how to cite education act 1996

Q. How do I reference an Act of Parliament in Harvard style?

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Answered By: Anne Hutchinson Last Updated: 20 Nov, 2023     Views: 440911

Before 1963 an Act was cited according to the regnal year (that is, the number of years since the monarch's accession). You may see references to legislation in this format in early publications – for example, Act of Supremacy 1534 (26 Hen 8 c1). However, for all Acts (including pre-1963) you should use the short title of the Act, with the year in which it was enacted. Most Acts and parts of Acts are now available as PDFs or web pages to be viewed online, so reference the website where you located the Act.

NB As the date appears in the title of the Acts, there is no need to repeat the date in round brackets after the title.

If you are referencing documents from more than one country (jurisdiction), include the country (jurisdiction) in round brackets after the title of the documentation.

Most legislation is now available online, so to reference an Act of Parliament (post 1963) your citation order should be:

• Title of Act including year and chapter (in italics)
• Country/jurisdiction (only include this if you are referencing legislation from more than one country)
• Available at: URL (Accessed: date)

For example (whole Act):

Your in-text citation would be:

Recent social care legislation ( Health and Social Care Act 2012 ) ...

Your reference list entry would be:

Health and Social Care Act 2012, c.7 . Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2012/7/contents/enacted (Accessed: 17 September 2018).

For example (section of an Act):

As defined in section 10(2) of the Act ( Children Act 2004 ) ...

Children Act 2004 , c. 31. Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2004/31/contents (Accessed: 17 September 2018).

This advice is courtesy of Cite Them Right , 11th edition, or for more information on referencing see our Referencing Library Guide: https://libguides.brunel.ac.uk/referencing

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How to Cite U.S. Government Documents in APA Citation Style: Federal Laws/Statutes

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Statute (law/act) appears in a single section of the United States Code

Statute (act/law) spans a range of sections in the united states code, statute (public law/act) is spread out among different sections of the code, law (statute) does not yet appear in the united states code.

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Statutes (laws/acts) are "codified" on a continuous basis in the online United States Code (U.S.C.) by the Office of Law Revision Counsel. In general, you should cite statutes (laws/act) to their location in the online United States Code (U.S.C.)

You can find the relevant U.S.C. title and section(s) in the text of the law. You can find official sources of the law in:

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• Govinfo: Statutes at Large (1951- 2013) 
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In the U.S.C., or in the Public Law, look for statements about where the law applies to the Code ( U.S.C. "Titles" and "sections" ) .

• If the law spans a ranges of sections, add "et seq." after the U.S.C. number to indicate "and what follows." Note: You do not include U.S.C. "chapters" in citations.
• If the statute (law/act) is spread out among scattered sections of the U.S.C . , and you wish to cite the law as a whole, cite using the Public Law number, and include the parallel citation to the law's location in the Statutes at Large , when available.
• If the statute (law/act) does not appear in the United States Code , cite using the Public Law number, and include the parallel citation to its location in Statutes at Large, when available.

See examples, below.

When a statute is codified in a single section of the United States Code (U.S.C.), cite to the U.S.C..

Example: Impact Aid Coronavirus Relief Act .

In the header for this Act, you will see the U.S.C. citation: 20 U.S.C. § 6301. This is the start of the range of sections it applies to, but if you read this Act closely, you will see that the Act itself appears in section 7705, Impact Aid .

In Reference List:

• Impact Aid Coronavirus Relief Act. 20 U.S.C § 7705 (2020).

Explanation: This Act appears (was codified) in a single section of the the U.S.C. in Title 20, section 7705, in 2020.

Note: You can find the section symbol in Word > Insert > Symbols > Special Characters

• (Impact Aid Coronavirus Relief Act, 2020)
• Impact Aid Coronavirus Relief Act (2020)

If the law spans a ranges of sections, add " et seq. " after the U.S.C. number to indicate "and what follows."

Tip: Browse and search the official United States Code to find the "reference notes: "

Pub. L. 111–260, §1(a), Oct. 8, 2010, 124 Stat. 2751 , provided that: "This Act [enacting sections 615c and 616 to 620 of this title , amending sections 153, 225, 303, 330, 402, 503, 610, and 613 of this title , and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 153, 303, 613, and 619 of this title ] may be cited as the 'Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act of 2010'."

• (Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act, 2020)
• Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act (2020)

Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act of 2020. 47 USC 609  et seq. (2009). URL

When a statute applies to numerous sections of the Code , and you wish to cite the Act as a whole, cite using the Public law number.

To determine where the statute is codified (where it appears in the United States Code ), follow this process:

• Find the U.S.C. number listed in the header of the law. For example, the Energy Policy Act of 2005 includes this location in the United States Code: 42 U.S.C. § 15801 .

Energy Policy Act of 2005, Pub. L. No. 109-58, 119 Stat. 594 (2005). https://www.congress.gov/109/plaws/publ58/PLAW-109publ58.pdf

Explanation: In the example above, Pub. L. No. 109-58 refers to Public Law number 58  from the 109th Congress, with a parallel citation to its location in volume 119, page 594 of the US Statutes at Large (119 Stat. 594). Because I retrieved this from a publicly available website, rather than an academic database, the URL is appended to the end.

• (Energy Policy Act, 2005)
• Energy Policy Act (2005)

If the law has just passed and does not yet appear in the United States Code, cite to the Public Law Number with a parallel citation to its location in Statutes at Large.

Example: If you were citing this law shortly after it passed in 2005, and it had not yet appeared in the United States Code.*

* There may be only a few months lag between when a law is passed and when it appears in the United States Code. See Office of Law Revision Council, Currency and Updating .

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'Education Act' can also refer to...

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Education Act

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Legislation relating to innovation and reform of the education system, its provisions, funding, inspection, curriculum, and assessment is agreed by Parliament in the form of Education Acts. These are normally preceded by a White Paper, which sets out the arguments for the policy to be enacted; or by a Green Paper, which calls for consultation over some aspect of the policy prior to legislation. Over the past century or so there have been a number of landmark Acts which have signalled significant changes in key aspects of the education system. Examples of these may be summarized as follows:See also Equal Opportunities Act 2006.

Education Act 1902

Made the Board of Education centrally responsible for educational provision; created local education authorities

Education Act 1918

Raised the school‐leaving age to 14

Education (Butler) Act 1944

Reorganized education into three sectors we recognize today as primary, secondary, and further education

Education Act 1979

Made the development of a comprehensive system of secondary education by local authorities optional rather than mandatory (by repealing an earlier Act of 1976), thus enabling some authorities to retain a selective system

Education Act 1980

Gave parents the right of representation on schools' governing bodies; required local authorities and governing bodies to demonstrate transparency in relation to examination results and admissions policies; introduced the concept of parental choice

Education Act 1986

Abolished corporal punishment in schools; required every local authority school to have a governing body, and gave added responsibilities to governors

Introduced the national curriculum and the option for schools to apply for grant maintained status

Education (Schools) Act 1992

Introduced the requirement for schools and local authorities to publish league tables based on examination performance; instigated four‐yearly inspections of schools by Ofsted

Further and Higher Education Act 1992

Enabled polytechnics to adopt university status

Education Act 1996

Section 19 of this Act requires local authorities to provide appropriate education for children of compulsory school age either at school or otherwise than at school; forms of alternative provision are now known as Education Otherwise (than at School)

Education Act 1997

Brought together general and vocational qualifications under one regulating authority by replacing the School Curriculum and Assessment Authority and National Council for Vocational Qualifications with the unitary Qualifications and Curriculum Authority

School Standards and Framework Act 1998

Created education action zones; empowered local authorities and the Secretary of State to intervene in the case of failing schools; replaced the grant maintained schools initiative with foundation schools

Education Act 2002

Was amended at a late stage to include a specific duty on state schools and local authorities to have arrangements in place for safeguarding children. This amendment is contained in section 175, and came into force later (June 2004)

Education (Scotland) Act 2004

Addressed the issue of educational support in Scotland's schools

Children Act 2004

Superseded the Children Act 1989 and set out a legislative spine for the government's wider strategy in England and Wales, for improving children's lives, covering universal and parental responsibility, the Every Child Matters agenda, services accessed by children, and the targeted services for those with additional needs

From:   Education Act   in  A Dictionary of Education »

Subjects: Social sciences — Education

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Harvard Referencing - Doncaster

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Education Act, 2011

Bibliography/ Reference List :

Education Act 2011, ch. 21. London: The Stationery Office. [Online.] Available from: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2011/21/contents/enacted [Accessed 23 March 2021].

NB The (c.21) refers to the chapter, the number of the Act according to those passed during the parliamentary session.

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Q. How do I reference Acts of Parliament in APA?

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Answered by: kathryn devine last updated: apr 10, 2024     views: 1977.

There is information on statute in section 10.16 of the Concise Guide , (p. 361 of the Publication Manual ) but it is US focused, and UK universities each offer slightly differing guidance. We recommend treating Acts of Parliament similarly to a website.

In text citation:

Parenthetical: (Data Protection Act 2018)

Narrative: Data Protection Act 2018

Note that the year is part of the Act title, so it is not separated from the rest.

Reference list:

Data Protection Act 2018, c. 12. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2018/12/contents

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Citing and referencing legal resources using Harvard

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UK statutes

Uk statutory instruments, devolved legislation.

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A statute is another name for an Act of Parliament. 

As explained in Cite them right UK statutes (Acts of Parliament) , you will need to reference a statute in the following way: Title of Act year, chapter number. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

In-text citation: The legislation (Food Standards Act 1999) states that...

Reference list: Food Standards Act 1999, c. 28 . Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1999/28/contents (Accessed: 30 January 2018).

Cite them right also provides guidance on UK statutory instruments  (also known as secondary or delegated legislation). Your reference will be made up of the following elements: Name/title of SI year (SI year and number). Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

In-text citation: In relation to the Food Safety and Hygiene (England) Regulations 2013 ,....

Reference list: Food Safety and Hygiene (England) Regulations 2013 (SI 2013/2996). Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2013/2996/made (Accessed: 24 January 2018).

Cite them right  gives details on how to cite and reference legislation from Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland . You will need to consult this for details of how to cite Acts of the Scottish Parliament and Scottish Statutory Instruments; Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly and Statutory Rules of Northern Ireland; and legislation of the National Assembly for Wales and Welsh Statutory Instruments.

A Bill is a draft law. It needs to be approved in the Houses of Parliament and receive Royal Assent before it becomes an Act of Parliament.

As explained by Cite them right Bills from the House of Commons or House of Lords , the type of information you need to include in your reference list is as follows: Title (year of publication). Parliament: House of Commons OR Parliament: House of Lords. Bill no.[  ]. Place of publication: publisher.

In-text citation: The Sugar in Food and Drinks (Targets, Labelling and Advertising) Bill (2016) had its first reading on....

Reference list: Sugar in Food and Drinks (Targets, Labelling and Advertising) Bill (2016). Parliament: House of Commons. Bill no. 70. London: The Stationery Office.

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Harvard Referencing Style: Legal Sources & Government Publications

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IN -TEXT CITATION

Statutes and Acts

The Bill of Rights (1996)...

