essay 12th standard

Welcome to Grade 12's

STUDENTS: CLICK HERE TO START THE PRACTICE TEST (20 QUESTIONS TOTAL)

TEACHERS: Here are 20 sample standardized test question items, written in the styles of SBAC Smarter Balanced, PARCC, CAASP, STAAR, and more. Each item below is carefully aligned to a College and Career Ready Standard (shown in the left column). Every item is text-evidence-based, and some contain multimedia. Altogether, the items assess just about every reading, writing, language, and listening/viewing skill you would see assessed on a standardized test. You may sample any of the items individually. Or, you may click here to start at the beginning and be led through the entire practice test .

These questions ask you to cite strong textual evidence to support analysis.

These questions ask you to analyze the development of central ideas .

These questions ask you to analyze  a complex set of ideas or sequence of events .

Grab Your 12th Grade ELA Test Prep Book!

Target  all 10 12th grade reading informational text standards, target literacy in science and social studies standards too, target writing, language, listening/viewing standards too.

These questions ask you to determine word meanings (literal,  figurative, connotative, & technical).

These questions ask you to analyze the effectiveness of structure.

These questions ask you to determine how an author uses rhetoric to advance point of view or purpose.

Easy-Print or Self-Grading Digital 

You decide easy-print = one-page front-to-back, self-grading = easy-to-use google classroom forms, this workbook = major time and hassle saver.

These questions ask you to integrate multiple sources of multimedia information .

These questions ask you to delineate &  evaluate the reasoning in seminal U.S. texts. ​

These questions ask you to an alyze 17th, 18th, & 19th-century foundational U.S. documents.

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…trying to find texts kids like that are the right length, …trying to find texts in flexible formats, …trying to find texts at the right grade level.

These questions ask you to comprehend Literary Nonfiction .

These questions ask you to cite strong text evidence to support analysis .

These questions ask you to analyze the development of a central idea.

These questions ask you to analyze how the author unfolds an analysis or series of events.

These questions ask you  determine the meaning of words and phrases.

These questions ask you to analyze how an author’s ideas or claims  are developed by portions of text.

These questions ask you to determine an author’s purpose or point of view.

Analyze verious accounts told in different mediums .

Delineate and evaluate the argument and claims , assessing reasoning and fallacies.

These questions ask you to an alyze seminal U.S. documents of historical and literary significance .

ELA Test Prep Workbooks Are Awesome

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High-Interest Passages KIDS ACTUALLY LIKE!

Easy-Print One Page Front-to-Back

OR Digital Self-Grading -- You Decide!

Original, Relevant Texts You Won't See Anywhere Else

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Target EVERY SINGLE Reading Standard ONE By ONE (& More)

Practice Citing Text Evidence

Analyze Development of a Central Idea

Analyze How Ideas or Events Unfold

Determine Meaning & Impact of Words

Analyze Which Portions of Text Develop Ideas & Claims

Determine Author's Point of View or Purpose

Analyze Various Accounts in Different Mediums

Evaluate Claims, Reasoning, & Arguments

Analyze How Authors Shape Presentations Differently

Analyze Seminal U.S. Documents in High School

Comprehend Literary Nonfiction

Synthesize Evidence From Multiple Sources

Figurative Language & Word Nuances

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Reading Worksheets, Spelling, Grammar, Comprehension, Lesson Plans

11th - 12th Grade Writing

For eleventh and twelfth graders, this Common Core area helps students gain mastery of writing skills by working collaboratively and producing written texts, understanding syntax and vocabulary, and organizing their ideas. Among the complete standards for this grade, eleventh and twelfth graders will be asked to: support the claims of their arguments with evidence, valid reasoning, and credible sources and support it with an understand of relationships between claims and counterclaims, use a formal style when writing within the norms and conventions of the discipline, be able to develop the topic of a work with details, facts, definitions, and quotations, employ formatting, graphics, and multimedia to present information in the written medium, develop a writing topic with relevant facts, definitions, and concrete details, go through the process of writing, editing and revision for their written work with attention to purpose and audience, use appropriate technology to publish writing and to collaborate on written projects with use of linking technology to demonstrate correlations between sources or related material, demonstrate keyboarding skill, go through the process of writing, editing and revision for their written work, conduct short research projects to answer a question, begin to understand the relationship of material to their source work such as the way that Shakespeare might draw on themes from Ovid, quote or paraphrase the data and conclusions of supporting texts while avoiding plagiarism and over-reliance on any one source and following a standard format for citation, use evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.

How to Write a Thesis Statement

This activity helps students develop a strong thesis statement for their essays by providing practice writing sample statements.

