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Banking Research Proposals Samples For Students

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Research Topics & Ideas: Finance

120+ Finance Research Topic Ideas To Fast-Track Your Project

If you’re just starting out exploring potential research topics for your finance-related dissertation, thesis or research project, you’ve come to the right place. In this post, we’ll help kickstart your research topic ideation process by providing a hearty list of finance-centric research topics and ideas.

PS – This is just the start…

We know it’s exciting to run through a list of research topics, but please keep in mind that this list is just a starting point . To develop a suitable education-related research topic, you’ll need to identify a clear and convincing research gap , and a viable plan of action to fill that gap.

If this sounds foreign to you, check out our free research topic webinar that explores how to find and refine a high-quality research topic, from scratch. Alternatively, if you’d like hands-on help, consider our 1-on-1 coaching service .

Overview: Finance Research Topics

• Corporate finance topics
• Investment banking topics
• Private equity & VC
• Asset management
• Hedge funds
• Financial planning & advisory
• Quantitative finance
• Treasury management
• Financial technology (FinTech)
• Commercial banking
• International finance

Corporate Finance

These research topic ideas explore a breadth of issues ranging from the examination of capital structure to the exploration of financial strategies in mergers and acquisitions.

• Evaluating the impact of capital structure on firm performance across different industries
• Assessing the effectiveness of financial management practices in emerging markets
• A comparative analysis of the cost of capital and financial structure in multinational corporations across different regulatory environments
• Examining how integrating sustainability and CSR initiatives affect a corporation’s financial performance and brand reputation
• Analysing how rigorous financial analysis informs strategic decisions and contributes to corporate growth
• Examining the relationship between corporate governance structures and financial performance
• A comparative analysis of financing strategies among mergers and acquisitions
• Evaluating the importance of financial transparency and its impact on investor relations and trust
• Investigating the role of financial flexibility in strategic investment decisions during economic downturns
• Investigating how different dividend policies affect shareholder value and the firm’s financial performance

Investment Banking

The list below presents a series of research topics exploring the multifaceted dimensions of investment banking, with a particular focus on its evolution following the 2008 financial crisis.

• Analysing the evolution and impact of regulatory frameworks in investment banking post-2008 financial crisis
• Investigating the challenges and opportunities associated with cross-border M&As facilitated by investment banks.
• Evaluating the role of investment banks in facilitating mergers and acquisitions in emerging markets
• Analysing the transformation brought about by digital technologies in the delivery of investment banking services and its effects on efficiency and client satisfaction.
• Evaluating the role of investment banks in promoting sustainable finance and the integration of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) criteria in investment decisions.
• Assessing the impact of technology on the efficiency and effectiveness of investment banking services
• Examining the effectiveness of investment banks in pricing and marketing IPOs, and the subsequent performance of these IPOs in the stock market.
• A comparative analysis of different risk management strategies employed by investment banks
• Examining the relationship between investment banking fees and corporate performance
• A comparative analysis of competitive strategies employed by leading investment banks and their impact on market share and profitability

Private Equity & Venture Capital (VC)

These research topic ideas are centred on venture capital and private equity investments, with a focus on their impact on technological startups, emerging technologies, and broader economic ecosystems.

• Investigating the determinants of successful venture capital investments in tech startups
• Analysing the trends and outcomes of venture capital funding in emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, blockchain, or clean energy
• Assessing the performance and return on investment of different exit strategies employed by venture capital firms
• Assessing the impact of private equity investments on the financial performance of SMEs
• Analysing the role of venture capital in fostering innovation and entrepreneurship
• Evaluating the exit strategies of private equity firms: A comparative analysis
• Exploring the ethical considerations in private equity and venture capital financing
• Investigating how private equity ownership influences operational efficiency and overall business performance
• Evaluating the effectiveness of corporate governance structures in companies backed by private equity investments
• Examining how the regulatory environment in different regions affects the operations, investments and performance of private equity and venture capital firms

Asset Management

This list includes a range of research topic ideas focused on asset management, probing into the effectiveness of various strategies, the integration of technology, and the alignment with ethical principles among other key dimensions.

• Analysing the effectiveness of different asset allocation strategies in diverse economic environments
• Analysing the methodologies and effectiveness of performance attribution in asset management firms
• Assessing the impact of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) criteria on fund performance
• Examining the role of robo-advisors in modern asset management
• Evaluating how advancements in technology are reshaping portfolio management strategies within asset management firms
• Evaluating the performance persistence of mutual funds and hedge funds
• Investigating the long-term performance of portfolios managed with ethical or socially responsible investing principles
• Investigating the behavioural biases in individual and institutional investment decisions
• Examining the asset allocation strategies employed by pension funds and their impact on long-term fund performance
• Assessing the operational efficiency of asset management firms and its correlation with fund performance

Hedge Funds

Here we explore research topics related to hedge fund operations and strategies, including their implications on corporate governance, financial market stability, and regulatory compliance among other critical facets.

• Assessing the impact of hedge fund activism on corporate governance and financial performance
• Analysing the effectiveness and implications of market-neutral strategies employed by hedge funds
• Investigating how different fee structures impact the performance and investor attraction to hedge funds
• Evaluating the contribution of hedge funds to financial market liquidity and the implications for market stability
• Analysing the risk-return profile of hedge fund strategies during financial crises
• Evaluating the influence of regulatory changes on hedge fund operations and performance
• Examining the level of transparency and disclosure practices in the hedge fund industry and its impact on investor trust and regulatory compliance
• Assessing the contribution of hedge funds to systemic risk in financial markets, and the effectiveness of regulatory measures in mitigating such risks
• Examining the role of hedge funds in financial market stability
• Investigating the determinants of hedge fund success: A comparative analysis

Financial Planning and Advisory

This list explores various research topic ideas related to financial planning, focusing on the effects of financial literacy, the adoption of digital tools, taxation policies, and the role of financial advisors.

• Evaluating the impact of financial literacy on individual financial planning effectiveness
• Analysing how different taxation policies influence financial planning strategies among individuals and businesses
• Evaluating the effectiveness and user adoption of digital tools in modern financial planning practices
• Investigating the adequacy of long-term financial planning strategies in ensuring retirement security
• Assessing the role of financial education in shaping financial planning behaviour among different demographic groups
• Examining the impact of psychological biases on financial planning and decision-making, and strategies to mitigate these biases
• Assessing the behavioural factors influencing financial planning decisions
• Examining the role of financial advisors in managing retirement savings
• A comparative analysis of traditional versus robo-advisory in financial planning
• Investigating the ethics of financial advisory practices

The following list delves into research topics within the insurance sector, touching on the technological transformations, regulatory shifts, and evolving consumer behaviours among other pivotal aspects.

• Analysing the impact of technology adoption on insurance pricing and risk management
• Analysing the influence of Insurtech innovations on the competitive dynamics and consumer choices in insurance markets
• Investigating the factors affecting consumer behaviour in insurance product selection and the role of digital channels in influencing decisions
• Assessing the effect of regulatory changes on insurance product offerings
• Examining the determinants of insurance penetration in emerging markets
• Evaluating the operational efficiency of claims management processes in insurance companies and its impact on customer satisfaction
• Examining the evolution and effectiveness of risk assessment models used in insurance underwriting and their impact on pricing and coverage
• Evaluating the role of insurance in financial stability and economic development
• Investigating the impact of climate change on insurance models and products
• Exploring the challenges and opportunities in underwriting cyber insurance in the face of evolving cyber threats and regulations

Quantitative Finance

These topic ideas span the development of asset pricing models, evaluation of machine learning algorithms, and the exploration of ethical implications among other pivotal areas.