.... (South Africa, Banking Act, 1990, s 38A). 

"....." (South Africa. Banking Act, 1990: ii-iv).

Court cases

......( Hoffmann v South African Airways  2001 (1) SA 1 (CC) (hereinafter the  Hoffmann  case).

"....." ( Hoffmann v South African Airways  2001 (1) SA 1 (CC) [137] (hereinafter the  Hoffmann  case)

Laws have two titles, a long official title, and a short title. The short title is mostly used in-text references. The title of the act can be followed by its number and year (as relevant to the act, not the year of publication).

EXAMPLES OF A REFERENCE TO AN ACT OR STATUTE

South Africa. 1962. Income Tax Act 58 of 1962. Available at: <https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/Act%2058%20of%201962s_0.pdf> [Accessed on: 1 March 2015].

South Africa. 2002. Land and Agricultural Development Bank Act 15 of 2002. Available at: <https://www.gov.za/sites/www.gov.za/files/a15-02.pdf>  [Accessed on: 22 May 2014]

South Africa. 2005. National Credit Act 34 of 2005. Available at: <https://www.legalrights.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/NATIONAL-CREDIT-ACT-NO.-34-OF-2005.pdf> [Accessed on: 1 April 2018].

South Africa. 1990. Banks Act 94 1990 (as amended). Available at: <https://www.resbank.co.za/Lists/News%20and%20Publications/Attachments/2591/Banks+Amendment+Act+2007%5B1%5D.pdf> [Accessed on: 17 July 2017]

South Africa. 1937. Deeds Registries Act 47 of 1937. Pretoria. Government Printer.

EXAMPLES OF A REFERENCE TO A COURT CASE

S v Maseko  1990 (1) SACR 107 (A)

Hurwitz v Taylor  1926 TPD 81

Hoffmann v South African Airways  2001 (1) SA 1 (CC)

Metal and Allied Workers Union and Another v A Mauchle (Pty) Ltd t/a Precision Tools  (1980) 1  ILJ  227 (IC) 152

Government Publications

IN-TEXT CITATION

South African Central Statistical Service (1996) ...

.... (South Africa, Central Statistical Service, 1996)

"....."  (South Africa, Central Statistical Service, 1996: 171-172 )

​ FORMAT OF A REFERENCE TO A GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION

Name of the country, state or province. The name of the legislative body, court, executive department, bureau, council, commission or committee.  If supplied, the name of the relevant sections, office, etc, Year of publication.  Title.  ( in italics ). Report number (where applicable). Further particulars to be mentioned will depend on the nature of the source. Place of publication: Publisher.

EXAMPLES OF GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS

South Africa. Central Statistical Service. 1996.  Statistical release.  PO317. Pretoria: Central Statistical Service.

South Africa. 1980.  White paper on the rationalization of the public services and .related i nstitutions.  Pretoria: Government Printer.

South Africa. Administration: House of Assembly. Department of Education and Culture. 1985.  Annual Report . Pretoria: Government Printer .

South Africa. Commission for Administration. 1980-81.  Annual report for the period 1 July . 1 980 to 30 June 1981 .  Pretoria: Government Printer. (RP 36/1982).

South Africa. Committee of Investigation into the Finances of Local Authorities in South Africa.   ( Brown Committee). 1980.  Report, part  1 . Pretoria: Government Printer. Chairman: C.S. Margo.

You should provide the number of the publication, if it has one, as this helps readers to trace the source.

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How do I reference an Act of Parliament (Harvard style)? Last Updated: 08.Jun.2023 Views: 19450

Acts of parliament - otherwise known as uk statutes - are actually quite straightforward to reference but can catch students out because the in-text citations and full reference list entries behave differently to other sources..

In-text citation

The in-text citation is literally just the Act title including the year, all in italics and with no need for a separating comma before the date. You can either name the Act directly as part of your sentence - According to the Health and Social Care Act 2012 .. - or refer more generally to the law or legislation and then give the Act details inside round brackets, e.g. Recent social care legislation ( Health and Social Care Act 2012 ) ...

If you need to pinpoint a specific section of the Act that you are drawing your information from, work the section details into your sentence as part of your writing, e.g. As defined in section 10(2) of the Act ( Children Act 2004 ) ...

If you refer to different specific sections of the same Act throughout your work, as described in the previous point, there is no requirement for you to have multiple entries for the Act in your reference list. The design of Harvard style means that no matter how many times you refer to the exact same source there will only ever be one entry for the source in your reference list.

Reference list

Cite Them Right Harvard then asks for the following information for the full reference :

• Title of Act including year and chapter number (in italics)
• Country/jurisdiction (only if referencing more than one country's legislation)
• Available at: URL (Accessed: date)

Example:  Health and Social Care Act 2012, c. 7 . Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2012/7/contents/enacted (Accessed: 17 September 2018).

• Please note that the chapter number (c.) usually appears by default alongside the Act's year on websites such as legislation.gov.uk . The entire Act will have the same chapter number to help distinguish it from other Acts published in the same legislative year:

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Act of Parliament

Leeds harvard: act of parliament, reference examples.

Title of the Act and year . (chapter number of the Act; abbreviated to 'c.'). Place of publication: Publisher.

Modern Slavery Act 2015 . (c.30). London: The Stationery Office.

For Acts published before 1963 you must also include some additional information:

Title of the Act and year . (Year of reign of the monarch at the time the Act was introduced, the monarch's name which can be abbreviated, chapter number of the Act). Place of publication: Publisher.

Homicide Act 1957 . (5&6 Eliz.2, c.11). London: HMSO.

If you are referencing an Act you found online, this should be indicated in the reference. Title of the Act and year. (chapter number of the Act; abbreviated to 'c'). [Online]. Place of publication: Publisher. [Date accessed]. Available from: URL Example: Higher Education and Research Act 2017. (c.29). [Online]. London: The Stationery Office. [Accessed 14 May 2018]. Available from: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/  

Citation examples

The full title of the Act should be used in the citation.

(Modern Slavery Act 2015)

Common issues

When you're referencing with Leeds Harvard you may come across issues with missing details, multiple authors, edited books, references to another author's work or online items, to name a few. Here are some tips on how to deal with some common issues when using Leeds Harvard.

Skip straight to the issue that affects you:

• Online items
• URL web addresses
• Multiple authors
• Corporate author(s) or organisation(s)
• Multiple publisher details
• Editions and reprints
• Missing details
• Multiple sources with different authors
• Sources written by the same author in the same year
• Sources with the same author in different years
• Two authors with the same surname in the same year
• The work of one author referred to by another
• Anonymising sources for confidentiality
• Identifying the authors’ family name (surname)

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This is a basic introduction to the APA citation style, based on the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th edition). APA style includes: an in-text citation in your document to briefly identify the source you have quoted or paraphrased; a Reference List for all in-text citations at the end of the document. For a general overview of APA referencing and practice examples see the tutorial on APA referencing .

Remember to format your citations with a hanging indent for second and subsequent lines of a reference.

Corporate authors with bilingual names

New Zealand government departments are increasingly adopting bilingual names. APA practice is to include both the English and Māori names in the order provided in the source, regardless of prominence. 

This can lead to rather long in-text citations. One method for dealing with this is to abbreviate the corporate author names after the first use.

First citation:  (Te Tāhuhu o Te Mātauranga–Ministry of Education & New Zealand Teachers Council–Te Pouherenga Kaiako o Aotearaoa [TTOTM & NZTC], 2011).

All subsequent citations: (TTOTM & NZTC, 2011)

(Note: We have abbreviated the first name for each corporate author for simplicity, with the abbreviation still leading your reader to the correct place in the reference list)

Referencing images

If you are using images in undergraduate assignments, it is easiest to choose images in the public domain and/or with Creative Commons licenses. The PDF below offers guidance on how to locate and attribute such images.

If you are using images as part of your research (or are using an image that is copyrighted), please refer to the copyright advice provided on our research guides.

• Finding and referencing images A guide to referencing images in undergraduate assignments.

School Journals stories and articles should be referenced in a similar manner to  journal articles . Note that the year is used where you would usually put volume information, and the part and number information is in brackets, where you would usually put the issue number. More recently published School Journal stories refer to levels rather than parts and numbers. An example for both types:

Example references for print copy or electronic copies found via Journal Surf (i.e. behind paywall):

Wood Carving (by B. Martin in School Journal 2005, Year 5, Part 2, No. 1) is referenced as follows:

Martin, B. (2005). Wood carving. School Journal, 2005 (Pt. 2, No. 1), 28–32.

Mahinga Kai Crusaders (by S. Walsh in School Journal 2014 (Level 3)) is referenced as follows:

Walsh, S. (2014). Mahinga kai crusaders.  School Journal, 2014 (April, Lvl. 3),   36–43. 

Example references for electronic copy found via TKI (i.e. freely available):

Walsh, S. (2014). Mahinga kai crusaders.  School Journal, 2014 (April, Lvl. 3),   36–43. https://instructionalseries.tki.org.nz/Instructional-Series/School-Journal/School-Journal-Level-3-September-2014/Mahinga-Kai-Crusaders

Frequently cited

Anthony, G., & Walshaw, M. (2009). Effective pedagogy in mathematics . International Academy of Education; International Bureau of Education. https://www.ibe.unesco.org//fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/Educational_Practices/EdPractices_19.pdf

Education Council New Zealand–Matatū Aotearoa. (2011). Tātaiako: Cultural competencies for teachers of Māori learners.  Ministry of Education.

(nb. This is a reference for the original print version of Tātaiako, published before the Education Council changed its name to the New Zealand Teachers Council)

Education Council New Zealand – Matatū   Aotearoa .  (2017). Our code our standards: Code of professional responsibility and standards for the teaching profession: Ngā tikanga matatika ngā paerewa: Ngā tikanga matatika mō te haepapa ngaiotanga me ngā paerewa mō te umanga whakaakoranga . 

Kōrero Mātauranga. (2019).  He taonga te tamaiti: Every child a taonga: Early learning action plan 2019–2029. Ministry of Education.   https://conversation-space.s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/SES_0342_ELS_10YP_Final+Report_Web.pdf

Ministry of Education–Te Tāhuhu o te Mātauranga. (2017). Te whāriki: He whāriki mātauranga mō ngā mokopuna o Aotearoa: Early childhood curriculum . https://www.education.govt.nz/assets/Documents/Early-Childhood/Te-Whariki-Early-Childhood-Curriculum-ENG-Web.pdf

Ministry of Education–Te Tāhuhu o te Mātauranga. (2007). The New Zealand curriculum . https://nzcurriculum.tki.org.nz/content/download/1108/11989/file/NZ%20Curriculum%20Web.pdf

Ministry of Education–Te Tāhuhu o Te Mātauranga. (2018). Tapasā: Cultural competencies framework for teachers of Pacific learners .