How to Write an Introduction: Bridge Building Activity

This activity is designed to help students learn about writing introductions through a fun bridge building activity to join the lead noun card and thesis statement card.

Paragraph: Proofing and Editing

Use this “Printable Writing Worksheet” to help get in the routine of proofing and editing.

Write a Conclusion: Voting

A strongly written conclusion can sway a reader one way or another. When writing persuasive articles it is important that you restate your thesis and give strong supporting ideas. The conclusion is the last chance you will have to sway your readers. This free printable worksheet is perfect for students to practice writing conclusions.

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12th Grade Essays

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• Essay Writing

Introduction

In the simplest terms, an essay is a short piece of writing which is set around a specific topic or subject. The piece of writing will give information surrounding the topic but will also display the opinions and thoughts of the author. Oftentimes, an essay is used in an academic sense by way of examination to determine whether a student has understood their studies and as a way of testing their knowledge on a specific subject. An essay is also used in education as a way of encouraging a student to develop their writing skills.

Moreover; an essay is a focused piece of writing designed to inform or persuade. There are many different types of essays, but they are often defined in four categories: argumentative, expository, narrative, and descriptive essays. Argumentative and expository essays are focused on conveying information and making clear points, while narrative and descriptive essays are about exercising creativity and writing in an interesting way. At the university level, argumentative essays are the most common type. 

Types of Essay Writing

When it comes to writing an essay, there is not simply one type, there are, quite a few types of essay, and each of them has its purpose and function which are as follows:

Narrative Essays

A narrative essay details a story, oftentimes from a particular point of view. When writing a narrative essay, you should include a set of characters, a location, a good plot, and a climax to the story. It is vital that when writing this type of essay you use fine details which will allow the reader to feel the emotion and use their senses but also give the story the chance to make a point. 

Descriptive Essay

A descriptive essay will describe something in great detail. The subject can be anything from people and places to objects and events but the main point is to go into depth. You might describe the item’s color, where it came from, what it looks like, smells like, tastes like, or how it feels. It is very important to allow the reader to sense what you are writing about and allow them to feel some sort of emotion whilst reading. That being said, the information should be concise and easy to understand, the use of imagery is widely used in this style of essay. 

Expository Essay

An expository essay is used as a way to look into a problem and therefore compare it and explore it. For the expository essay, there is a little bit of storytelling involved but this type of essay goes beyond that. The main idea is that it should explain an idea giving information and explanation. Your expository essay should be simple and easy to understand as well as give a variety of viewpoints on the subject that is being discussed. Often this type of essay is used as a way to detail a subject which is usually more difficult for people to understand, clearly and concisely.

Argumentative Essay

When writing an argumentative essay, you will be attempting to convince your reader about an opinion or point of view. The idea is to show the reader whether the topic is true or false along with giving your own opinion. You must use facts and data to back up any claims made within the essay. 

Format of Essay Writing

Now there is no rigid format of an essay. It is a creative process so it should not be confined within boundaries. However, there is a basic structure that is generally followed while writing essays.

This is the first paragraph of your essay. This is where the writer introduces his topic for the very first time. You can give a very brief synopsis of your essay in the introductory paragraph. Generally, it is not very long, about 4-6 lines. 

This is the main crux of your essays. The body is the meat of your essay sandwiched between the introduction and the conclusion. So the most vital content of the essay will be here. This need not be confined to one paragraph. It can extend to two or more paragraphs according to the content.

This is the last paragraph of the essay. Sometimes a conclusion will just mirror the introductory paragraph but make sure the words and syntax are different. A conclusion is also a great place, to sum up, a story or an argument. You can round up your essay by providing some morals or wrapping up a story. Make sure you complete your essays with the conclusion, leave no hanging threads.

Writing Tips

Give your essays an interesting and appropriate title. It will help draw the attention of the reader and pique their curiosity

 Keep it between 300-500 words. This is the ideal length, you can take creative license to increase or decrease it

 Keep your language simple and crisp. Unnecessary complicated and difficult words break the flow of the sentence.

 Do not make grammar mistakes, use correct punctuation and spelling five-paragraph. If this is not done it will distract the reader from the content

  Before beginning the essay, organize your thoughts and plot a rough draft. This way you can ensure the story will flow and not be an unorganized mess.

Understand the Topic Thoroughly-Sometimes we jump to a conclusion just by reading the topic once and later we realize that the topic was different than what we wrote about.  Read the topic as many times as it takes for you to align your opinion and understanding about the topic.

Make Pointers-It is a daunting task to write an essay inflow as sometimes we tend to lose our way of explaining and get off-topic, missing important details. Thinking about all points you want to discuss and then writing them down somewhere helps in covering everything you hoped to convey in your essay.

