example of nursing research proposal

Writing a Nursing Proposal: A Comprehensive Guide for Success

As a nursing professional, there will come a time when you need to write a nursing proposal. Whether you’re aiming to secure funding for a research project, implement a new practice or intervention, or advocate for policy changes, a well-crafted proposal is essential. However, the task of writing a nursing proposal can be daunting if you’re unfamiliar with the process. Fear not! This comprehensive guide will walk you through the essential steps to write a successful nursing proposal.

1. Understand the Purpose and Scope of the Nursing Proposal

To begin writing a nursing proposal, it is crucial to have a clear understanding of its purpose and scope. This involves asking yourself some important questions:

What problem or issue does the proposal aim to address? Clearly define the specific problem or gap in knowledge that your proposal seeks to fill.

What are the specific objectives or outcomes you hope to achieve? Clearly state the goals and outcomes you want to accomplish through your proposed project or intervention.

Who is the intended audience for the proposal? Determine the key stakeholders who will be reading and evaluating your proposal, such as funding agencies, healthcare organizations, or policymakers.

What resources or funding will be required? Estimate the resources, personnel, and funding needed to successfully execute your proposal.

By clarifying these aspects, you can effectively tailor your proposal to meet the needs of your audience and clearly convey your intentions.

2. Conduct Thorough Research

A well-researched nursing proposal holds significant weight. Before diving into the writing process, it is essential to familiarize yourself with the existing literature, best practices, and relevant guidelines pertaining to your proposal topic. Conduct a comprehensive literature review to understand the current state of knowledge, identify any gaps, and gather evidence to support the need for your proposed project or intervention. This research will not only enhance the credibility of your proposal but also demonstrate your knowledge and understanding of the subject matter.

3. Structure Your Proposal

To ensure clarity and coherence, organize your nursing proposal using a logical structure. While the specific sections may vary depending on the requirements, consider including the following elements:

• Introduction: Provide an overview of the problem or issue, its significance, and the purpose of the proposal. Clearly state the objectives of your proposal.
• Background and Literature Review: Summarize relevant literature and previous studies that support the need for your proposed intervention or research project. Highlight key findings, evidence-based practices, and gaps in knowledge.
• Objectives and Hypotheses: Clearly state the specific objectives you aim to achieve and any hypotheses you will test. Make sure your objectives are measurable and aligned with the overall purpose of your proposal.
• Methods: Describe the methodology, study design, data collection, and analysis procedures you plan to employ. Clearly outline the steps you will take to address the problem or achieve your objectives.
• Timelines and Budget: Provide a realistic timeline for the project’s completion and a detailed budget outlining the required resources and expenses. Include information on how you will allocate resources and manage potential risks or challenges.
• Evaluation and Outcomes: Explain how you will assess the success of your project and the expected outcomes. Describe the evaluation methods and metrics you will use to measure the impact of your proposal.
• Conclusion: Summarize the main points and reiterate the significance of your proposal. Emphasize the potential benefits and contributions your project can make to nursing practice, research, or patient care.

By structuring your proposal in a clear and organized manner, you make it easier for readers to follow your thought process and understand the value of your proposal.

4. Write with Clarity and Precision

When writing your nursing proposal, strive for clarity and precision. Use clear and concise language to convey your ideas effectively. Avoid jargon or technical terms that may confuse or alienate readers who may not be familiar with your specific field of nursing. Explain any complex concepts or terminology in a way that is easily understood. Ensure that your ideas flow logically, providing smooth transitions between sections. Use headings and subheadings to guide the reader through your proposal. Additionally, pay close attention to grammar, spelling, and punctuation to maintain a professional tone and enhance readability.

5. Tailor the Proposal to Your Audience

Consider the specific needs and preferences of your audience when crafting your nursing proposal. If your proposal targets a funding agency, emphasize the potential benefits and impacts of your project on healthcare delivery or patient outcomes. Clearly outline how the proposed funding will be utilized and the potential return on investment . If your proposal is geared toward implementing a new practice or intervention within your organization, focus on the practical aspects and address any potential concerns or barriers that may arise. Highlight the alignment of your proposal with the organization’s mission, values, and strategic goals.

By understanding your audience and tailoring your proposal to their needs, you increase the chances of gaining their support and approval.

6. Collaborate and Seek Feedback

Writing a nursing proposal can benefit greatly from collaboration. Seek input and feedback from colleagues, mentors, or experts in the field. They can provide valuable insights, suggest improvements, and help refine your proposal. Engage in discussions, attend conferences or seminars, and seek opportunities to share your ideas with others. By incorporating diverse perspectives, you strengthen the credibility and quality of your work.

7. Revise and Edit

Once you have completed the initial draft of your nursing proposal, set it aside for a while before revisiting it with a fresh perspective. Review and revise the proposal to ensure clarity, coherence, and logical flow. Pay attention to the formatting, referencing style, and adherence to any specific guidelines provided by the target recipient or institution. Consider the feedback you received from collaborators and incorporate their suggestions where appropriate. Ensure that your proposal is well-organized, free of redundancies, and focused on the main objectives.

8. Proofread Carefully

Before submitting your nursing proposal, proofread it meticulously. Look for any spelling or grammatical errors, inconsistencies, or unclear statements. Read your proposal aloud to identify any awkward phrasing or areas that require further refinement. Consider enlisting the help of a trusted colleague or professional editor to ensure a thorough review. Fresh eyes can often catch mistakes or areas that you may have overlooked.

Writing a nursing proposal can be a challenging task, but with careful planning, thorough research, and clear communication, you can create a compelling and persuasive document. By understanding the purpose and scope, conducting thorough research, structuring your proposal effectively, writing with clarity and precision, tailoring it to your audience, seeking feedback, and revising and proofreading diligently, you can increase the chances of success for your nursing proposal. So, roll up your sleeves, embrace the process, and put your best foot forward in advancing nursing practice, research, and patient care through a well-crafted nursing proposal. Remember, a well-written and persuasive proposal has the power to make a significant impact in the field of nursing.

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How to write a nursing research proposal [10 EBP & Research Proposal Examples]

• Bob Johnson
• August 18, 2023
• Academic Writing Guides

Nursing research is an important aspect of nursing practice, and it’s important to know how to write a research proposal in order to fund your studies. This article will provide tips on how to write a research proposal for Nursing and provide examples of nursing research proposals.

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What is a nursing research proposal?

A nursing research proposal is a document that outlines your proposed study and the rationale for conducting it. It is important to include information about the population you will be studying, the objectives of the study, and the proposed methods of data collection. Additionally, a nursing research proposal should outline the research methodology you will use, as well as the sources of funding you will need to complete the study.

Types of nursing research proposals

There are three types of research proposals: descriptive, analytical, and experimental. Descriptive research focuses on gathering data about a nursing issue or problem. Analytical research aims to develop a hypothesis or theory about a nursing issue. Experimental research investigates the effects of a new intervention on nursing outcomes.

Some tips for writing successful nursing research proposals include:

• Include a clearly written Executive Summary that succinctly explains the purpose of the study and how it will help improve patient care.
• Be clear about what type of data you want to collect and how you will use it.
• Make sure your hypotheses are grounded in evidence from previous studies.
• Clearly state the criteria by which your study will be judged and describe how you will meet those criteria.
• Provide details about the funding sources you will use and any other logistical considerations such as timelines.
• Include a full description of the participants you will interview, the settings in which the study will be conducted, and the tools you will use.
• Clearly state the hypotheses you will test and the data you will use to support them.
• Describe how your study will be blinded or randomized so that participants cannot know which treatment they are receiving.
• Include a full description of the statistical methods you will use.
• Present your findings in a clear, concise manner.
• Make sure to include a References section that includes all the research you used to reach your conclusions.

Nursing research proposals can be difficult to write and require meticulous attention to detail, but if done correctly, they can provide crucial information about how best to care for patients.

How to write a nursing research proposal

Nursing research proposals can be difficult to write, but with the right guidance, they can be a breeze. In this blog post, we will discuss some tips for writing a nursing research proposal.

Draft your proposal in advance

Before you even start writing your proposal, it is important to have a solid idea of what you want to achieve. That means drafting it out in advance. This will help you stay organized and keep your thoughts clear while you are writing. Additionally, it will allow you to see any potential holes or areas that need further clarification.

Know where your research is going and why it is important

Once you have drafted your proposal, it is time to think about why you are doing the research and what the benefits could be for patients and nurses. Convince readers that this research is necessary and worth their time and money. Remember to focus on the patient perspective as much as possible when making your case for funding.

Clearly outline your methodology and data collection methods

Your methodology section should clearly outline how you plan on collecting the data you need for your study. This includes discussing how you will collect data from participants, how you will analyze the data, and how you will report your findings. It is also important to include a description of any blinding or randomization methods you will use.

Summarize your findings in a concise way

Your results section should summarize your study’s findings in a clear, concise manner. This includes discussing the overall findings, as well as any specific findings that stood out. In addition, it is important to provide information about the implications of your research for patient care.

Include a References section

Finally, include a References section at the end of your proposal that includes all the research you used to reach your conclusions. This includes articles, books, journal articles, and other sources of information. Including a References section is essential for demonstrating credibility and rigor of your research.

Formatting a nursing research proposal or EBP Proposal Examples

There are a few things to keep in mind when formatting a nursing research proposal. The goal is to make the proposal easy to read and understand, while still being professional.

The following tips can help:

• Use a concise and organized format. The proposal should be divided into sections that are easy to read and follow.
• Use headings to organize your ideas. For example, you might have one heading for “Background” followed by “Objective,” “Scope of Research,” and so on. This will help readers easily see what the proposal is about and where it is going.
• Keep your language simple and clear. Use words that people can understand, without using too many fancy terms or acronyms.
• Use graphics sparingly, if at all. Unless they are essential for making your points, graphics can be distracting and take away from the reading experience. Stick to charts, graphs, pictures, or other visuals that support your argument rather than taking up space on the page itself.
• Proofread carefully before submitting the proposal to make sure it is error-free and meets all requirements laid out by the funding organization.

10 Nursing Research Proposals Examples (EBP Proposal Examples)

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• Benchmark – Evidence-Based Practice Proposal Paper Example
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• NUR 550 Evidence-Based Practice Project Proposal: PICOT Assignment
• A Change Of Nursing Management Proposal
• Module Pre-assessment: Change management proposal
• Community Teaching Plan Community Teaching Work Plan Proposal
• NRS 493 Benchmark – Capstone Project Change Proposal

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The Components of a Nursing Research Proposal

When writing a nursing research proposal, it is important to remember that not all proposals are the same. There are many different components that make up a nursing research proposal, and it is important to identify which component will be the most effective for your project. This section will discuss each of the components of a nursing research proposal and how to identify which one will be best for your project.

The Purpose of the Project: The first component of a nursing research proposal is the purpose of the project. This section should state what the main goals of the project are and why they are important. It is also important to explain how the proposed study will contribute to advancing knowledge in nursing.

Research Design: The second component of a nursing research proposal is the research design. This section should describe how the proposed study will be conducted and include information on sample size, margin of error, and other relevant details. It is also important to include a justification for using a particular type of research design and whether it is appropriate for this particular study.