Ministry of Education–Te Tāhuhu o Te Mātauranga. (2018). Tapasā: Cultural competencies framework for teachers of Pacific learners . https://teachingcouncil.nz/assets/Files/Tapasa/Tapasa-Cultural-Competencies-Framework-for-Teachers-of-Pacific-Learners-2019.pdf

Te Tāhuhu o Te Mātauranga–Ministry of Education & New Zealand Teachers Council–Te Pouherenga Kaiako o Aotearoa. (2011).  Tātaiako: Cultural competencies for teachers of Māori learners . Ministry of Education. https://teachingcouncil.nz/required/Tataiako.pdf

(nb. This is a reference for the electronic version of Tātaiako)

Te Tāhuhu o te Mātauranga. (2009). Te whatu pōkeka: Kaupapa Māori assessment for learning: Early childhood exemplars . Learning Media. https://assets.education.govt.nz/public/Documents/Early-Childhood/TeWhatuPokeka.pdf

Te Whare Wānanga o Waitaha–University of Canterbury. (n.d.). Ako waitaha: ITE philosophy . AKO | LEARN. https://learn.canterbury.ac.nz

Convention on the Rights of the Child reference on the APA7 webpage here  under Multilateral Treaties.

The format for Early Childhood Regulations can be found on the APA7 webpage here  under Secondary legislation, including legislative instruments/regulations.

G.A. Res. 61/295, United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (September 13, 2007). https://social.desa.un.org/issues/indigenous-peoples/united-nations-declaration-on-the-rights-of-indigenous-peoples

In-text citation examples: (G.A. Res. 61/295, 2007) (G.A. Res. 61/295, 2007, art. 3)

If starting a sentence:

Article 3 of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (G.A. Res. 61/295, 2007) states that....  

Referencing information from TKI

A PDF document.

Ministry of Education. (2009). Te aho arataki marau mō te ako i te reo Māori—Kura auraki: Curriculum guidelines for teaching and learning te reo Māori in English-medium schools: Years 1–13 . Learning Media. https://tereomaori.tki.org.nz/content/download/762/4184/file/ Curriculum%20guidelines.PDF

Ministry of Education–Te Tāhuhu o te Mātauranga. (2007). The New Zealand curriculum: Achievement objectives by learning area: Set of 8 charts . https://nzcurriculum.tki.org.nz/content/download/1109/11992/file/Charts2.pdf

Ministry of Education–Te Tāhuhu o te Mātauranga. (2011, November 24). Manaakitanga . New Zealand Curriculum Guides – Senior Secondary. https://seniorsecondary.tki.org.nz/The-arts/Pedagogy/Culturally-responsive-learning-environments/Manaakitanga

Ministry of Education–Te Tāhuhu o te Mātauranga. (2014, April 3). Mathematics and statistics: Achievement objectives . The New Zealand Curriculum Online. https://nzcurriculum.tki.org.nz/The-New-Zealand-Curriculum/Mathematics-and-statistics/Achievement-objectives

Ministry of Education–Te Tāhuhu o te Mātauranga. (n.d.). Sustainability . Te Whāriki Online. https://tewhariki.tki.org.nz/en/teaching-strategies-and-resources/belonging/sustainability/

RESOURCE SET | Te reo Māori rerenga kōrero and waiata

This is a set of Early Childhood te reo Māori rerenga kōrero (everyday phrases) and  waiata  used within 27 curriculum areas and activities within the daily programme. One area provides insights and provokes Kaiako understandings of a range of tikanga Māori Principle(s) within the context of each of the 27 curriculum areas/activities.

Each brochure will need to be referenced individually and an exemplar is provided below. You will need to change the title and the URL to reflect the brochure you have used.

Reference list:

Williams, N. M., & Te Rongopatahi, K. M. (2023).  Ki te hoe – Indigenising practice: Te reo me ngā tikanga Māori: Rauemi mā ngā kaiako: Rua kirikiri: Sandpit  [Brochure]. Ako Aotearoa; University of Canterbury.  https://ako.ac.nz/assets/Knowledge-centre/Ki-Te-Hoe-Indigenising-Practice/Set-of-Te-reo-Maori-rerenga-korero-and-waiata-/Rua-Kirikiri-Sandpit.pdf

Referencing Kei tua o te pae

The whole work :

Carr, M., Lee, W., & Jones, C. (2004–2009). Kei tua o te pae: Assessment for learning: Early childhood exemplars .  Learning Media.

An individual book :

Carr, M., Lee, W., & Jones, C. (2007). Kei tua o te pae: Assessment for learning: Early childhood exemplars (Book 15).  Learning Media.

An individual book listing a co-author (applies to book 3,  8, 9, 17 and book 18 only) – add the co-author/s:

Carr, M., Lee, W., Jones, C., & Peters, S. (2009). Kei tua o te pae: Assessment for learning: Early childhood exemplars (Book 18). Learning Media.

Carr, M., Lee, W., Jones, C., & Hatherly, A. (2009). Kei tua o te pae: Assessment for learning: Early childhood exemplars (Book 17). Learning Media.

If a corporate author, e.g. a Centre, is listed in addition to personal authors, do not include it.

Contact us for help

Have a question? Ask a librarian below:

Conference material

If a paper presentation or poster session at a conference is not published, list the presenter, specific date, name of paper with the format in square brackets, and place. For example: 

Carr, M. (2003, November). Changing the lens [Paper presentation]. New Zealand Association for Research in Education Conference, Auckland, New Zealand.

If, however, the paper was published treat it as a book or a chapter in a book (or a journal).

Education legislation

The format for Acts is as follows:

In-text , put the title of the Act in brackets.

(Education Act 1989)

Reference list ,  put:

Title of the Act. Website url (if retrieved online)

Education Act 1989. http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/ 1989/0080/latest/whole.html

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APA Style (7th Edition) Citation Guide: Government & Legal Documents

• Introduction
• Journal Articles
• Magazine/Newspaper Articles
• Books & Ebooks
• Government & Legal Documents
• Biblical Sources
• Secondary Sources
• Films/Videos/TV Shows
• How to Cite: Other
• Additional Help

Table of Contents

Government document from a website, government document in print, court decision.

Statute (Legislation)

Unenacted Bill or Resolution

Note: All citations should be double spaced and have a hanging indent in a Reference List.

A "hanging indent" means that each subsequent line after the first line of your citation should be indented by 0.5 inches.

This Microsoft support page contains instructions about how to format a hanging indent in a paper.

Government Documents often have a group/corporate author listed instead of a specific person's name. The author may be the name of a department, commitee or agency.

When the government department, agency or committee that created the document is also the publisher, omit the publisher name to avoid repetition. The names of parent agencies, if applicable, may be used as the publisher.

Capitalize the first letter of the first word of the title. If there is a colon (:) in the title, also capitalize the first letter of the first word after the colon.

Capitalize the first letter of proper names in titles, such as names of places or people.

Place of Publication

Omit the publisher location in the reference unless they are works associated with specific locations (e.g. a conference presentation). For cities in the US and Canada list the city name and the province or state code. For other countries, list the city name and the country. Examples: Toronto, ON ; Tokyo, Japan

Electronic Government Documents

Many government documents are now published electronically as well as in print. Provide the publisher name and the url.

Name of Government Department, Agency or Committee. (Year of Publication, Month Day).  Title of document: Subtitle if given  (edition if given and is not first edition). Publisher Name. URL

United States Department of Children and Youth Services. (2010, April 27).  Your preschool child's speech and language development. United States Department of Health & Human Services. http://www.children.gov./htdocs/English/topics/earlychildhood/ speechlanguage/brochure_preschool.aspx

In-Text Paraphrase:

(Name of Government Department, Agency or Committee, Year)

Example: (United States Department of Children and Youth Services, 2010)

In-Text Quote:

(Name of Government Department, Agency or Committee, Year, Section Name section, para. Paragraph Number if more than one paragraph in section)

(United States Department of Children and Youth Services, 2010, By Age Five section, para. 4)

Note: When there are no visible page numbers or paragraph numbers, you may cite the section heading and the number of the paragraph in that section to identify where your quote came from.

Abbreviating Corporation/Group Author Name in In-Text citations:

Author names for corporations/groups can often be abbreviated. The first time you refer to the author, provide the full name, along with the abbreviation.

If the group name appears in the text of your paper, include the abbreviation in the in-text parenthetical citation:

Example: The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA, 2019) assisted in the rescue of 40 dogs.

If the group name first appears within a parenthetical citation, include the full group name as well as the abbreviation in square brackets:

Example: Forty dogs were rescued in Bendena, Kansas (American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals [ASPCA], 2019).

Provide the full group name (without an abbreviation) in the reference list entry: 

American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. (2019, November 21).  Justice served: Case closed for over 40 dogfighting victims . https://www.aspca.org/news/justice-served-case-closed-over-40-dogfighting-victims

Name of Government Department, Agency or Committee. (Year of Publication).  Title of document: Subtitle if given  (edition if given and is not first edition). Publisher Name.

National Health Council. (2007).  Americans' experience with chronic illness care in 2007 .

Note: When the government department, agency or committee that created the document is also the publisher, omit the publisher name in the reference.

Example: (National Health Council, 2007)

(Name of Government Department, Agency or Committee, Year, p. Page Number)

Example: (National Health Council, 2007, p. 4)

Name v. Name, Volume Source Page (Court Date).

Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954).

(Brown v. Board of Education, 1954).

(Brown v. Board of Education, 1954, Syllabus (d)).

Italicize the case name if you include it in the text of your paper.

Name of Act, public law number, (year).

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. Pub. L. No. 104-191, § 264, 110 Stat.1936.

(Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act [HIPAA] of 1996, Pub. L. No. 104-191)

(Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, Pub. L. No. 104-191, S. 264)

Title [if there is one], bill or resolution number, xxx Cong. (year).

Example (Senate):

Anti-Phishing Act, S. 472, 109th Cong. (2005).

Example: (House):

Anti-Phishing Act, H.R. 1099, 109th Cong. (2005).

(Anti-Phishing Act, 2005)

(Anti-Phishing Act, 2005, S. 1351 "Internet Fraud")

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Education law.

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Citations for laws & cases - APA

Additional citation guides.

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In the APA manual 7th edition Appendix 7.1 (pp. 216 - 224), you will find many examples for citing legal and government sources. Here are a few.

Example for citing case law i n text:

FORMAT : C ite the name of the case ( italicized ) and the year of the decision

Jenkins v. Taladega City Board of Education (1997)

( Jenkins v. Taladega City Board of Education,  1997)

Example for citing case law o n the References page: 

FORMAT : Name v. Name, Volume Source Page (Court Date).

Jenkins v. Taladega, City Board of Education, 115 F. 3rd 821 (1997).

Example for citing a statute i n text:

FORMAT : Give the popular or official name of the act (if any) and the year of the act.

Mental Health Systems Act (1988)

Example for citing a statute o n the References page:

FORMAT : Name of Act, Volume Source § section number (year).

Mental Health Systems Act, 42 U.S.C. § 9401 (1988).

Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990, Pub. L. No. 101-336.

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• Fundamentals of Legal Citation: Case Law (University of Washington Gallagher Law Library)
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This guide is for education students in the School of Education. Other students should consult their relevant course handbook or contact their tutor for details of the referencing system they are to use.