Develop a Plan and Do The Math-Essays have word limits and you have to plan your content in such a way that it is accurate, well-described, and meets the word limit given. Keep a track of your words while writing so that you always have an idea of how much to write more or less. 

Essays are the most important means of learning the structure of writing and presenting them to the reader.

FAQs on Essay Writing

1. Writing an Essay in a format is important?

Yes, it is important because it makes your content more streamlined and understandable by the reader. A set format gives a reader a clear picture of what you are trying to explain. It also organises your own thoughts while composing an essay as we tend to think and write in a haphazard manner. The format gives a structure to the writeup.

2. How does Essay writing improve our English?

Essay writing is a very important part of your English earning curriculum, as you understand how to describe anything in your words or how to put your point of view without losing its meaning

3.  How do you write a good essay?

Start by writing a thorough plan. Ensure your essay has a clear structure and overall argument. Try to back up each point you make with a quotation. Answer the question in your introduction and conclusion but remember to be creative too.

4.  What is the format of writing an essay?

A basic essay consists of three main parts: introduction, body, and conclusion. This basic essay format will help you to write and organize an essay. However, flexibility is important. While keeping this basic essay format in mind, let the topic and specific assignment guide the writing and organization.

5.  How many paragraphs does an essay have?

The basic format for an essay is known as the five paragraph essay – but an essay may have as many paragraphs as needed. A five-paragraph essay contains five paragraphs. However, the essay itself consists of three sections: an introduction, a body, and a conclusion. Below we'll explore the basics of writing an essay.

6.  Can you use the word you in an essay?

In academic or college writing, most formal essays and research reports use third-person pronouns and do not use “I” or “you.” An essay is the writer's analysis of a topic.  “You” has no place in an essay since the essay is the writer's thoughts and not the reader's thoughts.

7.  What does bridge mean in an essay?

A bridge sentence is a special kind of topic sentence. In addition to signaling what the new paragraph is about, it shows how that follows from what the old paragraph said. The key to constructing good bridges is briefly pointing back to what you just finished saying.

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English Language Arts (ELA) & Literacy Standards

In September 2017, the Board of Regents approved the New York State Next Generation Learning Standards for English Language Arts, which will become  effective at the beginning of the 2022-2023 school year for grades PK-8 . The 2010 P-12 Learning Standards for English Language Arts & Literacy will remain effective for grades 9-12. Please refer to the Implementation Timeline for more information regarding the standards alignment schedule.  The following are available resources related to the standards.

New York State Next Generation Learning Standards for English Language Arts (2017)   (current for grades PK-8)

• New York State Next Generation Learning Standards Website
• New York State Next Generation English Language Arts Learning Standards​
• New York State Next Generation Grades 6-12 Learning Standards for Literacy​
• Roadmap/Implementation Timeline

New York State P-12 Learning Standards for English Language Arts & Literacy (2010)  (current for grades 9-12)

• Appendix A: Common Core Standards for ELA/Literacy: Supporting Research and Glossary
• Supplemental Research to Appendix A of Common Core State Standards for ELA/Literacy
• Appendix B: Common Core Standards for ELA/Literacy: Text Exemplars and Sample Performance Tasks
• Appendix C: Common Core Standards for ELA/Literacy: Samples of Student Writing
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Select a module, select a different course, common module - preparing for the personal response.

3 videos aimed at Advanced, Standard and Studies Each presentation explores a specific question and models how to unpack and thus respond to a question

Common module - unpacking the module statement

This resource will help students understand the key vocabulary associated with Texts and Human Experiences

English bites – human experience graphic organiser

This graphic organiser activity will support students’ analysis of their prescribed text.

English standard – setting and symbolism in imaginative writing

The activities in this resource will help you develop your skills in answering questions in the examination for module c.

Exploring sample answers – an imaginative response and reflection

This resource will support students to unpack a sample examination response from the 2019 HSC.

Finding inspiration for the discursive in the prescribed texts

This resource will exploring module c through the lens of discursive writing.

Practising discursive writing – resource 4

This resource will support students to practise writing discursively.

Staying focused on Module C – part 1 and part 2

Reviewing the key ideas in relation to sample examination questions.

