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Detectives Just Used DNA To Solve A 1956 Double Homicide. They May Have Made History

Sharon Pruitt-Young

Clippings from the Great Falls Tribune were part of the Cascade County Sheriff's Office investigative file into the 1956 murders of Patricia Kalitzke and Lloyd Duane Bogle. Traci Rosenbaum/USA Today Network via Reuters Co. hide caption

Clippings from the Great Falls Tribune were part of the Cascade County Sheriff's Office investigative file into the 1956 murders of Patricia Kalitzke and Lloyd Duane Bogle.

It was only three days into 1956 when three boys from Montana, out for a hike on a normal January day, made a gruesome discovery they were unlikely to ever forget.

During a walk near the Sun River, they found 18-year-old Lloyd Duane Bogle, dead from a gunshot wound to the head. They found him on the ground near his car, and someone had used his belt to tie his hands behind his back, according to a report from the Great Falls Tribune . The next day brought another disturbing discovery: A county road worker found 16-year-old Patricia Kalitzke's body in an area north of Great Falls, the paper reports. She had been shot in the head, just as Bogle had been, but she had also been sexually assaulted.

Their killings went unsolved until this week when investigators announced they had cracked what is believed to be the oldest case solved with DNA and forensic genealogy.

The victims were discovered in a lover's lane

Bogle, an airman hailing from Texas, and Kalitzke, a junior at Great Falls High School, had fallen for each other and were even considering marriage, the Tribune reports. The place where they were believed to have been killed was a known "lover's lane," according to a clipping from a local newspaper posted on a memorial page.

But their love story was brutally cut short by the actions of a killer whose identity would not be revealed for more than 60 years. And it was not for lack of trying: Early on in the case, investigators followed numerous leads, but none of them panned out. The case eventually went cold.

For decades, the Cascade County Sheriff's Office continued to work on it, with multiple detectives attempting to make progress over the years. One such investigator was Detective Sgt. Jon Kadner, who was assigned the case in 2012 — his first cold case, he said during an interview with NPR. He was immediately met with the daunting task of digitizing the expansive case file, an endeavor that took months.

He continued to work on the Kalitzke/Bogle case even while handling the newer cases that were landing on his desk all the time, but he had a feeling that more was needed to get to the bottom of what had happened to the couple all those decades ago.

"My first impression was that the only way we're gonna ever solve this is through the use of DNA," Kadner said.

Detectives turned to a new forensic investigation

Fortunately, Kadner had something to work with. During Kalitzke's autopsy in 1956, coroners had taken a vaginal swab, which had been preserved on a microscopic slide in the years since, according to the Great Falls Tribune report. Phil Matteson, a now-retired detective with the sheriff's office, sent that sample to a local lab for testing in 2001, and the team there identified sperm that did not belong to Bogle, her boyfriend, the paper reports.

Armed with this knowledge, Kadner in 2019 sought out the assistance of Bode Technology. After forensic genealogy was used to finally nab the Golden State Killer the year prior, law enforcement officials were becoming increasingly aware of the potential to use that technology to solve cold cases — even decades-old cases like Kalitzke and Bogle's.

With the help of partnering labs, forensic genealogists are able to use preserved samples to create a DNA profile of the culprit and then use that profile to search public databases for any potential matches. In most cases, those profiles can end up linking to distant relatives of the culprit — say, a second or third cousin. By searching public records (such as death certificates and newspaper clippings), forensic genealogists are then able to construct a family tree that can point them right to the suspect, even if that suspect has never provided their DNA to any public database.

In this case, "Our genealogists, what they're going to do is independently build a family tree from this cousin's profile," Andrew Singer, an executive with Bode Technology, told NPR. He called it "a reverse family tree. ... We're essentially going backwards. We're starting with a distant relative and trying to work back toward our unknown sample."

It worked: DNA testing led investigators to a man named Kenneth Gould. Before moving to Missouri in 1967, Gould had lived with his wife and children in the Great Falls area around the time of the murders, according to the Tribune .

"It felt great because for the first time in 65 years we finally had a direction and a place to take the investigation," Kadner told NPR. "Because it was all theories up to that point ... we finally had a match and we had a name. That changed the whole dynamic of the case."

Investigators' goal is a safer world

But there was one big problem: Gould had died in 2007 and his remains had been cremated, according to the Tribune . The only way to prove his guilt or his innocence was to test the DNA of his remaining relatives.

Detectives had an uncomfortable task ahead of them: letting a dead man's family know that, despite the fact that he'd never previously been identified as a person of interest, he was now the key suspect in a double homicide and rape.