Introduction

When you complete any assignment, you will provide a bibliography or reference list which states which references you have read and cited in your work. There are many different styles of referencing and each book or article you have read may have used a different one; even here at the University the various schools and departments use lots of different styles. Students in the School of Education use a version of Harvard British Standard . 

This guide is to try and help you make sense of referencing. We have tried to pull together information which shows you how to reference different formats (books, chapters, journal articles, web pages and so on) within the text of your assignment and in your bibliography. 

In addition to this guide on how to manually reference, there are a number of free or freemium web-based bibliographic tools available that will allow you to search for information resources and save details of references. You can then automatically create a bibliography in the style of your choosing using all or some of the references you have saved. Try googling for web-based bibliographic software or try this comparison of reference management products from Wikipedia .

Here at Aberdeen, we currently support a product called RefWorks , further details are in your MyAberdeen course area under ‘Library Materials – Referencing’.

Why reference?

Although at first glance it may seem obvious, it does help to understand why we reference using a particular style when we write a piece of academic work. It isn’t just more annoying bureaucratic red tape – there are some very practical and important reasons for following a style and sticking to it.

Whilst reading, you are going to come across many different ideas and theories. You will use these to expand and develop your own arguments, but you must give full credit to those that you have read. If you do not acknowledge those authors, you could be accused of plagiarism – taking the ideas of others and trying to pass them off as your own. This is considered a very serious matter at this University. ( See here the Code of Practice on Student Discipline )

Referencing correctly also shows you are well read and knowledgeable about your subject – it may get you better marks! Your tutor will use your referencing to check what you have read; they may even use it to find something you have referred to that they haven’t read themselves. Put simply, correct referencing allows any reader of your work to easily find exactly what you have been reading.

When you refer to something you have read, either directly (i.e. word for word) or indirectly (i.e. paraphrase/put it into your own words) you must show clearly it is not your work but someone else’s by putting the author, year of publication and page number of the quote in parentheses ( ) after your direct or indirect reference. This is called  citing  or  referencing . (Examples are given later in this guide - see  Citing within your essay .)

A  reference list  is a list of all the titles you have  referenced  whilst compiling your assignment. You would not include items you have read to inform your thinking but subsequently not referred to in your text (see note below!). The reference list goes at the end of your assignment but before any appendices.

A  bibliography  is a list of all the titles you read or referred to whilst compiling your assignment (see the note below!). The bibliography goes at the end of your assignment but before any appendices.

You will come across many other styles (footnotes, numbered footnotes, numbered lists etc.) in other parts of the University and the wider literature, but we use the  author/date  style known as Harvard British.

When we quote from an author in our writing, we correctly refer to this as not our own work or idea by placing the  name of the author and the year of publication  along with the  page number  of where the quote was found. Usually this is done after the citation in parenthesis, but it can also be done within the text – see  Citing within your essay  for examples.

In your bibliography the author’s name is in capitals (although it isn’t when referencing within your text!) and book and journal titles are in  italics . 

Yes, you should if asked to compile a  bibliography . However, be careful as you may be asked to compile a bibliography but  only include the items you have referenced  – this should really be referred to as a  reference list  not a bibliography! Usually, your  bibliography  should be presented as one  single list  that combines references (everything to which you have referred within your text) and bibliography (list of works read but not cited).

Place everything A to Z by  author surnam e (do not include The in your organisation so The Scottish Government goes under ‘S’ for Scottish not ‘T’ for The!) regardless of whether it is a book, article, report or website (and if you have websites with no authors, you reference them within the text by title - see page 3 of this guide for an example - and put them in your bibliography alphabetically by title but with author as  Anon .).

No! It makes it much harder for anyone reading your work to find the relevant reference if you do this. If in your writing you have referenced (Kyriacou, 1997, p.45) how does any reader know from that if it is a book, article, report etc.? So, place all items A to Z by author surname regardless of format.

Citing within your essay or assignment

The instructions below refer to citing from any medium such as a book, a journal article, a report, a website and so on, although the examples given are all from books.

Although you should do it sparingly, you can quote directly from an author within your text. In other words, take exactly word for word what s/he said in the text and put it into yours. You must add quotation marks and the page number(s) the exact quote came from: 

   "Young learners learn the functions of negation very early. However, it takes some time before they learn the grammar rules which enable them to express the variety of negative functions" (Siraj- Blatchford and Clarke, 2000, p.55).

You will notice in the above reference there are two authors. If there are more than two you will name them all individually in your bibliography (see later for examples) but within the text you will name two authors followed by et al. e.g. (Joyce, Calhoun, et al., 2002, p.34).

Indirect references can either be when you refer to  an idea carried through an article or book , or when you have taken a specific idea and put it into your own words. Both types of reference should be properly attributed to their original author. 

Where the idea is a broad one or a theme carried throughout the book or article:

• The author’s name can be included within the sentence: 

It has been said by Schon (1991) that professionals are beginning to experience a crisis in confidence.

• or it can be put in parentheses: 

Teachers should be aware of the context of their class and what outcomes they wish to achieve (Kyriacou, 1997).

If you paraphrase, in other words put an idea you have read about into your own words, you do not have to put in quotation marks as it is not an exact quote, but you should still reference as above including the page number the idea came from e.g.:

Young children quickly learn about negative functions but are unable to express this until their language skills have developed. (Siraj-Blatchford and Clarke, 2000, p.55)

To cite directly (exact quotation) or indirectly from a website you follow the previous instructions for a book, journal article etc. A common issue with quoting websites is that there is often no author or date. If that is the case, you should quote the title of the website and year or say undated. So, in the example given in this guide under  writing your bibliography  number 16 –  web page , if we didn’t know the author was the BBC, we would refer to it in our essay as:

…the centurions were the ultimate leaders. (The Romans website, undated)

With direct quotes or paraphrasing you should use the  paragraph number  as there will be no page number: 

    “Soldiers had to stay in the army for at least 25 years!” (The Romans website, undated, para. 2)

When citing a video or other online film you should quote the time stamp of the item. For example, if the item you are referring to occurs 8.32 minutes in to the video, then you should quote that:

    “Every country on earth has the same hierarchy of subjects” (Robinson, 2006, 8.32.)

There are no hard and fast rules, only guidelines, and this guide cannot give examples for every scenario. As long as you are consistent and follow the general Harvard rules, your bibliography and references will be fine.

It may be the case that you refer to work that has been cited by another author. For example, you may read in Janet Moyles’ The Excellence of Play (1994) that she has quoted Hale-Benson (1982) but you have not read that work (Black Children: their roots, culture and learning styles).  You should try your best to find the original work and read it  (try the Library!) but if you cannot then you should quote as follows:

Moyles (1994) cites the work of Hale-Benson (1982) where she has stated… or, Hale-Benson (1982, cited by Moyles, 1994) stated that… or, Moyles (1994, citing Hale-Benson, 1982) states that… 

You will then put  Moyles ’ book in your bibliography as you have read and referred to that, but not the Hale-Benson as you have not read it. If  directly quoting  you should include the page numbers from  Moyles .

Long quotations - indenting  – if your direct quote is more than a sentence long (or if the one sentence is very long, running to many lines!) you should indent the words. You do not have to put the indented quote in italics. Indirect references should not be indented. Referencing multiple items in-text – you may find when reading that a number of authors (or the same author in different books/articles) have spoken about the same theme or theory which you wish to refer to. You would reference each of these in chronological order, in other words the item published first is listed first, e.g.:

There are multiple lenses (Fullan 2002; Leithwood, et al. 2008; Robinson 2010; Eacott 2011) through which to examine and position the actions of principals as they attempt to balance the activities needed for implementation of ‘big picture’ visions with the daily tasks that require more immediate attention.

The year of publication is always referred to along with the author's name. Both of these combined will allow anyone reading your work to refer to your bibliography/reference list and find the complete details of the relevant reference. Remember, every published item referred to in your text should be listed in the bibliography/reference list at the end of the assignment. Examples are given later in this guide.

Writing your bibliography - reference list

Examples of how to reference books, articles, reports, websites etc. within your bibliography/reference list

AUTHOR’S SURNAME, INITIALS., (Year of publication). Title of book (in italics). Edition, if not the first. Place of publication: Publisher.

SCHON, D. A., (1991). The Reflective Practitioner. How Professionals Think in Action . Aldershot: Ashgate Arena.

AUTHOR’S SURNAME, INITIALS. and AUTHOR’S SURNAME, INITIALS., (Year of publication). Title of book (in italics) . Edition, if not the first. Place of publication: Publisher.

SIRAJ-BLATCHFORD, I. and CLARKE, P., (2000). Supporting Identity, Diversity and Language in the Early Years . Buckingham: Open University Press.

AUTHOR’S SURNAME, INITIALS., AUTHOR’S SURNAME, INITIALS. and AUTHOR’S SURNAME, INITIALS., (Year of publication). Title of book (in italics). Edition, if not the first. Place of publication: Publisher.

JOYCE, B., CALHOUN, E. and HOPKINS, D., (2002). Models of learning - tools for teaching. 2nd ed. Buckingham: Open University Press.

Some authors may be very prolific and thus you read more than one book written by them published in the same year! So as not to get confused by this we simply add a letter after the year:

AUTHOR’S SURNAME, INITIALS., (Year of publicationa). Title of book (in italics). Edition, if not the first. Place of publication: Publisher.

AUTHOR’S SURNAME, INITIALS., (Year of publicationb). Title of book (in italics). Edition, if not the first. Place of publication: Publisher.

AINSCOW, M., (1999a). Effective practice in inclusion and special and mainstream schools working together . London: Department for Education and Employment.

AINSCOW, M., (1999b). Understanding the development of inclusive schools . London: RoutledgeFalmer.

AUTHOR’S SURNAME, INITIALS., (Year of publication). Title of Chapter. In: INITIALS, AUTHOR’S SURNAME and INITIALS, AUTHOR’S SURNAME, ed. or eds. if an editor or editors, Title of book (in italics). Edition, if not the first. Place of publication: Publisher. Page numbers preceded by pp.

FIELDING, S., (2002). No one else to vote for? Labour's campaign. In: A. GEDDES and J. TONGE, eds., Labour's second landslide. The British General Election 2001 . Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp.28-44.

As noted earlier in this guide, e-books (via Ebook Central, for example) can simply be treated as if they were paper. E-books read via an e-reader such as the Kindle do not have traditional page numbers and there is a note on page 14 about how to reference quotes from such a book. When referencing the book in your bibliography you should note it is an e-reader edition.

AUTHOR’S SURNAME, INITIALS., (Year of publication). Title of book (in italics). Edition, if not the first. Place of publication: Publisher. (Name of e-reader edition).

SCHROEDER, R. and AXELSSON, A-S., (2006). Avatars at work and play. Collaboration and interaction in shared virtual environments. Dordrecht: Springer (Kindle edition).

CORPORATE AUTHOR (you can put any well-used acronym in parentheses), (Year of publication). Title of book or report (in italics). Edition, if not the first. Place of publication: Publisher.