• Methods: The third component of a nursing research proposal is the methods section. This section should describe how data will be collected and analyzed and include information on participant recruitment, survey design, and other methodological details. It is also important to include a justification for using the chosen methods and why they are appropriate for this study.
• Results: The fourth component of a nursing research proposal is the results section. This section should describe how the data has been analyzed and what findings have been found. Results should be presented in a clear and concise manner, and any relevant findings should be highlighted.
• Implications for Practice: The fifth and final component of a nursing research proposal is the implications for practice section. This section should provide short summaries of the main findings and discuss how they could impact patient care. It is also important to highlight any potential future research projects that could be conducted based on the findings of the proposed study.

There are many types of nursing research proposals, but the most common outlines are descriptive and explanatory.

• A descriptive proposal is designed to give the reader an understanding of the project and its goals.
• An explanatory proposal will detail what is to be researched and how it will be done.

It is important to have a clear idea of your objectives before beginning a research project. It is also helpful to have a rough timetable for completing the study. Include information about the sample size you plan to obtain, the time period you will cover, and the resources you will need.

When writing your methodology section, be sure to include information about your study design, sampling methodologies, data collection tools, and statistical analysis methods. Be as specific as possible so that readers can understand how you plan to collect data.

The results section should provide readers with information about your findings and conclusions. This section should include a discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of your study, as well as any recommendations you have for further research.

Methods: The third component of a nursing research proposal is the methods section. This section should describe how data will be collected and analyzed and include information on participant recruitment, surveydesign, and other methodological details.

Results: The fourth component of a nursing research proposal is the results section. This section should discuss the findings of the study and include any recommendations for further research.

Conclusion: The fifth and final component of a nursing research proposal is the conclusion section. This section should provide a summary of the main points made in the rest of the document and highlight any important implications of the findings.

There are a number of different ways to write a nursing research proposal. The most important thing is to be clear about your objectives and goals for the project, as well as the specific components that will be included in the final document.

If you’re considering a career in nursing research, it’s important to have a solid understanding of the process. This guide will teach you how to write a nursing research proposal, from beginning to end. By following these steps, you’ll be on your way to submitting an outstanding proposal that will help you gain access to funding for your studies.