• Developing and testing new quantitative models for asset pricing
• Analysing the effectiveness and limitations of machine learning algorithms in predicting financial market movements
• Assessing the effectiveness of various risk management techniques in quantitative finance
• Evaluating the advancements in portfolio optimisation techniques and their impact on risk-adjusted returns
• Evaluating the impact of high-frequency trading on market efficiency and stability
• Investigating the influence of algorithmic trading strategies on market efficiency and liquidity
• Examining the risk parity approach in asset allocation and its effectiveness in different market conditions
• Examining the application of machine learning and artificial intelligence in quantitative financial analysis
• Investigating the ethical implications of quantitative financial innovations
• Assessing the profitability and market impact of statistical arbitrage strategies considering different market microstructures

Treasury Management

The following topic ideas explore treasury management, focusing on modernisation through technological advancements, the impact on firm liquidity, and the intertwined relationship with corporate governance among other crucial areas.

• Analysing the impact of treasury management practices on firm liquidity and profitability
• Analysing the role of automation in enhancing operational efficiency and strategic decision-making in treasury management
• Evaluating the effectiveness of various cash management strategies in multinational corporations
• Investigating the potential of blockchain technology in streamlining treasury operations and enhancing transparency
• Examining the role of treasury management in mitigating financial risks
• Evaluating the accuracy and effectiveness of various cash flow forecasting techniques employed in treasury management
• Assessing the impact of technological advancements on treasury management operations
• Examining the effectiveness of different foreign exchange risk management strategies employed by treasury managers in multinational corporations
• Assessing the impact of regulatory compliance requirements on the operational and strategic aspects of treasury management
• Investigating the relationship between treasury management and corporate governance

Financial Technology (FinTech)

The following research topic ideas explore the transformative potential of blockchain, the rise of open banking, and the burgeoning landscape of peer-to-peer lending among other focal areas.

• Evaluating the impact of blockchain technology on financial services
• Investigating the implications of open banking on consumer data privacy and financial services competition
• Assessing the role of FinTech in financial inclusion in emerging markets
• Analysing the role of peer-to-peer lending platforms in promoting financial inclusion and their impact on traditional banking systems
• Examining the cybersecurity challenges faced by FinTech firms and the regulatory measures to ensure data protection and financial stability
• Examining the regulatory challenges and opportunities in the FinTech ecosystem
• Assessing the impact of artificial intelligence on the delivery of financial services, customer experience, and operational efficiency within FinTech firms
• Analysing the adoption and impact of cryptocurrencies on traditional financial systems
• Investigating the determinants of success for FinTech startups

Commercial Banking

These topic ideas span commercial banking, encompassing digital transformation, support for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), and the evolving regulatory and competitive landscape among other key themes.

• Assessing the impact of digital transformation on commercial banking services and competitiveness
• Analysing the impact of digital transformation on customer experience and operational efficiency in commercial banking
• Evaluating the role of commercial banks in supporting small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)
• Investigating the effectiveness of credit risk management practices and their impact on bank profitability and financial stability
• Examining the relationship between commercial banking practices and financial stability
• Evaluating the implications of open banking frameworks on the competitive landscape and service innovation in commercial banking
• Assessing how regulatory changes affect lending practices and risk appetite of commercial banks
• Examining how commercial banks are adapting their strategies in response to competition from FinTech firms and changing consumer preferences
• Analysing the impact of regulatory compliance on commercial banking operations
• Investigating the determinants of customer satisfaction and loyalty in commercial banking

International Finance

The folowing research topic ideas are centred around international finance and global economic dynamics, delving into aspects like exchange rate fluctuations, international financial regulations, and the role of international financial institutions among other pivotal areas.

• Analysing the determinants of exchange rate fluctuations and their impact on international trade
• Analysing the influence of global trade agreements on international financial flows and foreign direct investments
• Evaluating the effectiveness of international portfolio diversification strategies in mitigating risks and enhancing returns
• Evaluating the role of international financial institutions in global financial stability
• Investigating the role and implications of offshore financial centres on international financial stability and regulatory harmonisation
• Examining the impact of global financial crises on emerging market economies
• Examining the challenges and regulatory frameworks associated with cross-border banking operations
• Assessing the effectiveness of international financial regulations
• Investigating the challenges and opportunities of cross-border mergers and acquisitions

Choosing A Research Topic

These finance-related research topic ideas are starting points to guide your thinking. They are intentionally very broad and open-ended. By engaging with the currently literature in your field of interest, you’ll be able to narrow down your focus to a specific research gap .

When choosing a topic , you’ll need to take into account its originality, relevance, feasibility, and the resources you have at your disposal. Make sure to align your interest and expertise in the subject with your university program’s specific requirements. Always consult your academic advisor to ensure that your chosen topic not only meets the academic criteria but also provides a valuable contribution to the field. 

If you need a helping hand, feel free to check out our private coaching service here.

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Research Proposal Topics for Banking and Finance: Exploring Emerging Trends and Innovative Solutions

Delve into the realm of banking and finance with our comprehensive guide to research proposal topics. Explore emerging trends and innovative solutions that are shaping the future of the financial industry. Discover the latest developments in banking regulations, fintech advancements, and sustainable finance practices. Unravel the intricacies of risk management, investment strategies, and financial inclusion. Join us on a journey to uncover the untapped potential of banking and finance research.

Key Takeaways:

Investigate the economic crisis and its impact on banking and finance.

Critically review the concept of standard deviation and its applications in business.

Explore the political and economic risks involved in national bank transactions.

Conduct a study on corporate developments in European banking.

Investigate the impact of internal control on the efficiency of an organization’s accounting system.

Evaluate bank lending practices and credit management in Cameroon.

Analyze the effect of interest rate fluctuation on the profitability of commercial banks.

Study the role of microfinance institutions in poverty reduction and women empowerment.

Table of Contents

Research Proposal Topics for Banking and Finance

Banking and finance are constantly evolving fields, offering a treasure trove of research opportunities. Whether you’re a seasoned researcher or just starting, finding the right topic can be daunting. Fear not! This guide will equip you with intriguing research proposal topics for banking and finance, helping you navigate this dynamic landscape and make a meaningful contribution to the industry.

• Blockchain Technology and Its Impact on Banking:

Explore how blockchain can revolutionize banking operations, enhance security, and reduce costs.

Mobile Banking and Financial Inclusion:

Investigate the role of mobile banking in promoting financial inclusion, especially in underserved communities.

AI and Machine Learning in Risk Assessment:

Analyze how AI and machine learning can enhance risk assessment models, enabling banks to make more informed decisions.

Sustainable Banking Practices:

Study the impact of sustainable banking practices on financial performance and stakeholder satisfaction.

Cybersecurity in Banking and Finance:

Examine cybersecurity threats and vulnerabilities, and propose strategies to strengthen defenses against cyberattacks.

FinTech and the Future of Banking:

Investigate how FinTech is disrupting traditional banking models and shaping the future of the industry.

Behavioral Finance and Investor Decision-Making:

Analyze how psychological factors influence investment decisions and explore strategies to promote rational behavior.

Islamic Banking and Financial Inclusion:

Study the role of Islamic banking in fostering financial inclusion and economic development in Muslim-majority countries.

Impact of Regulation on Banking and Finance:

Assess the impact of regulatory changes on the stability and efficiency of the banking and finance sector.

Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs):

• Evaluate the potential benefits and challenges of CBDCs and their impact on monetary policy and financial stability.

Impact of Digitalization on Financial Markets:

• Investigate the implications of digitalization on market structure, trading behavior, and systemic risk.

Financial Literacy and Investor Protection:

• Analyze the effectiveness of financial literacy programs and explore ways to enhance investor protection.