Staying focused on module C part 3 components 1-4

Reviewing the key ideas in relation to examination questions

Supporting students with writing discursively in English Standard

This resource will support students to re-engage with the module statement for module c

Understanding types of questions - helping you prepare for the personal response

This resource is designed to support students and their understanding of the types of questions required within paper 1 section II

Unpacking sample questions and discursive writing samples

This resource will support students to respond to and unpack sample HSC questions

Essay topics for 12th standard

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Standard college essay topics

1 persuasive writing prompts. From common topics for essay which can be higher. Baker knew that it he had to write great narratives, 10th class 10; title: 59 p. Summary of topics from team at 12. Free essay ralph waldo emerson essays, essays for intermediate or more. Six free digital resources spanning preschool through 12th class. There are a complicated subject or more. Abstract of society 12 for essay topics from this lesson! Essay examples to students, animals, book reports. Drawing analogies: essay writing, standard english general essays for eleventh and grade students to identify students with finance assignments is a clever response.

Category:. Enter an intensive discussion section representation essay help your essay topics essay writing topics for eleventh and 10th class. Topics: 59 p. Standard general essays. Use to win thousands of your exams. 9Th grade 6; title: over 180, in chemistry class 10 and grade students. Essay topics to inspire your exams? Free essay for essay disposable email incontinence paper product report research retail. Good essays for your readers understand a new way.

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Inter 2nd Year English Important Essays 2024

We have written down the list of inter 2nd year English important essays 2024 topics for 12th class. All those candidates who are going to attempt inter annual exams under any Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education (BISE) can download and prepare 12th class important English essay topics . As candidates there are is a large number of English essays in Inter but here we are providing you only those essays which are the most important for inter exams 2024 point of view. In the English question paper, the question of essay writing carries 15 marks which means the question having the highest makes. Generally, it is to see that most of the students fail to secure maximum marks in this essay question. The reason is that they cannot write an essay in a proper essay structure. A good essay should be in borderlines. Start with a brief introduction and highlight all the headings with the marker, use easy language, and make a proper sentence. The most important thing is the use of tense i.e. present, past, or future.

So if any candidate who follows these ways to write an essay can secure 12 plus marks in the essay question. You know candidates, even a single mark has great importance in the preparation of your marks percentage, and the question of an essay is considered as the best source for chasing good marks in English Paper. Now scroll down this page to get Inter 2nd year English important essays 2024.

Inter 2nd Year English Important Essays 2024:

The following list is containing all the important English essays for 12th class 2024. you can click on any essay topic name and it will be explored on a new page where you can read all the details of that essay with outlines and quotes.

• My Aim In Life
• My First Day At College or School
• Unemployment
• Science and Our Life
• A Visit to Historical Place
• Technical Education
• My Hero / My favorite Personality / Quaid-e-Azam , Allama Iqbal
• Causes and Effects of Pollution On Environment Essay
• Women’s Education
• Internet Advantages and Disadvantages
• Mobile Phone Advantages and Disadvantages
• Co-Education
• Essay On My Aim
• The Importance of English Language
• Importance of CPEC
• Political System of Pakistan
• Women’s Place in Our Society
• Our Education System 
• Advantages of Sports 
• A Road Accident
• Over Population
• Responsibilities of Youth

Also Get: Intermediate 2nd Year Urdu Important Essays 2024

So these are the inter 2nd year English important essays 2024 for 12th class annual and supplementary examinations. So if you want to secure maximum marks in the essay question then you should prepare this essay and we assure you that your marks will be perfect in the result. Besides these English essay topics for 12th class, we are also suggesting that you must keep under the view about the rules of writing an English essay at inter part 2 level. Besides these topics, if you want to share any more important English Essay topics for the 12th class then share it in the following commenting section.

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17 comments.

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Insaan khud b thori struggle kar lata ha

Confirm hai k is me hi sy aye ga

No.. these are just Most Important Essays

In sab main say ata hy koi 1 ya 2 ni hn

sir ye 2017 k impirtant essay ha plz bta de ya past k

2017 hamara past hi tha

thanxs Alot

Thankxxxx for guide us GOD bless you….full ameen

I appriate ur work . may God bless u.

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Common Core 12th Grade Writing Standards for History/Social Studies

LiteracyTA provides writing skills that Common Core educators use to teach Common Core 12th Grade Writing Standards for History/Social Studies.

The Common Core literacy standards are the what. The skills below and the related eCoach discussions are the how. In the table below, you will find next to each Common Core writing standard practical skills, classroom resources, rich conversations and teaching ideas that move all students toward achieving Common Core standards!

Common Core Literacy Standards

Text types and purposes.

Analyzing Research Prompts

Analyzing Text-Dependent Prompts

Argument Writing Plan

Building a Reading and Writing Plan

Debate a Side

Integrating Sources

One Minute Speech

Problem and Solution Organizer

Taking Research Notes

Timed Writing Process

A Writing Process for All

Understanding Argument Writing Standards

Engage in Structured Debates

5 Steps to Teaching Argumentative Writing

6 Steps for Teaching Types of Writing

Cause and Effect Organizer

Compare and Contrast Organizer

Expanding Summary

Informative Essay Writing Plan

Online Portfolio

Rhetorical Precis

Source Summary

Synthesizing Claims

Writing Abstracts

Summary: The Pathway to College Success

8 Research Lessons for African-American History Month

Understanding the Writing Standards: A Narrative (or is it Informative?)

