case study html

W3.CSS Colors

Web building, w3.css case study, building a responsive web site from scratch.

In this chapter we will build a W3.CSS responsive website from scratch.

First, start with a simple HTML page, with an initial viewport and a link to W3.CSS.

Put Elements in Containers

To add common margins and padding, put the HTML elements inside containers (<div class="w3-container">)

Separate the header from the rest of the content, using two separate <div> elements:

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Color Classes

Color classes defines the color of elements.

This example adds a color to the first <div> element:

Size Classes

Size classes defines the text size for elements.

This example adds a size to both header elements:

Use Semantic Elements

If you like to follow the HTML5 semantic recommendations. please do!

It does not matter for W3.CSS if you use <div> or <header>.

Multicolumn Responsive Layout

With W3.CSS it is easy to create a multicolumn responsive layout.

The columns will rearrange themselves automatically when viewed on different screen sizes.

Some grid rules:

• Start with a row class <div class="w3-row-padding">
• Use predefined classes like "w3-third" to quickly make grid columns
• Place your text content inside the grid columns

This example shows how to create three columns of equal width:

This example shows how to create four columns of equal width:

Columns With Different Widths

This example creates a three-column layout where the column in the middle is wider than the first and last column:

Navigation Bars

A navigation bar is a navigation header that is placed at the top of the page.

Side Navigation

With side navigation, you have several options:

• Always display the navigation pane to the left of the page content.
• Use a collapsible, "fully automatic" responsive side navigation.
• Open navigation pane over the left part of the page content.
• Open navigation pane over all of the page content.
• Slide the page content to the right when opening the navigation pane.
• Display the navigation pane on the right side instead of the left side

This example opens the navigation pane over the left part of the page content:

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Case studies

Web Development & Design Foundations with HTML 5

A first course in web development.

The 10th edition of Web Development & Design Foundations is available!

Announcing the 10th Edition

Building on this textbook’s successful ninth edition, new features for the tenth edition include:

• Chapter 7 has been renamed Responsive Page Layout and takes a mobile first approach! There is a greatly expanded focus on new layout systems including CSS Flexible Layout Module (Flexbox) and CSS Grid Layout — including configuring grids using named areas.
• Chapter 9 introduces form layout with the CSS Flexbox and Grid Layout Systems
• Updated coverage of HTML5 elements and attributes
• Updated code samples, case studies, and web resources
• Expanded treatment of page layout design and responsive web design techniques
• Updated reference sections for HTML5 and CSS
• Additional Hands-On Practice exercises

The book will be primarily available as a Pearson eText. Print copies will be available on demand. Table of Contents Purchase at Pearson

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and World Wide Web

This brief introduction covers the terms and concepts related to the Internet and the Web with which Web developers need to be familiar. For many students, some of this will be a review. Chapter 1 provides the base of knowledge on which the rest of the textbook is built.

Chapter 2: HTML Basics

As HTML5 is introduced, examples and exercises encourage students to create sample pages and gain useful experience. Students are encouraged to create sample pages as they read through the text.

Chapter 3: Configuring Color and Text with CSS

The technique of using Cascading Style Sheets to configure the color and text on web pages is introduced.

Chapter 4: Visual Elements and Graphics

This chapter discusses the use of graphics and visual effects on web pages, including image optimization, CSS borders, CSS image backgrounds, new CSS3 visual effects, and new HTML5 elements. Students are encouraged to create web pages as they read through the text.

Chapter 5: Web Design

This chapter focuses on recommended web design practices and accessibility. Some of this is reinforcement because tips about recommended website design practices are incorporated into the other chapters.

Chapter 6: Page Layout

This chapter continues the study of CSS begun earlier and introduces techniques for positioning and floating web page elements, including a two-column CSS page layout, CSS sprites, CSS for printing, single page website navigation, and more!

Chapter 7: Responsive Page Basics

A mobile first approach is used as this chapter introduces coding techniques for responsive web pages including media queries, feature queries, CSS Flexible Box Layout (Flexbox), CSS Grid Layout, HTML5 picture element, and responsive attributges for the img element.

Chapter 8: Tables

This chapter focuses on the HTML elements used to create tables. Methods for configuring a table with CSS are introduced.

Chapter 9: Forms

This chapter focuses on the HTML elements used to create forms. Methods for configuring the form with CSS, including CSS Grid Layout, are introduced. New HTML5 form control elements and attribute values are introduced.

Chapter 10: Web Development

This chapter focuses on the process of website development, including the job roles needed for a large-scale project, the web development process, and web hosting.

Chapter 11: Web Media and Interactivity

This chapter offers an overview of topics related to adding media and interactivity to web pages. These topics include HTML5 video and audio, CSS3 transforms, CSS transitions, CSS animation, aninteractive image gallery, interactivity with HTML5 Details and Summary elements, and a quick overview of HTML5 APIs, JavaScript, and AJAX.

Chapter 12: E-Commerce Overview

This chapter introduces e-commerce, security, and order processing on the Web.

Chapter 13: Web Promotion

This chapter discusses site promotion from the web developer’s point of view and introduces search engine optimization.

Chapter 14: A Brief Look at JavaScript & jQuery

This chapter provides an introduction to client-side scripting using JavaScript and jQuery.

Author Profile

Dr. Morris has a unique combination of years of industry experience in addition to many years teaching technology courses. Her hands-on approach to this topic enables students to become productive quickly. More Author Info

Student Files

Student files for the 10th edition are available for free download from Pearson .

Instructor Materials

Downloads are available to instructors with exercise solutions, case solutions, PowerPoint presentations, and sample test questions. Contact your Pearson Higher Ed representative or visit Pearson Publishing for more information.

5 inspiring web design case studies

A good case study makes for a top calling card; check out these examples.

The reality of web design is that once you've finished a project, you hopefully move straight onto the next one. However, every site you deliver is an essential portfolio piece that demonstrates your skills and abilities, and while you'll usually want to link to your recent work on your site, it pays to do the job properly.

Rather than simply grabbing a screenshot of a landing page and a link and adding it to your online portfolio, writing up an engaging case study on your work can be a lot more worthwhile. Case studies don't need to be lengthy essays; they just need to give readers a taste of your process and provide some insight into the challenges you've faced over the course of a web build and how you solved them. 

They're a great way to let potential clients know how you work, and they can also provide inspiration for other designers and developers; here are five of our favourite recent examples. Make sure you also check out our top web design tips .

• How to write engaging case studies for your portfolio

01. Museum of Science and Industry of Chicago

For a really inspiring case study, it's hard to beat DogStudio's extensive piece chronicling its work for the Museum of Science and Industry of Chicago. The museum is a vast and highly respected American institution, and you can't help but get the impression that DogStudio was punching well above its weight when it won the commission to rethink and revamp its web platform, but as this case study reveals, it carried the job off with aplomb.

Packed with revealing wireframes, imagery and animations, it's a fascinating insight into a massive and challenging build that had to cater for more than five million online visitors wanting to do everything from buy tickets through to figuring out where to park and finding information about individual exhibits. 

02. National Geographic: A Bear's-Eye View of Yellowstone

Sometimes it's better to show rather than tell. For this captivating look at Yellowstone National Park as seen by four bears fitted with camera collars and GPS, Hello Monday had a wealth of footage, data and expert analysis to work with. And rather than go into dry details of how it fitted everything together, it keeps things brief in its case study , providing a short outline of the project and deliverables before moving on to an entirely visual essay that demonstrates just how much work went into creating this digital feature.

As well as a good helping of footage and screenshots showcasing what the site's all about, what we really love about this study is a section dedicated to how Hello Monday stamped its own personality on the project, breathing extra life into the feature with animation, watercolour illustrations and pencil-drawn portraits of each bear.

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03. Once Upon a Time in… Hollywood

Currently doing big business at the box office, Quentin Tarantino's Once Upon a Time in… Hollywood is a love letter to 1960's cinema that recreates its era with Tarantino's typical attention to detail. And to create an online presence that captured the feel of 1969 Hollywood as well as the film, LA agency Watson went the extra mile to create a digital magazine that feels like it could have come off a newsstand 50 years ago.

In this case study the Watson team explain not only the thinking behind the magazine and its pitch-perfect adverts, but also how they create a physical print run of the mag that got handed out at the premiere and first-night screenings, creating a whole other social buzz as movie fans posted shots of their magazine to prove that they were there. If you're looking for ideas on how to run a strong social campaign, there's some great material here. 

04. British Red Cross

Kota's case study on its recent work with the British Red Cross is a clear and concise piece that provides valuable insight on the challenges – and opportunities – of working on a campaign with an institution with clear-cut brand guidelines that need to be adhered to. In the case of the British Red Cross's OneKindThing campaign, Kota had to create a platform that stood out from previous campaigns while staying within the society's pretty epic brand guidelines.

With a handful of images and a couple of paragraphs, Kota outlines how it managed just that, and also covers some of the technical hurdles that had to be overcome to deliver the finished site. The end result was well worth the effort, as the British Red Cross testimonial at the end of the case study reveals.

05. Stonewall Forever

To mark the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall Riots, an event that helped bring about the Pride movement, Stink Digital partnered with The LGBT Community Center to create Stonewall Forever, an immersive digital experience that features key narratives and previously unheard stories from LGBTQ+ history. 

Stink Digital's case study explains how it built a living monument to 50 years of Pride, based in Christopher Park, New York, but accessible anywhere through a website or AR app, and goes into some detail of the challenges of creating a WebGL monument that consists of over 10,000 individual shards with post-processing effects, but still runs at 60fps, even on low-end devices. 

Beyond the technical challenges, though, this is an absorbing and insightful piece on a project that explores life before, during and after the Stonewall Riots.

Related articles:

• The hottest web design trends of 2019
• How to refine your design portfolio
• Get the perfect website layout in 27 steps

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Jim McCauley is a writer, performer and cat-wrangler who started writing professionally way back in 1995 on PC Format magazine, and has been covering technology-related subjects ever since, whether it's hardware, software or videogames. A chance call in 2005 led to Jim taking charge of Computer Arts' website and developing an interest in the world of graphic design, and eventually led to a move over to the freshly-launched Creative Bloq in 2012. Jim now works as a freelance writer for sites including Creative Bloq, T3 and PetsRadar, specialising in design, technology, wellness and cats, while doing the occasional pantomime and street performance in Bath and designing posters for a local drama group on the side.

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A Space for Creative Growth

6 Web Design Case Studies We Can Learn From

Convey your thought processes and skills - and show future clients who you are as a designer

• Apr 11, 2019

We all know the importance of having a good online design portfolio. It’s your opportunity to show off your masterpieces to the world, while having full control over all aspects, from the layout, to animations, navigation and more. This way, you can have an impact on the way your work is perceived and experienced by potential clients or employers.