Role of Cryptocurrency in International Trade:

• Study the challenges and opportunities of using cryptocurrency in international trade and propose regulatory frameworks.

Banking and Finance in Emerging Markets:

• Examine the unique challenges and opportunities faced by banks and financial institutions in emerging markets.

Corporate Governance and Bank Performance:

• Investigate the relationship between corporate governance practices and bank performance, identifying key factors that drive success.

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Research proposal topics in accounting and finance pdf offers a treasure trove of insights and inspiration, empowering you to craft a compelling research proposal that will leave a lasting impression.

Step into the world of financial exploration with our extensive list of research project topics on banking and finance . Discover innovative angles and delve into the intricacies of the banking and finance industry.

Uncover a wealth of research possibilities with our carefully selected research project topics in banking and finance in Kenya . Explore the unique challenges and opportunities within Kenya’s financial landscape.

Key concepts and theories in banking and finance research

Banking and finance have long been interconnected and crucial pillars of the global economy. Researchers delve into this field to unearth insights that benefit financial institutions, investors, and policymakers. To help you grasp the complexities of banking and finance research, let’s explore some fundamental concepts and theories.

Risk and Return: A central concept in finance is the trade-off between risk and return. Investors seek higher returns, but these often come with increased risk.

Time Value of Money: This concept asserts that money today is worth more than the same amount in the future due to its earning potential.

Efficient Market Hypothesis: This theory proposes that all available information is reflected in asset prices, making it challenging to outperform the market consistently.

Capital Structure: This refers to the composition of a company’s financing sources, including debt and equity. An optimal capital structure can minimize a firm’s cost of capital.

Financial Intermediation: Banks and other financial institutions act as intermediaries between savers and borrowers, facilitating the flow of funds in the economy.

– Monetary Policy: Central banks use monetary policy tools to influence the money supply and interest rates, impacting economic activity and inflation.

With these fundamental concepts in mind, researchers can explore diverse topics in banking and finance. Emerging trends include the impact of fintech on traditional banking, sustainable banking practices, and the role of artificial intelligence in risk management and fraud detection. By leveraging these concepts and theories, researchers contribute to the advancement of knowledge and drive innovation in the financial sector.

Dive deeper into the world of banking and finance research by exploring reputable sources like the Journal of Banking and Finance and the Review of Financial Studies. These platforms showcase cutting-edge research and analysis, keeping you informed of the latest developments in this dynamic field.

Journal of Banking and Finance

Review of Financial Studies

Data Sources and Methodologies for Banking and Finance Research

Navigating the ever-evolving landscape of banking and finance demands cutting-edge research and data-driven insights. Let’s delve into some promising data sources and methodologies to fuel your research endeavors in this dynamic field.

Data Sources for Banking and Finance Research:

• Public Data Sources:
• Central banks, regulatory authorities, and statistical agencies often provide comprehensive datasets related to economic and financial indicators.

World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) offer valuable cross-country data.

Private Data Sources:

• Financial institutions, market research firms, and credit rating agencies possess valuable proprietary data.

Collaborations with banks, investment firms, and fintech companies can provide access to unique datasets.

Alternative Data Sources:

• Social media data, web scraping, and satellite imagery can offer novel insights into consumer behavior, economic trends, and market sentiment.
• Unstructured data from news articles, financial reports, and social media can be analyzed using text mining techniques.

Methodologies for Banking and Finance Research:

• Quantitative Research Methods:
• Statistical analysis, econometrics, and time series analysis help uncover patterns and relationships in financial data.

Regression models, factor analysis, and forecasting techniques are widely used to analyze financial phenomena.

Qualitative Research Methods:

• Case studies, interviews, and focus groups provide in-depth understanding of individual and organizational behaviors in financial markets.

Content analysis and discourse analysis help researchers interpret financial texts, reports, and regulations.

Mixed Methods Research:

• Combining quantitative and qualitative methods enables a more comprehensive understanding of complex financial phenomena.

Surveys, experiments, and simulations can complement statistical analysis and textual analysis.

Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence:

• Advanced algorithms and techniques can be applied to analyze large datasets, identify patterns, and predict financial outcomes.
• Natural language processing and sentiment analysis can extract insights from financial news and social media data.
• Diverse Data Sources: Utilize a mix of public, private, and alternative data sources to gather comprehensive insights.
• Methodological Rigor: Employ appropriate research methods to ensure the validity and reliability of your findings.
• Ethical Considerations: Adhere to ethical guidelines and data protection regulations when collecting and analyzing data.
• Interdisciplinary Approach: Integrate knowledge from economics, finance, mathematics, and computer science to tackle complex research questions.
• Real-World Impact: Conduct research that addresses real-world problems and contributes to policymaking and industry practices.
• Data Sources for Banking and Finance Research
• Research Methods in Banking and Finance

Ethical considerations and challenges in banking and finance research

In the world of banking and finance, ethical considerations and challenges play a pivotal role in ensuring responsible, transparent, and sustainable practices. As a seasoned professional, I’m enthusiastic about delving into some of these critical aspects that researchers and practitioners must navigate.

Ethical considerations are of utmost importance in banking and finance research, ensuring transparent, accountable, and responsible practices.

Researchers must address conflicts of interest, maintain data privacy, and adhere to regulatory requirements.

Balancing the pursuit of profit with social responsibility and environmental sustainability poses significant challenges.

Researchers should embrace interdisciplinary approaches, incorporating insights from economics, sociology, and psychology to tackle complex ethical dilemmas.

Ethical considerations extend beyond individual research projects, influencing policymaking, industry practices, and the overall reputation of banking and finance.

Navigating Conflicts of Interest:

One of the primary ethical challenges in banking and finance research is managing conflicts of interest. Researchers affiliated with financial institutions or receiving funding from industry sources may face pressure to produce favorable results or downplay risks. To maintain integrity, researchers must disclose any potential conflicts and ensure that their findings are unbiased and objective.

Ensuring Data Privacy and Security:

In an era of big data and advanced analytics, protecting the privacy and security of financial data is paramount. Researchers must implement robust data protection measures, adhering to regulatory requirements and industry best practices. This includes obtaining informed consent from participants, anonymizing sensitive information, and employing encryption techniques to safeguard data confidentiality.

Balancing Profit and Social Responsibility:

The pursuit of profit is often seen as the primary objective in banking and finance. However, researchers must also consider the broader social and environmental implications of their work. This includes examining the impact of financial products and services on vulnerable populations, assessing the carbon footprint of financial transactions, and promoting responsible lending practices.

Embracing Interdisciplinary Approaches:

To effectively address complex ethical dilemmas in banking and finance, researchers need to embrace interdisciplinary approaches. Integrating insights from economics, sociology, psychology, and other disciplines can provide a more comprehensive understanding of the ethical challenges and potential solutions. This collaborative approach can lead to innovative and impactful research that transcends traditional boundaries.

Shaping Policy and Practice:

Ethical considerations in banking and finance research extend beyond individual research projects. They influence policymaking, industry practices, and the overall reputation of the financial sector. By highlighting ethical issues, researchers can inform regulatory reforms, encourage responsible business practices, and foster a culture of integrity and transparency in banking and finance.

Conclusion:

Ethical considerations are at the heart of responsible and sustainable banking and finance research. By addressing conflicts of interest, ensuring data privacy, balancing profit with social responsibility, embracing interdisciplinary approaches, and influencing policy and practice, researchers can contribute to a more ethical and responsible financial system.

Relevant URL Source:

• Ethics in Banking and Finance: A Review of the Literature
• Ethical Challenges in Banking and Finance: A Call for Attention

Q1: What are some emerging trends in banking and finance that researchers can explore for their dissertations?