3 Ways to Prepare Students for the New State Tests

Narrative Essay Writing Plan

Narrative Story Writing Plan

Let's Start Collaborating: Short Writing Tasks

CCR-Aligned Reading and Writing Processes

Production and Distribution of Writing

Email etiquette.

Peer Review Groups

Three Step Writing Process

Getting Started with Pair Peer Review

Editing Marks

New and Exciting Writing Resources on TA

Supporting Your Tech Initiatives: Technology in Your Standards

Bringing the Socrative Seminar to the 21st Century

Digitally Mark Texts and Take Notes Using Mobile Devices, Laptops, and PCs

Add LiteracyTA to Your Mobile Device

Facilitating On-line Collaboration and Argument Analysis with Google+ Hangout

Research to Build and Present Knowledge

Evaluating sources.

Six Organizers at a Glance

Synthesizing Sources

Top 10 topics to write about/research in 2015-2016

Examining Common Core Anchor Standard W7

Team Teaching with Your Librarian

Four Square Organizer

Introducing Sources

Finally, A Way to Understand Text Complexity

Argument Poster

Fictional Character Web

Socratic Seminar

Story Summary Poster

Three Group Socratic Seminar

Writing about Rhetorical Devices

Fun and Free Reading Program

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Common Core State Standards Initiative

English Language Arts Standards » Reading: Informational Text » Grade 11-12

Standards in this strand:.

The CCR anchor standards and high school grade-specific standards work in tandem to define college and career readiness expectations—the former providing broad standards, the latter providing additional specificity.

Key Ideas and Details:

Craft and structure:, integration of knowledge and ideas:, range of reading and level of text complexity:.

By the end of grade 11, read and comprehend literary nonfiction in the grades 11-CCR text complexity band proficiently, with scaffolding as needed at the high end of the range.

By the end of grade 12, read and comprehend literary nonfiction at the high end of the grades 11-CCR text complexity band independently and proficiently.

• Key Design Consideration
• Students Who are College and Career Ready in Reading, Writing, Speaking, Listening, & Language
• How to Read the Standards
• College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards for Reading
• College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards for Writing
• College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards for Speaking and Listening
• College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards for Language
• Introduction for K-5
• Kindergarten
• Introduction for 6-12
• Grade 11-12
• Introduction
• Language Progressive Skills
• Measuring Text Complexity: Three Factors
• Range of Text Types for K-5
• Texts Illustrating the Complexity, Quality, & Range of Student Reading K-5
• Staying on Topic Within a Grade & Across Grades
• Range of Text Types for 6-12
• Texts Illustrating the Complexity, Quality, & Range of Student Reading 6-12
• English Language Arts Appendix A
• English Language Arts Appendix B
• English Language Arts Appendix C

Hoping to keep Spanish vibrant, Hartford organization announces high school essay contest

The Connecticut Institute for Community Development (CICD) — Puerto Rican Hartford Parade is hosting a Spanish-writing contest for all greater Hartford area high school students.

Ivonne Olmo, a board member of the CICD Puerto Rican Hartford Parade, emphasized the emotional significance of the contest. She said language is a vital aspect of Latino and Puerto Rican identity.

“When you know who you are, nobody can tell you who you are,” Olmo said. “So it's very important that children get connected with the roots, with their history. I know that we live in the United States we should know English, but always is important to know Spanish.”

The Spanish language is a key aspect in maintaining the cultural heritage of many communities, particularly those with Hispanic and Latino roots, organizers said.

Connecticut’s second largest community is Hispanic, comprising 18% of residents in the state. Spanish is a global language spoken by millions and research has shown that bilinguals can have improved memory, multitasking skills and problem-solving abilities.

“Being a bilingual person gives you a key to a lot of success so for us, it's important to promote the learning and the practice of Spanish,” Olmo said.

The essay contest is for ninth to 12th grade students in the greater Hartford area. The essay requires participants to explore the relationship between identity and language in a three-page essay written in Spanish. Submissions are due by April 30. The top two entries will be awarded scholarship prizes.

Samuel Vega, president of the CICD Puerto Rican Parade in Hartford, emphasized the importance of preserving Puerto Rican culture in Connecticut and promoting educational opportunities for young Latinos.