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Writing Research Proposals

Chapter 28 Writing Research Proposals   http://evolve.elsevier.com/Grove/practice/ With a background in the quantitative, qualitative, outcomes, and intervention research methodologies, you are ready to propose a study. A research proposal is a written plan that identifies the major elements of a study, such as the research problem, purpose, and framework, and outlines the methods and procedures to conduct the proposed study. A proposal is a formal way to communicate ideas about a study to seek approval to conduct the study and obtain funding. Researchers who are seeking approval to conduct a study submit the proposal to a select group for review and, in many situations, verbally defend the proposal. Receiving approval to conduct research has become more complicated because of the increasing complexity of nursing studies, the difficulty involved in recruiting study participants, and increasing concerns over legal and ethical issues. In many large hospitals and healthcare corporations, both the lawyer and the institutional review board (IRB) evaluate the research proposals. The expanded number of healthcare studies being conducted has led to conflict among investigators over who has the right to recruit potential research participants. The increased number of proposed studies has resulted in greater difficulty in obtaining funding. Researchers need to develop a quality study proposal to facilitate university and clinical agency IRB approval, obtain funding, and conduct the study successfully. This chapter focuses on writing a research proposal and seeking approval to conduct a study. Chapter 29 presents the process of seeking funding for research. Writing a Research Proposal A well-written proposal communicates a significant, carefully planned research project; shows the qualifications of the researchers; and generates support for the project. Conducting research requires precision and rigorous attention to detail. Reviewers often judge a researcher’s ability to conduct a study by the quality of the proposal. A quality study proposal is clear, concise, and complete. Writing a quality proposal involves (1) developing ideas logically, (2) determining the depth or detail of the content of the proposal, (3) identifying critical points in the proposal, and (4) developing an esthetically appealing copy ( Martin & Fleming, 2010 ; Merrill, 2011 ; Offredy & Vickers, 2010 ). Developing Ideas Logically The ideas in a research proposal must logically build on each other to justify or defend a study, just as a lawyer would logically organize information in the defense of a client. The researcher builds a case to justify why a problem should be studied and proposes the appropriate methodology for conducting the study. Each step in the research proposal builds on the problem statement to give a clear picture of the study and its merit ( Merrill, 2011 ). Universities, medical centers, federal funding agencies, and grant writing consultants have developed websites to help researchers write successful proposals for quantitative, qualitative, outcomes, and intervention research. For example, the University of Michigan provides an online guide for proposal development ( http://www.drda.umich.edu/proposals/PWG/pwgcomplete.html ). The National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR, 2012 ) provides online training for developing nurse scientists at http://www.ninr.nih.gov/Training/OnlineDevelopingNurseScientists/ . You can use a search engine of your choice, such as Google, and search for research proposal development training; proposal writing tips; courses on proposal development; and proposal guidelines for different universities, medical centers, and government agencies. In addition, various publications have been developed to help individuals improve their scientific writing skills ( American Psychological Association [APA], 2010 ; Offredy & Vickers, 2010 ; Turabian, Booth, Colomb, & Williams, 2007 ; University of Chicago Press Staff, 2010 ). Determining the Depth of a Proposal The depth or detail of the content of a proposal is determined by guidelines developed by colleges or schools of nursing, funding agencies, and institutions where research is conducted. Guidelines provide specific directions for the development of a proposal and should be followed explicitly. Omission or misinterpretation of a guideline is frequently the basis for rejection or requiring revision. In addition to following the guidelines, you need to determine the amount of information necessary to describe each step of your study clearly. Often the reviewers of your proposal have varied expertise in the area of your study. The content in a proposal needs to be detailed enough to inform different types of readers yet concise enough to be interesting and easily reviewed ( Martin & Fleming, 2010 ). The guidelines often stipulate a page limit, which determines the depth of the proposal. The relevant content of a research proposal is discussed later in this chapter and varies based on the purpose of the proposal. Identifying Critical Points The key or critical points in a proposal must be evident, even to a hasty reader. You might highlight your critical points with bold or italicized type. Sometimes researchers create headings to emphasize critical content, or they may organize the content into tables or graphs. It is critical in a proposal to detail the background and significance of the research problem and purpose, study methodology, and research production plans (data collection and analysis plan, personnel, schedule, and budget) ( APA, 2010 ; Offredy & Vickers, 2010 ; Turabian et al., 2007 ). Developing an Esthetically Appealing Copy An esthetically appealing copy is typed without spelling, punctuation, or grammatical errors. A proposal with excellent content that is poorly typed or formatted is not likely to receive the full attention or respect of the reviewers. The format used in typing the proposal should follow the guidelines developed by the reviewers or organization. If no particular format is requested, researchers commonly follow APA (2010) format. An appealing copy is legible (the print is dark enough to be read) with appropriate tables and figures to communicate essential information. You need to submit the proposal by the means requested as a mailed hard copy, an email attachment, or uploaded file. Content of a Research Proposal The content of a proposal is written with the interest and expertise of the reviewers in mind. Proposals are typically reviewed by faculty, clinical agency IRB members, and representatives of funding institutions. The content of a proposal varies with the reviewers, the guidelines developed for the review, and the type of study (quantitative or qualitative) proposed. This section addresses the content of (1) a student proposal for both quantitative and qualitative studies, (2) condensed research proposals, and (3) preproposals. Content of a Student Proposal Student researchers develop proposals to communicate their research projects to the faculty and members of university and agency IRBs (see Chapter 9 for details on IRB membership and the approval process). Student proposals are written to satisfy requirements for a degree and are usually developed according to guidelines outlined by the faculty. The faculty member who will be assisting with the research project (the chair of the student’s thesis or dissertation committee) generally reviews these guidelines with the student. Each faculty member has a unique way of interpreting and emphasizing aspects of the guidelines. In addition, a student needs to evaluate the faculty member’s background regarding a research topic of interest and determine whether a productive working relationship can be developed. Faculty members who are actively involved in their own research have extensive knowledge and expertise that can be helpful to a novice researcher. Both the student and the faculty member benefit when a student becomes involved in an aspect of the faculty member’s research. This collaborative relationship can lead to the development of essential knowledge for providing evidenced-based nursing practice ( Brown, 2009 ; Craig & Smyth, 2012 ; Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2011 ). The content of a student proposal usually requires greater detail than a proposal developed for an agency or funding organization. The proposal is often the first three or four chapters of the student’s thesis or dissertation, and the proposed study is discussed in the future tense—that is, what the student will do in conducting the research. A student research proposal usually includes a title page with the title of the proposal, the name and credentials of the investigator, university name, and the date. You need to devote time to developing the title so that it accurately reflects the scope and content of the proposed study ( Martin & Fleming, 2010 ). Content of a Quantitative Research Proposal A quantitative research proposal usually includes a table of contents that reflects the following chapters or sections: (1) introduction, (2) review of relevant literature, (3) framework, and (4) methods and procedures. Some graduate schools require in-depth development of these sections, whereas others require a condensed version of the same content. Another approach is that proposals for theses and dissertations be written in a format that can be transformed into a publication. Table 28-1 outlines the content often covered in the chapters of a student quantitative research proposal. TABLE 28-1 Quantitative Research Proposal Guidelines for Students Chapter I Introduction   A. Background and significance of the problem   B. Statement of the problem   C. Statement of the purpose Chapter II Review of Relevant Literature   A. Review of theoretical literature   B. Review of relevant research   C. Summary Chapter III Framework   A. Development of a framework   (Develop a map of the study framework, define concepts in the map, describe relationships or propositions in the map, indicate the focus of the study, and link concepts to study variables)   B. Formulation of objectives, questions, or hypotheses   C. Definitions (conceptual and operational) of study variables   D. Definition of relevant terms Chapter IV Methods and Procedures A. Description of the research design (Model of the design, strengths and weaknesses of the design validity) B. Identification of the population and sample (Sample size, use of power analysis, sample criteria, and sampling method including strengths and weaknesses) C. Selection of a setting (Strengths and weaknesses of the setting) D. Presentation of ethical considerations (Protection of subjects’ rights and university and healthcare agency review processes) E. Description of the intervention if appropriate for the type of study (Provide a protocol for implementing the intervention, detail who will implement the intervention, and describe how intervention fidelity is ensured) F. Selection of measurement methods (Reliability, validity, scoring, and level of measurement of the instruments as well as plans for examining reliability and validity of the instruments in the present study; precision and accuracy of physiological measures) G. Plan for data collection (Data collection process, training of data collectors if appropriate, schedule, data collection forms, and management of data) H. Plan for data analysis (Analysis of demographic data; analyses for research objectives, questions, or hypotheses; level of significance if appropriate; and other analysis techniques) I. Identification of limitations (Methodological and theoretical limitations) J. Discussion of communication of findings References Include references cited in the proposal and follow APA (2010) format Appendices Presentation of a study budget and timetable Introduction The introductory chapter identifies the research topic and problem and discusses their significance and background. The significance of the problem addresses its importance in nursing practice and the expected generalizability of the findings. The magnitude of a problem is partly determined by the interest of nurses; other healthcare professionals; policy makers; and healthcare consumers at the local, state, national, or international level. You can document this interest with sources from the literature. The background describes how the problem was identified and historically links the problem to nursing practice. Your background information might also include one or two major studies conducted to resolve the problem, some key theoretical ideas related to the problem, and possible solutions to the problem. The background and significance form the basis for your problem statement, which identifies what is not known and the need for further research. Follow your problem statement with a succinct statement of the research purpose or the goal of the study (see Chapter 5 ) ( Martin & Fleming, 2010 ; Merrill, 2011 ). Review of Relevant Literature The review of relevant literature provides an overview of the essential information that will guide you as you develop your study and includes relevant theoretical and empirical literature (see Table 28-1 ). Theoretical literature provides a background for defining and interrelating relevant study concepts, whereas empirical literature includes a summary and critical appraisal of previous studies. Here you will discuss the recommendations made by other researchers, such as changing or expanding a study, in relation to the proposed study. The depth of the literature review varies; it might include only recent studies and theorists’ works, or it might be extensive and include a description and critical appraisal of many past and current studies and an in-depth discussion of theorists’ works. The literature review might be presented in a narrative format or in a pinch table that summarizes relevant studies (see Chapter 6 ) ( Pinch, 1995 ). The literature review shows that you have a command of the current empirical and theoretical knowledge regarding the proposed problem ( Merrill, 2011 ; Offredy & Vickers, 2010 ). This chapter concludes with a summary. The summary includes a synthesis of the theoretical literature and findings from previous research that describe the current knowledge of a problem ( Merrill, 2011 ). Gaps in the knowledge base are also identified, with a description of how the proposed study is expected to contribute to the nursing knowledge needed for evidence-based practice. Framework A framework provides the basis for generating and refining the research problem and purpose and linking them to the relevant theoretical knowledge in nursing or related fields. The framework includes concepts and relationships among concepts or propositions, which are sometimes represented in a model or a map (see Chapter 7 ). Middle-range theories from nursing and other disciplines are frequently used as frameworks for quantitative studies, and the proposition or propositions to be tested from the theory need to be identified ( Smith & Liehr, 2008 ). The framework needs to include the concepts to be examined in the study, their definitions, and their link to the study variables (see Table 28-1 ). If you use another theorist’s or researcher’s model from a journal article or book, letters documenting permission to use this model from the publisher and the theorist or researcher need to be included in your proposal appendices. In some studies, research objectives, questions, or hypotheses are developed to direct the study (see Chapter 8 ). The objectives, questions, or hypotheses evolve from the research purpose and study framework, in particular the proposition to be tested, and identify the study variables. The variables are conceptually defined to show the link to the framework, and they are operationally defined to describe the procedures for manipulating or measuring the study variables. You also will need to define any relevant terms and to identify assumptions that provide a basis for your study. Methods and Procedures The researcher describes the design or general strategy for conducting the study, sometimes including a diagram of the design (see Chapter 11 ). Designs for descriptive and correlational studies are flexible and can be unique to the study being conducted ( Kerlinger & Lee, 2000 ). Because of this uniqueness, the descriptions need to include the design’s strengths and weaknesses. Presenting designs for quasi-experimental and experimental studies involves (1) describing how the research situation will be structured; (2) detailing the treatment to be implemented ( Chlan, Guttormson, & Savik, 2011 ); (3) explaining how the effect of the treatment will be measured; (4) specifying the variables to be controlled and the methods for controlling them; (5) identifying uncontrolled extraneous variables and determining their impact on the findings; (6) describing the methods for assigning subjects to the treatment group, comparison or control group, or placebo group; and (7) exploring the strengths and weaknesses of the design ( Shadish, Cook, & Campbell, 2002 ). The design needs to account for all the objectives, questions, or hypotheses identified in the proposal. If a pilot study is planned, the design should include the procedure for conducting the pilot and for incorporating the results into the proposed study (see Table 28-1 ). Your proposal should identify the target population to which your study findings will be generalized and the accessible population from which the sample will be selected. You need to outline the inclusion and exclusion criteria you will use to select a study participant or subject and present the rationale for these sample criteria. For example, a participant might be selected according to the following sample criteria: female, age 18 to 60 years, hospitalized, and 1 day status post abdominal surgery. The rationale for these criteria might be that the researcher wants to examine the effects of a selected pain management intervention on women who have recently undergone hospitalization and abdominal surgery. The sampling method and the approximate sample size are discussed in terms of their adequacy and limitations in investigating the research purpose ( Thompson, 2002 ). A power analysis usually is conducted to determine an adequate sample size to identify significant relationships and differences in studies (see Chapter 15 ) ( Aberson, 2010 ). A proposal includes a description of the proposed study setting, which frequently includes the name of the agency and the structure of the units or sites where the study is to be conducted. The specific setting is often identified in the proposal but not in the final research report. The agency you select should have the potential to generate the type and size of sample required for the study. Your proposal might include the number of individuals who meet the sample criteria and are cared for by the agency in a given time period. In addition, the structure and activities in the agency need to be able to accommodate the proposed design of the study. If you are not affiliated with this agency, it would be helpful if you had a letter of support for your study from the agency. Ethical considerations in a proposal include the rights of the subjects and the rights of the agency where the study is to be conducted. Describe how you plan to protect subjects’ rights as well as the risks and potential benefits of your study. Also, address the steps you will take to reduce any risks that the study might present. Many agencies require a written consent form, and that form is often included in the appendices of the proposal. With the implementation of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), healthcare agencies and providers must have a signed authorization form from patients to release their health information for research. You must also address the risks and potential benefits of the study for the institution ( Martin & Fleming, 2010 ; Offredy & Vickers, 2010 ). If your study places the agency at risk, outline the steps you will take to reduce or eliminate these risks. It is also necessary for you to state that the proposal will be reviewed by the thesis or dissertation committee, university IRB, and agency IRB. Some quantitative studies are focused on testing the effectiveness of an intervention, such as quasi-experimental studies or randomized controlled trials. In these types of studies, the elements of the intervention and the process for implementing the intervention must be detailed ( Bulecheck, Butcher, & Dochterman, 2008 ). You need to develop a protocol that details the elements of the intervention and the process for implementing them (see Chapter 14 and the example quasi-experimental study proposal at the end of this chapter). Intervention fidelity needs to be ensured during a study so that the intervention is consistently implemented to designated study participants ( Chlan et al., 2011 ; Santacroce, Maccarelli, & Grey, 2004 ). Describe the methods you will use to measure study variables, including each instrument’s reliability, validity, methods of scoring, and level of measurement (see Chapter 16 ). A plan for examining the reliability and validity of the instruments in the present study needs to be addressed. If an instrument has