A1: Emerging trends in banking and finance include the rise of digital banking, the increasing use of artificial intelligence and big data analytics, the growing importance of sustainable and responsible investing, and the evolving regulatory landscape. Researchers can investigate these trends to gain insights into the future of the financial industry.

Q2: What are some innovative solutions that researchers can propose in their dissertations to address current challenges in banking and finance?

A2: Innovative solutions to address current challenges in banking and finance include developing new financial products and services that meet the needs of underserved populations, exploring alternative lending models to promote financial inclusion, and implementing blockchain technology to enhance security and transparency in financial transactions.

Q3: How can researchers ensure that their dissertation topics are relevant to the needs of the banking and finance industry?

A3: Researchers can ensure the relevance of their dissertation topics by conducting thorough research on current industry trends and challenges, engaging with industry professionals to gain insights into real-world problems, and aligning their research objectives with the strategic priorities of financial institutions.

Q4: What are some key factors that researchers should consider when selecting a dissertation topic in banking and finance?

A4: Key factors to consider when selecting a dissertation topic in banking and finance include the availability of data, the potential impact of the research findings on the industry, the feasibility of conducting the research within the given time and resource constraints, and the researcher’s own interests and expertise.

Q5: How can researchers effectively communicate the findings of their dissertations to banking and finance professionals and policymakers?

A5: Researchers can effectively communicate their dissertation findings to banking and finance professionals and policymakers by presenting their research in clear and concise language, using visuals and infographics to illustrate key points, and tailoring their communication strategies to the specific audience they are targeting.

Research Proposal Topics for Banking and Finance: Delving into Critical Issues and Opportunities

Get ready to delve into the exciting world of research proposal topics for banking and finance! In this article, we will explore various areas of study that are shaping the future of the industry. From the impact of blockchain technology on payment systems to the implications of artificial intelligence on financial markets, this comprehensive guide will provide you with valuable insights and equip you to make a meaningful contribution to the field of banking and finance.

Research proposal topics in banking and finance encompass a wide range of topics.

The banking and finance dissertation topics listed include contemporary issues like implementing blockchain applications and examining the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the industry.

Students can select dissertation topics based on their academic requirements and personal interests.

Topics cover various areas such as economic crises, business risk, political and economic risks in banking transactions, corporate developments, and security measures in financial institutions.

Research Proposal Topics for Banking and Finance: Unveiling New Frontiers

Navigating the Maze of Research Opportunities

The realm of banking and finance presents a fertile ground for research exploration, encompassing a vast array of intriguing topics that can illuminate critical issues and unveil promising opportunities. Crafting a compelling research proposal in this dynamic field requires careful consideration of relevant themes, ensuring methodological rigor and practical significance.

Selecting a Research Topic: A Journey of Relevance and Fascination

The selection of a research topic is akin to embarking on an intellectual odyssey, guided by both academic curiosity and the desire to address real-world challenges. Your chosen topic should resonate with your academic interests and expertise, while simultaneously possessing relevance to the broader banking and finance landscape.

Navigating the Maze of Banking and Finance Research Questions

• The Era of Digital Transformation:

How can banks leverage artificial intelligence and blockchain technology to enhance customer experiences and optimize operational efficiency?

The Future of Sustainable Finance:

How can financial institutions promote sustainable business practices, driving positive environmental and social impact while ensuring profitability?

Fostering Financial Inclusion:

How can fintech innovations expand access to financial services for underserved communities, bridging the financial divide?

Risk Management in a Volatile Market:

How can banks mitigate risks associated with economic fluctuations, geopolitical crises, and regulatory changes?

The Impact of Regulatory Reforms:

• How do regulatory policies influence the stability and competitiveness of the banking and finance sector?

Essential Elements of a Strong Research Proposal

• A Compelling Introduction:

Capture the reader’s attention with a captivating introduction that establishes the significance of your research topic and articulates your research objectives.

Literature Review:

Demonstrate your understanding of existing literature in your chosen field, identifying gaps and opportunities for further investigation.

Methodology:

Outline the research methods you intend to employ, justifying their appropriateness and ensuring transparency in data collection and analysis.

Expected Outcomes:

Clearly articulate the anticipated outcomes and implications of your research, highlighting its potential contribution to academia and the banking and finance industry.

Budget and Timeline:

• Provide a detailed budget outlining the estimated costs associated with your research, along with a realistic timeline that demonstrates your project’s feasibility.

Conclusion: Unveiling New Horizons

The realm of banking and finance research presents a panorama of opportunities for inquisitive minds, enabling scholars to delve into critical issues, uncover innovative solutions, and contribute to the advancement of knowledge. With careful topic selection, a well-structured research proposal, and unwavering dedication, you can navigate the complexities of this dynamic field and make your mark as a thought leader in banking and finance.

Learn about the latest trends and opportunities in the accounting field by exploring our extensive collection of research topics for accounting students from top universities in the Philippines.

Unlock a treasure trove of research topics designed specifically for accounting students in the Philippines. Find the inspiration and guidance you need to succeed in your studies.

Dive into the world of finance and accounting research with our comprehensive database of research proposal topics . Discover the most relevant and impactful areas of study.

Embark on a journey of discovery with our curated selection of research project topics in banking and finance. Tackle real-world problems and contribute to the advancement of the industry.

Explore the dynamic banking and finance sector in Kenya through our carefully selected research project topics . Engage with cutting-edge ideas and contribute to the growth of the financial system.

Important financial data sources and their significance

The banking and finance industry has undergone a profound transformation driven by the advent of Big Data. With the exponential growth of financial data, banks and financial institutions now have a wealth of information at their fingertips that can be leveraged to improve their decision-making, enhance customer experiences, and mitigate risks.

• Data Sharing and Collaboration:

Big data analytics enables financial institutions to share and collaborate on data, leading to enhanced user convenience and improved operational efficiency.

Data-Driven Insights:

Financial institutions can utilize big data analytics to extract valuable insights from vast amounts of data, informing strategic decisions and improving overall banking operations.

Risk Assessment and Management:

Big data analytics empower banks to analyze vast amounts of data, facilitating effective risk assessment, fraud detection, and proactive risk management.

Changing Business Models:

Big data is disrupting traditional banking models, driving innovation, and leading to the emergence of new products and services.

Compliance and Regulation:

• Big data analytics can assist financial institutions in meeting regulatory compliance requirements, ensuring adherence to industry standards and regulations.

Essential Financial Data Sources:

Unleashing the Power of Financial Data:

• Data Collection and Integration:
• Gather data from various sources, including internal systems, external databases, and third-party providers.

Integrate data into a centralized repository for comprehensive analysis.

Data Cleaning and Preparation:

• Clean and prepare data to ensure accuracy, consistency, and completeness.

Handle missing values, outliers, and data inconsistencies.

Data Analysis and Visualization:

• Apply statistical techniques, machine learning algorithms, and data visualization tools to uncover patterns and trends.

Create interactive dashboards and reports for easy data exploration and insights dissemination.

Actionable Insights and Decision-Making:

• Derive actionable insights from data analysis to inform strategic and operational decisions.
• Implement data-driven strategies to improve financial performance, optimize risk management, and enhance customer satisfaction.

In the ever-evolving landscape of banking and finance, important financial data sources play a pivotal role in driving innovation, empowering decision-makers, and ensuring the stability and growth of the financial system.

[1] Big Data Applications in the Banking Sector: A Bibliometric Analysis

[2] Financial Technology and the Future of Banking

Propelling Research Findings into Practical Applications

Research Opportunities in Banking and Finance: Explore compelling topics that intersect academic curiosity with real-world challenges, shaping the future of the financial industry.

Selecting a Meaningful Topic: Align your research interests and expertise with relevant issues in banking and finance, ensuring practical relevance and impact.