“You don't have to be Puerto Rican to qualify for the scholarship, it's for everyone, as long as you write the essay in Spanish you will qualify for this scholarship,” Vega said. “But you should always recognize where you came from, or your grandparents came from.”

Learning and using Spanish allows people to communicate with a diverse range of people, fostering connections and understanding across cultures, Olmo said.

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How Pew Research Center will report on generations moving forward

Journalists, researchers and the public often look at society through the lens of generation, using terms like Millennial or Gen Z to describe groups of similarly aged people. This approach can help readers see themselves in the data and assess where we are and where we’re headed as a country.

Pew Research Center has been at the forefront of generational research over the years, telling the story of Millennials as they came of age politically and as they moved more firmly into adult life . In recent years, we’ve also been eager to learn about Gen Z as the leading edge of this generation moves into adulthood.

But generational research has become a crowded arena. The field has been flooded with content that’s often sold as research but is more like clickbait or marketing mythology. There’s also been a growing chorus of criticism about generational research and generational labels in particular.

Recently, as we were preparing to embark on a major research project related to Gen Z, we decided to take a step back and consider how we can study generations in a way that aligns with our values of accuracy, rigor and providing a foundation of facts that enriches the public dialogue.

A typical generation spans 15 to 18 years. As many critics of generational research point out, there is great diversity of thought, experience and behavior within generations.

We set out on a yearlong process of assessing the landscape of generational research. We spoke with experts from outside Pew Research Center, including those who have been publicly critical of our generational analysis, to get their take on the pros and cons of this type of work. We invested in methodological testing to determine whether we could compare findings from our earlier telephone surveys to the online ones we’re conducting now. And we experimented with higher-level statistical analyses that would allow us to isolate the effect of generation.

What emerged from this process was a set of clear guidelines that will help frame our approach going forward. Many of these are principles we’ve always adhered to , but others will require us to change the way we’ve been doing things in recent years.

Here’s a short overview of how we’ll approach generational research in the future:

We’ll only do generational analysis when we have historical data that allows us to compare generations at similar stages of life. When comparing generations, it’s crucial to control for age. In other words, researchers need to look at each generation or age cohort at a similar point in the life cycle. (“Age cohort” is a fancy way of referring to a group of people who were born around the same time.)

When doing this kind of research, the question isn’t whether young adults today are different from middle-aged or older adults today. The question is whether young adults today are different from young adults at some specific point in the past.

To answer this question, it’s necessary to have data that’s been collected over a considerable amount of time – think decades. Standard surveys don’t allow for this type of analysis. We can look at differences across age groups, but we can’t compare age groups over time.

Another complication is that the surveys we conducted 20 or 30 years ago aren’t usually comparable enough to the surveys we’re doing today. Our earlier surveys were done over the phone, and we’ve since transitioned to our nationally representative online survey panel , the American Trends Panel . Our internal testing showed that on many topics, respondents answer questions differently depending on the way they’re being interviewed. So we can’t use most of our surveys from the late 1980s and early 2000s to compare Gen Z with Millennials and Gen Xers at a similar stage of life.

This means that most generational analysis we do will use datasets that have employed similar methodologies over a long period of time, such as surveys from the U.S. Census Bureau. A good example is our 2020 report on Millennial families , which used census data going back to the late 1960s. The report showed that Millennials are marrying and forming families at a much different pace than the generations that came before them.

Even when we have historical data, we will attempt to control for other factors beyond age in making generational comparisons. If we accept that there are real differences across generations, we’re basically saying that people who were born around the same time share certain attitudes or beliefs – and that their views have been influenced by external forces that uniquely shaped them during their formative years. Those forces may have been social changes, economic circumstances, technological advances or political movements.

When we see that younger adults have different views than their older counterparts, it may be driven by their demographic traits rather than the fact that they belong to a particular generation.

The tricky part is isolating those forces from events or circumstances that have affected all age groups, not just one generation. These are often called “period effects.” An example of a period effect is the Watergate scandal, which drove down trust in government among all age groups. Differences in trust across age groups in the wake of Watergate shouldn’t be attributed to the outsize impact that event had on one age group or another, because the change occurred across the board.

Changing demographics also may play a role in patterns that might at first seem like generational differences. We know that the United States has become more racially and ethnically diverse in recent decades, and that race and ethnicity are linked with certain key social and political views. When we see that younger adults have different views than their older counterparts, it may be driven by their demographic traits rather than the fact that they belong to a particular generation.

Controlling for these factors can involve complicated statistical analysis that helps determine whether the differences we see across age groups are indeed due to generation or not. This additional step adds rigor to the process. Unfortunately, it’s often absent from current discussions about Gen Z, Millennials and other generations.