That’s all very well, but when it comes to web design projects, why not simply add a link to the website itself and let your visitors browse freely over there? Sure – you should link to any websites you’ve designed, but there are many ways to effectively showcase your web design projects on your portfolio.

Creating a case study that explains your work process and final results can elevate your projects to a whole other level. It can help your site visitors gain a better understanding of who you are, the way you work, your decision-making processes and more. Just like any other design project, a case study should tell a story. It should take your site visitors on a journey through your process, from color palette choices, to icons created specifically for the project, ‘before and after’ pics and more.

We’ve gathered six designers who have chosen diverse ways to expertly showcase their web design projects on their Wix portfolios. Dive in for some inspiration:

1. Brown Owl Creative for Creative House Group

> Showcasing custom-made icons and full-length screenshots

Multidisciplinary design company, Brown Owl Creative, chose to place a fullscreen gif on the top fold of this project page, instantly setting the tone. Directly beneath, a brief sentence introduces the client they were working with, plus the discipline involved and a link to the final result: the website itself. A generous use of white space helps put the focus on the text.

Scrolling down, you’ll find full-length screenshots of their website design, with a simple non-obtrusive gray border. They’ve also chosen to display a section of the client’s website on a laptop, offering an alternative perspective. Another nice touch is the emphasis they’ve put on three animated icons that are featured on the final site. And let’s not forget some basic UX principles they’ve taken care of: a ‘Back to top’ button and a ‘Next project’ button to ensure fluid navigation.

2. Miki Twersky for Nosta Fragrances

> Merging video screenshots with atmospheric photos

There are many subtle additions to NYC-based designer Miki Twersky’s portfolio that make it such a success. The comic footer, delightfully honest ‘ About ’ page and spacious layout make for a browsing experience that is both smooth and entertaining.

It comes as no surprise that her inner project pages are crafted with just as much care and attention to detail. This web design case study starts with a mood-setting image, followed by a brief explanation of the brand and some additional basic details, such as the date, her roles within the project and any other contributors. A slider invites you to scroll through to view the various stages involved in the logo design process.

Further down, Miki has seamlessly integrated video screenshots of the website, enabling her to choose which aspects of her design to put a spotlight on. The page ends with a few product photos that help strengthen the look-and-feel and tie everything together, while presenting more of her branding work.

3. Adelaide Wang for Humm.ly

> Thorough case study incorporating texts, images and videos

San Francisco-based product designer, Adelaide Wang, definitely knows the ins and outs of creating an intriguing and comprehensive case study. Having worked on many aspects of this project for Humm.ly , a music healthcare platform and app, she was able to share her and her team’s full work process.

The long-scrolling page takes you on a journey through some of the major stages of any design project. It starts by presenting their search for a defined visual identity. It then moves on to the details of the app’s various screens and navigation, putting an emphasis on the accessibility of the website’s design . Lastly, Adelaide presents the website itself on various devices, including a video screenshot of the website on mobile.

A consistent layout is used throughout the page, with titles, subtitles and paragraph text all retaining the same style. Two alternating shades of gray make up the website’s background, creating a clear, but subtle, separation between folds, and ultimately contributing to a successful user experience.

Learn more about how to nail your website’s UX design with these professional examples.

4. Studio&more for Din7

> Presenting color choices, logo design and more

Here’s another example of a detailed web design case study, by graphic design studio, Studio&more. In this project for industrial design company, Din7, they worked on both branding and UX. As a result, they had the material necessary to cover everything from color palette and typography choices, to the development of the company’s logo design, illustration style, website and various applications of the visual identity.

Each section of the case study is numbered and presented with a succinct selection of images. They’ve also used the visual language they came up with for the brand in the background, creating a strong and clearly defined tone of voice. Lastly, the studio has picked out a few of their website design’s screens to showcase separately, drawing attention to them.

5. Ariel Sun for her wedding website

> Telling a story through text and images

NYC-based artist and designer, Ariel Sun, created this web design case study for her own wedding website. There are many ways to write copy for your design portfolio – and here, Ariel’s gone for a friendly and personal tone of voice to provide site visitors with an inviting summary of the project. She also clearly explained what she and her partner’s different roles were in the process, giving everyone the credit they deserve.

Two simple, static screenshots of the website design follow, presenting the most prominent pages of the site. These are accompanied by an illustration of the couple and an image of the wedding invitation, helping us get a feel for the vibe they were going for. All of this is presented in a highly aesthetic way, using a clean grid, plus a fixed menu at the top for comfortable navigation.

6. Liron Ashkenazi for The-Artery

> Including mobile and tablet view, process, and more

Multidisciplinary design director, Liron Ashkenazi, worked with a team of 3D artists, designers and developers to come up with the award-winning design for The-Artery ’s website. Liron’s case study of the project is made up of a selection of beautifully designed screenshot videos, short explanatory titles, the 3D model design process and accompanying text. The layout is concise, while including all the relevant details.

A thin column on the left provides us with background information on the client, The-Artery, as well as a breakdown of the various roles and the people involved. It also includes a list of links where the website has been featured.

Scrolling down the page, you see the development of the 3D animated models that appear on the final website. There’s also an image that showcases the website on three different devices. Incorporating elements from the design outside of the screenshots, makes for an intriguing visual representation of the overall project. The text above and on each image clarifies which page you’re looking at and who’s responsible for which elements, while not distracting from the design itself. Finally, Liron has included the design for a 404 page – a welcome addition, especially when it looks this good.

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Becoming Your Own Creative Leader

How to write the perfect web design case study to win more clients

An immersive digital portfolio is the key to landing new clients. Learn how to show off your skills with a winning web design case study.

Design and build a custom portfolio website, visually, within 21 days.

A design portfolio without case studies is like a movie with no dialogue — visually present but lacking the substance needed to convey its full meaning.

Dialogue and case studies both communicate meaning. Without dialogue, audiences struggle to understand a film’s plot, characters, and themes, similar to how clients will struggle to understand the problem you solved, your design process, and the impact of your work without a thorough case study.

When you’re competing against other designers for a project or role, a well-written web design case study sets your portfolio apart , showing potential clients what you’ve done and what you’re capable of.

What is a case study?

A case study is an in-depth investigation into a person or group of people, a situation, event, or a product. A web design case study is a visual and textual analysis of a successful web platform, landing page , website design, or other web-based product. These types of case studies can be physical documents, but they’re often digital: PDFs, infographics, blog posts, or videos. Screenshots are an essential component, as are wireframes and mockups. But a robust web design case study also features detailed written explanations.

These visual and written elements work together to create a comprehensive assessment of the design process from start to finish, including the challenges faced, the solutions implemented, and the results achieved.

5 benefits of web design case studies

Now that we’ve touched on how case studies sell prospective clients on your work, here are a few other benefits of adding web design case studies to your portfolio website:

1. Demonstrate expertise

Case studies are a powerful marketing tool for designers to demonstrate their capabilities to potential clients or employers. A good web design case study showcases your skills and expertise in solving complex design problems.

2. Build credibility

In case studies, designers often include the name of the business, client, or project they’ve worked on, building credibility by providing real-world examples of their past work. You can even add testimonials and reviews to highlight positive feedback directly from those you’ve worked with.

3. Inspire future projects

Examining and analyzing your own work can inspire your next website build — maybe you’ll try one of the layouts that was nixed for this project or center the next design around an element you ended up loving. It also provides guidance and best practices for design projects, setting the bar for innovative design.

4. Encourage personal growth

Writing an investigation of your own design portfolio pieces after completing a project provides an excellent avenue for self-reflection. Reflecting on past projects, the struggles you’ve faced working on them, and what you’ve learned from the process will help you identify your strengths as a designer and areas of improvement to work on.

5. Improve communication

Presentations of your own work don’t just communicate the design process, decisions, and outcomes to clients. They also speak to stakeholders, including clients, team members, and management. A well-written case study illustrates a designer’s ability to effectively communicate complex design ideas and concepts, and writing it will improve your communication skills and offer insight into how effectively you work and collaborate with others.

What makes an effective web design case study?

A web design case study describes the process you took to solve a challenge with a particular web design project. A successful case study features a notable client project, a well-written narrative structure, and an engaging visual design.

Think of it as a story with an identifiable beginning, middle, and end. Throughout the story, show clients your approach to successful web design — the problem, the research you did to prepare for the project, the steps and iterations you completed throughout the process, and the final results you delivered. This narrative structure helps clients understand the project’s evolution and details your design process, making it key to an effective case study.

Case study curation and criteria

We’ve covered the basics of what a good case study looks like. But how do you determine which projects to include? If a project meets all the following criteria, it’s a good candidate for a detailed case study.

Is it relevant to the future projects you hope to explore?

If there’s a type of project you’ve completed in the past that you’d like to avoid in the future, that particular portfolio piece might not be a great option for a case study. You’re not just trying to sell yourself to clients — you’re trying to land jobs you actually want to do.

Does it have a defined initial problem?

Web design projects often arise as a result of a problem. These projects are perfect for case studies because the product design goes beyond appearance and functionality. Here are some of the issues your designs might solve:

• Poor user experience: To create a smooth, enjoyable experience for users, user experience (UX) design focuses on identifying and solving issues that cause frustration, confusion, or difficulty while using an app or a website, such as confusing navigation, misleading icons, or slow load times. Addressing these challenges lets you showcase your understanding of your target audience’s needs and demonstrates your ability to apply your creative and technical skills to solve them.
• Low search engine ranking: Redesigning a website with search engine optimization (SEO) in mind will improve its ranking in the search engine results pages, and you’ll have metrics to include in your case study to quantify the claims you’re making.
• Inconsistent branding: Brand design is a massive part of a company’s identity. A lack of alignment between the logo, colors , and other visual elements of a brand’s identity and its digital assets reflects negatively on the company, leaving customers with more questions than answers about who’s behind the brand. Good web design can bring a sense of cohesion to the company’s digital products, an achievement you can speak to in your case studies.

Does the outcome deliver measurable success?

Good design is subjective, but the best projects for case studies have data to show how successful they are. Search engine ranking is one example. You might also highlight impressive metrics for user engagement (bounce rate, time spent on the site), conversion rate (the percentage of visitors who make a purchase or fill out a form), or web traffic (the number of visitors to the website).

Is the project visually suitable for presentation?

When preparing a web design case study, consider the various formats it can be presented in, such as a video, static webpages, or interactive web content.

Selecting projects that fit your chosen presentation format is essential to showcasing your web design skills. As a web designer, it’s a given that whatever you’re presenting to potential clients needs to use thoughtful, aesthetically pleasing designs.

Design for display

There’s no single right way to present a case study. What’s most important is that your case study tells the story of the journey from an initial problem or idea to a finished product that meets the client’s needs.