Uncover New Insights: Investigate digital transformation, sustainable finance, financial inclusion, risk management, and regulatory reforms to uncover innovative solutions.

Essential Elements: Craft a compelling research proposal with a solid introduction, literature review, methodology, anticipated outcomes, and a detailed budget and timeline.

Impactful Research: Contribute to academia, inform industry practices, and influence policy decisions through well-executed research that addresses critical issues in banking and finance.

Banking and finance research isn’t just about churning out academic papers; it’s about exploring critical issues, uncovering innovative solutions, and propelling research findings into practical applications that shape the real world.

There’s a treasure trove of research topics waiting to be explored, from digital transformation and sustainable finance to financial inclusion, risk management, and the impact of regulatory reforms. Each topic is a gateway to uncovering new insights and developing solutions that can transform the banking and finance industry.

Creating a strong research proposal is the key to unlocking these opportunities. It’s like building a roadmap for your research journey, ensuring you have a clear direction and a solid plan to get there. Your proposal should include a compelling introduction, a comprehensive literature review, a well-defined methodology, anticipated outcomes, and a detailed budget and timeline.

The ultimate goal is to make a difference. Well-executed research can contribute to academia, inform industry practices, and influence policy decisions, ultimately shaping the future of banking and finance. So, dive into the world of research, explore critical issues, and propel your findings into practical applications that make a tangible impact.

Relevant Sources:

• Research Proposal Writing Guide
• 120+ Research Topics In Finance (+ Free Webinar) – Grad Coach

Ethical considerations and potential impact in banking and finance research

While research is vital for advancements, it’s imperative to consider ethical considerations and potential impact in banking and finance research . Our actions today shape the future, and banking and finance are no exception. Let’s delve into this crucial topic:

Ethical considerations in banking and finance research ensure responsible and transparent practices that align with societal values.

Researchers must prioritize data privacy, informed consent, and avoiding conflicts of interest to maintain trust and integrity.

Balancing rigor and relevance is key, as research should strive to address real-world issues while adhering to ethical standards.

Researchers should consider the potential impact of their findings on stakeholders, including investors, customers, and the broader economy.

Continuous monitoring and evaluation of research practices are necessary to adapt to evolving societal norms and technological advancements.

Ethical Considerations in Banking and Finance Research:

Ethical research practices are paramount in banking and finance. Researchers must respect data privacy and confidentiality, ensuring informed consent from participants and handling sensitive information with utmost care.

Moreover, potential conflicts of interest, such as ties to financial institutions or personal financial interests, must be disclosed and managed to maintain objectivity and avoid bias.

Balancing Research Rigor and Relevance:

Banking and finance research should strike a delicate balance between academic rigor and practical relevance. While methodological soundness and theoretical contributions are essential, research should also address real-world issues and provide practical insights for decision-makers.

This balance ensures that research findings are impactful and have the potential to drive positive change in the banking and finance industry.

Weighing the Potential Impact of Research Findings:

Researchers must carefully consider the potential impact of their findings on various stakeholders. This includes investors, customers, and the broader economy.

For instance, research on a new financial product should assess its potential benefits and risks for various consumer groups, while research on regulatory changes should consider their impact on market dynamics and economic stability.

Continuously Monitoring and Evaluating Research Practices:

Ethical considerations in banking and finance research are not static but evolve with societal norms, technological advancements, and regulatory changes.

Therefore, researchers should continuously monitor and evaluate their practices to ensure they remain aligned with current ethical standards and address emerging concerns.

In banking and finance research, ethical considerations and potential impact are inseparable. Researchers have a responsibility to conduct their work with integrity, transparency, and a deep understanding of the potential consequences of their findings. By embracing these ethical considerations, we can ensure that banking and finance research contributes positively to society and drives positive change in the industry.

Sources: Research Ethics in Banking and Finance

Ethical Research Practices in Finance

Q1: What are some important considerations for choosing a research proposal topic in banking and finance?

A1: When selecting a research proposal topic in banking and finance, it’s crucial to consider factors such as the topic’s relevance, its potential contribution to the field, the availability of data and resources, and your own interests and expertise. It’s also important to ensure that the topic is manageable within the given timeframe and aligns with the requirements and expectations of your academic institution or funding body.

Q2: What are some trending research topics in banking and finance that offer promising opportunities for exploration?

A2: Some trending research topics in banking and finance include the impact of fintech and artificial intelligence on the financial sector, the role of blockchain technology in banking and finance, sustainable and ethical banking practices, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on financial markets, and the challenges and opportunities presented by digitalization in banking and finance. These topics offer ample scope for in-depth research and can provide valuable insights to stakeholders.

Q3: What are some common challenges that researchers might encounter when conducting research in banking and finance?

A3: Some common challenges that researchers may face when conducting research in banking and finance include data availability and accessibility, the complexity and evolving nature of the financial sector, the need for specialized knowledge and expertise, ethical considerations, and the potential influence of industry stakeholders on research outcomes. It’s important for researchers to carefully navigate these challenges through rigorous research design, transparent data collection and analysis methods, and ethical practices.

Q4: How can researchers ensure the rigor and credibility of their research findings in banking and finance?

A4: To ensure the rigor and credibility of research findings in banking and finance, researchers should employ robust research methodologies, utilizing appropriate data collection and analysis techniques. Transparency and replicability are key, and researchers should provide detailed information about their methods and findings to allow for scrutiny and validation by peers. Additionally, researchers should consider the limitations and potential biases in their research and engage in peer review and critical discussions to strengthen the validity of their conclusions.

Q5: What are some potential career paths for individuals with a background in banking and finance research?

A5: Individuals with a background in banking and finance research can pursue a variety of career paths, including academia, where they can conduct research, teach, and mentor students. They can also work in the financial industry, applying their research insights to inform investment decisions, risk management, and policy development. Additionally, they may find opportunities in government agencies, regulatory bodies, or non-profit organizations, where they can contribute to policymaking, financial regulation, and the development of sustainable financial practices.

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90 Finance Research Proposal Topics

Research papers are an academic type of writing that requires the ability to find the results of a subject and analyse those results to make conclusions and recommendations. In the realm of finance, there are numerous things one could investigate. The management of risk Corporate and organizational governance, investment and many more are just the beginning of the things this field of study covers. Before we dive into the most common topics of finance research papers, it is essential to know about the basics of finance.

What is Finance?

Simply put financial management is the administration of money. However, this type of management encompasses activities like forecasting, savings and lending, borrowing and investing. Finance is a leading area to a swath of different activities related to investing, money credit, capital markets leverage or debit, and banking. Finance-related careers have for quite a while been rewarding because it gives you an advantage over virtually all other courses available. However, in this vast array of subjects, where do students in finance have resources available for writing research papers on finance ? There are several websites that concentrate on topics for finance research papers online.

Select the most appropriate research topic for the Finance Research Proposal

It is essential to select your subject carefully and eliminate any irrelevant information. There are a lot of things you should be aware of when choosing the best research topic, for instance, its importance in the context of current application and its relationship to prior research and the type of research issue and more. Additionally, you'll need to ensure that the subject is focused on a specific issue which you'll be dealing with during your research analysis.

• When you are deciding on your research paper , it is crucial to choose the subject you are fascinated by.
• Find a question with no answer within the area of your research and conduct additional study to discover a feasible solution.
• Before you begin writing your essay, be sure you've completed some preliminary research to make sure you have enough research materials to write about your topic .
• Conduct a search online and discover which topics could be an issue that you must tackle these.
• Be sure you're taking a look at current, up-to-date and current information so that you can ensure your report is current.
• Check out a variety of financial theses and papers to get an concept of your chosen subject;
• Find a general view on your topic of financial research and then use the information to focus on one specific aspect.
• Discuss your subject with your friends or others who have written essays. It is also possible to consult with your professors as well.