no reported reliability and validity, you may need to conduct a pilot study to examine these qualities. If the intent of the proposed study is to develop an instrument, describe the process of instrument development ( Waltz, Strickland, & Lenz, 2010 ). If physiological measures are used, address the accuracy, precision, sensitivity, selectivity, and error rate of the instrument ( Ryan-Wenger, 2010 ). A copy of the interview questions, questionnaires, scales, physiological measures, or other tools to be used in the study is usually included in the proposal appendices (see Chapter 17 ). You must obtain permission from the authors to use copyrighted instruments, and letters documenting that permission has been obtained must be included in the proposal appendices. The data collection plan clarifies what data are to be collected and the process for collecting the data. In this plan you will identify the data collectors, describe the data collection procedures, and present a schedule for data collection activities. If more than one person will be involved in data collection, it is important to describe methods used to train your data collectors to ensure consistency. The method of recording data is often described, and sample data recording sheets are placed in the proposal appendices. Also, discuss any special equipment you will use or develop to collect data for the study, and address data security, including the methods of data storage (see Chapter 20 ). The plan for data analysis identifies the analysis techniques that will be used to summarize the demographic data and answer the research objectives, questions, or hypotheses. The analysis section is best organized by the study objectives, questions, or hypotheses. The analysis techniques identified need to be appropriate for the type of data collected ( Grove, 2007 ). For example, if an associative hypothesis is developed, correlational analysis is planned. If a researcher plans to determine differences among groups, the analysis techniques might include a t -test or analysis of variance (ANOVA) ( Munro, 2005 ). A level of significance (α = 0.05, 0.01, or 0.001) is also identified (see Chapters 21 through 25 ). Often, a researcher projects the type of results that will be generated from data analysis. Dummy tables, graphs, and charts can be developed to present these results and are included in the proposal appendices if required by the guidelines. The researcher might project possible findings for a study and indicate what support or nonsupport of a proposed hypothesis would mean in light of the study framework and previous research findings. The methods and procedures chapter of a proposal usually concludes with a discussion of the study’s limitations and a plan for communication of the findings. Both methodological and theoretical limitations are addressed. Methodological limitations might include areas of weakness in the design, sampling method, sample size, measurement tools, data collection procedures, or data analysis techniques; theoretical limitations set boundaries for the generalization of study findings. The accuracy with which the conceptual definitions and relational statements in a theory reflect reality has a direct impact on the generalization of study findings. Theory that has withstood frequent testing through research provides a stronger framework for the interpretation and generalization of findings. A plan is included for communicating the research through presentations to audiences of nurses, other health professionals, policy makers, and healthcare consumers and publication (see Chapter 27 ). A budget and timetable are frequently included in the proposal appendices. The budget projects the expenses for the study, which might include the cost for data collection tools and procedures; special equipment; consultants for data analysis; computer time; travel related to data collection and analysis; typing; copying; and developing, presenting, and publishing the final report. Study budgets requesting external funding for researchers’ time include investigators’ salaries and secretarial costs. You need a timetable to direct the steps of your research project and increase the chance that you will complete the project on schedule. A timetable identifies the tasks to be done, who will accomplish these tasks, and when these tasks will be completed. An example proposal for a quasi-experimental study is presented at the end of this chapter to guide you in developing your study proposal. Content of a Qualitative Research Proposal Qualitative research proposal guidelines are unique for the development of knowledge and theories using various qualitative research methods. A qualitative proposal usually includes the following content areas: (1) introduction; (2) research philosophy and general method; (3) applied method of inquiry; and (4) current knowledge, limitations, and plans for communication of the study findings ( Marshall & Rossman, 2011 ; Munhall, 2012 ; Patton, 2002 ; Sandelowski, Davis, & Harris, 1989 ). Guidelines are presented in Table 28-2 to assist you in developing a qualitative research proposal. TABLE 28-2 Qualitative Research Proposal Guidelines for Students Chapter I Introduction   A. Identify the phenomenon to be studied   B. Identify the study purpose or aim and its significance   C. State the study questions or objectives   D. Describe the evolution of the study    1. Provide a rationale for conducting study    2. Place the study in context historically    3. Discuss the researcher’s experience with phenomenon    4. Discuss the relevance of the study to nursing Chapter II Philosophical and Conceptual Foundation and General Method for the Proposed Study   A. Identify the type of qualitative research (phenomenological research, grounded theory research, ethnographic research, exploratory-descriptive qualitative research, and historical research) to be conducted   B. Describe the philosophical and theoretical basis for the research method   C. Explain the research assumptions   D. Discuss the general steps, procedures, and outcomes for this method   E. Translation of concepts or terms Chapter III Method of Inquiry   A. Demonstrate the researcher’s credentials for conducting this qualitative study   B. Select a site and population   C. Describe the plan for the researcher’s role in the following    1. Entry into the site and approval to collect data    2. Selection of study participants    3. Ethical considerations   D. Describe the plan for data collection    1. Data to be collected    2. Procedures for data collection    3. Procedures for recording data during data collection   E. Describe the plan for data analysis conducted with data collection    1. Steps for coding information    2. Use of specific data analysis procedures advanced in the specific research method (phenomenology research, grounded theory research, ethnography research, exploratory-descriptive qualitative research, and historical research)    3. Steps to be taken to verify the information Chapter IV Current Knowledge, Limitations, and Plans for Communication of the Study A. Summarize and reference relevant literature as appropriate for the type of qualitative study B. Disclose anticipated findings, hypotheses, and hunches C. Discuss procedures to remain open to unexpected information D. Discuss limitations of the study E. Identify plans for communication of findings ( Marshall & Rossman, 2011 ; Munhall, 2012 ) References Include references cited in the proposal and follow APA (2010) format Appendices Present the study budget and timetable Introduction The introduction usually provides a general background for the proposed study by identifying the phenomenon, clinical problem, issue, or situation to be investigated and linking it to nursing knowledge. The general aim or purpose of the study is identified and provides the focus for the qualitative study to be conducted. The study purpose might be followed by research questions that direct the investigation ( Munhall, 2012 ; Offredy & Vickers, 2010 ). For example, a possible aim or purpose for an ethnographic study might be to “describe the coping processes of Mexican American adults with type 2 diabetes receiving care in a federally funded clinic.” The research questions might focus on the influences of real-world problems, cultural elements, and the clinic environment on the coping processes of these adults. Thus, the study questions might include any of the following: How do Mexican American adults respond to a new diagnosis of type 2 diabetes? What is the impact of type 2 diabetes on Mexican American adults and their families over time? What community, clinic, and family types of support exist for Mexican American adults with type 2 diabetes? What does it mean to Mexican American adults to have their diabetes under control? The introduction also includes the evolution of the study and its significance to nursing practice, patients, the healthcare system, and health policy. The discussion of the evolution of the study often includes how the problem developed (historical context), who or what is affected by the problem, and the researcher’s experience with the problem (experiential context). Whenever possible, the significance and evolution of the study purpose needs to be documented from the literature ( Munhall, 2012 ). The significance of a study may include the number of people affected, how this phenomenon affects health and quality of life, and the consequences of not understanding this phenomenon. Marshall and Rossman (2011) identified the following questions to assess the significance of a study: (1) Who has an interest in this domain of inquiry? (2) What do we already know about the topic? (3) What has not been answered adequately in previous research and practice? (4) How will this research add to knowledge, practice, and policy in this area? The introduction section concludes with an overview of the remaining sections that are covered in the proposal. Philosophical and Conceptual Foundation and General Methods for the Proposed Study This section introduces the philosophical and conceptual foundation for the qualitative research method (phenomenological research, ethnographic research, grounded theory research, exploratory-descriptive qualitative research, or historical research) selected for the proposed study. The researcher provides a rationale for the qualitative method selected and discusses its ability to generate the knowledge needed in nursing (see Table 28-1 ). The investigator introduces the philosophy, essential elements of the philosophy, and the assumptions for the specific type of qualitative research to be conducted. The philosophy varies for the different types of qualitative research and guides the conduct of the study. For example, a proposal for a phenomenological study might indicate the purpose of the study is to understand the experience of young and middle-aged women receiving news about a family BRCA 1/2 genetic mutation. “The specific study aims are to (a) describe the experiences of women learning about a family BRCA 1/2 mutation, (b) describe the meaning of genetic risk to female biologic relatives of BRCA 1/2 mutation carriers, and (3) gain an understanding of practical knowledge used in living with risk” ( Crotser & Dickerson, 2010 , p. 367). Genetic testing has determined that 5% to 10% of breast cancers are caused by inherited gene mutations such as BRCA 1 or BRCA 2 . “Heideggerian hermeneutic phenomenology was selected to guide this study.… By listening to the stories of women who lived the experience, HCPs [healthcare providers] will understand the meaning of living with risk through the language used to express their life view ( Heidegger, 1975 )” ( Crotser & Dickerson, 2010 , p. 358). Assumptions about the nature of the knowledge and the reality that underlie the type of qualitative research to be conducted are also identified. The assumptions and philosophy provide a theoretical perspective for the study that influences the focus of the study, data collection and analysis, and articulation of the findings. Method of Inquiry Developing and implementing the methodology of qualitative research require an expertise that some believe can be obtained only through a mentorship relationship with an experienced qualitative researcher. The role of the researcher and the intricate techniques of data collection and analysis are thought to be best communicated through a one-to-one relationship. Thus, planning the methods of a qualitative study requires knowledge of relevant sources that describe the different qualitative research techniques and procedures ( Marshall & Rossman, 2011 ; Miles & Huberman, 1994 ; Munhall, 2012 ; Patton, 2002 ), in addition to requiring interaction with a qualitative researcher. The proposal needs to reflect the researcher’s credentials for conducting the particular type of qualitative study proposed (see Chapter 12 for details on qualitative research methods). Identifying the methods for conducting a qualitative study is a difficult task because sometimes the specifics of the study design emerge during the study. In contrast to quantitative research, in which the design is a fixed blueprint for a study, the design in qualitative research emerges or evolves as the study is conducted. You must document the logic and appropriateness of the qualitative method and develop a tentative plan for conducting your study. Because this plan is tentative, researchers reserve the right to modify or change the plan as needed during the conduct of the study ( Sandelowski et al., 1989 ). However, the design or plan must be (1) consistent with the philosophical approach, study purpose, and specific research aims or questions; (2) be well conceived; and (3) address prior criticism, as appropriate ( Fawcett & Garity, 2009 ). The tentative plan describes the process for selecting a site and population and the initial steps taken to gain access to the site. Having access to the site includes establishing relationships that facilitate recruitment of the participants necessary to address the research purpose and answer the research questions. For the research question, “How do Mexican American adults cope with a new diagnosis of type 2 diabetes while receiving care in federally funded clinics?” the participants might be identified in a specific clinic or by contacting particular healthcare providers. Although initial contact might be made through a clinic, the interviews and observations might occur in the community, at family gatherings, or in the participants’ homes. The researcher must gain entry into the setting, develop a rapport with the participants that will facilitate the detailed data collection process, and protect the rights of the participants ( Marshall & Rossman, 2011 ; Sandelowski et al., 1989 ). You need to address the following questions in describing the researcher’s role: (1) What is the best setting for the study? (2) How will I ease my entry into the research site? (3) How will I gain access to the participants? (4) What actions will I take to encourage the participants to cooperate? (5) What precautions will I take to protect the rights of the participants and to prevent the setting and the participants from being harmed? You need to describe the process you will follow to obtain informed consent and the actions you will take to decrease study risks. The sensitive nature of some qualitative studies increases the risk for participants, which makes ethical concerns and decisions a major focus of the proposal ( Munhall, 2012 ; Patton, 2002 ). The primary data collection techniques used in qualitative research are observation and in-depth interviewing. Observations can range from highly detailed, structured notations of behaviors to ambiguous descriptions of behaviors or events. The interview can range from structured, closed-ended questions to unstructured, open-ended questions ( Marshall & Rossman, 2011 ; Munhall, 2012 ). You need to address the following questions when describing the proposed data collection process: (1) What data will be collected? For example, will the data be field notes from memory, audio recordings of interviews, transcripts of conversations, DVDs of events, or examination of existing documents? (2) What techniques or procedures will the research team use to collect the data? For example, if interviews are to be conducted, will a list of the proposed questions be included in the appendix? (3) Who will collect data and provide any training required for the data collectors? (4) Where will sources of data be located? In historical research, data are collected through an exhaustive review of published and unpublished literature. (5) How will the data be recorded and stored? The methods section also needs to address how you will document the research process. For example, you might keep a research journal or diary during the course of the study. These notes can document the day-to-day activities, methodological events, decision-making procedures, and personal notes about the informants. This information becomes part of the audit trail that you can provide to ensure the quality of the study ( Miles & Huberman, 1994 ; Munhall, 2012 ; Patton, 2002 ). The methods section of the proposal also includes the analysis techniques and the steps for conducting these techniques. In qualitative research, data collection and analysis often occur simultaneously. The data are usually in the form of notes, digital files, audio recordings, DVDs, and other material obtained from observation, interviews, and completing questionnaires. Through qualitative analysis techniques, these data are organized to promote understanding and determine meaning (see Chapter 12 ) ( Patton, 2002 ). Researchers also need to identify software programs they plan to use for data analysis. Current Knowledge Base, Limitations, and Plans for Communication of the Study This section of the proposal summarizes and documents all relevant literature that was reviewed for the study. Similar to quantitative research, qualitative studies require a literature review to provide a basis for the study purpose and to clarify how this study will expand nursing knowledge ( Marshall & Rossman, 2011 ; Munhall, 2012 ). This initial literature review is often conducted to establish the significance of the study and to develop research questions to guide the study. In phenomenological and grounded theory research, an additional literature review is usually conducted toward the end of the research project. The findings from a phenomenological study are compared and combined with findings from the literature to contribute to the current knowledge of the phenomenon. In grounded theory research, the literature is used to explain, support, and extend the theory generated in the study ( Glaser & Strauss, 1965 ). In all types of qualitative studies, the findings obtained are examined in light of the existing literature (see Chapter 4 ). You need to describe how the literature reviewed has influenced your proposed research methods. Biases and previous experience with the research problem need to be addressed, as does their potential impact on the proposed study. Often, anticipated findings, hypotheses, and hunches are identified before the study is conducted, followed by a discussion of the procedures that might be used to remain open to new information. You will also need to address the limitations of your proposed study in the context of limitations of similar studies. Conclude your proposal by describing how you plan to communicate your findings to various audiences through presentations and publications. Often, a realistic budget and timetable are provided in the appendix. A qualitative study budget is similar to a quantitative study budget and includes costs for data collection tools, software, and recording devices; consultants for data analysis; travel related to data collection and analysis; transcription of recordings; copying related to data collection and analysis; and developing, presenting, and publishing the final report. However, one of the greatest expenditures in qualitative research is the researcher’s time. Develop a timetable to project how long the study will take; often a period of 2 years or more is designated for data collection and analysis ( Marshall & Rossman, 2011 ; Munhall, 2012 ; Patton, 2002 ). You can use your budget and timetable to make decisions regarding the need for funding. Excellent websites have been developed to assist novice researchers in identifying an idea for qualitative study and developing a qualitative research proposal and reports (see www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/qualres.html ). The Office of Behavior and Social Sciences Research within the National Institutes of Health has a website to assist researchers in developing qualitative and quantitative research proposals for funding ( http://grants.nih.gov/grants/writing_application.htm ). You can use these websites and other publications to promote the quality of your qualitative research proposal. The quality of a proposal is based on the potential scientific contribution of the research to nursing knowledge; the research philosophy guiding the study; the research methods; and the knowledge, skills, and resources available to the investigators ( Marshall & Rossman, 2011 ; Munhall, 2012 ; Patton, 2002 ).