Authorities traveled to Missouri, where they spoke with Gould's children and told them about the Kalitzke/Bogle case and eventually identified their father as a suspect, Kadner said. They asked for the family's help in either proving or disproving that Gould was the man responsible and the family complied.

The test results said Gould was the guy. With the killer finally identified, Kadner was able to reach out to the victims' surviving relatives and deliver the closure that had taken more than 60 years to procure. It was a bittersweet revelation: They were grateful for answers, but for many of the older people in the family, it was a struggle to have those wounds reopened.

"They're excited, but at the same time, it has brought up a lot of memories," Kadner said.

Now, the sheriff's office is considering forming a cold case task force, as other law enforcement agencies have done. The hope is that they'll be able to provide more families with the answers they deserve and, in many cases, have spent years waiting for.

"If there's new technology and we are able to potentially solve something, we want to keep working at it, because ultimately we're trying to do it for the family," he said. "Give them some closure."

The Kalitzke/Bogle case is one of the oldest criminal cases that has been solved using forensic genealogy, and authorities are hopeful that they'll be able to use this ever-advancing technology to solve cold cases dating back even further — although new state legislation restricting forensic genealogy could complicate matters.

Even without that complication, Singer explained to NPR, the success rate depends heavily on how well the evidence has been preserved over the years. Still, he hopes that it can be used to help law enforcement improve public safety and "[prevent] tomorrow's victim."

"It's really fantastic technology and it's going to solve a lot of cold cases," Singer said.

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Case 4: DNA Sequencing

• First Online: 22 June 2022

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• Olivier L. de Weck 2  

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This chapter is our fourth case study where we consider technological evolution in the life sciences. Specifically, we take a look at the discovery of DNA in the 1950s and its structure and ways to sequence these long molecular chains which contain the building block information for living organisms. Starting with chain termination methods in the 1960s and 1970s, the sequencing of DNA has made several orders of magnitude improvement in terms of speed, accuracy, and price. Today, it is possible to sequence the full genome of a human under $1000.

• James Watson
• Francis Crick
• Gregor Mendel
• Frederick Sanger
• Termination method
• Human genome project
• Electrophoresis
• Double helix
• Parallelization
• Read length
• Broad Institute
• Genetic testing
• Writing DNA
• Data storage
• Rosalind Franklin

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Watson JD, Crick FH (1953). “Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid”. Nature . 171 (4356): 737–8. Bibcode:1953 Natur.171..737 W. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/171737a0 . PMID 13054692.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel

A large fraction of this chapter is based on the open source Wikipedia article on DNA sequencing: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing

The Human Genome Project launched by Craig Venter in the early 2000s was a major accelerator for DNA sequencing and genomics as we know it today.

It is important to distinguish between the accuracy of reading a single DNA fragment which may contain about 300–600 [bp], versus the accuracy of an entire gene, chromosome or genome. Through repetition and statistical analysis of DNA fragment sequences, as shown in Fig. 18.5 , it is possible to achieve almost perfect accuracy >99.9% in reading DNA with current technologies and techniques.

Nicol R, Woodruff L, Mikkelsen T, Voigt C, inventors; Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Broad Institute Inc, assignee. High-throughput assembly of genetic elements . United States patent application US 15/313,863. 2017 Sep 21.

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Sanger, Frederick, Steven Nicklen, and Alan R. Coulson. “DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 74, no. 12 (1977): 5463–5467.

Watson JD, Crick FH (1953). “Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid”. Nature. 171 (4356): 737–8. Bibcode:1953 Natur.171..737W. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/171737a0 .

URL: https://www.broadinstitute.org/ , accessed 1 Nov 2020

URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing , accessed 1 Nov 2020

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de Weck, O.L. (2022). Case 4: DNA Sequencing. In: Technology Roadmapping and Development . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88346-1_18

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Class 12 Biology Case Study of Chapter 6 Molecular Basis of Inheritance

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In Class 12 Boards there will be Case studies and Passage Based Questions will be asked, So practice these types of questions. Study Rate is always there to help you. Free PDF Downloads of CBSE Class 12 Biology Chapter 6 Molecular Basis of Inheritance Case Study and Passage Based Questions with Answers were Prepared Based on the Latest Exam Pattern. Students can solve Class 12 Biology Case Study Questions Molecular Basis of Inheritance  to know their preparation level.

Join our Telegram Channel, there you will get various e-books for CBSE 2024 Boards exams for Class 9th, 10th, 11th, and 12th.

In CBSE Class 12 Biology Paper, There will be a few questions based on case studies and passage-based as well. In that, a paragraph will be given, and then the MCQ questions based on it will be asked.