A list of finance-related topics to write about

We have compiled an array of interesting topics for writing about. They are divided into groups. This will allow you to select the most relevant topic for your audience and be sure to write it down completely. Enjoy doing your research.

Innovative finance topics

Perhaps you're planning to write a fascinating business essay. You'll have to pick some of the most popular topics for finance papers and then create a persuasive essay. This is our list of 10 topics we think are the fascinating.

• A comparative study of the benefits and setbacks of mergers and acquisitions
• Potential solutions possible solutions Capital Asset Pricing Model
• The future of commerce as well as the consequences of manipulating commodities
• A comparative study of the Continuous-time model's use
• Stability for retail investors by implementing the Systematic Investment Strategy
• US economic growth and taxation of income
• How will the American economy function in conjunction with the current banking system?
• Analysis of financial statements and ratio analysis are they a real element?
• Senior citizen investments - a review of this portfolio
• Multilevel Marketing and it's application across different economies around the world
• The similarities and differences between traditional finance and behavioral
• Customer satisfaction with e-banking
• The most effective risk management strategies for manufacturing - thorough analysis
• A derivative market and its financial risk Identification and measurement
• Risks that could be posed to the banking sector, and how to mitigate them?
• The latest technology that are behind commercial banking

Research topics on finance for MBA

The following list of research subjects in finance will inspire your professors and view finance from a different view.

• An analysis of the investment potential of your selected company
• Capital management - a detailed report
• Considerations for saving taxes and financial strategies
• Life insurance investment and the participation of investors in these investments
• An analysis of the comparison between the traditional product and UIL

Topics related to public finance

Topics in public finance are financial research topics that cover the tax system, borrowing by the government as well as other aspects.

• Budgeting for government and accounting
• The economic austerity is a result of finance and education in the government
• The concept and practice of the taxation by the government
• How can the government get money by borrowing?
• The revenue collection plan of the government
• Accounting and budgeting for the government

Research topics for international research in Finance

Because business transactions are taking place globally, and local commerce is no longer an only alternative, it is essential to study international business.

• How can we help prevent the onset of global economic crisis?
• Does the banking industry have the ability to lessen the consequences of the financial crisis?
• Can a country get the goal of providing healthcare to homeless people?
• Which areas of healthcare require more money?
• The issues with the high cost of medications in the US

Topics in research on healthcare finance

Here are a few of the most important issues in the field of healthcare finance:

• Which is better, free or paid healthcare?
• Healthcare finance - its origins
• Is financing healthcare a privilege or a right?
• Health policies throughout America U.S. through history
• What can countries in the first world do to enhance healthcare?
• What impact has the government had on health care?
• Are we able to achieve universal healthcare for all?

Topics in Corporate Finance

Corporate finance is the process of the organization of capital, financing, and making choices on every investment. Following is a list of finance research topics will help you avoid errors in this field.

• Potential solutions to ethical issues in the field of corporate finance
• Understanding the investment trends of small and medium-sized firms
• Mutual funds and investment A thorough analysis of its various streams
• How can equity investors deal with the potential risk
• What are the possible advantages and disadvantages of SWIFT and how will it function?

Topics in Business Finance

Every decision we make in the business world has financial consequences. We must therefore be aware of the basics to write finance-related topics that need analysis, management valuation, management, etc.

• The establishment of business entities and the use of business finance
• Modernization of business and the role of finance in business
• Selling our life insurance Do we have a tax incentive that is effective in this case?
• Who are the people who mutual funds affect in the private and public sectors?
• Diverse investment options for various types of financials - Do you have an investment option you prefer?
• The preferences and choices of investors - A thorough analysis
• The investor's perspective regarding taking a stake in private insurers
• Corporate entities and raising their accountability
• Business finance and ethical issues
• Taxes on small and medium-sized business payment

Personal financial topics

Personal finances are a vulnerable field, because we all want to attend to our finances in a way that is appropriate. Below are some fascinating problems in this area:

• Strategies for saving money while in a financial bind - A assessment
• The impact of inflation and the rise in the rate of interest on personal finances
• Employers and employees working at home - what are the advantages?
• Is health insurance that is free or affordable healthcare a right that everyone should have?
• What are the most effective ways to save money if you're in a pinch?
• Credit scored - a comprehensive analysis
• The importance of car and credit loans
• How do taxes affect financial decision?
• What are the most effective ways to effectively manage credit?
• The mobile banking industry and the problems

A few more topics for research proposals in Finance

• The distinction between traditional and behavioral finance
• The effect of control over budgets on organization performance
• An analysis of the usage of financial state in evaluating the performance of a company
• Ethics concerns that are associated with corporate finance and the ways they can be addressed
• Transparency and clarity are enhancing in corporate organisations
• The management of massive credit at commercial banks in either developed or developing countries
• Mobile banking in both developed and developing countries
• A review of credit management practices and bank lending practices in both developed and developing countries.
• Electronic banking is a relationship that influences satisfaction of customers
• Examining the effects of loan defaults and loan defaults on the financial viability of banks
• Investment management: pros and cons management
• Sustainability and green governance in industries that could pollute the earth.
• How do corporate governance and institutional ownership affect green patent Generation.
• The implementation of risk-management strategies.
• Microfinancing and the alleviation of poverty
• The transformation of the banking industry due to information technology (IT)
• Internal controls in accounting firms
• Corporate Social Responsibility is a key issue in banking systems of today
• The combination of cryptocurrency and banks in a demonetized global
• Security concerns with online banking and transactions online
• Examine the differences between traditional finance and behavioral finance.
• Study of the effect of budgetary control on the effectiveness of an organisation.
• A critical analysis of the usage of financial statements to evaluate the efficiency of an organization.
• What are the ethical issues associated with finance in corporations, and how can they be addressed easily?
• Audit independence: improving transparency and accountability within corporate companies
• Credit management and issues related to bad debts at commercial banks of [Country Name].[Country Name].
• Opportunities and challenges of mobile bank banking within [Country NameProspects and challenges of mobile banking in [Country Name].
• Evaluation of lending practices at banks and credit management in [Country Name].The evaluation of credit management practices and lending practices in [Country Name].
• The impact of electronic banking on satisfaction of customers.
• An analysis of loan defaults and the impact it has on the bank profitability.

How to Write a Perfect Finance Research Paper

Gathering and utilizing the correct financial information is vital in the production of clear finance reports and research papers on finance for academic and corporate goals. These data can range from the financial history of a business, the trends of an asset's performance on its market or shifts in the market for investment. But, before collecting and analyzing the data it is essential to choose a subject to avoid wasting time by focusing on a faulty subject. How can you be sure the finance research essay you write is done to perfection? Here are some steps to make sure that you adhere to when writing an essay or research paper on finance: an essay on finance:

Pick a relevant research paper area

This article is designed to provide most popular topics for finance research papers. When choosing a successful study paper subject, it's crucial to know the subject you're dealing with. If you don't know the subject you're writing about can result in you taking many dead-end routes and wasting valuable time. Once you have a clear understanding of the topic you must determine the relevancy of the topic and the subject you're writing your research paper on. Also, you can brainstorm ideas for subjects that could be suitable to research for your financial paper and based on these ideas you'll end with a suitable topic.

Plan your writing

It is commonly advised that if you are planning to chop off a branch, invest longer sharpening the axe. Writing effectively requires the steps you take to plan your the actions for your research paper prior to you actually begin writing. This will ensure that you're more productive and will ensure that as you write , you are spending less time. In writing a research paper, you'll employ a variety of approaches to writing. It could involve observation, summarizing, or analysing, arguing and analysing. Be mindful of the purpose of your paper is vital during this stage. This is where you will collect ideas for your finance essay.