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• Interpreting Research Outcomes
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How to write a nursing research proposal.

Nursing research proposals are an essential part of the nursing profession. They enable nurses to develop and implement evidence-based practices that improve patient outcomes. However, crafting a well-written proposal can be daunting for many nurses, especially those with little or no experience in research writing.

This article will guide you through writing a nursing research proposal – from understanding its purpose and components to developing your research question and methodology. Whether you are a novice researcher or an experienced nurse seeking to enhance your research skills, our step-by-step approach will equip you with the knowledge and tools necessary to create a compelling proposal that meets scholarly standards.

What is a nursing research proposal?

A nursing research proposal is a document that outlines a plan for a study or research project in the field of nursing. It outlines the purpose, methodology, and expected outcomes of the study. The proposal provides an overview of what will be studied and how it will be conducted.

The purpose of a nursing research proposal is to guide the feasibility and potential impact of a particular study. It helps researchers determine whether their proposed study can be completed within a specific timeframe, with available resources, and if it has enough significance to warrant funding.

Nursing research proposal format

The format for a nursing research proposal should be clear, concise, and well-organized to enable the target audience to comprehend the study’s purpose easily. The first section of the nursing research proposal should include the following;

• Introduction/background of the proposed topic
• The literature review
• The methodology section
• Data collection and analysis
• Ethical considerations (if any)
• Conclusion/implications

Tips on how to write a Nursing research proposal

• Start by identifying a topic that interests you and aligns with your career goals
• Conduct a thorough literature review to identify gaps in existing knowledge and establish the rationale for your study
• Clearly state your research question or hypothesis and explain why it is important to address this issue in the field of nursing
• Clearly define your objectives and research questions
• Outline your methodology, including data collection methods, sampling strategy, and statistical analysis plan
• Include information on how to analyze data once it is collected
• Finally, don’t forget about formatting!

How to write a Nursing research proposal

The proposal should clearly and concisely summarize your research goals, objectives, methods, and expected outcomes. Writing a successful nursing research proposal requires careful planning, attention to detail, and an understanding of the essential elements necessary for a strong proposal.

The abstract of a nursing research proposal

The abstract of a nursing research proposal is the first glimpse into the study being conducted. It summarizes the research question, methodology, and expected outcomes. The abstract should be clear and concise to grab readers’ attention and encourage them to read further.

In the abstract, it is essential to include information about the population being studied and any inclusion or exclusion criteria. This helps readers understand to whom the study will apply and whether they fit within those parameters. Additionally, it is crucial to provide information about any interventions or treatments being tested and how data will be collected and analyzed.

Overall, the abstract serves as a roadmap for readers to understand what they can expect from reading further into the research proposal. By providing a detailed summary of key elements of the study, you can help ensure that your work is accessible and understood by all interested parties.

Research proposal introduction

An effective introduction should provide a clear and concise overview of what the study aims to achieve, including its purpose, objectives, and significance. In crafting an introduction section for a nursing research proposal, identify a gap in existing knowledge on your subject matter. The introduction should address this gap by providing background information contextualizing their research question.

This may involve citing relevant literature or previous studies and highlighting how their proposed research will build on these existing works. Furthermore, in writing an introduction section for a nursing research proposal, it is important to provide readers with an understanding of why your study matters.

Literature view

The literature review thoroughly examines existing scholarly works related to the proposed research topic. The literature review aims to identify gaps in knowledge, highlight areas where further investigation is needed, and provide context for the proposed study.

In conducting a literature review for a nursing research proposal, systematically searching relevant databases such as PubMed or CINAHL is crucial. The selection of articles should be based on their relevance to the research question and inclusion criteria established by the researcher.

It is also essential to evaluate each article critically using tools such as CASP (Critical Appraisal Skills Programme) or GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) to ensure high-quality evidence.

The methodology section of a nursing research proposal

The methodology section of a nursing research proposal outlines the procedures and techniques used in conducting the study. The methodology section helps researchers design their study and effectively answer their research questions or hypothesis.

The methodology section should describe the type of study design used in the research proposal. Common types of designs include experimental, descriptive, and correlational studies, among others. You should explain how they will recruit participants for their research and provide information on sample size calculation.

 Describe the data collection methods used in their proposed study. This could be through questionnaires, interviews, or focus group discussions, depending on the nature of the research question under investigation.

The Conclusion of a nursing research proposal

In this section, you can demonstrate how your study will contribute to nursing practices and make significant changes in healthcare. In crafting a conclusion section, it is essential to begin by restating the purpose and objectives of your study.

This helps readers who may have skipped some parts of your proposal understand what you intend to achieve with your research. Subsequently, outline key findings from each part of your study, such as literature review, methodology, or data analysis. Finally, highlight how these findings answer or contribute towards addressing your research questions or hypothesis.

Nursing research proposal APA

If you’re writing a nursing research proposal in APA format, there are several essential elements you’ll need to include. First and foremost, your proposal should clearly state the problem or issue you intend to investigate. This should be followed by a thorough review of relevant literature, demonstrating your understanding of the current knowledge on the topic.

Next, you’ll need to describe your proposed methods for collecting and analyzing data. This section should be detailed enough that someone else could replicate your study based on your description alone.

It should also demonstrate that you’ve carefully considered potential ethical issues and have plans to address them. Finally, you’ll need to outline any expected results or conclusions from the study and their implications for future research or practice.

Nursing research proposal topics

Nursing research proposal topics can be challenging to come up with, but they are essential for anyone who wants to make a difference in the healthcare industry. Many areas of nursing need further exploration, and a well-crafted research proposal can help identify gaps in knowledge and lead to better patient outcomes. Whether starting your academic career or looking to advance your current position, here are some ideas for nursing research proposal topics.

• Pain management
• Mental health
• Ways to improve patient care in Long-term care Facilities
• The Impact of online education on nursing students’ learning outcomes
• The relationship between nursing burnout and medical errors
• The effects of nurse-to-patient ratios on patient outcomes
• Alternative therapies
• The Impact of nurse-led interventions on improving patient outcomes
• How technology can enhance communication between nurses and patients during hospital stays
• Telehealth consultations
• The impact of nurse-led interventions on reducing hospital readmissions rates for elderly patients
• The Impact of nurse-led interventions on patient outcomes
• Patient Safety in healthcare delivery settings
• The Effect of stress management techniques on healthcare workers’ job satisfaction
• Chronic illness management
• The impact of patient education on medication adherence among elderly patients
• The experiences of nurses working in intensive care units during the COVID-19 pandemic
• The effects of stress on nurses in different healthcare settings
• The effectiveness of different pain management strategies in post-operative patients
• The effectiveness of telehealth technology in improving patient outcomes

Nursing research proposal example

One example of a nursing research proposal could be examining the effects of mindfulness meditation on reducing nurse burnout rates. This study would explore whether regular mindfulness practice can help nurses manage stress levels and prevent burnout.

The study’s methodology would likely involve recruiting participants from several hospitals and providing them with training on mindfulness techniques over a certain period. Data analysis would then examine any changes in stress levels or overall well-being among participants before and after the intervention.

Bottom line

Writing a nursing research proposal can be daunting, but with the right approach and resources, it can become an achievable goal. The key is to identify a relevant and exciting topic, conduct thorough research, develop an outline that clearly outlines your objectives and methodology, and present your findings clearly and concisely.  With these tips in mind, you are on your way to creating a compelling nursing research proposal that will meaningfully contribute to healthcare. So go ahead and start working on your proposal today!

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A guide to writing grant proposals for nursing research

Affiliations.

• 1 Cizik School of Nursing, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
• 2 College of Nursing & Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
• PMID: 33974286
• DOI: 10.1002/nur.22137

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Research/Clinical/Student Project Proposal Guidelines

Download the 2016 application.  All materials must be formatted using APA format.

I. Quantitative Research Proposal

1. Title and Abstract A 200-word abstract are to accompany the proposal. The abstract should include the study aim, significance, the population and sample description and a statement of the design and analysis.

2. Proposal Outline (1,500 word limit) The following areas are to be included in the proposal, as appropriate.

A. The Problem a) Statement of the problem or research question. b) Hypotheses. c) Definitions of variables. Theoretical and operational definitions (instruments). d) Theoretical framework and population. e) Critique of the most salient elements of the pertinent literature. f) Significance to nursing science.

B. Methodology a) Design b) Instrument reliability and validity. c) Data collection procedure. Include official human subjects reviews if conducted and a consent form. d) Sample, size and sampling procedure. e) Method of analysis.

C. References and Appendices a) Reference list

II. Qualitative Research Proposal

A. Title and 200-word Abstract

B. Proposal (1,500 word limit)     a) A clear statement that specifies the phenomenon to be studied;     b) Documentation of a need for study and significance of the study for nursing;     c) Identification of the qualitative approach with a rationale for its selection;     d) Specification of the design with attention to:         - what data are sought         - how and when those data will be solicited         - how relationships with research participants will be initiated, maintained and terminated         - how data will be managed         - how data will be analyzed and related to pre-existing knowledge         - how findings will be reported     e) References and Appendices

III. Clinical Project – 1500 word limit A clinical project is defined as a professional nursing project that addresses a common or significant health concern in a creative and evidence-based manner.  The project should go beyond the applicant’s usual academic or employment requirements. 

A. Aims - State clearly the clinical significance of the project including how it will identify/test/demonstrate nursing interventions and/or care delivery models that provide the most beneficial outcomes for patients. State concisely and realistically the expected clinical impact of this project, i.e., what the clinical project is intended to accomplish and/or demonstrate. 

B. Significance & Background - Briefly describe the clinical significance of the project. Be clear what is being demonstrated. Provide a synthesis of the literature in the field(s) that is pertinent to the proposed project. Summarize the rationale or theoretical/conceptual underpinnings for the work. State clearly the relationship of this project to an overall program of clinical scholarship.

C. Method - Discuss in detail the methods to be used to accomplish the aims. Describe the potential limitations of the methods and approaches you will use to minimize these limitations. Delineate measures to be used to assess the effect of the project.

D. Dissemination & Translation – Describe the audiences that would benefit from knowing and adopting the findings of this work. Outline a dissemination plan.

E. Time Frame - Provide a timeline for the main steps of the project, including anticipated start and completion dates. 

IV. Student Project – 1500 word limit A student project is defined as project that addresses a common or significant health concern in a creative and evidence-based manner. It may include activities associated with Masters, PhD or DNP work.

A. Aims - State clearly the clinical or research significance of the project including how it will identify/test/demonstrate nursing interventions and/or care delivery models that provide the most beneficial outcomes for patients. State concisely and realistically the expected clinical impact of this project, i.e., what the clinical project is intended to accomplish and/or demonstrate. 

B. Significance & Background - Briefly describe the clinical or research significance of the project. Be clear what is being demonstrated. Provide a synthesis of the literature in the field(s) that is pertinent to the proposed project. Summarize the rationale or theoretical/conceptual underpinnings for the work. State clearly the relationship of this project to an overall program of scholarship. 

C. Method - Discuss in detail the methods to be used to accomplish the aims. Describe the potential limitations of the methods and approaches you will use to minimize these limitations. Delineate measures to be used to assess the effect of the project. 