Molecular Basis of Inheritance Case Study Questions With Answers

Here, we have provided case-based/passage-based questions for Class 12 Biology  Chapter 6 Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Case Study/Passage-Based Questions

Case Study 1: In prokaryotes, DNA is circular and present in the cytoplasm but in eukaryotes, DNA is linear and mainly confined to the nucleus. DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is a long polymer of nucleotides. In 1953, the first correct double helical structure of DNA was worked out by Watson and Crick. Based on the X-ray diffraction data produced by Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin. It is composed of three components, i.e., A phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base. Different forms of DNA are B-DNA, Z-DNA, A-DNA, C-DNA, and D-DNA.

(i) Name the linkage present between the nitrogen base and pentose sugar in DNA.

Answer: (b) Glycosidic bond

(ii) The double helix structure of DNA was proposed by

Answer: (a) James Watson and Francis Crick

(iii) The double chain of B-DNA is coiled in a helical fashion. The spiral twisting of the B-DNA duplex produces

Answer: (b) major and minor grooves

(iv)  Assertion:  The two strands of DNA helix have a uniform distance between them. Reason: A large-sized purine is always paired opposite to a small-sized pyrimidine.

Answer: (a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion

 (v) Which of the following describes the structure of B-DNA?

Answer: (b)

Case Study 2: The process of translation requires the transfer of genetic information from a polymer of nucleotides to synthesize a polymer of amino acids. The relationship between the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide and the nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA is called genetic code. George Gamow suggested that in order to code for all the 20 amino acids, code should be made up of three nucleotides.

What is the process by which a polymer of nucleotides is used to synthesize a polymer of amino acids? A) Replication B) Transcription C) Translation D) Mutation

What is the relationship between the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide and the nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA known as? A) Genetic Translation B) Genetic Mutation C) Genetic Replication D) Genetic Code

Who suggested that the genetic code should be made up of three nucleotides? A) James Watson B) Francis Crick C) George Gamow D) Rosalind Franklin

How many nucleotides are required to code for one amino acid in the genetic code? A) One B) Two C) Three D) Four

What is the main reason that three nucleotides are used to code for each amino acid? A) To ensure replication accuracy B) To allow for more combinations and code for all 20 amino acids C) To facilitate faster transcription D) To prevent mutations

Which of the following molecules carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for translation? A) tRNA B) rRNA C) mRNA D) DNA

Hope the information shed above regarding Case Study and Passage Based Questions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 6 Molecular Basis of Inheritance with Answers Pdf free download has been useful to an extent. If you have any other queries about CBSE Class 12 Biology Molecular Basis of Inheritance Case Study and Passage Based Questions with Answers, feel free to comment below so that we can revert back to us at the earliest possible. By Team Study Rate

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The Sound of DNA

Musical Gene Expression

By Janet A. De Souza-Hart, Joseph DeMasi

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The steps involved in transcription and translation can be difficult for students to comprehend. Relating popular culture references (such as song titles) to protein sequences can help students understand the conversion of DNA and RNA information to proteins. In this case study, music is used as an avenue for students to approach the processes of converting genetic sequence into protein sequence. Music is also used to highlight mutations in a sequence, as is the case with an example using Huntington disease. This directed case study is designed for a first-year introductory biology course or high school course that covers gene expression. Students should be familiar with some basic biochemistry (what amino acids and nucleotides are, what enzymes do, etc.) and the structure of open reading frames, codons, and basic knowledge of transcription and translation in preparation for this activity.

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• Describe the basic principles of how genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein, as an introduction to the processes of transcription and translation.
• Describe the different types of point mutations and assess their impact on protein sequence.
• Use a DNA sequence to find a complementary mRNA sequence (transcription) and then a protein sequence (translation); then reverse this process to highlight the redundancy of the genetic code and apply an understanding of gene expression.
• Define basic terms used in gene expression such as codon and peptide.
• Describe the genetic basis for Huntington disease.

Gene expression; transcription; translation; mutation; DNA; RNA; protein; music

Subject Headings

EDUCATIONAL LEVEL

High school, Undergraduate lower division

TOPICAL AREAS

TYPE/METHODS

Teaching Notes & Answer Key

Teaching notes.

Case teaching notes are protected and access to them is limited to paid subscribed instructors. To become a paid subscriber, purchase a subscription here .

Teaching notes are intended to help teachers select and adopt a case. They typically include a summary of the case, teaching objectives, information about the intended audience, details about how the case may be taught, and a list of references and resources.

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Answer Keys are protected and access to them is limited to paid subscribed instructors. To become a paid subscriber, purchase a subscription here .

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Materials & Media

Supplemental materials.

The audio file of the huntingtin "song" below is needed to complete Part I of the case study handout.