Editing and writing

The process of writing the finance research paper is at the heart of the procedure. It is not much to be said regarding the writing process process, if you have prepared well and settled on a topic that is suitable in the study paper. But, every writer is bound to make mistakes. When writing, there will be mistakes made on paper. Additionally, ideas can change, or new ideas may pop out. The reason for the process of editing your financial research document is to polish your paper into the most polished version possible. Here are some tips to follow during how to edit and proofread your work.

• Don't edit your essay immediately after writing. It is best to let it for a few days or for a long period of time prior to beginning your editing and proofreading.
• If you can, ask someone to assist you with proofreading and editing your work. This could be from a friend or family member or even a colleague from class.
• When editing, make sure to edits, do it on chapters that are based on chapter. This will help you lessen the burden as your finance research papers may be quite a lengthy document.
• Use different methods in your editing. Examining for grammatical errors and checking for a flow of logic, ensuring the correct reference usage and many more.
• After editing, read the entire document to ensure that there wasn't anything that was overlooked.

In the final draft of this paper, you will not just exhume data, but also the confidence.

Frequently asked questions

What is finance .

Financial management is simply the management of funds. However, this form of management also includes borrowing, investing, and operations like predicting and lending. A wide range of distinct activities relating to investment, money credit, capital markets leverage or debit, and banking fall under the umbrella of finance.

What is the best topic for finance project ?

role of retail credit in bank credit's long-term expansion. Retail bank credit's contribution to the economy's sustained expansion. The role of ECGC guarantees in export credit. An analysis of corporate banking and project finance, including credit for infrastructure.

What are the current research topics in finance ?

Finance-related research topics for students.

• the variations and parallels between conventional finance and behavioral finance.
• e-banking customer satisfaction.
• A thorough review of the best risk management strategies for the manufacturing sector.
• Identification and evaluation of the financial risks associated with a derivatives market.

What are the topics for finance internship ?

General Financial

• Studies on capital budgeting.
• Economic Analysis.
• Ratio evaluation
• Risk assessment.
• Inventory Control.
• Analysis of financial performance.
• studies on venture capital finance.
• Tax preparation.

Which project is best for MBA finance ?

Beginner MBA Finance Projects

• The value of capital budgeting.
• corporate investment analysis.
• portfolio management, including techniques.
• an examination of a company's cost modeling.
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• Open access
• Published: 18 June 2021

Financial technology and the future of banking

• Daniel Broby   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-5482-0766 1  

Financial Innovation volume  7 , Article number:  47 ( 2021 ) Cite this article

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This paper presents an analytical framework that describes the business model of banks. It draws on the classical theory of banking and the literature on digital transformation. It provides an explanation for existing trends and, by extending the theory of the banking firm, it illustrates how financial intermediation will be impacted by innovative financial technology applications. It further reviews the options that established banks will have to consider in order to mitigate the threat to their profitability. Deposit taking and lending are considered in the context of the challenge made from shadow banking and the all-digital banks. The paper contributes to an understanding of the future of banking, providing a framework for scholarly empirical investigation. In the discussion, four possible strategies are proposed for market participants, (1) customer retention, (2) customer acquisition, (3) banking as a service and (4) social media payment platforms. It is concluded that, in an increasingly digital world, trust will remain at the core of banking. That said, liquidity transformation will still have an important role to play. The nature of banking and financial services, however, will change dramatically.

Introduction

The bank of the future will have several different manifestations. This paper extends theory to explain the impact of financial technology and the Internet on the nature of banking. It provides an analytical framework for academic investigation, highlighting the trends that are shaping scholarly research into these dynamics. To do this, it re-examines the nature of financial intermediation and transactions. It explains how digital banking will be structurally, as well as physically, different from the banks described in the literature to date. It does this by extending the contribution of Klein ( 1971 ), on the theory of the banking firm. It presents suggested strategies for incumbent, and challenger banks, and how banking as a service and social media payment will reshape the competitive landscape.

The banking industry has been evolving since Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena opened its doors in 1472. Its leveraged business model has proved very scalable over time, but it is now facing new challenges. Firstly, its book to capital ratios, as documented by Berger et al ( 1995 ), have been consistently falling since 1840. This trend continues as competition has increased. In the past decade, the industry has experienced declines in profitability as measured by return on tangible equity. This is partly the result of falling leverage and fee income and partly due to the net interest margin (connected to traditional lending activity). These trends accelerated following the 2008 financial crisis. At the same time, technology has made banks more competitive. Advances in digital technology are changing the very nature of banking. Banks are now distributing services via mobile technology. A prolonged period of very low interest rates is also having an impact. To sustain their profitability, Brei et al. ( 2020 ) note that many banks have increased their emphasis on fee-generating services.

As Fama ( 1980 ) explains, a bank is an intermediary. The Internet is, however, changing the way financial service providers conduct their role. It is fundamentally changing the nature of the banking. This in turn is changing the nature of banking services, and the way those services are delivered. As a consequence, in order to compete in the changing digital landscape, banks have to adapt. The banks of the future, both incumbents and challengers, need to address liquidity transformation, data, trust, competition, and the digitalization of financial services. Against this backdrop, incumbent banks are focused on reinventing themselves. The challenger banks are, however, starting with a blank canvas. The research questions that these dynamics pose need to be investigated within the context of the theory of banking, hence the need to revise the existing analytical framework.

Banks perform payment and transfer functions for an economy. The Internet can now facilitate and even perform these functions. It is changing the way that transactions are recorded on ledgers and is facilitating both public and private digital currencies. In the past, banks operated in a world of information asymmetry between themselves and their borrowers (clients), but this is changing. This differential gave one bank an advantage over another due to its knowledge about its clients. The digital transformation that financial technology brings reduces this advantage, as this information can be digitally analyzed.

Even the nature of deposits is being transformed. Banks in the future will have to accept deposits and process transactions made in digital form, either Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDC) or cryptocurrencies. This presents a number of issues: (1) it changes the way financial services will be delivered, (2) it requires a discussion on resilience, security and competition in payments, (3) it provides a building block for better cross border money transfers and (4) it raises the question of private and public issuance of money. Braggion et al ( 2018 ) consider whether these represent a threat to financial stability.

The academic study of banking began with Edgeworth ( 1888 ). He postulated that it is based on probability. In this respect, the nature of the business model depends on the probability that a bank will not be called upon to meet all its liabilities at the same time. This allows banks to lend more than they have in deposits. Because of the resultant mismatch between long term assets and short-term liabilities, a bank’s capital structure is very sensitive to liquidity trade-offs. This is explained by Diamond and Rajan ( 2000 ). They explain that this makes a bank a’relationship lender’. In effect, they suggest a bank is an intermediary that has borrowed from other investors.

Diamond and Rajan ( 2000 ) argue a lender can negotiate repayment obligations and that a bank benefits from its knowledge of the customer. As shall be shown, the new generation of digital challenger banks do not have the same tradeoffs or knowledge of the customer. They operate more like a broker providing a platform for banking services. This suggests that there will be more than one type of bank in the future and several different payment protocols. It also suggests that banks will have to data mine customer information to improve their understanding of a client’s financial needs.

The key focus of Diamond and Rajan ( 2000 ), however, was to position a traditional bank is an intermediary. Gurley and Shaw ( 1956 ) describe how the customer relationship means a bank can borrow funds by way of deposits (liabilities) and subsequently use them to lend or invest (assets). In facilitating this mediation, they provide a service whereby they store money and provide a mechanism to transmit money. With improvements in financial technology, however, money can be stored digitally, lenders and investors can source funds directly over the internet, and money transfer can be done digitally.