A minimalist design will help you achieve this goal. But don’t confuse minimalist with boring. You can (and should) get clever with the presentation. Instead of using basic screenshots, for example, consider exhibiting your work in modern frames with immersive features. Or display screenshots of the product in its natural habitat. Webflow designer Karen Huang uses a digital screen in this user experience case study to feature a screenshot of the user interface (UI) on a smartphone screen just as users would experience it:

Build completely custom, production-ready websites — or ultra-high-fidelity prototypes — without writing a line of code. Only with Webflow.

How do you structure a case study?

The contents of every web design case study will vary, but they should all follow this basic structure:

1. A challenge

Start your case study with an introduction to your client and the problem your design solved. Include details about the project’s context, goals, and constraints. This section sets the stage for the rest of the case study and ensures the readers clearly understand what the project — and your solution — is all about.

2. A solution

Detail your approach to solving the challenge introduced in the previous section. Include information about your research, its methodology, and the data you gathered to develop your solution. Focus on your skills, not diagnostics — this is the place to showcase your intelligent approach, reasoning, and innovative ideas that ultimately resolve the challenge.

For this section, it’s helpful to break each key resolution into separate paragraphs and introduce images in chronological order to detail your design process. Screenshots of wireframes and strategy phases will paint a vivid picture of the project’s journey.

If you face any challenges or roadblocks while designing your solution, discussing them provides insight into your problem-solving skills and shows potential clients how you overcome difficulties. End this section with multiple pictures of the final product, and be sure to include a direct link to the project for potential clients and employers to peruse.

3. The impact

This section is where you’ll highlight metrics and data that back up the project’s success. Leverage metrics, user feedback, or whatever data is available to illustrate how your solution solved your client’s challenges and achieved the project’s goals. You can also include information about the potential longitudinal impact of your work and future opportunities for the project.

4. Key quotes

A case study is a perfect place to share client testimonials and add quotes from team members to help readers learn what the experts behind the project think about the build. Get creative but use quotes sparingly, sprinkling them throughout the case study to support the image or project stage the quote relates to.

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One Page Case Study Websites

A curated collection of 47 case study websites for inspiration and references. Each review includes a full screenshot of the website design along with noteworthy features. These One Pagers are a great to show users your work in a beautiful long Single Page website, normally pitching your services and social links at the bottom.

Reject Pile

Variable fonts support in Figma

Vertigo Typeface

Pudding Studio

Green Reconstruction of Ukraine

The Steve Jobs Archive

Webflow — Build and style your site exactly how you want ✨

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Case Studies

open-source methods and models

The case studies on this page are intended to reflect best practices in Bayesian methodology and Stan programming. We aim to keep them current with the latest version of the Stan language, but there may be times when case studies need updating to reflect the latest Stan features and syntax.

Contributing Case Studies

To contribute a case study, please contact us through the Stan Forums . We require

a documented, reproducible example with narrative documentation (e.g., knitr or Jupyter with software/compiler versions noted and seeds fixed) and

an open-source code license (preferably BSD or GPL for code, Creative Commons for text) ; authors retain all copyright.

Stan Case Studies ,   Volume 10   (2023)

Estimating dynamic cross-national opinion using existing survey data.

This case study describes a method for estimating dynamic, cross-national, latent public opinion using existing survey data. It outlines the model and its coding in Stan, explains how to set the model up in R and run it using cmdstanr, then walks through an example where the model is used to estimate public support for democracy in 144 countries from 1988 to 2020.

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Instrumental Variables Analysis of Randomized Experiments with One-Sided Noncompliance

In this document, we demonstrate how to implement Bayesian inference for causal effects in randomized experiments with one-sided noncompliance using Stan. Specifically, we aim to replicate the analysis presented in Imbens and Rubin (1997). We present Stan models with and without the exclusion restriction assumption, showcasing a significant advantage of the Bayesian model-based approach.

Bayesian Structural Equation Modeling using blavaan

In this case study, we fit Bayesian structural equation models (SEM) using Hamiltonian Monte Carlo sampling in Stan-powered R package blavaan and illustrate how to use confirmtory factor analysis and latent growth curve modeling as SEM’s special cases. We also compared the estimates from blavaan with its frequentist counterpart using lavaan .

Stan Case Studies ,   Volume 9   (2022)

Multilevel regression modeling with cmdstanpy and plotnine.

This notebook is a short introduction to multilevel regression modeling using the CmdStanPy interface and plotnine , a Python implementation of a grammar of graphics based on ggplot2 .

HoloML in Stan: Low-photon Image Reconstruction

In this case study, we perform image reconstruction in Stan by implementing the HoloML phase retrieval model and then solving the inverse problem with optimization. This case study requires Stan 2.30 or greater in order to use the Fourier transform functions added in that version.

Stan Case Studies ,   Volume 8   (2021)

Bayesian latent class models and handling of label switching.

In this case study, we fit the Bayesian latent class model using Hamiltonian Monte Carlo sampling and Variational Bayes in Stan and illustrate the issue of label switching and its treatment with simulated and empirical data.

Stan Case Studies ,   Volume 7   (2020)

Bayesian model of planetary motion: exploring ideas for a modeling workflow when dealing with ordinary differential equations and multimodality.

The Bayesian model of planetary motion is a simple but powerful example that illustrates important concepts, as well as gaps, in prescribed modeling workflows. Our focus is on Bayesian inference using Markov chains Monte Carlo for a model based on an ordinary differential equations (ODE). Our example presents unexpected multimodality, causing our inference to be unreliable and what is more, dramatically slowing down our ODE integrators. What do we do when our chains do not mix and do not forget their starting points? Reasoning about the computational statistics at hand and the physics of the modeled phenomenon, we diagnose how the modes arise and how to improve our inference. Our process for fitting the model is iterative, starting with a simplification and building the model back up, and makes extensive use of visualization.

HMM Interface Example

Cmdstan 2.24 introduces a new interface for working with Hidden Markov Models (HMMs). This is an example of how to use that interface.

Spatial models for plant neighborhood dynamics in Stan

In this case study, we demonstrate how Stan’s segment function can speed computation on sparse matrices of pairwise neighbors in plant-plant interaction models. In addition, we present solutions to common problems of fitting neighborhood models with hierarchical effects, including a comparison of centered vs. non-centered parameterizations.

Predicting Engine Failure with Hierarchical Gaussian Process

This gaussian process case study is an extension of the StanCon talk , Failure prediction in hierarchical equipment system: spline fitting naval ship failure . Many comparison criteria exist, but in terms of prediction accuracy, the gaussian process model outperformed the spline model. However, this accuracy comes at a cost of a more detailed and iterative checking process. This case study shows how identification and underfitting problems diagnosed from pushforward and predictive checks are addressed through reparameterization and adding variables. Basically, our data is highly unbalanced per category with lots of missing data. Also, due to the hierarchical structure of the system, such as shared engine types, the hierarchical model is applicable. For a detailed explanation of the data and spline model, please refer to this notebook.

Upgrading to the new ODE interface

Cmdstan 2.24 introduces a new ODE interface intended to make it easier to specify the ODE system function. This document should serve as an overview of the interface changes as well as a tutorial for converting code written with the old ODE interface.

Bayesian Workflow for disease transmission modeling in Stan

This tutorial shows how to build, fit, and criticize disease transmission models in Stan, and should be useful to researchers interested in modeling the COVID-19 outbreak and doing Bayesian inference. Bayesian modeling provides a principled way to quantify uncertainty and incorporate prior knowledge into the model. What is more, Stan’s main inference engine, Hamiltonian Monte Carlo sampling, is amiable to diagnostics, which means we can verify whether our inference is reliable. Stan is an expressive probabilistic programing language that abstracts the inference and allows users to focus on the modeling. The resulting code is readable and easily extensible, which makes the modeler’s work more transparent and flexible. In this tutorial, we demonstrate with a simple Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR) model how to formulate, fit, and diagnose a compartmental model in Stan. We also introduce more advanced topics which can help practitioners fit sophisticated models; notably, how to use simulations to probe our model and our priors, and computational techniques to scale ODE-based models.

Reduce Sum Example: parallelization of a single chain across multiple cores

Stan 2.23 introduced reduce_sum , a new way to parallelize the execution of a single Stan chain across multiple cores. This introduction copies directly from Richard McElreath’s Multithreading and Map-Reduce in Stan 2.18.0: A Minimal Example

Stan Notebooks in the Cloud

This report shows you how to author a Jupyter Notebook for your Stan model and data so that anyone with a modern web browser and a Google account can run your analysis with Google Colaboratory free cloud servers. It shows you how to quickly set up a Stan installation in the cloud and introduces two lightweight interfaces: CmdStanR and CmdStanPy .

Stan Case Studies ,   Volume 6   (2019)

Model-based inference for causal effects in completely randomized experiments.

In this document, we discuss the implementation of Bayesian model-based inference for causal effects in Stan. We start by providing an introduction to the Bayesian inferential framework by analyzing a simulated dataset generated under unconfounded treatment assignment. Then we analyze an example dataset obtained from a completely randomized experiment focusing on the specification of the joint distribution of the potential outcomes.

Tagging Basketball Events with HMM in Stan

This case study shows how we can apply Bayesian inference to Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) using Stan to extract useful information from basketball player tracking data. Specifically we show how to tag drive events and how to determine defensive assignment. Before diving into basketball data we show how to fit an HMM in Stan using a simple example. This should help build some intuition for those who are unfamiliar with HMMs and will also show how to specify an HMM using Stan.

Model building and expansion for golf putting

In this case study, we use Stan to build a series of models to estimate the probability of a successful putt using data from professional golfers. We fit and check the fit of a series of models, demonstrating the benefits of modeling based on substantive (rather than purely statistical) principles. We successfully fit to a small dataset and then have to expand the model to fit a new, larger dataset. We use weakly informative priors and a model-misfit error term to enable the fit.

A Dyadic Item Response Theory Model: Stan Case Study

In this case study, we use Stan to fit the Dyadic Item Response Theory (dIRT) model proposed by (Gin et al. 2019) to measure interactions between pairs of individuals when the responses to items represent the actions/behaviors/perceptions of an individual (called the ‘actor’) made within the context of a dyad formed with another individual (called the ‘partner’). The dIRT model is fit using Stan (version 2.18.1) in R via the rstan package.

Stan Case Studies ,   Volume 5   (2018)

Multilevel linear models using rstanarm.

In this tutorial, we illustrate how to fit a multilevel linear model within a full Bayesian framework using rstanarm. This tutorial is aimed primarily at educational researchers who have used lme4 in R to fit models to their data and who may be interested in learning how to fit Bayesian multilevel models. However, for readers who have not used lme4 before, we briefly review the use of the package for fitting multilevel models.