• dna_sound.mp3 (~1.6MB)

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CBSE 12th Standard Biology Subject Molecular Basic of Inheritance Case Study Questions With Solution 2021

By QB365 on 21 May, 2021

QB365 Provides the updated CASE Study Questions for Class 12 Biology, and also provide the detail solution for each and every case study questions . Case study questions are latest updated question pattern from NCERT, QB365 will helps to get  more marks in Exams

QB365 - Question Bank Software

12th Standard CBSE

Final Semester - June 2015

Case Study Questions

Read the following and answer any four questions from (i) to (v) given below: In prokaryotes, DNA is circular and present in the cytoplasm but in eukaryotes, DNA is linear and mainly confined to the nucleus. DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is a long polymer of nucleotides. In 1953, the first correct double helical structure of DNA was worked out by Watson and Crick. Based on the X-ray diffraction data produced by Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin. It is composed of three components, i.e., A phosphate group, a deoxyribose sugar and a nitrogenous base. Different forms of DNA are B-DNA, Z-DNA, A-DNA, C-DNA and D-DNA. (i) Name the linkage present between the nitrogen base and pentose sugar in DNA.

(ii) The double helix structure of DNA was proposed by

(iii) The double chain of B-DNA is coiled in a helical fashion. The spiral twisting of B-DNA duplex produces

(iv) Assertion: The two strands of DNA helix have uniform distance between them. Reason: A large sized purine always paired opposite to a small sized pyrimidine.

 (v) Which of the following describes the structure of B-DNA?

Read the following and answer any four questions from (i) to (v) given below: The process of translation requires transfer of genetic information from a polymer of nucleotides to synthesise a polymer of amino acids. The relationship between the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide and nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA is called genetic code. George Gamow suggested that in order to code for all the 20 amino acids, code should be made up of three nucleotides. (i) What is a codon?

(ii) Three consecutive bases in the DNA molecule provide the code for each amino acid in a protein molecule. What is the maximum number of different triplets that could occurs ?

(iii) Listed below are some amino acids and their corresponding mRNA triplets.

Which DNA sequence would be needed to produce the following polypeptide sequence? Alanine- Arginine- Lysine- Phenylalanine

(iv) Identify the non-sense codons among the following.

(v) A polypeptide is made using synthetic mRNA molecules as shown.

What are the DNA codes for the amino acids phenylalanine and lysine?

*****************************************

Cbse 12th standard biology subject molecular basic of inheritance case study questions with solution 2021 answer keys.

(i) Replication of DNA occurs in small replication forks, because DNA is such a long molecule that the separation of the two strands along its entire length requires a very high amount of energy. (ii) a - Continuous synthesis. b - Discontinuous synthesis (iii) A - 5' B-3'.

(a) 'Termination of transcription. (b) A - Template strand of DNA. B - Coding strand of DNA. C - RNA synthesised D - RNA-polymerase E - rho (p) factor.

(a) 11 amino acids will be coded, as the last codon is a termination codon that does not code for any amino acid. (b) Dual functions of AVG: (i) It acts as the initiation codon for translation. ·(ii) It codes for the amino acid, methionine.

(i) (b): In DNA the nitrogenous base and a pentose sugar joins to form nucleoside with the help of bond called glycosidic bond or N-glycosidic linkage. (ii) (a): The correct structure of DNA was first worked out by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953. Their double-helix model of DNA structure was based on two major investigations, i.e., Chargaff's rules of base i'airing and study of X-ray diffraction pattern of DNA produced by Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin which helped Watson and Crick to design the 3-dimensional structure of DNA. (iii) (b): Due to spiral twisting, the B-DNA duplex comes to have two types of alternate grooves, i.e., majo: (length 22 Â) and minor (length 12 Â). (iv) (a)  (v) (b): The double helical chains of B-DNA are bound to each other via hydrogen bonds in an antiparallel fashion, i.e., 5'-3' in one and 3'-5' in other. The pitch of helix per turn is 3.4 nm with 10 base pairs in each turn.

(i) (d): Codon is complementary to a triplet of templet strand. It is found in mRNA. Anticodon is complementary to a codon it occurs in tRNA. (ii) (d) : The triplet code consists of three of the four nucleotide bases - A, C, G or T. Thus the maximum number of codon is 4 3 = 64. (iii) (b): The complementary bases of GCA-CGAAAG- UUU are CGT-GCT-TTC-AAA on the DNA strand. (iv) (c): AUG and GUG are initiation codon which codes for methionine and valine respectively: UGG codes for tryptophan. UAA (ochre) is a termination codon. (v) (a): The triplet codon of phenylalanine (UUU) ")Willbase pair with AAA in the DNA molecule and that oflysine (AAA) will base pair with TTT.

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