E. Time Frame - Provide a timeline for the main steps of the project, including anticipated start and completion dates.

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Sample Undergraduate Nursing Dissertation Proposal

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Investigating the Impact of Tube Feeding

This study seeks to explore patients’ living experience with tube feeding and how poorly they do after this intervention from their caregivers’ view as the patient may exhibit changes in cognitive or language function that affect their ability to understand or express their feelings and experiences.

The proposal opens with an introductory chapter that gives a brief overview of patients’ problems suffering from dementia. It further highlights the research objectives and the resulting research questions regarding this study.

The introduction is followed by a brief literature review that discusses previous research about dysphagia quoted in this research. The methodology section gives a compact description of how the research will collect the primary data.

It is proposed that the paper follows the structure stated below: ● Introduction o Research Objectives o Research Questions ● Literature Review ● Research Methodology & Approach ● Research Analysis ● Ethical Issues ● Limitations ● Conclusion

Introduction

Dementia cannot be classified as a specific disease. Rather it encompasses a group of symptoms affecting memory, thinking, and communication abilities severely enough to interfere with daily life functioning. Dementia can be caused by either a progressive brain cell death or neurodegenerative diseases such as head injury, a stroke, or a brain tumour.

There are various types of dementia such as Alzheimer’s, vascular dementia, Mixed dementia, Lewy body dementia, and Parkinson’s disease. Dementia symptoms include memory loss, disorientation, mood changes, eating and communication difficulties (MacGill,2016).

The impact of cognitive status on the swallowing mechanism is unclear (Riquelme et al., 2016). However, Riquelme& Tristani (2014) verified a relationship between mental and physiologic changes in the swallowing mechanism for persons with cognitive decline due to dementia. Individuals with dementia experience sensory loss that disrupts bolus organization, mastication, and oral transit affecting their ability to eat and swallow.

They also experience a motor loss that disrupts airway closure and pharyngeal movement affecting their ability to initiate the swallowing process. Sensory and motor damage eventually leads to difficulty in aspiration, silent aspiration, bronchiectasis, dehydration, weight loss, and starvation (Easterling & Robbins, 2008).

Dysphagia is very common among individuals with dementia and is defined as difficulty moving food from mouth to stomach (Easterling & Robbins, 2008). Intellectual impairment is the primary cause of dysphagia in people who have dementia (Tristani, 2015).

Dysphagia impairments during the dementia stages of the disease manifested in the following manner, Initially, the individual experienced delayed pharyngeal swallow and reduced lingual movement, at the mid-stage, they experienced reduced oral preparation, pharyngeal clearance, UES opening, and aspiration, and at the advanced stage, they experienced increased aspiration pneumonia which is a common cause of death (Easterling & Robbins, 2008; Alagiakrishnan et al., 2013; Brooke & Ojo, 2015).

Dysphagia treatment options include diet modifications, positioning, feeding techniques, feeding tubes, and oral care (Easterling & Robbins, 2008).

However, the decision regarding the course of treatment depends on the symptoms of eating and drinking difficulties. The speech and language therapist is responsible for evaluating swallowing challenges and recommendations regarding diet safety; recommends the best and suitable treatment option for each case (Vitale et al., 2011; Alagiakrishnan et al., 2013).

Individuals with dementia cannot take care of their daily needs, which renders them incapable of taking adequate nutrition and hydration and leads to minimal to non-existent social interaction that accompanies mealtime. They also fail to recognize food and lose the normal physiological drivers of appetite.

They may experience apraxia that is difficult in coordinating movements, which will affect their ability to use cutlery. Furthermore, they develop physical difficulties with the act of swallowing, such as failing to manage the food bolus once it’s in the mouth (oral phase dysphagia) or aspirates when swallowing (pharyngeal phase dysphagia).

An enteral feeding tube, which uses tubes to deliver artificial nutrition and hydration, is often recommended to individuals with dementia who have significant dysphagia or have difficulty meeting their nutritional needs by mouth (Easterling & Robbins ,2008; Candy et al., 2009; Vitale et al., 2011).

This research aims to study the impact of enteral tube feeding on an individual’s quality of life suffering from dementia. To this end, a phenomenological research design will be collected to collect the primary data.

In addition to this, previously conducted studies will also be used in the form of secondary data. This proposal’s methodology section will discuss further details about the collection of data and the research design.

Research Objectives

Hence, this study’s primary aim is to explore the impact of tube feeding on the quality of life of individuals with dementia and eating problems from their caregivers’ views. Based on this main aim, the research objectives are:

● To determine how the patient fares in terms of health after the tube feeding.

● To determine whether the patient’s quality of life (QOL) improves or not.

Research Questions

Based on the aforementioned aims, the following research questions are derived which will help achieve the primary objective of this study:

1. How does tube feeding impact the quality of life of individuals with dementia and eating problems?

2. How can these impacts be categorized from the caregivers’ view?

By exploring their challenges and difficulties with the feeding tube, this study will help increase the caregivers’ knowledge and awareness and understanding regarding tube feeding usage outcomes among individuals with dementia to ultimately provide better end-of-life care for a patient with dementia.

More evidence on how this intervention impacts QOL would give context to this population’s ethical decision-making and consider if life in advanced dementia should be prolonged artificially.

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Literature Review

Tubes feeding is often used to deliver artificial nutrition and hydration to patients with significant dysphagia or difficulties meeting their nutritional needs by mouth, such as individuals with stroke, head injuries, neurological diseases, and individuals with dementia.

Dysphagia among the dementia population leads to malnutrition, dehydration, weight loss, functional decline, and decreased quality of life. The primary rationale of using it is to improve their nutritional status and QOL and prevent aspiration pneumonia (Candy, 2009; Vitale et al., 2011; Alagiakrishnan et al., 2013; Brooke & Ojo, 2015).

The common types of feeding tubes often used with dementia include nasogastric tube (NGT) and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube. The NGT is a tube that passes through the nose and oesophagus until it reaches the stomach.

It is usually used in temporary and short-term feeding needs. In contrast, the PEG tube is a feeding tube passed through an endoscopic into the stomach and guided out through a permanent incision in the abdominal wall and considered for long-term use (Easterling & Robbins, 2008; Candy et al., 2009).

The risks of tube feeding among individuals with dementia have been well documented in the literature, including aspiration pneumonia, oesophagal perforation, haemorrhage, death, pressure sores, infections, fluid overload, and loss of social aspects of feeding. Some studies argue that it may increase gastric secretions (Candy et al., 2009; Brooke & Ojo, 2015).

The prevalence of dementia is predicted to rise worldwide, with an estimated 81 million people diagnosed with dementia by 2040 (Brooke & Ojo, 2015). The pervasiveness of swallowing difficulties in individuals with dementia ranges from 13 to 57% in different types of dementia.

The prevalence of tube feeding in individuals with dementia is common in nursing home residents with advanced dementia. The majority of tubes are inserted during an acute setting, with the most common cause being aspiration pneumonia and dysphagia (Alagiakrishnan et al., 2013).

A recent systematic review conducted by Brooke & Ojo (2015) revealed that the prevalence of tube feeding among individuals with dementia in Japan might be higher than in Western populations due to current guidelines.

In Japan, guidelines compiled under the Japan Gastroenterology Endoscopy Society’s supervision recommend PEG insertion for patients who cannot maintain their nutrition due to cerebrovascular disease or dementia.

The impact of these guidelines may contribute to earlier insertion of PEG tubes and the commencement of enteral nutrition in patients with dementia, ultimately leading to longer survival rates.

Multiple studies outline the outcomes of tube feeding among the dementia population. Several studies report that aspiration pneumonia may be caused by reflux of tube feeding fluid and aspiration of oral secretions.

In a systematic review conducted in 2009, two studies reported that at 6 months, 58% of enteral fed patients had aspiration pneumonia, 54% of those with NG feeding, and 67% with PEG, compared with 17% of those fed orally. However, in a recent review conducted in 2015, one observational study reported aspiration pneumonia at 5%, comparable for patients with and without dementia.

Moreover, it illustrated that enteral nutrition delivered through a PEG tube does not increase the risk of aspiration for patients with dementia than rates of aspiration pneumonia of other disease cohorts (Candy et al.,2009; Alagiakrishnan et al., 2013; Brooke & Ojo, 2015).

Alagiakrishnan et al. (2013) highlight that an observational study conducted in nursing homes with severe dementia found no difference in survival with feeding tube placement.

Another recent systematic review conducted by Brooke & Oji (2015) came out with consistent results, indicating six studies evaluating mortality that found that there is no evidence of prolonged life as a result of feeding tube use for individuals with dementia and no significant association between decreased mortality and enteral tube feeding. Some studies also argue that there may be a slightly higher death rate when tube feeding for this population and reduced QOL.

Furthermore, no study indicates that QOL was measured. However, one reported that over 6 months, 71% of 52 patients needed to be physically restrained to prevent extubation, compared with 55% of those who were not enterally fed (Vitale et al., 2011; Alagiakrishnan et al., 2013; Brooke & Ojo, 2015).

The decision to start enteral tube feeding in someone with dementia is argumentative, emotive, and ethically challenging for all involved. The decision is influenced by various complex issues such as clinical needs, local practices, physician and caregiver preferences, and whether an advanced care plan is in place.

The previously conducted studies point out that to date, the decision making regarding enteral nutrition in individuals with dementia remains ethically challenging and concerns whether informal caregivers who give consent are fully informed, both of the benefits and potential harms of this intervention, and of alternatives that might optimize QOL of the patient (Candy et al., 2009; Vitale et al., 2011; Brook & Ojo, 2015). The patient’s caregivers must be informed of all implications of tube feeding to help them decide.

Despite the issues regarding the utility of enteral tube feeding among dementia populations, it remains a common intervention regardless of the evidence suggesting that intervention is ineffective in preventing aspiration, prolonging life, improving nutrition and quality of life (QOL). According to Brook & Ojo (2015), with the expected increase in patients with dementia, enteral tube feeding is likely to become common.

Among the studies and reviews that evaluated the role of enteral feeding in individuals with dementia, no data was found about the patient’s quality of life. Some studies report that the QOL is difficult to analyze in this population as patients with advanced dementia lose their capacity to express their feelings, and family members often report conflicting opinions.

Also, some studies emphasize that further research on how this intervention impact QOL among the dementia population would give more context to the ethical consideration, and Alzheimer’s Society supports the importance of QOL rather the longevity (Candy et al., 2009; Vitale et al., 2011; Alagiakrishnan et al., 2013; Brooke & Ojo, 2015).

Research Methodology & Approach

The study will explore a patient’s living experience with tube feeding from their caregivers’ view generating a range of insightful knowledge about the impact of complications regarding tube feeding on the patient’s QOL. Since these experiences are very personal, discovering their small details would be best investigated by a phenomenological research design (Grbich, 2013). The phenomenology approach is designed to explore individuals’ experiences in depth.

As the intention is to gather detailed information about patients’ experiences during their journey while receiving artificial nutrition via tube feeding, a depth semi-structured interview method is a suitable tool to utilize.

Since it is a flexible and adaptable method, it will provide the researcher with an opportunity to listen to the participants’ views and experiences and allow probing questions to explore further ideas (Harding, 2013). Face-to-face interviews are suitable methods to facilitate honest, open responses, gain new insights, and maintain patient privacy (Creswell, 2014).