Predator-Prey Population Dynamics: the Lotka-Volterra model in Stan

Lotka (1925) and Volterra (1926) formulated parametric differential equations that characterize the oscillating populations of predators and prey. A statistical model to account for measurement error and unexplained variation uses the deterministic solutions to the Lotka-Volterra equations as expected population sizes. Stan is used to encode the statistical model and perform full Bayesian inference to solve the inverse problem of inferring parameters from noisy data. The model is fit to Canadian lynx and snowshoe hare populations between 1900 and 1920, based on the number of pelts collected annually by the Hudson’s Bay Company. Posterior predictive checks for replicated data show the model fits this data well. Full Bayesian inference may be used to estimate future (or past) populations.

Nearest neighbor Gaussian process (NNGP) models in Stan

Nearest neighbor Gaussian process (NNGP) based models is a family of highly scalable Gaussian processes based models. In brief, NNGP extends the Vecchia’s approximation (Vecchia 1988) to a process using conditional independence given information from neighboring locations. This case study shows how to express and fit these models in Stan.

Stan Case Studies ,   Volume 4   (2017)

Extreme value analysis and user defined probability functions in stan.

This notebook demonstrates how to implement user defined probability functions in Stan language. As an example I use the generalized Pareto distribution (GPD) to model geomagnetic storm data from the World Data Center for Geomagnetism.

Modelling Loss Curves in Insurance with RStan

Loss curves are a standard actuarial technique for helping insurance companies assess the amount of reserve capital they need to keep on hand to cover claims from a line of business. Claims made and reported for a given accounting period are tracked separately over time. This enables the use of historical patterns of claim development to predict expected total claims for newer policies.

We model the growth of the losses in each accounting period as an increasing function of time, and use the model to estimate the parameters which determine the shape and form of this growth. We also use the sampler to estimate the values of the “ultimate loss ratio”, i.e. the ratio of the total claims on an accounting period to the total premium received to write those policies. We treat each accounting period as a cohort.

Splines in Stan

In this document, we discuss the implementation of splines in Stan. We start by providing a brief introduction to splines and then explain how they can be implemented in Stan. We also discuss a novel prior that alleviates some of the practical challenges of spline models.

Spatial Models in Stan: Intrinsic Auto-Regressive Models for Areal Data

This case study shows how to efficiently encode and compute an Intrinsic Conditional Auto-Regressive (ICAR) model in Stan. When data has a neighborhood structure, ICAR models provide spatial smoothing by averaging measurements of directly adjoining regions. The Besag, York, and Mollié (BYM) model is a Poisson GLM which includes both an ICAR component and an ordinary random-effects component for non-spatial heterogeneity. We compare two variants of the BYM model and fit two datasets taken from epidemiological studies over 56 and 700 regions, respectively.

The QR Decomposition for Regression Models

This case study reviews the QR decomposition, a technique for decorrelating covariates and, consequently, the resulting posterior distribution in regression models.

Robust RStan Workflow

This case study demonstrates the recommended RStan workflow for ensuring robust inferences with the default dynamic Hamiltonian Monte Carlo algorithm.

Robust PyStan Workflow

This case study demonstrates the recommended PyStan workflow for ensuring robust inferences with the default dynamic Hamiltonian Monte Carlo algorithm.

Typical Sets and the Curse of Dimensionality

This case study illustrates the so-called “curse of dimensionality” using simple examples based on simulation to show that all points are far away in high dimensions and that the mode is an atypical draw from a multivariate normal. The information-theoretic concept of typical set is illustrated with both discrete and continuous cases, which show that probability mass is a product of volume and density (or count and mass in the discrete case). It also illustrates Monte Carlo methods and relates distance to the log density of the normal distribution and the chi-squared distribution.

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Diagnosing Biased Inference with Divergences

This case study discusses the subtleties of accurate Markov chain Monte Carlo estimation and how divergences can be used to identify biased estimation in practice.

Identifying Bayesian Mixture Models

This case study discusses the common pathologies of Bayesian mixture models as well as some strategies for identifying and overcoming them.

How the Shape of a Weakly Informative Prior Affects Inferences

This case study reviews the basics of weakly-informative priors and how the choice of a specific shape of such a prior affects the resulting posterior distribution.

Stan Case Studies ,   Volume 3   (2016)

Exact sparse car models in stan.

This document details sparse exact conditional autoregressive (CAR) models in Stan as an extension of previous work on approximate sparse CAR models in Stan. Sparse representations seem to give order of magnitude efficiency gains, scaling better for large spatial data sets.

A Primer on Bayesian Multilevel Modeling using PyStan

This case study replicates the analysis of home radon levels using hierarchical models of Lin, Gelman, Price, and Kurtz (1999) . It illustrates how to generalize linear regressions to hierarchical models with group-level predictors and how to compare predictive inferences and evaluate model fits. Along the way it shows how to get data into Stan using pandas, how to sample using PyStan, and how to visualize the results using Seaborn.

The Impact of Reparameterization on Point Estimates

When changing variables, a Jacobian adjustment needs to be provided to account for the rate of change of the transform. Applying the adjustment ensures that inferences that are based on expectations over the posterior are invariant under reparameterizations. In contrast, the posterior mode changes as a result of the reparameterization. In this note, we use Stan to code a repeated binary trial model parameterized by chance of success, along with its reparameterization in terms of log odds in order to demonstrate the effect of the Jacobian adjustment on the Bayesian posterior and the posterior mode. We contrast the posterior mode to the maximum likelihood estimate, which, like the Bayesian estimates, is invariant under reparameterization. Along the way, we derive the logistic distribution by transforming a uniformly distributed variable.

Hierarchical Two-Parameter Logistic Item Response Model

This case study documents a Stan model for the two-parameter logistic model (2PL) with hierarchical priors. A brief simulation indicates that the Stan model successfully recovers the generating parameters. An example using a grade 12 science assessment is provided.

Rating Scale and Generalized Rating Scale Models with Latent Regression

This case study documents a Stan model for the rating scale model (RSM) and the generalized rating scale model (GRSM) with latent regression. The latent regression portion of the models may be restricted to an intercept only, yielding a standard RSM or GRSM. A brief simulation indicates that the Stan models successfully recover the generating parameters. An example using a survey of public perceptions of science and technology is provided.

Partial Credit and Generalized Partial Credit Models with Latent Regression

This case study documents a Stan model for the partial credit model (PCM) and the generalized partial credit model (GPCM) with latent regression. The latent regression portion of the models may be restricted to an intercept only, yielding a standard PCM or GPCM. A brief simulation indicates that the Stan models successfully recover the generating parameters. An example using the TIMSS 2011 mathematics assessment is provided

Rasch and Two-Parameter Logistic Item Response Models with Latent Regression

This case study documents Stan models for the Rasch and two-parameter logistic models with latent regression. The latent regression portion of the models may be restricted to an intercept only, yielding standard versions of the models. Simulations indicate that the two models successfully recover generating parameters. An example using a grade 12 science assessment is provided.

Two-Parameter Logistic Item Response Model

This tutorial introduces the R package edstan for estimating two-parameter logistic item response models using Stan without knowing the Stan language. Subsequently, the tutorial explains how the model can be expressed in the Stan language and fit using the rstan package. Specification of prior distributions and assessment of convergence are discussed. Using the Stan language directly has the advantage that it becomes quite easy to extend the model, and this is demonstrated by adding a latent regression and differential item functioning to the model. Posterior predictive model checking is also demonstrated.

Cognitive Diagnosis Model: DINA model with independent attributes

This case study documents a Stan model for the DINA model with independent attributes. A Simulation indicates that the Stan model successfully recovers the generating parameters and predicts respondents’ attribute mastery. A Stan model with no structure of the attributes is also discussed and applied to the simulated data. An example using a subset of the fraction subtraction data is provided.

Pooling with Hierarchical Models for Repeated Binary Trials

This note illustrates the effects on posterior inference of pooling data (aka sharing strength) across items for repeated binary trial data. It provides Stan models and R code to fit and check predictive models for three situations: (a) complete pooling, which assumes each item is the same, (b) no pooling, which assumes the items are unrelated, and (c) partial pooling, where the similarity among the items is estimated. We consider two hierarchical models to estimate the partial pooling, one with a beta prior on chance of success and another with a normal prior on the log odds of success. The note explains with working examples how to (i) fit models in RStan and plot the results in R using ggplot2, (ii) estimate event probabilities, (iii) evaluate posterior predictive densities to evaluate model predictions on held-out data, (iv) rank items by chance of success, (v) perform multiple comparisons in several settings, (vi) replicate new data for posterior p-values, and (vii) perform graphical posterior predictive checks.

RStanARM version

There is also a version of this case study in which all models are fit using the RStanARM interface. Many of the visualizations are also created using RStanARM’s plotting functions.

View RStanARM version (HTML)

Stan Case Studies ,   Volume 2   (2015)

Multiple species-site occupancy model.

This case study replicates the analysis and output graphs of Dorazio et al. (2006) noisy-measurement occupancy model for multiple species abundance of butterflies. Going beyond the paper, the supercommunity assumptions are tested to show they are invariant to sizing, and posterior predictive checks are provided.

Stan Case Studies ,   Volume 1   (2014)

Soil carbon modeling with rstan.

This case study provides ordinary differential equation-based compartment models of soil carbon flux, with experimental data fitted with unknown initial compartment balance and noisy CO 2 measurements. Results form Sierra and Müller’s (2014) soilR package are replicated.

Student Case Study

Delving into student case studies offers invaluable insights into educational methodologies and student behaviors. This guide, complete with detailed case study examples , is designed to help educators, researchers, and students understand the nuances of creating and analyzing case studies in an educational context. By exploring various case study examples, you will gain the tools and knowledge necessary to effectively interpret and apply these studies, enhancing both teaching and learning experiences in diverse academic settings.

What is a Student Case Study? – Meaning A student case study is an in-depth analysis of a student or a group of students to understand various educational, psychological, or social aspects. It involves collecting detailed information through observations, interviews, and reviewing records, to form a comprehensive picture. The goal of a case study analysis is to unravel the complexities of real-life situations that students encounter, making it a valuable tool in educational research. In a case study summary, key findings are presented, often leading to actionable insights. Educators and researchers use these studies to develop strategies for improving learning environments. Additionally, a case study essay allows students to demonstrate their understanding by discussing the analysis and implications of the case study, fostering critical thinking and analytical skills.

Download Student Case Study Bundle

Schools especially those that offers degree in medicine, law, public policy and public health teaches students to learn how to conduct a case study. Some students say they love case studies . For what reason? Case studies offer real world challenges. They help in preparing the students how to deal with their future careers. They are considered to be the vehicle for theories and concepts that enables you to be good at giving detailed discussions and even debates. Case studies are useful not just in the field of education, but also in adhering to the arising issues in business, politics and other organizations.