SCOTTISH OFFICE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT (SOED), (1991). National Guidelines Mathematics 5-14 . Edinburgh: SOED.

AUTHOR'S NAME OR CORPORATE NAME, (Year of publication). Title of book or report (in italics). Place of publication: Publisher. Report number if there is one.

And an online report:

AUTHOR'S NAME OR CORPORATE NAME, (Year of publication). Title of book or report (in italics). Place of publication: Publisher. Report number if there is one. Available: web address [Date Accessed: Day Month Year]

HER MAJESTY’S INSPECTORATE OF EDUCATION (HMIE), (2002). ICT: into the classroom of tomorrow: an interim report by HM Inspector of Education on the implementation of the New Opportunities Fund ICT training of teachers and school librarians in Scotland. Edinburgh: HMIE

and an online report would look like this:

SCOTTISH GOVERNMENT, (2009). Improving the Education of Looked After Children: A Guide for Local Authorities and Service Providers. Edinburgh: The Scottish Government. Available: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/265301/0079476.pdf [Date Accessed: 23rd June 2014]

AUTHOR’S SURNAME, INITIALS. and further authors if appropriate, (Year of publication). Title of article. Name of Journal ( in italics ), volume number ( in bold ) (part or issue number), page numbers preceded with pp.

CARR, M. and KURTZ, B.E., (1991). Teachers’ perceptions of students’ metacognition, attributions and self-concept. British Journal of Educational Psychology , 61 (2), pp.197-206.

If the article you have read is so recent it has yet to be assigned an issue or page numbers, often referred to as ‘online first’, ‘early view’ or ‘article in press’ you can reference it as such:

TÕNURIST, P. and SURVA, L., (2016).  Is Volunteering Always Voluntary? Between Compulsion and Coercion in Co-production. Voluntas, ‘ Online First’ Published 26 th May 2016 [Available from: DOI:10.1007/s11266-016-9734-z].

In this example the article, at time of reading, had no volume, issue or page details. Here we have referred to it as ‘Online First’ as this is what this particular publisher calls it, along with the publication/available online date and the DOI (Digital Object Identifier - this is the standard way to give the location of an article and useful to do whilst there are no further publication details) which can usually be found on the same page as the abstract.

AUTHOR’S SURNAME, INITIALS and further authors if appropriate., (Year of publication). Title of the article. Name of Journal ( in italics ), ‘ Online First’ or ‘Article in Print’ or ‘Early View’ Publication date (all in bold) [Available from: DOI].

TÕNURIST, P. and SURVA, L., (2016).  Is Volunteering Always Voluntary? Between Compulsion and Coercion in Co-production. Voluntas.   ‘ Online First’ Published 26 th May 2016 [Available from: DOI:10.1007/s11266-016-9734-z].

You may quote from Acts of Parliament within your text and you do so by quoting the title of the Act and the year; (Special Educational Needs and Disability Act, 2001). See the example below for how to reference in your bibliography.

The author is always the country of origin, the short title of the Act should appear in italics followed by the year with the chapter number (or running number as sometimes called) given in brackets. The place of publication and publisher should also appear:

AUTHOR/COUNTRY OF ORIGIN. Title of Act (in italics) , Year (chapter number c.#) Place of publication: Publisher.

GREAT BRITAIN. Special Educational Needs and Disability Act , 2001 (c.2) London: HMSO .

GREAT BRITAIN. Special Educational Needs and Disability Act , 2001 (c.2) London: HMSO. Available: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2001/10/contents [Date Accessed: 17 th June 2019]

It is not normal academic practice to reference a lecture and you will not normally be asked to do so . However, in the unusual circumstance that you are asked to reference a lecture your tutor will provide references on their slides/in their presentation or provide a reading list for you. You should use the ideas from the lecture and follow those up with your own reading and it is that reading you will reference, not the lecturer, unless of course you have read their book or article!

However, some academics may specifically ask you to reference lectures in their particular course and if so you should make sure you have the following information: the author, title and/or course, institution and date of lecture:

AUTHOR’S SURNAME, INITIALS., (Year of ‘publication’). Title of lecture (in italics). Name of Institution, Date of lecture.

BLOGGS, J., (2011). BEd 4 Lecture on Learning Styles . University of Aberdeen, 20th January.

Personal Communications

There may be occasions when someone has communicated with you and there is no published source from which you can cite his or her comments. As there is usually no published work that your reader can use to find the item and read it for themselves it is not referenced at the end of the work in a bibliography. You only cite the personal communication in the text. See example below. This would also be relevant for letters or conversations in person or by phone.

Teachers find it increasingly difficult to get support from their head teachers over matters of discipline, (BLOGGS, J., (2010), Personal email to the author 18th January.).

Grey Literature

Sometimes you may refer to internal unpublished documentation within a school. This grey literature is often i mpossible for anyone else to trace. You may also want to keep the organisation anonymous. You should, however, refer to it as an ordinary report/book etc. in the text (anonymising any names if needed).

As there is usually no published work that your reader can use to find the item and read it for themselves it is not referenced at the end of the work in a bibliography. Instead, a copy should be inserted into an appendix and referred to: see example below (again, anonymising any names if needed).

“A glow account will be arranged as soon as you join the school.” (‘POPPYBANK’ PRIMARY SCHOOL, 2011. ICT for new teachers. Internal training documentation (See Appendix 3)).

In many ways this is similar to personal communication and grey literature. Often it is difficult for others to find the reference (on Facebook for example) as it may have come from a closed group, but if it is possible you should try to reference as you would a website:

AUTHOR(S)., (Year). Title of page/post . Title of web site (in italics) Day/month of posted message. Available: web address. [Date Accessed: Day Month Year].

If it is in a closed site that no one can get access to then in theory, it becomes grey literature and a copy should be placed in an appendix and referred to. You should still put the date you referred to the original site.

WHEELER, S., (2012). Reading the World http:// bit.ly/O9GTfs . Twitter . 17 th July. Available: https://twitter.com/timbuckteeth [Date Accessed: 17 th July 2012].

MCCOURT, S., (2012) “Library training sessions are available from Week 14”. InfoSkills Group . [Facebook] 5th May. [Date Accessed: 6 th May 2012] (See Appendix)

AUTHOR’S SURNAME, INITIALS., Title of paper/contribution. Title of Conference Proceedings , including the date and place of the conference. Available: web address [Date Accessed: Day Month Year]

NOTE: There is no full-stop at end of the web address and the [Date Accessed] information should follow on from the web address and not be on a separate line.

EXAMPLE: KISANJI, J., Historical And Theoretical Basis Of Inclusive Education. Keynote address for the Workshop on Inclusive Education in Namibia: The Challenge for Teacher Education , 24-25 March 1999, Rossing Foundation, Khomasdal, Windhoek, Namibia. Available:     http://www.eenet.org.uk/resources/docs/hist_theorectic.doc [Date Accessed: 17th July 2012].  

AUTHOR’S SURNAME, INITIALS., (Year of publication). Title of thesis. Designation (and type). Name of institution to which submitted.

FINLAY, G., (2003). Perceptions of Circle Time . Thesis (BEd Honours). University of Aberdeen  

AUTHOR’S SURNAME, INITIALS. if known, otherwise name of newspaper, (Year of publication). Title of the article. Name of Newspaper (in italics), part number if known then day and month, page number preceded with p. If this is available online, then add Available: along with the URL and [Date Accessed:] If there are no page numbers then use paragraph numbers for in-text quotes and in the bibliography use the URL.

WARD, L., (2004). Parents 'should pay for schools'. The Guardian , Wednesday 4th February, p.10.  

In your text you will quote the author/corporate author and if there is none then use the title of the web page, not the URL.

AUTHOR’S SURNAME, INITIALS. or CORPORATE AUTHOR, (Year of publication). Title (in italics). Edition if known. Place of Publication: Publisher. Available: web address [Date Accessed: Day Month Year].

NOTE: There is no full-stop at end of web address and the [Date Accessed] information should follow on from the URL and not be on a separate line (space prevents that here!)

When quoting in-text you should use paragraph numbers to identify the location of your quote see page 3 of this guide.

BBC. (Undated). The Romans. BBC Schools. Available: www.bbc.co.uk/schools/romans [Date Accessed: 5th February 2004]. Or CURRICULUM REVIEW GROUP., (2004). A Curriculum for Excellence . Edinburgh: Scottish Executive. Available: www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/26800/0023690.pdf [Date Accessed: 17th July 2012].  

Online Tutorial or presentation

These can appear in various guises from iTunes U to YouTube to anywhere! It is important to give as much detail as you can about the author and title as well as, of course, the web address. AUTHOR/PRESENTER., (Year). Title of tutorial or presentation. Title of web site . (in italics). Day Month Year of release if available. Available: web address [Date Accessed: Day Month Year].

Many educational resources can now be found in the form of podcasts. As with referencing online tutorials, give as much detail as you can: AUTHOR/PRESENTER., (Year). Title of podcast. Title of web site or podcast series (in italics). [Podcast]. Day Month Year of podcast release. Available: web address [Date Accessed: Day Month Year]. When quoting from online tutorials/podcasts etc. you should identify the exact location of your quote using the time stamp – see page 3 of this guide.

UNC Chapel Hill., (2007). Storytelling Theory and Practice. Available at: www.youtube.com/watch?v=UFC-URW6wkU [Date Accessed: 17th July 2012]. BBC RADIO 4, COX, B. and INCE, R., (2011). Physics V Chemistry. The Infinite Monkey Cage . [Podcast] 19th December 2011. Available: www.bbc.co.uk/podcasts/series/timc [Date Accessed: 17th July 2012].

As with other unusual media, just make sure you have all the details written down to allow someone else to find the item you are referring to (see example below).

Title of item (in italics). Number of episode series. Type/format of medium. Director for films/Channel of broadcast for TV programmes. Place of publication (if ascertainable): Distributor/Studio, (if ascertainable) Date of broadcast for TV/Date of Release for Film/DVD/Video. This doesn't appear in parentheses. If the film has been accessed online via a streaming service quote as if it were a film or programme then add  the name of the streaming service followed by Available: web address and [Date: DD, MMMMM, YYYY] (see example below).

How We Used to Live: All Change , Episode 4 Leisure. TV. Channel 4 Schools. Original broadcast date: 29th January 2004. Awakenings. Film. Directed by Penny Marshall. USA: Columbia/TriStar, 1990. Etre et Avoir. DVD. Directed by Nicholas Philibert. France: Maia Films, 2003. Five Days that changed Britain . TV. BBC 2. Original broadcast date: 29th July 2010. Available: www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b00t8p52/Five_Days_that_Changed_Britain/ [Date accessed: 30th July 2010].    Eurovision Song Contest: The Story of Fire Saga. Film. Directed by David Dobkin. USA: Netflix. 2020  

Images and photographs, (along with tables, figures and graphs) created by others are usually protected by copyright. Under our Higher Education licence, we can usually use these for non-commercial research/private study, but they cannot be made publicly available electronically without seeking the permission of the copyright holder.   In your assignment you would put the details under the image and say: Source: BEE, H., (2000). The Moro Reflex . In: The Developing Child , Boston: Allyn and Bacon

If you were discussing an image (but not including it for copyright reasons) you would say:            the image of the Moro Reflex (Bee, 2000, p.84)

You should usually provide the artist, author or source, title of the image or photo and where it was found:

ARTIST/AUTHOR NAME/SOURCE/., (year of production). Title of image (in italics) . In: AUTHOR’S SURNAME, INITIALS., (Year of publication). Title of book (in italics). Place of Publication: Publisher.

and if online:

ARTIST/AUTHOR NAME/SOURCE/., (year of production). Title of image (in italics) . Available: web address.  [Date Accessed: Day Month Year].