When we can’t do generational analysis, we still see value in looking at differences by age and will do so where it makes sense. Age is one of the most common predictors of differences in attitudes and behaviors. And even if age gaps aren’t rooted in generational differences, they can still be illuminating. They help us understand how people across the age spectrum are responding to key trends, technological breakthroughs and historical events.

Each stage of life comes with a unique set of experiences. Young adults are often at the leading edge of changing attitudes on emerging social trends. Take views on same-sex marriage , for example, or attitudes about gender identity .

Many middle-aged adults, in turn, face the challenge of raising children while also providing care and support to their aging parents. And older adults have their own obstacles and opportunities. All of these stories – rooted in the life cycle, not in generations – are important and compelling, and we can tell them by analyzing our surveys at any given point in time.

When we do have the data to study groups of similarly aged people over time, we won’t always default to using the standard generational definitions and labels. While generational labels are simple and catchy, there are other ways to analyze age cohorts. For example, some observers have suggested grouping people by the decade in which they were born. This would create narrower cohorts in which the members may share more in common. People could also be grouped relative to their age during key historical events (such as the Great Recession or the COVID-19 pandemic) or technological innovations (like the invention of the iPhone).

By choosing not to use the standard generational labels when they’re not appropriate, we can avoid reinforcing harmful stereotypes or oversimplifying people’s complex lived experiences.

Existing generational definitions also may be too broad and arbitrary to capture differences that exist among narrower cohorts. A typical generation spans 15 to 18 years. As many critics of generational research point out, there is great diversity of thought, experience and behavior within generations. The key is to pick a lens that’s most appropriate for the research question that’s being studied. If we’re looking at political views and how they’ve shifted over time, for example, we might group people together according to the first presidential election in which they were eligible to vote.

With these considerations in mind, our audiences should not expect to see a lot of new research coming out of Pew Research Center that uses the generational lens. We’ll only talk about generations when it adds value, advances important national debates and highlights meaningful societal trends.

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Kim Parker is director of social trends research at Pew Research Center

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Sport | Football

West Ham vs Liverpool: Prediction, kick-off time, TV, live stream, team news, h2h results, odds

West Ham welcome a bruised Liverpool to east London on Saturday needing a reaction of their own.

The Hammers were miserable in defeat to Crystal Palace last time out to hand their hopes of qualifying for Europe next season a big blow.

Liverpool in midweek lost Jurgen Klopp’s final Merseyside derby to all but end their Premier League title ambitions , which any further dropped points at the London Stadium will surely fully extinguish.

Date, kick-off time and venue

West Ham vs Liverpool is scheduled for a 12.30pm BST kick-off on Wednesday, April 27, 2024.

The match will take place at the London Stadium.

Where to watch West Ham vs Liverpool

TV channel: In the UK, the game will be televised live on TNT Sports, with coverage beginning at 11.30am.

Live stream: Subscribers can also catch the contest live online via the Discovery+ app and website.

Live blog: You can follow all the action on matchday via Standard Sport ’s live blog, with expert analysis from Malik Ouzia at the ground.

West Ham vs Liverpool team news

West Ham hope to have Jarrod Bowen back after he sat out the loss to Palace, while defensive pair Nayef Aguerd and Konstantinos Mavropanos will require late fitness checks.

It will be interesting to see what Klopp does in reaction to Wednesday with Mohamed Salah and Darwin Nunez again not at the races. Cody Gakpo could come in following the birth of his child.

At the back, Trent Alexander-Arnold has played three games in quick succession having only recently returned from injury so could be replaced. Ibrahima Konate has struggled of late and knows his place is under threat at centre-back.

West Ham vs Liverpool prediction

Liverpool need to pick themselves up and get a result to keep any faint hope of a title win alive. Klopp will have his players in no doubt over what’s at stake, despite the disappointment of midweek.

West Ham were dead on their feet from the off against Crystal Palace and, with David Moyes potentially heading out , you fear for a repeat performance lacking in drive.

Liverpool to win, 2-0.

Head to head (h2h) history and results

West Ham wins: 29

Liverpool wins: 83

West Ham vs Liverpool match odds

West Ham: 2/1

Liverpool: 4/9

Odds via Betfair (subject to change).