Student Case Study Format

Case Study Title : Clear and descriptive title reflecting the focus of the case study. Student’s Name : Name of the student the case study is about. Prepared by : Name of the person or group preparing the case study. School Name : Name of the school or educational institution. Date : Date of completion or submission.

Introduction

Background Information : Briefly describe the student’s background, including age, grade level, and relevant personal or academic history. Purpose of the Case Study : State the reason for conducting this case study, such as understanding a particular behavior, learning difficulty, or achievement.

Case Description

Situation or Challenge : Detail the specific situation, challenge, or condition that the student is facing. Observations and Evidence : Include observations from teachers, parents, or the students themselves, along with any relevant academic or behavioral records.

Problem Analysis : Analyze the situation or challenge, identifying potential causes or contributing factors. Impact on Learning : Discuss how the situation affects the student’s learning or behavior in school.

Intervention Strategies

Action Taken : Describe any interventions or strategies implemented to address the situation. This could include educational plans, counseling, or specific teaching strategies. Results of Intervention : Detail the outcome of these interventions, including any changes in the student’s behavior or academic performance.

Conclusion and Recommendations

Summary of Findings : Summarize the key insights gained from the case study. Recommendations : Offer suggestions for future actions or strategies to further support the student. This might include recommendations for teachers, parents, or the student themselves.

Best Example of Student Case Study

Overcoming Reading Challenges: A Case Study of Emily Clark, Grade 3 Prepared by: Laura Simmons, Special Education Teacher Sunset Elementary School Date: May 12, 2024   Emily Clark, an 8-year-old student in the third grade at Sunset Elementary School, has been facing significant challenges with reading and comprehension since the first grade. Known for her enthusiasm and creativity, Emily’s struggles with reading tasks have been persistent and noticeable. The primary purpose of this case study is to analyze Emily’s reading difficulties, implement targeted interventions, and assess their effectiveness.   Emily exhibits difficulty in decoding words, reading fluently, and understanding text, as observed by her teachers since first grade. Her reluctance to read aloud and frustration with reading tasks have been consistently noted. Assessments indicate that her reading level is significantly below the expected standard for her grade. Parental feedback has also highlighted Emily’s struggles with reading-related homework.   Analysis of Emily’s situation suggests a potential learning disability in reading, possibly dyslexia. This is evidenced by her consistent difficulty with word recognition and comprehension. These challenges have impacted not only her reading skills but also her confidence and participation in class activities, especially those involving reading.   To address these challenges, an individualized education plan (IEP) was developed. This included specialized reading instruction focusing on phonemic awareness and decoding skills, multisensory learning approaches, and regular sessions with a reading specialist. Over a period of six months, Emily demonstrated significant improvements. She engaged more confidently in reading activities, and her reading assessment scores showed notable progress.   In conclusion, the intervention strategies implemented for Emily have been effective. Her case highlights the importance of early identification and the implementation of tailored educational strategies for students with similar challenges. It is recommended that Emily continues to receive specialized instruction and regular monitoring. Adjustments to her IEP should be made as necessary to ensure ongoing progress. Additionally, fostering a positive reading environment at home is also recommended.

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Case Study Definition

A case study is defined as a research methodology that allows you to conduct an intensive study about a particular person, group of people, community, or some unit in which the researcher could provide an in-depth data in relation to the variables. Case studies can examine a phenomena in the natural setting. This increases your ability to understand why the subjects act such. You may be able to describe how this method allows every researcher to take a specific topic to narrow it down making it into a manageable research question. The researcher gain an in-depth understanding about the subject matter through collecting qualitative research and quantitative research datasets about the phenomenon.

Benefits and Limitations of Case Studies

If a researcher is interested to study about a phenomenon, he or she will be assigned to a single-case study that will allow him or her to gain an understanding about the phenomenon. Multiple-case study would allow a researcher to understand the case as a group through comparing them based on the embedded similarities and differences. However, the volume of data in case studies will be difficult to organize and the process of analysis and strategies needs to be carefully decided upon. Reporting of findings could also be challenging at times especially when you are ought to follow for word limits.

Example of Case Study

Nurses’ pediatric pain management practices.

One of the authors of this paper (AT) has used a case study approach to explore nurses’ pediatric pain management practices. This involved collecting several datasets:

Observational data to gain a picture about actual pain management practices.

Questionnaire data about nurses’ knowledge about pediatric pain management practices and how well they felt they managed pain in children.

Questionnaire data about how critical nurses perceived pain management tasks to be.

These datasets were analyzed separately and then compared and demonstrated that nurses’ level of theoretical did not impact on the quality of their pain management practices. Nor did individual nurse’s perceptions of how critical a task was effect the likelihood of them carrying out this task in practice. There was also a difference in self-reported and observed practices; actual (observed) practices did not confirm to best practice guidelines, whereas self-reported practices tended to.

How do you Write a Case Study for Students?

1. choose an interesting and relevant topic:.

Select a topic that is relevant to your course and interesting to your audience. It should be specific and focused, allowing for in-depth analysis.

2. Conduct Thorough Research :

Gather information from reputable sources such as books, scholarly articles, interviews, and reliable websites. Ensure you have a good understanding of the topic before proceeding.

3. Identify the Problem or Research Question:

Clearly define the problem or research question your case study aims to address. Be specific about the issues you want to explore and analyze.

4. Introduce the Case:

Provide background information about the subject, including relevant historical, social, or organizational context. Explain why the case is important and what makes it unique.

5. Describe the Methods Used:

Explain the methods you used to collect data. This could include interviews, surveys, observations, or analysis of existing documents. Justify your choice of methods.

6. Present the Findings:

Present the data and findings in a clear and organized manner. Use charts, graphs, and tables if applicable. Include direct quotes from interviews or other sources to support your points.

7. Analytical Interpretation:

Analyze the data and discuss the patterns, trends, or relationships you observed. Relate your findings back to the research question. Use relevant theories or concepts to support your analysis.

8. Discuss Limitations:

Acknowledge any limitations in your study, such as constraints in data collection or research methods. Addressing limitations shows a critical awareness of your study’s scope.

9. Propose Solutions or Recommendations:

If your case study revolves around a problem, propose practical solutions or recommendations based on your analysis. Support your suggestions with evidence from your findings.

10. Write a Conclusion:

Summarize the key points of your case study. Restate the importance of the topic and your findings. Discuss the implications of your study for the broader field.

What are the objectives of a Student Case Study?

1. learning and understanding:.

• To deepen students’ understanding of a particular concept, theory, or topic within their field of study.
• To provide real-world context and practical applications for theoretical knowledge.

2. Problem-Solving Skills:

• To enhance students’ critical thinking and problem-solving abilities by analyzing complex issues or scenarios.
• To encourage students to apply their knowledge to real-life situations and develop solutions.

3. Research and Analysis:

• To develop research skills, including data collection, data analysis , and the ability to draw meaningful conclusions from information.
• To improve analytical skills in interpreting data and making evidence-based decisions.

4. Communication Skills:

• To improve written and oral communication skills by requiring students to present their findings in a clear, organized, and coherent manner.
• To enhance the ability to communicate complex ideas effectively to both academic and non-academic audiences.

5. Ethical Considerations:

To promote awareness of ethical issues related to research and decision-making, such as participant rights, privacy, and responsible conduct.

6. Interdisciplinary Learning:

To encourage cross-disciplinary or interdisciplinary thinking, allowing students to apply knowledge from multiple areas to address a problem or issue.

7. Professional Development:

• To prepare students for future careers by exposing them to real-world situations and challenges they may encounter in their chosen profession.
• To develop professional skills, such as teamwork, time management, and project management.

8. Reflection and Self-Assessment:

• To prompt students to reflect on their learning and evaluate their strengths and weaknesses in research and analysis.
• To foster self-assessment and a commitment to ongoing improvement.

9. Promoting Innovation:

• To inspire creativity and innovation in finding solutions to complex problems or challenges.
• To encourage students to think outside the box and explore new approaches.

10. Building a Portfolio:

To provide students with tangible evidence of their academic and problem-solving abilities that can be included in their academic or professional portfolios.

What are the Elements of a Case Study?

A case study typically includes an introduction, background information, presentation of the main issue or problem, analysis, solutions or interventions, and a conclusion. It often incorporates supporting data and references.

How Long is a Case Study?

The length of a case study can vary, but it generally ranges from 500 to 1500 words. This length allows for a detailed examination of the subject while maintaining conciseness and focus.

How Big Should a Case Study Be?

The size of a case study should be sufficient to comprehensively cover the topic, typically around 2 to 5 pages. This size allows for depth in analysis while remaining concise and readable.

What Makes a Good Case Study?

A good case study is clear, concise, and well-structured, focusing on a relevant and interesting issue. It should offer insightful analysis, practical solutions, and demonstrate real-world applications or implications.

Case studies bring people into the real world to allow themselves engage in different fields such as in business examples, politics, health related aspect where each individuals could find an avenue to make difficult decisions. It serves to provide framework for analysis and evaluation of the different societal issues. This is one of the best way to focus on what really matters, to discuss about issues and to know what can we do about it.

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Case Study Research Method in Psychology

Saul Mcleod, PhD

Editor-in-Chief for Simply Psychology

BSc (Hons) Psychology, MRes, PhD, University of Manchester

Saul Mcleod, PhD., is a qualified psychology teacher with over 18 years of experience in further and higher education. He has been published in peer-reviewed journals, including the Journal of Clinical Psychology.

Learn about our Editorial Process

Olivia Guy-Evans, MSc

Associate Editor for Simply Psychology

BSc (Hons) Psychology, MSc Psychology of Education

Olivia Guy-Evans is a writer and associate editor for Simply Psychology. She has previously worked in healthcare and educational sectors.

On This Page:

Case studies are in-depth investigations of a person, group, event, or community. Typically, data is gathered from various sources using several methods (e.g., observations & interviews).

The case study research method originated in clinical medicine (the case history, i.e., the patient’s personal history). In psychology, case studies are often confined to the study of a particular individual.

The information is mainly biographical and relates to events in the individual’s past (i.e., retrospective), as well as to significant events that are currently occurring in his or her everyday life.

The case study is not a research method, but researchers select methods of data collection and analysis that will generate material suitable for case studies.

Freud (1909a, 1909b) conducted very detailed investigations into the private lives of his patients in an attempt to both understand and help them overcome their illnesses.

This makes it clear that the case study is a method that should only be used by a psychologist, therapist, or psychiatrist, i.e., someone with a professional qualification.

There is an ethical issue of competence. Only someone qualified to diagnose and treat a person can conduct a formal case study relating to atypical (i.e., abnormal) behavior or atypical development.