As the research intends to explore the essence of patients’ experiences in-depth through their thoughts, opinions, and experiences about the impact of tube feeding on their life, the interview will take time; hence, a smaller size of participants is appropriate. The few participants will provide access to an exciting hypothesis from a high level of information power, critical to achieving the research aim.

Research Strategies

Purposive sampling in recruiting the study’s participants will be chosen. This will facilitate obtaining an in-depth understanding of the impact of tube feeding on a patient’s QOL. Participants will be selected purposively to provide the researcher’s most information elaborated in detail (Patton, 2015).

The study will attempt to collect data from the patient’s caregiver who has dementia in a particular hospital and nursing home in the UK, specifically those diagnosed with dementia and who have received artificial nutrition via NGT or PEG.

An internet search and telephonic inquiry to the dementia care services at hospitals and nursing homes in the UK will be carried out to identify suitable participants for the study. In addition to this, approval from the registry of the dementia department from a specific hospital in the UK will be requested to recruit participants.

The sample population for this study will have the attributes listed below:

● Male and female ● Caregiver for the patient diagnosed with dementia ● The caregiver should have spent a long time with the patient.nt ● Acute hospital settings and nursing homes ● Patients ranged from 60+ years ● At any stage of the disease ● Experience eating difficulties and have been recommended eternal tube feeding

If you need assistance with writing your dissertation proposal, our professional dissertation proposal writers are here to help!

Research analysis.

This section analyses the primary and secondary data collected from the literature sources and the interviews conducted, respectively. An effort will be made to ensure coherence between the sections of the paper.

Thematic analysis, the “process of segmentation, categorization, and relinking of aspects of the data before final interpretation” (Matthews and Ross 2010:373), will be utilized in analyzing the collected data.

This analysis facilitates working with the collected raw data, such as the raw verbal or visual data. The thematic analysis is flexible, which helps divide the data into chunks before working with it and returning to raw data throughout the analytical process (Matthews & Ross, 2010). Also, the thematic analysis will help explore and better understand the comments made by the participants.

To ensure the credibility of the study, numerous steps will be taken. These steps include:

● A verbatim transcript of the interviews ● Read the transcripts and then read back to immerse yourself in the data and accurately reflect what was said by the participant. ● Use member checking to ensure the truth value of the data. ● Provide the participants with a copy of the transcript to validate that it reflected their perspective. ● Considering reflexivity, that is, being aware of the researcher’s effect on the research process and outcomes.

Ethical Issues

The moral and ethical code conducts the paper. However, there is always a possibility that ethical issues may arise. The ethical issues that might occur in conducting this research are:

● Gaining the agreement of individuals in authority (e.g., gatekeeper) allows study participants at research sites.

● Participation will be voluntary, and it will be stressed that the consent could be withdrawn during the study.

● Anonymity and confidentiality issues anticipate that some patients may want to have their identity remain confidential. By permitting this, the researcher allows the participants to retain ownership of their voices. The consequence of this would mean that the data regarding the particular patient will be excluded in the final report.

● Since a face-to-face interview method is used while conducting this study, the interaction may be stressful due to the topic’s sensitivity.

● Emotional reactions in the interview.

● Psychological risk such as distress.

● The researcher–participant relationship can raise a range of ethical concerns such as respect for privacy, establishing honest and open interactions, and avoiding misrepresentations.

Limitations

Every study conducted encounters some limitations. Researching within a time frame often proves to be the most complex challenge. Even though using literature resources can be helpful, it may be classified as a hindrance since the studies have been conducted over different periods.

This study section will summarize and comprehensively interpret the analyzed data’s findings and answer the research questions satisfactorily.

Frequently Asked Questions

How to write an undergraduate dissertation proposal.

To write an undergraduate dissertation proposal:

• Choose a research topic.
• Outline objectives and research questions.
• Describe methodology and data sources.
• Provide a brief literature review.
• State significance and potential outcomes.
• Include a timeline and list of references.

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• How to Write a Research Proposal | Examples & Templates

How to Write a Research Proposal | Examples & Templates

Published on October 12, 2022 by Shona McCombes and Tegan George. Revised on November 21, 2023.

A research proposal describes what you will investigate, why it’s important, and how you will conduct your research.

The format of a research proposal varies between fields, but most proposals will contain at least these elements:

Introduction

Literature review.

• Research design

Reference list

While the sections may vary, the overall objective is always the same. A research proposal serves as a blueprint and guide for your research plan, helping you get organized and feel confident in the path forward you choose to take.

Table of contents

Research proposal purpose, research proposal examples, research design and methods, contribution to knowledge, research schedule, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about research proposals.

Academics often have to write research proposals to get funding for their projects. As a student, you might have to write a research proposal as part of a grad school application , or prior to starting your thesis or dissertation .

In addition to helping you figure out what your research can look like, a proposal can also serve to demonstrate why your project is worth pursuing to a funder, educational institution, or supervisor.

Research proposal length

The length of a research proposal can vary quite a bit. A bachelor’s or master’s thesis proposal can be just a few pages, while proposals for PhD dissertations or research funding are usually much longer and more detailed. Your supervisor can help you determine the best length for your work.

One trick to get started is to think of your proposal’s structure as a shorter version of your thesis or dissertation , only without the results , conclusion and discussion sections.

Download our research proposal template

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See an example

Writing a research proposal can be quite challenging, but a good starting point could be to look at some examples. We’ve included a few for you below.

• Example research proposal #1: “A Conceptual Framework for Scheduling Constraint Management”
• Example research proposal #2: “Medical Students as Mediators of Change in Tobacco Use”

Like your dissertation or thesis, the proposal will usually have a title page that includes:

• The proposed title of your project
• Your supervisor’s name
• Your institution and department

The first part of your proposal is the initial pitch for your project. Make sure it succinctly explains what you want to do and why.

Your introduction should:

• Introduce your topic
• Give necessary background and context
• Outline your  problem statement  and research questions

To guide your introduction , include information about:

• Who could have an interest in the topic (e.g., scientists, policymakers)
• How much is already known about the topic
• What is missing from this current knowledge
• What new insights your research will contribute
• Why you believe this research is worth doing

As you get started, it’s important to demonstrate that you’re familiar with the most important research on your topic. A strong literature review  shows your reader that your project has a solid foundation in existing knowledge or theory. It also shows that you’re not simply repeating what other people have already done or said, but rather using existing research as a jumping-off point for your own.

In this section, share exactly how your project will contribute to ongoing conversations in the field by:

• Comparing and contrasting the main theories, methods, and debates
• Examining the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches
• Explaining how will you build on, challenge, or synthesize prior scholarship

Following the literature review, restate your main  objectives . This brings the focus back to your own project. Next, your research design or methodology section will describe your overall approach, and the practical steps you will take to answer your research questions.

To finish your proposal on a strong note, explore the potential implications of your research for your field. Emphasize again what you aim to contribute and why it matters.

For example, your results might have implications for:

• Improving best practices
• Informing policymaking decisions
• Strengthening a theory or model
• Challenging popular or scientific beliefs
• Creating a basis for future research

Last but not least, your research proposal must include correct citations for every source you have used, compiled in a reference list . To create citations quickly and easily, you can use our free APA citation generator .

Some institutions or funders require a detailed timeline of the project, asking you to forecast what you will do at each stage and how long it may take. While not always required, be sure to check the requirements of your project.

Here’s an example schedule to help you get started. You can also download a template at the button below.

Download our research schedule template

If you are applying for research funding, chances are you will have to include a detailed budget. This shows your estimates of how much each part of your project will cost.

Make sure to check what type of costs the funding body will agree to cover. For each item, include:

• Cost : exactly how much money do you need?
• Justification : why is this cost necessary to complete the research?
• Source : how did you calculate the amount?

To determine your budget, think about:

• Travel costs : do you need to go somewhere to collect your data? How will you get there, and how much time will you need? What will you do there (e.g., interviews, archival research)?
• Materials : do you need access to any tools or technologies?
• Help : do you need to hire any research assistants for the project? What will they do, and how much will you pay them?

If you want to know more about the research process , methodology , research bias , or statistics , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

Methodology

• Sampling methods
• Simple random sampling
• Stratified sampling
• Cluster sampling
• Likert scales
• Reproducibility

 Statistics

• Null hypothesis
• Statistical power
• Probability distribution
• Effect size
• Poisson distribution

Research bias

• Optimism bias
• Cognitive bias
• Implicit bias
• Hawthorne effect
• Anchoring bias
• Explicit bias

Once you’ve decided on your research objectives , you need to explain them in your paper, at the end of your problem statement .

Keep your research objectives clear and concise, and use appropriate verbs to accurately convey the work that you will carry out for each one.

I will compare …

A research aim is a broad statement indicating the general purpose of your research project. It should appear in your introduction at the end of your problem statement , before your research objectives.

Research objectives are more specific than your research aim. They indicate the specific ways you’ll address the overarching aim.

A PhD, which is short for philosophiae doctor (doctor of philosophy in Latin), is the highest university degree that can be obtained. In a PhD, students spend 3–5 years writing a dissertation , which aims to make a significant, original contribution to current knowledge.

A PhD is intended to prepare students for a career as a researcher, whether that be in academia, the public sector, or the private sector.

A master’s is a 1- or 2-year graduate degree that can prepare you for a variety of careers.

All master’s involve graduate-level coursework. Some are research-intensive and intend to prepare students for further study in a PhD; these usually require their students to write a master’s thesis . Others focus on professional training for a specific career.

Critical thinking refers to the ability to evaluate information and to be aware of biases or assumptions, including your own.

Like information literacy , it involves evaluating arguments, identifying and solving problems in an objective and systematic way, and clearly communicating your ideas.

The best way to remember the difference between a research plan and a research proposal is that they have fundamentally different audiences. A research plan helps you, the researcher, organize your thoughts. On the other hand, a dissertation proposal or research proposal aims to convince others (e.g., a supervisor, a funding body, or a dissertation committee) that your research topic is relevant and worthy of being conducted.

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How to Write a Research Proposal

• Research Proposal Guidelines This overview of how to write a research proposal gives a framework as well as writing tips and strategies.
• 10 Tips for Writing Your Research Proposal From McGill University, follow these clear, straight-forward tips when writing your proposal.
• How to write a research proposal Clear, concise article on how to write a health-related research proposal, including the 5 C's of the literature review and an solid reference list of other articles.

Examples of Research Proposals

• Research Proposal Examples This York St John University website not only includes proposal examples but also a few tips for success.

Writing a Research Proposal

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What is a Research Proposal? 

The goal of a research proposal is to present and justify the need to study a research problem and to present the practical ways in which the proposed study should be conducted. The design elements and procedures for conducting the research are governed by standards within the predominant discipline in which the problem resides, so guidelines for research proposals are more exacting and less formal than a general project proposal. Research proposals contain extensive literature reviews. They must provide persuasive evidence that a need exists for the proposed study. In addition to providing a rationale, a proposal describes detailed methodology for conducting the research consistent with requirements of the professional or academic field and a statement on anticipated outcomes and/or benefits derived from the study's completion.

