; formal ...
Design and Development of CHATBOT: A Review. Rohit Tamrakar, Niraj Wani. Mechanical Engineering Department. Sardar Vallabhabhi National Institute of Technology, Surat - INDIA. [email protected] ...
IEEE provides guidelines for formatting your paper. These guidelines must be followed when you're submitting a manuscript for publication in an IEEE journal. Some of the key guidelines are: Formatting the text as two columns, in Times New Roman, 10 pt. Including a byline, an abstract, and a set of keywords at the start of the research paper.
The Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation is a non-profit corporation whose purpose is to foster the exchange of research advances in Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, principally by hosting an annual interdisciplinary academic conference with the highest ethical standards for a diverse and inclusive community.