 Famous Case Studies

• Anna O – One of the most famous case studies, documenting psychoanalyst Josef Breuer’s treatment of “Anna O” (real name Bertha Pappenheim) for hysteria in the late 1800s using early psychoanalytic theory.
• Little Hans – A child psychoanalysis case study published by Sigmund Freud in 1909 analyzing his five-year-old patient Herbert Graf’s house phobia as related to the Oedipus complex.
• Bruce/Brenda – Gender identity case of the boy (Bruce) whose botched circumcision led psychologist John Money to advise gender reassignment and raise him as a girl (Brenda) in the 1960s.
• Genie Wiley – Linguistics/psychological development case of the victim of extreme isolation abuse who was studied in 1970s California for effects of early language deprivation on acquiring speech later in life.
• Phineas Gage – One of the most famous neuropsychology case studies analyzes personality changes in railroad worker Phineas Gage after an 1848 brain injury involving a tamping iron piercing his skull.

Clinical Case Studies

• Studying the effectiveness of psychotherapy approaches with an individual patient
• Assessing and treating mental illnesses like depression, anxiety disorders, PTSD
• Neuropsychological cases investigating brain injuries or disorders

Child Psychology Case Studies

• Studying psychological development from birth through adolescence
• Cases of learning disabilities, autism spectrum disorders, ADHD
• Effects of trauma, abuse, deprivation on development

Types of Case Studies

• Explanatory case studies : Used to explore causation in order to find underlying principles. Helpful for doing qualitative analysis to explain presumed causal links.
• Exploratory case studies : Used to explore situations where an intervention being evaluated has no clear set of outcomes. It helps define questions and hypotheses for future research.
• Descriptive case studies : Describe an intervention or phenomenon and the real-life context in which it occurred. It is helpful for illustrating certain topics within an evaluation.
• Multiple-case studies : Used to explore differences between cases and replicate findings across cases. Helpful for comparing and contrasting specific cases.
• Intrinsic : Used to gain a better understanding of a particular case. Helpful for capturing the complexity of a single case.
• Collective : Used to explore a general phenomenon using multiple case studies. Helpful for jointly studying a group of cases in order to inquire into the phenomenon.

Where Do You Find Data for a Case Study?

There are several places to find data for a case study. The key is to gather data from multiple sources to get a complete picture of the case and corroborate facts or findings through triangulation of evidence. Most of this information is likely qualitative (i.e., verbal description rather than measurement), but the psychologist might also collect numerical data.

1. Primary sources

• Interviews – Interviewing key people related to the case to get their perspectives and insights. The interview is an extremely effective procedure for obtaining information about an individual, and it may be used to collect comments from the person’s friends, parents, employer, workmates, and others who have a good knowledge of the person, as well as to obtain facts from the person him or herself.
• Observations – Observing behaviors, interactions, processes, etc., related to the case as they unfold in real-time.
• Documents & Records – Reviewing private documents, diaries, public records, correspondence, meeting minutes, etc., relevant to the case.

2. Secondary sources

• News/Media – News coverage of events related to the case study.
• Academic articles – Journal articles, dissertations etc. that discuss the case.
• Government reports – Official data and records related to the case context.
• Books/films – Books, documentaries or films discussing the case.

3. Archival records

Searching historical archives, museum collections and databases to find relevant documents, visual/audio records related to the case history and context.

Public archives like newspapers, organizational records, photographic collections could all include potentially relevant pieces of information to shed light on attitudes, cultural perspectives, common practices and historical contexts related to psychology.

4. Organizational records

Organizational records offer the advantage of often having large datasets collected over time that can reveal or confirm psychological insights.

Of course, privacy and ethical concerns regarding confidential data must be navigated carefully.

However, with proper protocols, organizational records can provide invaluable context and empirical depth to qualitative case studies exploring the intersection of psychology and organizations.

• Organizational/industrial psychology research : Organizational records like employee surveys, turnover/retention data, policies, incident reports etc. may provide insight into topics like job satisfaction, workplace culture and dynamics, leadership issues, employee behaviors etc.
• Clinical psychology : Therapists/hospitals may grant access to anonymized medical records to study aspects like assessments, diagnoses, treatment plans etc. This could shed light on clinical practices.
• School psychology : Studies could utilize anonymized student records like test scores, grades, disciplinary issues, and counseling referrals to study child development, learning barriers, effectiveness of support programs, and more.

How do I Write a Case Study in Psychology?

Follow specified case study guidelines provided by a journal or your psychology tutor. General components of clinical case studies include: background, symptoms, assessments, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes. Interpreting the information means the researcher decides what to include or leave out. A good case study should always clarify which information is the factual description and which is an inference or the researcher’s opinion.

1. Introduction

• Provide background on the case context and why it is of interest, presenting background information like demographics, relevant history, and presenting problem.
• Compare briefly to similar published cases if applicable. Clearly state the focus/importance of the case.

2. Case Presentation

• Describe the presenting problem in detail, including symptoms, duration,and impact on daily life.
• Include client demographics like age and gender, information about social relationships, and mental health history.
• Describe all physical, emotional, and/or sensory symptoms reported by the client.
• Use patient quotes to describe the initial complaint verbatim. Follow with full-sentence summaries of relevant history details gathered, including key components that led to a working diagnosis.
• Summarize clinical exam results, namely orthopedic/neurological tests, imaging, lab tests, etc. Note actual results rather than subjective conclusions. Provide images if clearly reproducible/anonymized.
• Clearly state the working diagnosis or clinical impression before transitioning to management.

3. Management and Outcome

• Indicate the total duration of care and number of treatments given over what timeframe. Use specific names/descriptions for any therapies/interventions applied.
• Present the results of the intervention,including any quantitative or qualitative data collected.
• For outcomes, utilize visual analog scales for pain, medication usage logs, etc., if possible. Include patient self-reports of improvement/worsening of symptoms. Note the reason for discharge/end of care.

4. Discussion

• Analyze the case, exploring contributing factors, limitations of the study, and connections to existing research.
• Analyze the effectiveness of the intervention,considering factors like participant adherence, limitations of the study, and potential alternative explanations for the results.
• Identify any questions raised in the case analysis and relate insights to established theories and current research if applicable. Avoid definitive claims about physiological explanations.
• Offer clinical implications, and suggest future research directions.

5. Additional Items

• Thank specific assistants for writing support only. No patient acknowledgments.
• References should directly support any key claims or quotes included.
• Use tables/figures/images only if substantially informative. Include permissions and legends/explanatory notes.
• Provides detailed (rich qualitative) information.
• Provides insight for further research.
• Permitting investigation of otherwise impractical (or unethical) situations.

Case studies allow a researcher to investigate a topic in far more detail than might be possible if they were trying to deal with a large number of research participants (nomothetic approach) with the aim of ‘averaging’.

Because of their in-depth, multi-sided approach, case studies often shed light on aspects of human thinking and behavior that would be unethical or impractical to study in other ways.

Research that only looks into the measurable aspects of human behavior is not likely to give us insights into the subjective dimension of experience, which is important to psychoanalytic and humanistic psychologists.

Case studies are often used in exploratory research. They can help us generate new ideas (that might be tested by other methods). They are an important way of illustrating theories and can help show how different aspects of a person’s life are related to each other.

The method is, therefore, important for psychologists who adopt a holistic point of view (i.e., humanistic psychologists ).

Limitations

• Lacking scientific rigor and providing little basis for generalization of results to the wider population.
• Researchers’ own subjective feelings may influence the case study (researcher bias).
• Difficult to replicate.
• Time-consuming and expensive.
• The volume of data, together with the time restrictions in place, impacted the depth of analysis that was possible within the available resources.

Because a case study deals with only one person/event/group, we can never be sure if the case study investigated is representative of the wider body of “similar” instances. This means the conclusions drawn from a particular case may not be transferable to other settings.

Because case studies are based on the analysis of qualitative (i.e., descriptive) data , a lot depends on the psychologist’s interpretation of the information she has acquired.

This means that there is a lot of scope for Anna O , and it could be that the subjective opinions of the psychologist intrude in the assessment of what the data means.

For example, Freud has been criticized for producing case studies in which the information was sometimes distorted to fit particular behavioral theories (e.g., Little Hans ).

This is also true of Money’s interpretation of the Bruce/Brenda case study (Diamond, 1997) when he ignored evidence that went against his theory.

Breuer, J., & Freud, S. (1895).  Studies on hysteria . Standard Edition 2: London.

Curtiss, S. (1981). Genie: The case of a modern wild child .

Diamond, M., & Sigmundson, K. (1997). Sex Reassignment at Birth: Long-term Review and Clinical Implications. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine , 151(3), 298-304

Freud, S. (1909a). Analysis of a phobia of a five year old boy. In The Pelican Freud Library (1977), Vol 8, Case Histories 1, pages 169-306

Freud, S. (1909b). Bemerkungen über einen Fall von Zwangsneurose (Der “Rattenmann”). Jb. psychoanal. psychopathol. Forsch ., I, p. 357-421; GW, VII, p. 379-463; Notes upon a case of obsessional neurosis, SE , 10: 151-318.

Harlow J. M. (1848). Passage of an iron rod through the head.  Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 39 , 389–393.

Harlow, J. M. (1868).  Recovery from the Passage of an Iron Bar through the Head .  Publications of the Massachusetts Medical Society. 2  (3), 327-347.

Money, J., & Ehrhardt, A. A. (1972).  Man & Woman, Boy & Girl : The Differentiation and Dimorphism of Gender Identity from Conception to Maturity. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Money, J., & Tucker, P. (1975). Sexual signatures: On being a man or a woman.

Further Information

• Case Study Approach
• Case Study Method
• Enhancing the Quality of Case Studies in Health Services Research
• “We do things together” A case study of “couplehood” in dementia
• Using mixed methods for evaluating an integrative approach to cancer care: a case study

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How one Argentinian community is forging a new path for stronger social impact

Apr 10, 2024

Beyond serving our customers and employing talented people, we embrace the opportunity to help foster communities’ progress.

Community stewardship isn’t new to us – our relationship with local communities has been something we’ve been building, evolving and improving since our founding over 125 years ago.

We want to be a part of solving specific challenges in the 31 countries where we operate. And in one of those communities – Ingeniero White in Argentina – there is something unique going on.

THE CHALLENGE

How do we help create inclusive, healthy and safe communities where all can thrive?

Looking for ways to better inform our Company's understanding of community needs, we seek opportunities for collaborations, bold solutions and investments to engage in transformational change. But how do you find and select the projects that will really have an impact? How can you prioritize? How can you ensure that people in the communities you’re trying to support feel involved, included and heard?

THE SOLUTION

Participatory budgeting is a strategy that was developed in Brazil in the 1980s to build trust between the funding providers (often government) and the general public. Through this program, community members are directly involved in the determination of eligible projects as well as the selection of which projects are executed.