Adapted from:   Krathwohl, David R.  How to Prepare a Dissertation Proposal: Suggestions for Students in Education and the Social and Behavioral Sciences . Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2005.

Your professor may assign the task of writing a research proposal for the following reasons:

• Develop your skills in thinking about and designing a comprehensive research study;
• Learn how to conduct a comprehensive review of the literature to ensure a research problem has not already been answered [or you may determine the problem has been answered ineffectively] and, in so doing, become better at locating scholarship related to your topic;
• Improve your general research and writing skills;
• Practice identifying the logical steps that must be taken to accomplish one's research goals;
• Critically review, examine, and consider the use of different methods for gathering and analyzing data related to the research problem; and,
• Nurture a sense of inquisitiveness within yourself and to help see yourself as an active participant in the process of doing scholarly research.

A proposal should contain all the key elements involved in designing a completed research study, with sufficient information that allows readers to assess the validity and usefulness of your proposed study. The only elements missing from a research proposal are the findings of the study and your analysis of those results. Finally, an effective proposal is judged on the quality of your writing and, therefore, it is important that your writing is coherent, clear, and compelling.

Regardless of the research problem you are investigating and the methodology you choose, all research proposals must address the following questions:

• What do you plan to accomplish? Be clear and succinct in defining the research problem and what it is you are proposing to research.
• Why do you want to do it? In addition to detailing your research design, you also must conduct a thorough review of the literature and provide convincing evidence that it is a topic worthy of study. Be sure to answer the "So What?" question.
• How are you going to do it? Be sure that what you propose is doable. If you're having trouble formulating a research problem to propose investigating,  go here .

Common Mistakes to Avoid

• Failure to be concise; being "all over the map" without a clear sense of purpose.
• Failure to cite landmark works in your literature review.
• Failure to delimit the contextual boundaries of your research [e.g., time, place, people, etc.].
• Failure to develop a coherent and persuasive argument for the proposed research.
• Failure to stay focused on the research problem; going off on unrelated tangents.
• Sloppy or imprecise writing, or poor grammar.
• Too much detail on minor issues, but not enough detail on major issues.

Adapted from: Procter, Margaret.  The Academic Proposal .  The Lab Report. University College Writing Centre. University of Toronto; Sanford, Keith.  Information for Students: Writing a Research Proposal . Baylor University; Wong, Paul T. P.  How to Write a Research Proposal . International Network on Personal Meaning. Trinity Western University;  Writing Academic Proposals: Conferences, Articles, and Books . The Writing Lab and The OWL. Purdue University;  Writing a Research Proposal . University Library. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Adapted text found on:  https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/researchproposal

Carrie Forbes, MLS

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• Indian J Anaesth
• v.60(9); 2016 Sep

How to write a research proposal?

Department of Anaesthesiology, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India

Devika Rani Duggappa

Writing the proposal of a research work in the present era is a challenging task due to the constantly evolving trends in the qualitative research design and the need to incorporate medical advances into the methodology. The proposal is a detailed plan or ‘blueprint’ for the intended study, and once it is completed, the research project should flow smoothly. Even today, many of the proposals at post-graduate evaluation committees and application proposals for funding are substandard. A search was conducted with keywords such as research proposal, writing proposal and qualitative using search engines, namely, PubMed and Google Scholar, and an attempt has been made to provide broad guidelines for writing a scientifically appropriate research proposal.

INTRODUCTION

A clean, well-thought-out proposal forms the backbone for the research itself and hence becomes the most important step in the process of conduct of research.[ 1 ] The objective of preparing a research proposal would be to obtain approvals from various committees including ethics committee [details under ‘Research methodology II’ section [ Table 1 ] in this issue of IJA) and to request for grants. However, there are very few universally accepted guidelines for preparation of a good quality research proposal. A search was performed with keywords such as research proposal, funding, qualitative and writing proposals using search engines, namely, PubMed, Google Scholar and Scopus.

Five ‘C’s while writing a literature review

BASIC REQUIREMENTS OF A RESEARCH PROPOSAL

A proposal needs to show how your work fits into what is already known about the topic and what new paradigm will it add to the literature, while specifying the question that the research will answer, establishing its significance, and the implications of the answer.[ 2 ] The proposal must be capable of convincing the evaluation committee about the credibility, achievability, practicality and reproducibility (repeatability) of the research design.[ 3 ] Four categories of audience with different expectations may be present in the evaluation committees, namely academic colleagues, policy-makers, practitioners and lay audiences who evaluate the research proposal. Tips for preparation of a good research proposal include; ‘be practical, be persuasive, make broader links, aim for crystal clarity and plan before you write’. A researcher must be balanced, with a realistic understanding of what can be achieved. Being persuasive implies that researcher must be able to convince other researchers, research funding agencies, educational institutions and supervisors that the research is worth getting approval. The aim of the researcher should be clearly stated in simple language that describes the research in a way that non-specialists can comprehend, without use of jargons. The proposal must not only demonstrate that it is based on an intelligent understanding of the existing literature but also show that the writer has thought about the time needed to conduct each stage of the research.[ 4 , 5 ]

CONTENTS OF A RESEARCH PROPOSAL

The contents or formats of a research proposal vary depending on the requirements of evaluation committee and are generally provided by the evaluation committee or the institution.

In general, a cover page should contain the (i) title of the proposal, (ii) name and affiliation of the researcher (principal investigator) and co-investigators, (iii) institutional affiliation (degree of the investigator and the name of institution where the study will be performed), details of contact such as phone numbers, E-mail id's and lines for signatures of investigators.

The main contents of the proposal may be presented under the following headings: (i) introduction, (ii) review of literature, (iii) aims and objectives, (iv) research design and methods, (v) ethical considerations, (vi) budget, (vii) appendices and (viii) citations.[ 4 ]

Introduction

It is also sometimes termed as ‘need for study’ or ‘abstract’. Introduction is an initial pitch of an idea; it sets the scene and puts the research in context.[ 6 ] The introduction should be designed to create interest in the reader about the topic and proposal. It should convey to the reader, what you want to do, what necessitates the study and your passion for the topic.[ 7 ] Some questions that can be used to assess the significance of the study are: (i) Who has an interest in the domain of inquiry? (ii) What do we already know about the topic? (iii) What has not been answered adequately in previous research and practice? (iv) How will this research add to knowledge, practice and policy in this area? Some of the evaluation committees, expect the last two questions, elaborated under a separate heading of ‘background and significance’.[ 8 ] Introduction should also contain the hypothesis behind the research design. If hypothesis cannot be constructed, the line of inquiry to be used in the research must be indicated.

Review of literature

It refers to all sources of scientific evidence pertaining to the topic in interest. In the present era of digitalisation and easy accessibility, there is an enormous amount of relevant data available, making it a challenge for the researcher to include all of it in his/her review.[ 9 ] It is crucial to structure this section intelligently so that the reader can grasp the argument related to your study in relation to that of other researchers, while still demonstrating to your readers that your work is original and innovative. It is preferable to summarise each article in a paragraph, highlighting the details pertinent to the topic of interest. The progression of review can move from the more general to the more focused studies, or a historical progression can be used to develop the story, without making it exhaustive.[ 1 ] Literature should include supporting data, disagreements and controversies. Five ‘C's may be kept in mind while writing a literature review[ 10 ] [ Table 1 ].

Aims and objectives

The research purpose (or goal or aim) gives a broad indication of what the researcher wishes to achieve in the research. The hypothesis to be tested can be the aim of the study. The objectives related to parameters or tools used to achieve the aim are generally categorised as primary and secondary objectives.

Research design and method

The objective here is to convince the reader that the overall research design and methods of analysis will correctly address the research problem and to impress upon the reader that the methodology/sources chosen are appropriate for the specific topic. It should be unmistakably tied to the specific aims of your study.

In this section, the methods and sources used to conduct the research must be discussed, including specific references to sites, databases, key texts or authors that will be indispensable to the project. There should be specific mention about the methodological approaches to be undertaken to gather information, about the techniques to be used to analyse it and about the tests of external validity to which researcher is committed.[ 10 , 11 ]

The components of this section include the following:[ 4 ]

Population and sample

Population refers to all the elements (individuals, objects or substances) that meet certain criteria for inclusion in a given universe,[ 12 ] and sample refers to subset of population which meets the inclusion criteria for enrolment into the study. The inclusion and exclusion criteria should be clearly defined. The details pertaining to sample size are discussed in the article “Sample size calculation: Basic priniciples” published in this issue of IJA.

Data collection

The researcher is expected to give a detailed account of the methodology adopted for collection of data, which include the time frame required for the research. The methodology should be tested for its validity and ensure that, in pursuit of achieving the results, the participant's life is not jeopardised. The author should anticipate and acknowledge any potential barrier and pitfall in carrying out the research design and explain plans to address them, thereby avoiding lacunae due to incomplete data collection. If the researcher is planning to acquire data through interviews or questionnaires, copy of the questions used for the same should be attached as an annexure with the proposal.

Rigor (soundness of the research)

This addresses the strength of the research with respect to its neutrality, consistency and applicability. Rigor must be reflected throughout the proposal.

It refers to the robustness of a research method against bias. The author should convey the measures taken to avoid bias, viz. blinding and randomisation, in an elaborate way, thus ensuring that the result obtained from the adopted method is purely as chance and not influenced by other confounding variables.

Consistency

Consistency considers whether the findings will be consistent if the inquiry was replicated with the same participants and in a similar context. This can be achieved by adopting standard and universally accepted methods and scales.

Applicability

Applicability refers to the degree to which the findings can be applied to different contexts and groups.[ 13 ]

Data analysis

This section deals with the reduction and reconstruction of data and its analysis including sample size calculation. The researcher is expected to explain the steps adopted for coding and sorting the data obtained. Various tests to be used to analyse the data for its robustness, significance should be clearly stated. Author should also mention the names of statistician and suitable software which will be used in due course of data analysis and their contribution to data analysis and sample calculation.[ 9 ]

Ethical considerations

Medical research introduces special moral and ethical problems that are not usually encountered by other researchers during data collection, and hence, the researcher should take special care in ensuring that ethical standards are met. Ethical considerations refer to the protection of the participants' rights (right to self-determination, right to privacy, right to autonomy and confidentiality, right to fair treatment and right to protection from discomfort and harm), obtaining informed consent and the institutional review process (ethical approval). The researcher needs to provide adequate information on each of these aspects.

Informed consent needs to be obtained from the participants (details discussed in further chapters), as well as the research site and the relevant authorities.

When the researcher prepares a research budget, he/she should predict and cost all aspects of the research and then add an additional allowance for unpredictable disasters, delays and rising costs. All items in the budget should be justified.

Appendices are documents that support the proposal and application. The appendices will be specific for each proposal but documents that are usually required include informed consent form, supporting documents, questionnaires, measurement tools and patient information of the study in layman's language.

As with any scholarly research paper, you must cite the sources you used in composing your proposal. Although the words ‘references and bibliography’ are different, they are used interchangeably. It refers to all references cited in the research proposal.

Successful, qualitative research proposals should communicate the researcher's knowledge of the field and method and convey the emergent nature of the qualitative design. The proposal should follow a discernible logic from the introduction to presentation of the appendices.

Financial support and sponsorship

Conflicts of interest.

There are no conflicts of interest.

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