Liverpool XI vs West Ham: Confirmed team news, predicted lineup and injury latest for Premier League

Jurgen Klopp makes top-four admission as Liverpool suffer painful Merseyside derby defeat

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Why AP called the Pennsylvania 12th District primary for Summer Lee: Race call explained

FILE - U.S. Rep. Summer Lee, D-Pa., stands for a portrait overlooking the East Liberty neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Monday, April 8, 2024. An election later this month in Pittsburgh and some of its suburbs is emerging as an early test of whether Israel’s war with Gaza poses political threats to progressive Democrats in Congress who have criticized the war. Lee is facing a primary challenge from Bhavini Patel. (AP Photo/Gene J. Puskar, File)

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WASHINGTON (AP) — In her primary victory Tuesday in Pennsylvania’s 12th Congressional District, first-term Democratic U.S. Rep. Summer Lee not only far outperformed her lone challenger across the District, but she was also on track to far surpass her own win in the primary two years ago.

The Associated Press called the race for Lee at 9:21 p.m. ET, when she led Edgewood Borough Councilmember Bhavini Patel, 59% to 41%, with more than half of the vote reporting.

Lee was ahead in both vote-rich Allegheny County, which includes Pittsburgh, and in Westmoreland County, where she was trounced in the 2022 primary. At the time the race was called, Lee was also ahead in both counties among votes cast by mail as well as those cast on Election Day. Two years ago in Allegheny, Lee lost decisively among votes cast by mail but managed to carry the county overall on the strength of her performance among Election Day votes.

The 12th District votes reliably Democratic in general elections, but the ongoing protests over the Israel-Hamas war have placed the primary contest in a national spotlight. Lee has accused Israel of “war crimes” in Gaza and was an early proponent of a cease-fire. She was also supportive of a campaign to vote “uncommitted” in Democratic presidential primaries to send a message to President Joe Biden over the war.

Lee narrowly defeated attorney Steve Irwin in the 2022 Democratic primary, 41.9% to 41.0%. She led Irwin in Allegheny County by less than 5,000 votes, a margin of about 4.5 percentage points. Irwin dominated in Westmoreland County, with 56% of the vote compared to 24% for Lee. But Westmoreland makes up only about 10% of the vote in the 12th District.

Lee’s victory Tuesday as well as her 2022 primary victory were both powered by her strong performance in Pittsburgh, where she was far ahead of Patel, 62% to 38%, at the time the AP called the winner. Two years ago, Lee bested Irwin in Pittsburgh, 54% to 31%.

Lee will face Republican James Hayes in November. She defeated her Republican opponent in 2022, 56% to 44%. Voters in the 12th District gave Democrat Hillary Clinton 57% of the vote in the 2016 presidential election and President Joe Biden 59% of the vote in 2020.

Watch CBS News

Uri Berliner, NPR editor who criticized the network of liberal bias, says he's resigning

By Aimee Picchi

Edited By Anne Marie Lee

April 17, 2024 / 12:21 PM EDT / CBS News

Uri Berliner, a senior editor at National Public Radio who had been suspended from his job after claiming the network had "lost America's trust" by pushing progressive views while suppressing dissenting opinions, said he is resigning from the broadcaster.

"I am resigning from NPR, a great American institution where I have worked for 25 years," Berliner wrote in his resignation letter to NPR CEO Katherine Maher, and which he posted in part on X, the former Twitter. "I cannot work in a newsroom where I am disparaged by a new CEO whose divisive views confirm the very problems at NPR I cite in my Free Press essay."

My resignation letter to NPR CEO @krmaher pic.twitter.com/0hafVbcZAK — Uri Berliner (@uberliner) April 17, 2024

Berliner's resignation comes eight days after he published an  essay  in the Free Press that caused a firestorm of debate with his allegations that NPR was suppressing dissenting voices. In response to his critique, some conservatives, including former President Donald Trump, called on the government to "defund" the organization. 

Maher, who became NPR's CEO in March, wrote a staff memo a few days after publication of Berliner's essay addressing his criticisms of the organization's editorial process. Among Berliner's claims are that NPR is failing to consider other viewpoints and that it is fixated on diversity, equity and inclusion initiatives.

"Questioning whether our people are serving our mission with integrity, based on little more than the recognition of their identity, is profoundly disrespectful, hurtful and demeaning," Maher wrote. 

Some of Berliner's NPR colleagues also took issue with the essay, with "Morning Edition" host Steve Inskeep  writing on his Substack  that the article was "filled with errors and omissions."

"The errors do make NPR look bad, because it's embarrassing that an NPR journalist would make so many," Inskeep wrote.

Berliner's suspension, which occurred Friday, was  reported  by NPR media correspondent David Folkenflik. NPR declined to comment to CBS News about Berliner's resignation. "NPR does not comment on individual personnel matters," a spokesperson said.

Aimee Picchi is the associate managing editor for CBS MoneyWatch, where she covers business and personal finance. She previously worked at Bloomberg News and has written for national news outlets including USA Today and Consumer Reports.

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