Inspired by this unique process, the Dow program in Ingeniero White was founded in 2016. We partner with the local Community Panel, comprised of community leaders and spokespeople, to source and develop impact projects. Residents can then vote to determine which projects are awarded Dow charitable grants. This gives the public a direct say in identifying the initiatives they believe will have the greatest and most needed impact on their community.

Through partnership with the Ingeniero White Community Panel, Dow leaders are providing funding, training and educational resources to help support the development of impact projects, as well as training workshops to equip project leaders with the skills needed to execute the initiatives within the community.

As determined by the Community Panel and members of Team Dow, all eligible projects must have a social purpose with community impact, as well as fit the theme chosen by the community residents prior to the beginning of that year’s budget program. Past years' themes include environmental protection, safety and security and community sports.

Matias Campodonico, president of Dow Argentina and South Region of Latin America, speaks at the community event to support the participatory budgeting-inspired program.

Community members and Dow representatives participate in the community event to support the participatory budgeting-inspired program.

THE RESULTS

Ingeniero White has embraced the participatory budget program with more participation, more project entries and more interest with each passing year. In fact, in recent years, program election days have attracted more than 2,000 community voters in a population of 11,000.

"As a panelist, I am delighted to have taken part, as it encourages us to grow and achieve our goals. Moreover, we gain invaluable insights through our exchanges, enhancing our understanding of projects. I feel valued and grateful for being considered. Companies like Dow contribute to the advancement and prosperity of Ingeniero White." - Graciela Guglielmetti

Successful projects in the community thus far have included infrastructure improvements in local schools and community centers, funding for community sports leagues, circular economy programs in the local technical college and improved community safety through updated neighborhood lighting, speed bumps and security camera systems.

“It is very inspiring and moving to hear the ideas and dreams of our neighbors participating in this program. My special thanks to the Participatory Budget team and the neighbors for allowing us to be part of these dreams.” - Paula Woolbert, Dow Bahía Blanca site leader

As the community projects directly affect residents’ lives, increasing participation is a testament to the program’s success. In 2022, an estimated 100 residents attended training workshops, making them co-builders of the projects that directly impact their lives and that of their neighbors.

Our employees also play a key role in helping the program run smoothly through collaborations with community members. By volunteering time and expertise, Team Dow has been able to advise on projects, provide training and accompany civil society institutions and organizations in visits to help solidify projects and increase their capacity.

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HTML: An Introduction

Class 6 - apc understanding computer studies, choose the correct option.

In an HTML document, what does the letter H mean?

Reason — The full form of HTML is Hyper Text Markup Language.

Which of the following is the correct representation of html tags?

• {..........}

<..........>

• (..........)
• all of the above

Reason — Tags are marked by the angle braces (<...>). For example, <HTML>, <TITLE>, <HEAD> , etc. are tags.

Which of the following heading tags will display the largest heading size?

Reason — Heading tag includes six different levels of headings which vary from <H1> to <H6> . <H1> tag is used to define the largest heading whereas, <H6> defines the smallest heading.

Which of the following is created using HTML?

• Web browser

Reason — A 'Web Page' is a document that is written in Hypertext Markup Language (HTML).

Which of the following contents of HTML is enclosed within opening and closing tags?

Reason — In HTML, the content written within an opening tag and closing tag is called the element.

Fill in the blanks

HTML means Hyper Text Markup Language .

A set of pages of information on the Internet about a particular subject is called a website .

The language used to create web pages is known as HTML .

Every HTML document begins with <HTML> and ends with </HTML> tags.

The tags which require start and end tags are called container tags .

Empty tags do not require a closing tag in an HTML document.

An HTML document has two parts <Head> and <Body> .

The content written within the <Title> tag does not appear on the web page.

An HTML file is generally created on Notepad .

Question 10

An HTML document is saved with the extension .html .

Write the HTML codes for the following by using superscript and subscript tags

p 2 + q 2 - r 2

a 2 b 3 - c 4 d 5

Case-Study Based Questions

Generally, the web browser displays an HTML document with background white and foreground black. However, you can change the appearance of the document by changing the background as well as the text colour. Now, answer the following to perform the given tasks on an HTML code.

(a) Name a web browser which executes HTML code.

(b) What is the default text colour of an HTML document?

(c) A syntax is defined as: <BODY bgcolor = "color name"> What does bgcolor specify in this syntax?

(d) What does color name specify in the syntax given in part (c)?

(a) Google Chrome

(c) Attribute

Explain the following with reference to HTML

Container tags

When the opening and closing tags are used in pairs in an HTML document, they are known as container tags. They are also known as ON tag and OFF tag respectively. ON tag uses angle bracket whereas, OFF tag uses forward slash (/) after the opening of the angle bracket (<). The contents are written within these tags in the document.

The format of HEAD container tag is as follows-

The tags which do not require a closing tag in an HTML document are called ‘Empty Tags'. This means that an empty tag has only an ON tag in the document which is understood by the web browser. For example, <br> , <hr> , etc.

Heading tag

HTML allows you to highlight headings in a web page by using the heading tags. They are container tags. They include six different levels of headings which vary from <H1> to <H6> .

<Hl> tag defines the largest heading whereas, <H6> tag defines the smallest heading.

The syntax of heading tag is as follows:

<Heading tag> string of text for heading </Heading tag>

Body tag contains the main HTML document that we want to display on the web page. The attributes of the body tag (bgcolor, text etc) can be used to change the appearance of the main document.

The syntax of the body tag is as follows:

Paragraph tag

The Paragraph Tag <P> is a container tag. The opening tag <P> is added at the beginning of a paragraph and the closing tag </P> at the end of the paragraph. With the use of the paragraph tag, a single line is inserted before and after the enclosed paragraph.

The syntax of the paragraph tag is as follows:

Line breaks

The line break tag <BR> is an empty tag. It works in the same way as pressing the 'Enter' key in a word processor. It helps the user to change the line.

An example of the line break tag is as follows:

Short Answer Questions

What is HTML?

Hyper Text Markup Language is a markup language used to design and display web pages or documents on the internet using web browsers. It includes text as well as graphics. It also provides the means to link the pages on the internet. The pages contain text as well as graphics.

HTML uses special tags or symbols while writing a piece of information. For example, the text in bold is written as:

<B> Understanding Computer Sciences </B>

Here, <B> and </B> are HTML tags. The HTML will make the text bold as Understanding Computer Science .

What is the basic structure of an HTML document?

Every HTML document is written inside <HTML> and </HTML> tags which represent the beginning and the end of a web page, respectively. An HTML document mainly consists of two main parts. They are:

• HEAD — It contains the title of a web document and written within <HEAD> and </HEAD> tags. The tag include <TITLE> tag within it. The content written within the <TITLE> and </TITLE> tags does not appear on the web page.
• BODY — It is the main HTML document that we want to display on the web page. It is written within <BODY> and </BODY> tags.

The basic structure of an HTML document is as follows:

What is meant by HTML tags?

Tags are the keywords used in an HTML document. They are marked by the angle braces (< and >) to write instructions and define how the content will be displayed by the web browsers. For example, <HTML> , <TITLE> , <HEAD> , etc. are tags.

Name the two features of an HTML document.

The two features of an HTML document are:

• Every HTML document is written inside <HTML> and </HTML> tags which represent the beginning and the end of a web page respectively.
• The main document is written within <BODY> and </BODY> tags.

Name two web browsers which are used to view an HTML document.

Two web browsers which are used to view an HTML document are-

• Microsoft Edge
• Google Chrome

Distinguish between <P> and <BR> tags.

Write all the steps

To start writing an HTML document.

To start writing an HTML document on Notepad, follow these steps:

Step 1: Click ‘Start' followed by clicking 'Notepad' from the pop up menu. OR Click on shortcut icon ‘Notepad', if available on the desktop. OR Click on ‘Notepad' icon, if available on the taskbar. An untitled notepad will appear on the screen.

Step 2: Now, one can start writing the HTML code by using the following tags:

To view an HTML document on a web page.

To view an HTML document on a web page, follow these steps:

Step 1: Locate the file where you have saved the file. Select the file and right-click on it.

Step 2: Select 'Open with' followed by clicking 'Microsoft Edge'.

The document saved will appear on the web browser.

To save an HTML document.

To save an HTML document, follow these steps:

Step 1: Click 'File' from the file menu.

Step 2: Select 'Save As' from the drop-down list.

Step 3: Enter the file name with the extension '.HTML' (say, MYFILE.HTML) in the box provided.

Step 4: Click the 'Save' option.

The file MYFILE.HTML will be saved and the untitled file will become MYFILE on Notepad.

Answer the following

Write an HTML document by using paragraph and line tags to format the following poem 'Two Little Dicky Birds'.

TWO LITTLE DICKY BIRDS TWO LITTLE DICKY BIRDS SITTING ON A WALL ONE NAMED PETER, ONE NAMED PAUL FLY AWAY PETER, FLY AWAY PAUL COME BACK PETER, COME BACK PAUL

The format of an HTML document is given below. Rearrange the format so that it can be understood by the web browser.

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Methodology

• What Is a Case Study? | Definition, Examples & Methods

What Is a Case Study? | Definition, Examples & Methods

Published on May 8, 2019 by Shona McCombes . Revised on November 20, 2023.

A case study is a detailed study of a specific subject, such as a person, group, place, event, organization, or phenomenon. Case studies are commonly used in social, educational, clinical, and business research.

A case study research design usually involves qualitative methods , but quantitative methods are sometimes also used. Case studies are good for describing , comparing, evaluating and understanding different aspects of a research problem .

Table of contents

When to do a case study, step 1: select a case, step 2: build a theoretical framework, step 3: collect your data, step 4: describe and analyze the case, other interesting articles.

A case study is an appropriate research design when you want to gain concrete, contextual, in-depth knowledge about a specific real-world subject. It allows you to explore the key characteristics, meanings, and implications of the case.

Case studies are often a good choice in a thesis or dissertation . They keep your project focused and manageable when you don’t have the time or resources to do large-scale research.

You might use just one complex case study where you explore a single subject in depth, or conduct multiple case studies to compare and illuminate different aspects of your research problem.

Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.

Once you have developed your problem statement and research questions , you should be ready to choose the specific case that you want to focus on. A good case study should have the potential to:

• Provide new or unexpected insights into the subject
• Challenge or complicate existing assumptions and theories
• Propose practical courses of action to resolve a problem
• Open up new directions for future research

TipIf your research is more practical in nature and aims to simultaneously investigate an issue as you solve it, consider conducting action research instead.

Unlike quantitative or experimental research , a strong case study does not require a random or representative sample. In fact, case studies often deliberately focus on unusual, neglected, or outlying cases which may shed new light on the research problem.

Example of an outlying case studyIn the 1960s the town of Roseto, Pennsylvania was discovered to have extremely low rates of heart disease compared to the US average. It became an important case study for understanding previously neglected causes of heart disease.