BEE, H., (2000). The Moro reflex . In: BEE, H., (2000). The Developing Child , Boston: Allyn and Bacon.  

Translations of works should include the translator as well as the original author. In your essay you should quote the original author but the translated date so: "the problem of empathy is…" (STEIN, E. 1989, p.24)

See below for an example of how to reference in your bibliography.

ORIGINAL AUTHOR., (Year of translation publication). Title of work. (in italics) (Translator, trans.) Place of Publication of translation: Publisher of translation. (Original work published YYYY).

STEIN, E., (1989). On the Problem of Empathy. (E. Stein, trans.) Washington D.C.: ICS Publications. (Original work published 1916).  

There is no single standard style for referencing CD-ROMs or other forms of similar media. Make sure you give enough detail for any reader of your work to be able to find the same material. You reference a CD-ROM when it is a work in its own right, not when it is a database.

AUTHOR’S SURNAME, INITIALS., (if ascertainable). (Year of publication). Title of item (in italics) . type/format of medium. Place of publication (if ascertainable): Publisher. (if ascertainable).

AHLBERG, J. and AHLBERG, A., (1997). The Jolly Post Office . CD-ROM. London: DK Multimedia.  

Writing your bibliography/reference list - some FAQS

In general, most books and journal articles should be referenced just as if they were paper, whether you read them in an online format or not. This is the case for most journal articles; however, it is becoming increasingly common for articles to be made available online before they have been published in a particular issue. Such articles have no volume, issue or page number information. If you happen to read what is often referred to as an  Online First, Early View or Article in Press  article you should reference it as such. When quoting within your text you will have to use the page numbers the PDF reader assigns. So, the first page of the article would be page one (whereas in the published version it may well be page 56!) and so on. For example:

It can be said that boys are more competitive and enjoy group level competitive play, (Wymer, 2011, p.7) 

An example of how to reference such an article in your bibliography can be found under  Writing your bibliography: some examples  - Journal article  in this guide. It is best to say it is Online First with the published date and the DOI (the digital object identifier). The DOI is an international standard which is used instead of a URL as a reliable way of giving the location of a journal (a publisher may change and thus the URL would too, but the DOI will remain the same regardless). There is no need to add the DOI to all article references; it is simply a good idea when you do not have the complete information – e.g. the page numbers or the issue number.

Electronic books are similar. An  online book  from Ebook Central appears pretty much as it would in paper format and the page numbering is usually the same. Therefore, you can reference using page numbers without having to refer to the fact that you read it online. Books read on e-book readers such as the Kindle are different. The Kindle, as an example, does use page numbers but these differ depending on how large you have the text, the font style etc. It is best to state in your bibliography that you read the Kindle edition (see examples under  Writing your bibliography: some examples - Book read via an e-reader  in this guide). The best way to reference a quote from a book via a Kindle is to use the location numbers which are specific to each line of text so for example:

“Extending one’s sense of self in the form of abstract representation is one of our most fundamental expressions of humanity” (Bailenson and Beall, 2006, Locations 142-49 of 229).

There are certain abbreviations that are used in referencing that make your work look neater when you refer to the same quote, author or piece of work again (and it avoids having to type out the whole reference again!).

et al. (et alia)  and others - used when referring to more than two writers. You should try and name all the authors e.g. (Francis, Molloy, Stewart and Darling, 2021) but if not you could use (Francis, et. al., 2021)

et seq.  and (the) following or what follows

ibid. or ib. (ibidem)  in the same place - this is similar in intention to op cit, but applied to  consecutive  references to the same work

op. cit.(opus citatum)  in the work previously cited - saves writing the full details out each time

q.v.(quod vide)   which see - a reference to see the work mentioned, usually for further detailed information

p. and pp .  stands for page and pages so p. 7 and pp. 234-250

From time to time, you will have to reference non-English names with particles. The following is a general guide:

1.    German names Sometimes German names are preceded with von or van. In general, the particle is dropped in favour of citing the family name alone e.g.  Beethoven  is not normally referred to as  van Beethoven . In a bibliography you can use:

    Beethoven, L. van (1817) or, Beethoven van, L. (1817)

2.    Dutch and Belgian names Dutch names can have a variety of particles though the most common is  van  or  van der . They normally appear in lower case e.g.  Ruud van Nistelrooy . In comparison, in Belgium the particle almost always has a capital e.g.  Paul Van Look . In contrast to German names the Dutch particle is used when commenting in the text e.g.  “van Nistelrooy scored a cracker against Arsenal ”, but as with German names the particle is dropped in an alphabetical list:

Gogh, V., van (1891) or, Gogh van, V. (1891) Look, P., Van (2002) or, Look Van, P. (2002)

American names of Dutch descent often have been assimilated within the surname e.g. Ray DeVries and would be referenced as DeVries, R. (2000).

Last revised by Claire Molloy, August 2023

APA 7th Edition - University of Lincoln

• APA style and referencing
• Main changes from the 6th edition to the 7th edition of APA
• In-text citations
• Common citation queries
• Example start of an assignment with in-text citations
• Reference list
• Example reference list
• Guidance on writing in APA style
• Appendix/Appendices
• Figures and tables
• Secondary referencing
• Book with a single author
• Book with two authors
• Book with three to 20 authors
• Edited book
• Chapter in an edited book
• Book with no author
• Edition of a book other than the first
• Dictionary/ thesaurus or encylopedia
• One volume of a multi-volume work
• Diagnostic manual
• Journal article with one author
• Journal article with two authors
• Journal article with three to 20 authors
• Journal article with 21 or more authors
• Advance online publications or articles in press
• Special issue or special section in a journal
• Journal articles with an article number instead of page numbers
• Official publications and reports
• Webpages and websites
• Advertisements
• Conference sessions, paper and poster presentations
• Film, television, radio

Law and legal references

• Treaties and international conventions
• Newspaper articles
• Personal communications
• Powerpoint slides
• Social media
• Software and mobile apps
• Tests, scales and inventories
• Theses, dissertations
• Translated works
• AI and ChatGPT
• Statistical tests This link opens in a new window
• Education subject guide This link opens in a new window
• Psychology subject guide This link opens in a new window
• Sport & Exercise Science subject guide This link opens in a new window

This section includes Statues (Laws and Acts), Cases (law reports) and International Conventions. 

The APA Publication Manual does not include UK law so these guidelines are adapted from the templates for US law provided in the APA Publication Manual (7th ed.). 

Acts of Parliament

Also referred to as Statues. 

Parenthetical citation  

(Children Act, 1989) 

Narrative citation

Children Act (1989)

Reference list  

Children Act 1989,  c. 41.  https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1989/41  

1.  Title of Act including year (in italics), 

2. chapter number written as lower case c with a full stop, space, chapter number, full stop 

4. URL 

Green, White and Command Papers

Notes 

When considering introducing a new law, the UK Government will produce a discussion document called a Green Paper. White papers set out the details of the Government’s future policy on a particular topic and will often be the basis of a Bill before Parliament. Command Papers are the collective name given to different types of papers prepared by the Government and presented in Parliament with the words “presented to Parliament by command of His/Her Majesty”. 

Parenthetical citation

(Home Office, 2014)

Narrative citation 

Home Office (2014) 

Reference list 

Home Office. (2014).  Improving police integrity: Reforming the police complaints and disciplinary systems . 

         CM8976. HMSO.  https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/

           system/uploads/attachment_data/file/385900/45363_Cm_8976_Press.pdf  

Format: 

Government department. (Year).  Title . Command paper number. Publisher. URL 

Cases (Law Reports)

Parenthetical citation  

(Pepper v. Hart, 1993) 

Pepper v. Hart (1993)

Pepper (Inspector of Taxes) v. Hart, AC 593 (1993).    

          http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/1992/3.html  

Format:  

Name v. Name, case number date in round brackets. URL 

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Education - Library Guide

• NEOS Libraries
• Database Searching
• Finding & Using Online Sources
• All CUE Library Videos
• Advanced Research & Writing
• New Curriculum website
• Previous Learn Alberta site
• Citing Curriculum
• Teaching New Curriculum
• About the New Curriculum
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Tips on Tough Stuff

• Citing Knowledge Keepers

Audiovisual Media

• Finding Articles
• Education Databases
• Interlibrary Loans
• Google Scholar
• Barcode & PIN
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• Creating Personal Accounts
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• Children's Books Online
• Indigenous Children's Lit.
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• MEd & Graduate Courses
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• Professional Development
• Researching Indigenous Topics
• Instructor Support
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• Inclusive Practices
• Instructional Strategies
• Guides from AB Universities
• For Students
• For Instructors
• Student Support
• Alberta Education
• LearnAlberta
• ATA Library

Library Videos & Tutorials

Video Tutorials  - Posted to the  CUE Library Vimeo channel , scroll through and watch the ones you need right now.

Education - Library Orientation Module  - An overview for Education students about using CUE Library.

Looking for scholarly articles? Watch the video Searching Education Research Complete  and consult these handouts:

• Searching for Articles - Education Research Complete
• Databases vs. Search Engines

The CUE Faculty of Education follows the APA Style Manual, 7th edition.

Brief Guides & Examples

• Common Reference Examples  - APA Style Official Website
• Webpage on a Website  - APA Style Official Website
• APA Citation Style - UofA Library 
• Sample APA References for Education Students - CUE Library

In-depth Guides & Tutorials

• APA Style & Grammar Guidelines
• APA In-text Citations
• APA Instructional Aids  - tutorials, handouts, & samples
• APA Style Tutorials & Webinars - scroll down to read a summary of each webinar
• Student Paper Checklist  - Detailed list of APA writing & formatting guidelines
• APA Citation & Format - OWL @ Purdue  
• APA Style Citation Tutorial - Read online or download this ebook produced by the UofA Faculty of Education

Sample Papers - Note that these are provided by the American Psychological Association and, although they show the basic format and citation style, Education assignments are not necessarily structured in the same way.

• Sample Papers - APA Style official website  
• APA 7 Student Paper - OWL@ Purdue  

Frequently Cited Documents in Education

Alberta Legislation -  UofA Guide to Legal Citation

• Parenthetical in-text citation with the act, the year, and the section pinpoint  - ( Education Act , 2012, c E-0.3 s.198)
• Reference list entry -   Education Act , S.A. 2012, c E-0.3.
• The Education Act is chapter E-0.3 of the Statutes of Alberta and this in-text citation refers to section 198 of that act.

Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms -  RRU Writing Centre

• In text citation with the title, year, and section  pinpoint  - ( Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms , 1982, s 8) 
• Reference list entry -  Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms , Part 1 of the  Constitution Act, 1982 , being Schedule B to the  Canada Act 1982  (UK), c 11.

Alberta Curriculum / Program of Studies 

Example from the new Alberta Curriculum, using the  printable pdf versions

• Alberta Education. (2022).  Mathematics kindergarten to grade 6 curriculum.  https://curriculum.learnalberta.ca/printable-curriculum/en/home

Example from the new Alberta Curriculum, using the  browsable online versions  

• Alberta Education. (2022).  Mathematics  [Grade 3]. https://curriculum.learnalberta.ca/curriculum/en/c/mat3

Example from previous Alberta Program of Studies

• Alberta Education. (2016). Mathematics kindergarten to grade 9 [Program of studies]. https://education.alberta.ca/media/3115252/2016_k_to_9_math_pos.pdf

For more information on citing the Curriculum / Program of Studies

• UofA Guide, Citation of Curriculum (Program of Studies)
• When to use a retrieval date

Teaching Quality Standard

• In text citation using the author, the year, and the page number - (Alberta Education, 2018, p. 3)
• Reference list entry: Alberta Education (2018). Teaching quality standard . https://education.alberta.ca/media/3739620/standardsdoc-tqs-_fa-web-2018-01-17.pdf

Classroom or Intranet (Moodle) Resources  - including  PowerPoint Slides or Lecture Notes

Indigenous Elders & Knowledge Keepers

Online Media

Page Numbers in In-Text citations  - General paraphrasing does not require a page number but direct quotes and/or specific information does.

Paraphrasing

Secondary Source Citations - citing information quoted or reported in another source, rather than the primary (original) source.

For more information visit  APA Style & Grammar Guidelines  and scroll down to see other options.

Citing Indigenous Knowledge Keepers - APA 7th Edition

Indigenous Elders & Knowledge Keepers  - Guide from UBC

From the APA Style website on  Audiovisual Media

• Artwork References
• Clip Art or Stock Image References
• Film and Television References
• Musical Score References
• Online Course or MOOC References
• Podcast References
• PowerPoint Slide or Lecture Note References
• Radio Broadcast References
• TED Talk References
• Transcript of an Audiovisual Work References
• YouTube Video References

Images, diagrams and artistic works require citations in your assignments, similar to citing text-based information from books and articles

Gather as much information as possible about the image. Try to locate the missing information by hovering your mouse over the image, looking at any captions above or below the image, and downloading a copy of the image then checking the file name.

• creator's name (artist or photographer)
• date the work was created, published, or posted
• title of the image 
• name of the website hosting the image and its URL
• type of image  (photograph, chart, online image...?)

General format for citing an online image:

In-Text Citation:  (Artist Surname, Year)

Example: (Baumel, 2010)

Artist Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Title of the image [Format]. Title of the Website. URL (address of web site)

Example: Baumel, A. (2010). Cholera treatment center in Haiti [Online image]. Doctors Without Borders. https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org

Reference (No Author):

Title of the image.  [Type of work]. (Year image was created). Title of the Website. URL (address of web site)

Example:  Flu epidemic [Online image]. (1919). History. http://www.history.net/photo/flu-epidemic-art/collections

Reference (No Author, No Title, No Date):

[Subject and type of work]. Title of the Website. URL (address of web site)

[Untitled illustration of a sleeping dog]. Sleeping Animals. http://www.sleepinganimals/pix.com

- Adapted from Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library's guide to Citing Images

For more examples, visit

• SCF Libraries
• Online Media  
• How To Cite & Format Images
• Clip Art or Stock Images
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• Subject Guides

Referencing styles - a Practical Guide

American psychological association (apa) referencing style.

Used by: Education, Language & Linguistic Science, Psychology

Introduction to APA referencing style

The American Psychological Association (APA) style is used in psychology, health and the social sciences. This guide has been fully updated to APA Style 7th edition . Check your department requirements for which version to use.

In-text citations

Information from sources in the text is shown with in-text citations that include the author's surname and the publication year  (and a page number in some situations). These can appear after the information, or integrated into the sentence:

The in-text citation examples given throughout this guide use the (Neville, 2010) version.

Reference list

The reference list at the end of the document includes the full details of each source so the reader can find them themselves. The list is organised alphabetically by author surname. 

The information to include depends on the types of source - see the examples on this page.

Useful resources

• APA Style blog Detailed guides for APA Style (APA7 and APA6)

Guidance for all source types

Formatting for one, two or more authors.

This guidance applies to all source types.

In-text:  (Santrock, 2011)

Reference List:

List both authors in the order they appear in the publication. Use an ampersand (&), not 'and' between names.

In-text:  (Lee & Benati, 2007)

3-20 authors

In the citation use the surname of the first author followed by 'et al.' (including the full stop). In the reference list, list all authors in the order they appear in the publication. Use an ampersand (&), not 'and' between names. In subsequent citations, give the first author's name followed by et al.  (the full stop is important!).

In-text  (Wilkinson et al., 2011)

21+ authors

In all in-text citations, give the first author's name followed by et al.  (the full stop is important!). In the reference list, include the names of the first 19 authors, insert an ellipsis (three dots) but no ampersand, then include the name of the final author.

In-text:  (Halonen, et al., 2003)

Reference List :

Citing more than one source

If you're pulling together information from a number of sources to support your argument you may want to include more than one source in one in-text citation. For example:

They should appear alphabetically, matching the order in which they will appear in your reference list.

Author(s) with 2+ sources in the same year

If an author (or a group of authors) have more than one publications in the same year, add lower-case letters (a, b, c, etc.) to the year to differentiate between them. Add a to the first source cited, b to the second course and so on.  For example:

In-text:  (Carroll, 2007a; Carroll, 2007b)

References:

No author name or publication date

No author name.

It's important to use quality sources to support your arguments, so you should carefully consider the value of using any source when you can't identify its author. 

For online sources, look carefully for named contributors, such as in the ‘about us’ sections. For printed material look carefully at the publication/ copyright information, which is often on the inside cover of a book or back page of a report. If you cannot locate the information you could use the name of the organisation for the author, for example (NSPCC, 2012).

No publication date

Knowing when a source was created, published, or last updated is important as this helps you to determine the relevance and reliability of the source. For online sources look carefully for created and/ or last updated dates on the page(s). If you can't locate a date write (n.d.) instead of the year to denote ‘no date’.

Direct quotes

Quotations are word-for-word text included in your work and must be clearly distinguished from your own words and ideas. You must also include the page number(s) in the in-text citation.

Short quotations (fewer than 40 words)

Use a brief phrase within your paragraph or sentence to introduce the quotation before including it inside double quotation marks “ ”.  For example:

Longer quotations (40 words or more)

Use block quotation, without quotation marks, but clearly indented to indicate these words are not your own. For example:

It can sometimes be difficult, if not impossible, to avoid using some of the author’s original words, particularly those that describe or label phenomena. However, you need to avoid copying out what the author said, word for word. Choose words that you feel give a true impression of the author’s original ideas or action. (p.38)

Citing a source you've read about in a different source (secondary referencing)

A secondary reference is given when you are referring to a source which you have not read yourself, but have read about in another source, for example referring to Jones’ work that you have read about in Smith.  Avoid using secondary references wherever possible  and locate the original source and reference that.

Only give a secondary reference where it's not possible to read the original source, and you think it's essential to use the material. It is important to think carefully about using secondary references as the explanation or interpretation of that source by the author you have read may not be accurate. For example, if Allport's work is cited in Nicholson and you did not read Allport's work, list the Nicholson reference in the reference list. In the text, use the following citation:

Only list the sources that you have read in your reference list - ie. list Nicholson but not Allport in the reference list.

When to include page numbers

Include the page number(s) in an in-text citation when:

• quoting directly
• referring to a specific detail in a text (eg, a specific theory or idea, an illustration, a table, a set of statistics).

Giving page numbers lets the reader locate the specific item you're referring to. Page numbers are not required when paraphrasing, but you may choose to do so in order to make it easier for readers to locate the information in a longer work.

When to use capital letters in titles

You should only capitalise the first letter of the first word of a book, journal article, etc and any word following a colon in the title. The exception is if these include proper nouns – names of people or organisations.

Including citations in word count

Usually in-text citations are included in your word count as they are integral to your argument.

This may vary depending on the assignment you are writing and you should confirm this with your module tutor. If in-text citations are included this does not mean you should leave out citations where they are appropriate.

Questions about referencing?

Contact your Faculty Librarians if you have any questions about referencing.

Commonly used sources

Examples of in-text citations and reference list entries for key source types.

Use these examples alongside the information given in the 'Guidance for all source types' box. Pay particular attention to the guidance on formatting for one, two or more authors.

In-text: (Santrock, 2011)

Reference list:

Information to include Author(s) Surname, Initial. (year).  Name of book (Edition if not the first). Publisher name. Doi if available

For books written or published in another language, see the Book (translated to English) and Book (read in another language) sections below.

Edited book (& chapters)

Chapter in an edited book.

In-text: (Alexander, 2009)

Information to include Chapter author(s) Surname, Initial. (year). Title of chapter. In editor(s) Initial, Surname (Ed/Eds.), Title of edited book . (pp. Page numbers). Publisher name. Doi if available

Edited book as a whole

In-text: (Daniels et al., 2009)

Information to include Editor(s) Surname, Initial. (Ed/Eds.). (year).  Title of edited book . Publisher name. Doi if available

Journal article / paper

Most journal articles / papers are now available in electronic form, usually with a DOI (a special type of link). If there isn't a DOI, include the URL instead or leave this out if you are referencing a printed journal article / paper.

In-text: (Forlin, 2010)

Information to include Author(s) Surname, Initial. (year). Title of paper / article.  Name of journal,   volume (issue), page numbers. DOI if available

Newspaper or magazine article

Newspaper/magazine article.

Include the most precise date of publication given - usually full date for newspaper articles, month and year for magazines.

In-text : (Clarkson, 2008; Swain, 2008)

Information needed Author(s) Surname, Initial. (year, month date). Title of article.  Name of newspaper/magazine . page number(s).

Newspaper/magazine article (without named author)

Use the article title instead of the author name. In the in-text citation, put the title (or a shortened version) between quotation marks (").

In-text:  ("Editorial: French Elections," 2012)

Information needed Title of article. (year, month date). Name of newspaper/magazine . page number(s).

Website with author

In-text:  (Richardson, 2011)

Information to include Author(s) Surname, Initial. (year). Name of specific webpage . Name of full website. URL

Website without named author

In-text : (BBC News, 2011)

Information to include Name of full website (year). Name of specific webpage .  URL

Further sources

Examples of in-text citations and reference list entries for other source types.

Use these examples alongside the information given in the 'Guidance for all source types' box. Pay particular attention to the guidance on formatting for one, two or more authors.

Act of Parliament

In-text:  (Education Act 2011)

Reference list :

In-text:  (Quigley, 2023)

Book (translated to English)

If you are reading an English language version of a book originally published in another language follow this example.