However, you can also choose a more common or representative case to exemplify a particular category, experience or phenomenon.

Example of a representative case studyIn the 1920s, two sociologists used Muncie, Indiana as a case study of a typical American city that supposedly exemplified the changing culture of the US at the time.

While case studies focus more on concrete details than general theories, they should usually have some connection with theory in the field. This way the case study is not just an isolated description, but is integrated into existing knowledge about the topic. It might aim to:

• Exemplify a theory by showing how it explains the case under investigation
• Expand on a theory by uncovering new concepts and ideas that need to be incorporated
• Challenge a theory by exploring an outlier case that doesn’t fit with established assumptions

To ensure that your analysis of the case has a solid academic grounding, you should conduct a literature review of sources related to the topic and develop a theoretical framework . This means identifying key concepts and theories to guide your analysis and interpretation.

There are many different research methods you can use to collect data on your subject. Case studies tend to focus on qualitative data using methods such as interviews , observations , and analysis of primary and secondary sources (e.g., newspaper articles, photographs, official records). Sometimes a case study will also collect quantitative data.

Example of a mixed methods case studyFor a case study of a wind farm development in a rural area, you could collect quantitative data on employment rates and business revenue, collect qualitative data on local people’s perceptions and experiences, and analyze local and national media coverage of the development.

The aim is to gain as thorough an understanding as possible of the case and its context.

In writing up the case study, you need to bring together all the relevant aspects to give as complete a picture as possible of the subject.

How you report your findings depends on the type of research you are doing. Some case studies are structured like a standard scientific paper or thesis , with separate sections or chapters for the methods , results and discussion .

Others are written in a more narrative style, aiming to explore the case from various angles and analyze its meanings and implications (for example, by using textual analysis or discourse analysis ).

In all cases, though, make sure to give contextual details about the case, connect it back to the literature and theory, and discuss how it fits into wider patterns or debates.

If you want to know more about statistics , methodology , or research bias , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

• Normal distribution
• Degrees of freedom
• Null hypothesis
• Discourse analysis
• Control groups
• Mixed methods research
• Non-probability sampling
• Quantitative research
• Ecological validity

Research bias

• Rosenthal effect
• Implicit bias
• Cognitive bias
• Selection bias
• Negativity bias
• Status quo bias

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

McCombes, S. (2023, November 20). What Is a Case Study? | Definition, Examples & Methods. Scribbr. Retrieved April 10, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/case-study/

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Social media platform X has received an inquiry from the U.S. House of Representatives "regarding actions taken in Brazil that were in violation of Brazilian law," Elon Musk said on Wednesday in a post on X.

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Accelerate time to market and bring an end to IT fire-fighting. Software-defined automation simplifies and speeds day 0 and 1, while artificial intelligence predicts and prevents problems to optimize day 2 and beyond.

Enjoy 90% capacity savings, guaranteed

The hyper efficiency baked into HPE SimpliVity improves application performance, frees up storage, and accelerates local and remote backup and restore functions. We guarantee a 90% capacity savings across storage and backup combined — and you enjoy 10:1 data efficiency.

Remain online and recoverable — always

Leverage built-in backup and disaster recovery to ensure business continuity. HPE SimpliVity’s speed and efficiency enable recovery of a 1 TB VM in 60 seconds. Now you can deploy and consolidate workloads on HPE SimpliVity.

Drive savings for edge and ROBO workloads

HPE SimpliVity’s efficient data services, centralized management, and comprehensive data protection and disaster recovery deliver savings of up to 66% versus traditional three-tier, cloud, or other HCI infrastructure.

Our customers

TSPL chose the HPE hyperconverged infrastructure to revamp and streamline its IT operations by consolidating its legacy server and storage environment.

Federation University Australia

Federation University Australia transforms the efficiency and agility of its IT infrastructure to accelerate digital innovation for 25,000 students across four campuses.

Fino Payments Bank

Fino Payments Bank is set to transform the lives of India’s rural population and power the country’s next great economic leap with smart, efficient IT infrastructure management.

Unichem Laboratories Ltd.

Unichem Laboratories Ltd. is lowering the cost and extending the availability of life-saving treatments by accelerating discovery, development, and production.

Chase Center

The Golden State Warriors built Chase Center to exceed fan expectations with a technology foundation that enables choice, control, and safety. Chase Center is a new breed of venue.

Power and protect your virtualized infrastructure

Simplify the VM experience by delivering true hyperconvergence at scale — from edge to data center — with efficiency, resiliency, density, and simplicity.

Reduce capacity requirements with operational efficiency

Operational efficiency reduces capacity requirements and improves application speed and performance. Always-on, inline deduplication and compression only needs to happen once, delivering 90% capacity savings across primary storage and backup – guaranteed! Key features include:

• Data efficiency - Always-on, at inception, inline deduplication and compression guarantees 90% capacity savings across primary storage and backup saving costs
• Application performance - Achieve improved performance from all-flash storage, tiered caching, and always-on, inline dedupe and compression
• Operational efficiency - Operational efficiency frees up 91% of IT organizations’ time to focus on new projects

Achieve resiliency and high availability

Achieve high availability with just 2 nodes. HPE SimpliVity tolerates simultaneous drive failures without data loss, and built-in data protection and disaster recovery features help keep data safe. Key features include:

• High availability - High availability tolerates simultaneous drive failures without data loss and achieves high availability with a minimum of 2 nodes
• Backup - Full logical VM backups with policy-based automation and near zero overhead
• Restore - Guaranteed 60-second restore of 1 TB VM
• Disaster recovery - Automated, multi-site, rapid disaster recovery reduces the risk of data loss and costly business downtime

Leverage high-density resource pools

Flexible, consolidated resource pools are cost effective building blocks for a variety of workloads. The award-winning HPE SimpliVity 2600 provides space-constrained environments with high-density, enterprise grade features and functionality. Key features include:

• Collapse the stack into one solution - Flexible resource pools of compute, storage, and composable fabric networking collapsed into one solution
• Scale - Simple, parallel node deployment to scale out from small to large VM environments in small, 2U increments
• Consolidation and cost savings - Simplify and save: one solution, one refresh cycle, one generalist needed to manage the whole stack

Simplify management with a single interface

Simple and automated operations eliminate the need for specialized IT skills. VM administrators manage the entire IT stack from a single, familiar interface. Back up, clone, or restore a VM in 3 clicks, guaranteed, using policy-based, VM-centric management. Key features include:

• VM-centric management - Policy-based, global VM-centric management with automation, visibility, intelligence
• VM agility - VM creation, backup, replication, and recovery with right-click operations from familiar interface
• VM mobility - Moves VMs quickly and globally from one site to another
• Simple management from one interface - No LUNS, shares, or volumes to manage. Through a single interface, you have a global view into data centers as well as remote and branch offices

HPE a Gartner Magic Quadrant Leader 14 years in a row

Gartner® again names HPE a Leader in the 2023 Magic Quadrant™ for Primary Storage.

Hyperconverged technology partners

Explore the hpe simplivity portfolio.

HPE SimpliVity 380 gives IT organizations the agility and economics of the cloud with the control and governance of on-premises IT and HPE GreenLake for Private Cloud Business Edition integration. It delivers a powerhouse hyperconverged solution optimized to support the world’s most efficient and resilient data centers. This solution dramatically simplifies IT by combining infrastructure and advanced data services for virtualized workloads on a single device.

Do you need a dense platform with built-in security and flexibility that addresses key applications which need performance, availability along with ease of management? HPE SimpliVity 325 provides HCI choice with our 3rd Generation  AMD EPYC™ single CPU processor platform including all-flash storage. Highly dense, the solution is a 1U enclosure that scales in 1U increments and is ideal for remote office or space-constrained locations.

Featured products

Hpe storeonce backup appliances.

Secure your data wherever it lives. Leverage intelligent storage to transform your hybrid cloud data protection with greater simplicity, higher performance, and built-in ransomware protection — all at a lower cost than traditional solutions.

HPE GreenLake for Virtual Desktop Infrastructure

Empower your remote workforce with secure, scalable virtual desktop infrastructure, delivered as a service.

HPE Alletra dHCI

Built to streamline your infrastructure via data-first modernization, HPE’s disaggregated HCI for mixed workloads at scale unlocks IT agility while ensuring apps are always-on and always-fast.

Adopting hyperconvergence and adapting to the new realities in retail

Accelerate your data-driven transformation with simplivity, hpe simplivity 380 product documentation, technical specifications, advanced data services.

• Built-in resiliency, backup, and disaster recovery for data protection
• Always-on deduplication and compression for reduced capacity utilization by up to 10X — guaranteed %3Ca%20href%3D%22https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hpe.com%2Fus%2Fen%2Fproducts%2Fintegrated-systems%2Fsimplivity-guarantee.html%22%20data-analytics-region-id%3D%22footnote_tip%7Clink_click%22%3EHPE%20SimpliVity%20HyperGuarantee%3C%2Fa%3E

Flexible federation strategy

• Scale up to 16 nodes/cluster and 96 nodes/federation
• Mix clusters within the same federation — for example, HPE SimpliVity 380 at the core data center and HPE SimpliVity 325 or 380 at the edge

Simple, intelligent management

• Global, VM-centric management and mobility, plus artificial intelligence by HPE InfoSight

Simplify your environment with HPE SimpliVity 380

• Storage-intensive workloads
• Multiple all-flash configuration options (XS, S, M, L, and XL)
• Backup and archive node with hybrid flash storage
• Hardware-accelerated or software-optimized for always-on deduplication and compression

Extend your options with HPE SimpliVity 325

• Small ROBO and edge use cases
• Highly dense, 1U, single AMD processor node with high core count
• Full HPE SimpliVity functionality

Optimize your data center footprint with HPE SimpliVity 325

• General purpose virtualization, edge, and VDI workloads
• Space-constrained environments that need a high-density server form factor
• Software-optimized for always-on deduplication and compression

My sister Falana became a case study in health inequities (Viewpoint)

• Updated: Apr. 09, 2024, 4:24 p.m. |
• Published: Apr. 09, 2024, 4:13 p.m.
• Tania Barber

We often think about health inequities in Massachusetts in terms of numbers. One example: the Center for Health Information and Analysis found that Black and Hispanic Massachusetts residents are significantly less likely to secure an appointment with a doctor’s office or clinic as soon as needed.

Compounding these difficulties, one third of Hispanic residents and over one quarter of Black residents reported unmet health care needs due to cost.

Figures like these paint a disturbing picture of systemic racism, but health inequities take on a different level of urgency when we look at real people and stories behind the data. People of color across the Commonwealth experience care delayed, care denied, and avoidable complications, all adding up to an uncountable number of personal tragedies in a system that leaves so many behind.

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