In-text: (Freud, 1901/2002) Bibliography/ Reference List:

Book (read in another language)

If you are reading a book in another language, follow this example:

In-text:  (Hoops, 1932)

Bibliography/ Reference List :

Computer application/program/software

In-text:  (The Cogent Group, 2009)

Conference papers & proceedings

If conference proceedings have been published in book form cite them as for a book.

In-text:  ( Kawkins & Hawkins, 2019 )

CD, CD-Rom or DVD

Include the type of resource in square brackets after its name: [CD], [CD-Rom], [DVD]

In-text:  (Coppola, 1972)

Online database (specific content)

In-text:  (The National Autistic Society, n.d.)

Online database (as a whole)

n.d. denotes no date given - include the year when known

In-text:  (Paperback Oxford English Dictionary, 2006)

If there are no page numbers, give the chapter number for direct quotes eg, "…" (Bartram, 2010, ch.1).

In-text:  (Bartram, 2010)

Personal communications such as personal emails, private letters, and telephone conversations are non-recoverable and so are not included in the reference list. Cite them in-text only with the initials and surname of the author.

In-text: (I. Johnson, personal communication, May 22 2023) Note:  No personal communication is included in your reference list; instead, parenthetically cite the communicator's name, the phrase "personal communication," and the date of the communication in your main text only.

Encyclopedia (full book or individual entry)

Encyclopedia as a whole.

In-text:  (Hornberger, 2008)

Encyclopedia (specific entry)

In-text:  (Manstead & Hewston, 1996)

Film (movie)

In-text : (Lloyd, 2008)

Government publication (command paper, eg white paper, green paper)

In-text:  (Great Britain. Dept. for Education, 2010)

Cm. is the abbreviation used to designate a command paper. This example is command paper 7980.

Graph, chart, figure or table

Print copy, with figure number.

In-text : [INSERT IMAGE] Table X Common Abbreviations for Units of Measurement (APA, 2020, p. 109, table 4.4)

Online, no figure number

In-text:  [INSERT IMAGE] Classical Conditioning (Kulich, 2006)

Conducted by someone else

If it is a published interview in a magazine, journal, website or newspaper, then use the referencing format for that source type.

Conducted yourself

You are not encouraged to cite these, except where an interview has been conducted as part of a non-empirical assignment. That is, only cite if you discuss an interview within your assignment where you had not been required to conduct interviews, but did so to augment your work. Consideration also needs to be given to confidentiality and interviewee anonymity as appropriate.

Not included in the reference list as it is non-retrievable communication for the reader.

In-text:  (J. Smith, personal communication, March 2 2023)

In-text:  (Waddle & Brown, 2023)

Lecture notes

Personal communications such as personal emails, private letters, and telephone conversations are non-recoverable and  so are not included in the reference list.  Cite them in-text only with the initials and surname of the author.

In-text: (J. Smith, personal communication, March 2, 2023)

Each one will have titles and references within it or you can refer to the actual microfiche record number, where it is stored and when accessed. This is an example of a historic periodical.

In-text:  In-text: (Brown, 1794)

Musical performance (live)

In-text:  (Stringer, 2023)

Musical score

In-text:  (Chopin, 1943)

Online video (eg YouTube) & other online digital media

In-text:  (American Psychological Association, 2023)

Painting or visual work

In-text:  (Monet, 1899)

Pamphlet or booklet

In-text: (City of York Council, 2023)

Parliamentary bill

In-text: (Higher Education (Fees) Bill HL 2012-13)

HC stands for House of Commons, with HL being used for Bills originating in the House of Lords. The date represents the parliamentary session and the number in [ ] the number of the bill.

In-text:  (Jakubowski, 2023)

In-text:  (Jarche, 1931)

Play (live performance)

In-text: (Lynn, 2012)

Play (published script)

In-text:  (Webster, 1998)

Poem (in an anthology)

In-text:  (Kipling, 1999)

In-text:  (Mills & Blagrove, 2023)

Radio programme

In-text:  (O'Dea, 2011)

Religious & sacred texts

Religious and sacred texts such as the Bible, Talmud, and Qur’an follow the reference format for either a book or website depending on your source. Religious texts don't usually require an author. Include the original publication date if possible, but leave this blank if unknown or in dispute.

In-text:  ( King James Bible , 1769/2017)

Report (online)

In-text:  (British Psychological Society, 2021)

Report (hard copy)

In-text:  (Higher Education Academy, 2008)

Republished source

T his format is for when you read a more recent version of an older work. In-text, the date of the original publication is given before the later one you read. In the bibliography/ reference list you give the date of the version you read with the original date at the end of the reference.

In-text:  (Erikson, 1951/1977)

In-text:  (Runciman, 2002)

Sound recording (CD, vinyl, cassette)

In-text : Belle & Sebastian, 2003, track 8)

The track number is optional.

In-text:  (British Standards Institute, 2006)

Television programme

Full series.

In-text:  (Gilligan, 2008-2013)

Single episode

In-text:  (Gilligan et al., 2013)

Text message

In-text:  (J. Smith, personal communication, March 2, 2023)

In-text:  (Missuno, 2012)

Information to include Author(s) Surname, Initial. (year). Title of thesis . [level of qualification, institution]. Database name.

In-text:  ("Psychometrics," 2014)

In-text: (UoY Press Office, 2023)

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NWU Harvard Referencing Guide

• Introduction
• Text references
• Reference list
• Elements of a reference entry
• Chapter in a collected work
• Electronic books (ebooks)
• Encyclopedias
• Dictionaries
• Theses and dissertations
• Journal articles
• Internet and other electronic sources
• Conference publications
• Study guides
• Newspaper articles
• Acts and law reports
• Government publications
• Bible and other religious writings
• Classical works
• Personal correspondance
• Patents and standards
• Musical scores
• Audiovisual and other media
• Unpublished work
• Harvard PDF document

Other styles

• NWU Law Referencing Guide 
• APA Referencing Guide

Law sources

Law reports, 1. south african acts.

As acts are available from a variety of printed and online sources, information about the publisher is unnecessary. Give the official name of the act in the text reference and in the reference list.

Constitution of South Africa:

Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 1996. Text reference: In terms of Section 26 of the Constitution of South Africa (1996) everyone has the right to have access to adequate housing.

2. International acts

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• Next: Government publications >>
• Last Updated: Mar 20, 2024 7:18 AM
• URL: https://libguides.nwu.ac.za/harvard-referencing

H.R. 7924: To amend the Higher Education Act of 1965 to support graduate programs in mental and behavioral health professions at minority-serving institutions, and for other purposes.

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Sponsor and status

Introduced on Apr 10, 2024

This bill is in the first stage of the legislative process. It was introduced into Congress on April 10, 2024. It will typically be considered by committee next before it is possibly sent on to the House or Senate as a whole.

Other activity may have occurred on another bill with identical or similar provisions.

Jamaal Bowman

Representative for New York's 16th congressional district

Not available yet.

17 Cosponsors (17 Democrats)

H.R. 7924 is a bill in the United States Congress.

A bill must be passed by both the House and Senate in identical form and then be signed by the President to become law.

Bills numbers restart every two years. That means there are other bills with the number H.R. 7924. This is the one from the 118 th Congress.

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We recommend the following MLA -formatted citation when using the information you see here in academic work:

GovTrack.us. (2024). H.R. 7924 — 118th Congress: To amend the Higher Education Act of 1965 to support graduate programs in mental and …. Retrieved from https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/118/hr7924

“H.R. 7924 — 118th Congress: To amend the Higher Education Act of 1965 to support graduate programs in mental and ….” www.GovTrack.us. 2024. April 14, 2024 <https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/118/hr7924>

To amend the Higher Education Act of 1965 to support graduate programs in mental and behavioral health professions at minority-serving institutions, and for other purposes, H.R. 7924, 118th Cong. (2024).

{{cite web |url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/118/hr7924 |title=H.R. 7924 (118th) |accessdate=April 14, 2024 |author=118th Congress (2024) |date=April 10, 2024 |work=Legislation |publisher=GovTrack.us |quote=To amend the Higher Education Act of 1965 to support graduate programs in mental and … }}

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GovTrack automatically collects legislative information from a variety of governmental and non-governmental sources. This page is sourced primarily from Congress.gov , the official portal of the United States Congress. Congress.gov is generally updated one day after events occur, and so legislative activity shown here may be one day behind. Data via the congress project .

Prognosis Details

This bill has a . . .

2% chance of getting past committee. 1% chance of being enacted.

Only 11% of bills made it past committee and only about 2% were enacted in 2021–2023.

Factors considered:

These factors are correlated with either an increased or decreased chance of being enacted.

Please read our full methodology for further details.

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Division of Taxation

Our newark regional information center will be closed friday, march 15, 2024, and is scheduled to reopen on monday, march 18, 2024. we apologize for the inconvenience., 2024 tax law summaries.

Alternative Method of Depreciation

This law allows taxpayers to utilize an alternative method to calculate a depreciation deduction of eligible expenditures in connection with the construction of new affordable housing developments for Corporation Business Tax and Gross Income Tax.

"Eligible property expenditures" are defined as capital expenditures incurred by the taxpayer in connection with the construction of a new affordable housing development owned by the taxpayer.

• Citation: P.L. 2024, c.1
• Signed into law: March 20, 2024
• Effective: March 20, 2024

Adds Sales and Use Tax Exemption for Affordable Housing Projects

The law amendment provides a sales and use tax exemption  for purchases made by contractors or repair persons of materials, supplies, and services for certain affordable housing projects. All units must be for occupants with moderate, low, or very low incomes as defined in the “Fair Housing Act”.

• Citation: P.L. 2024, c.3
• Effective: Sales made on or after May 1, 2024

Adds a Property Tax Exemption under the "Fair Housing Act"

The law amends the “Fair Housing Act” to allow projects supported by the “New Jersey Affordable Housing Trust Fund” to be exempt from property tax and to instead contribute to municipal services by making payments in lieu of taxes.

The governing body of a municipality in which a housing project or program is located and awarded a grant or loan from the “New Jersey Affordable Housing Trust Fund” is exempt from property taxes if the housing sponsor enters into an agreement with the municipality for payments in lieu of taxes (PILOT) for municipal services.

The law also allows the governing body of a municipality to negotiate a PILOT agreement with a housing sponsor whose project is funded through municipal housing development fees.

The tax exemption cannot extend past the date on which the eligible loan made for the project is paid in full. However, the municipality may agree to continue a tax exemption beyond the date the loan is paid in full if the project remains subject to specific affordability controls outlined in the law.

Revises "New Jersey Transportation Trust Fund Authority Act" and Calculation of Gas Tax Rate

Beginning Fiscal Year 2025, the law increases the highway fuel cap annually through fiscal year 2029.  It also changes the date from August 15 to November 15 by which the State Treasurer and the Legislative Budget and Finance Officer must determine the total revenue derived from the taxes collected in the prior State fiscal year.    

• Signed into law: March 26, 2024
• Effective: March 26, 2024