A review of financial technology and banking literature is provided by Thakor ( 2020 ). He highlights that financial service companies are now being provided by non-deposit taking contenders. This paper addresses one of the four research questions raised by his review, namely how theories of financial intermediation can be modified to accommodate banks, shadow banks, and non-intermediated solutions.

To be a bank, an entity must be authorized to accept retail deposits. A challenger bank is, therefore, still a bank in the traditional sense. It does not, however, have the costs of a branch network. A peer-to-peer lender, meanwhile, does not have a deposit base and therefore acts more like a broker. This leads to the issue that this paper addresses, namely how the banks of the future will conduct their intermediation.

In order to understand what the bank of the future will look like, it is necessary to understand the nature of the aforementioned intermediation, and the way it is changing. In this respect, there are two key types of intermediation. These are (1) quantitative asset transformation and, (2) brokerage. The latter is a common model adopted by challenger banks. Figure  1 depicts how these two types of financial intermediation match savers with borrowers. To avoid nuanced distinction between these two types of intermediation, it is common to classify banks by the services they perform. These can be grouped as either private, investment, or commercial banking. The service sub-groupings include payments, settlements, fund management, trading, treasury management, brokerage, and other agency services.

How banks act as intermediaries between lenders and borrowers. This function call also be conducted by intermediaries as brokers, for example by shadow banks. Disintermediation occurs over the internet where peer-to-peer lenders match savers to lenders

Financial technology has the ability to disintermediate the banking sector. The competitive pressures this results in will shape the banks of the future. The channels that will facilitate this are shown in Fig.  2 , namely the Internet and/or mobile devices. Challengers can participate in this by, (1) directly matching borrows with savers over the Internet and, (2) distributing white labels products. The later enables banking as a service and avoids the aforementioned liquidity mismatch.

The strategic options banks have to match lenders with borrowers. The traditional and challenger banks are in the same space, competing for business. The distributed banks use the traditional and challenger banks to white label banking services. These banks compete with payment platforms on social media. The Internet heralds an era of banking as a service

There are also physical changes that are being made in the delivery of services. Bricks and mortar branches are in decline. Mobile banking, or m-banking as Liu et al ( 2020 ) describe it, is an increasingly important distribution channel. Robotics are increasingly being used to automate customer interaction. As explained by Vishnu et al ( 2017 ), these improve efficiency and the quality of execution. They allow for increased oversight and can be built on legacy systems as well as from a blank canvas. Application programming interfaces (APIs) are bringing the same type of functionality to m-banking. They can be used to authorize third party use of banking data. How banks evolve over time is important because, according to the OECD, the activity in the financial sector represents between 20 and 30 percent of developed countries Gross Domestic Product.

In summary, financial technology has evolved to a level where online banks and banking as a service are challenging incumbents and the nature of banking mediation. Banking is rapidly transforming because of changes in such technology. At the same time, the solving of the double spending problem, whereby digital money can be cryptographically protected, has led to the possibility that paper money will become redundant at some point in the future. A theoretical framework is required to understand this evolving landscape. This is discussed next.

The theory of the banking firm: a revision

In financial theory, as eloquently explained by Fama ( 1980 ), banking provides an accounting system for transactions and a portfolio system for the storage of assets. That will not change for the banks of the future. Fama ( 1980 ) explains that their activities, in an unregulated state, fulfil the Modigliani–Miller ( 1959 ) theorem of the irrelevance of the financing decision. In practice, traditional banks compete for deposits through the interest rate they offer. This makes the transactional element dependent on the resulting debits and credits that they process, essentially making banks into bookkeeping entities fulfilling the intermediation function. Since this is done in response to competitive forces, the general equilibrium is a passive one. As such, the banking business model is vulnerable to disruption, particularly by innovation in financial technology.

A bank is an idiosyncratic corporate entity due to its ability to generate credit by leveraging its balance sheet. That balance sheet has assets on one side and liabilities on the other, like any corporate entity. The assets consist of cash, lending, financial and fixed assets. On the other side of the balance sheet are its liabilities, deposits, and debt. In this respect, a bank’s equity and its liabilities are its source of funds, and its assets are its use of funds. This is explained by Klein ( 1971 ), who notes that a bank’s equity W , borrowed funds and its deposits B is equal to its total funds F . This is the same for incumbents and challengers. This can be depicted algebraically if we let incumbents be represented by Φ and challengers represented by Γ:

Klein ( 1971 ) further explains that a bank’s equity is therefore made up of its share capital and unimpaired reserves. The latter are held by a bank to protect the bank’s deposit clients. This part is also mandated by regulation, so as to protect customers and indeed the entire banking system from systemic failure. These protective measures include other prudential requirements to hold cash reserves or other liquid assets. As shall be shown, banking services can be performed over the Internet without these protections. Banking as a service, as this phenomenon known, is expected to increase in the future. This will change the nature of the protection available to clients. It will change the way banks transform assets, explained next.

A bank’s deposits are said to be a function of the proportion of total funds obtained through the issuance of the ith deposit type and its total funds F , represented by α i . Where deposits, represented by Bs , are made in the form of Bs (i  =  1 *s n) , they generate a rate of interest. It follows that Si Bs  =  B . As such,

Therefor it can be said that,

The importance of Eq. 3 is that the balance sheet can be leveraged by the issuance of loans. It should be noted, however, that not all loans are returned to the bank in whole or part. Non-performing loans reduce the asset side of a bank’s balance sheet and act as a constraint on capital, and therefore new lending. Clearly, this is not the case with banking as a service. In that model, loans are brokered. That said, with the traditional model, an advantage of financial technology is that it facilitates the data mining of clients’ accounts. Lending can therefore be more targeted to borrowers that are more likely to repay, thereby reducing non-performing loans. Pari passu, the incumbent bank of the future will therefore have a higher risk-adjusted return on capital. In practice, however, banking as a service will bring greater competition from challengers and possible further erosion of margins. Alternatively, some banks will proactively engage in partnerships and acquisitions to maintain their customer base and address the competition.

A bank must have reserves to meet the demand of customers demanding their deposits back. The amount of these reserves is a key function of banking regulation. The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision mandates a requirement to hold various tiers of capital, so that banks have sufficient reserves to protect depositors. The Committee also imposes a framework for mitigating excessive liquidity risk and maturity transformation, through a set Liquidity Coverage Ratio and Net Stable Funding Ratio.

Recent revisions of theory, because of financial technology advances, have altered our understanding of banking intermediation. This will impact the competitive landscape and therefor shape the nature of the bank of the future. In this respect, the threat to incumbent banks comes from peer-to-peer Internet lending platforms. These perform the brokerage function of financial intermediation without the use of the aforementioned banking balance sheet. Unlike regulated deposit takers, such lending platforms do not create assets and do not perform risk and asset transformation. That said, they are reliant on investors who do not always behave in a counter cyclical way.

Financial technology in banking is not new. It has been used to facilitate electronic markets since the 1980’s. Thakor ( 2020 ) refers to three waves of application of financial innovation in banking. The advent of institutional futures markets and the changing nature of financial contracts fundamentally changed the role of banks. In response to this, academics extended the concept of a bank into an entity that either fulfills the aforementioned functions of a broker or a qualitative asset transformer. In this respect, they connect the providers and users of capital without changing the nature of the transformation of the various claims to that capital. This transformation can be in the form risk transfer or the application of leverage. The nature of trading of financial assets, however, is changing. Price discovery can now be done over the Internet and that is moving liquidity from central marketplaces (like the stock exchange) to decentralized ones.

Alongside these trends, in considering what the bank of the future will look like, it is necessary to understand the unregulated lending market that competes with traditional banks. In this part of the lending market, there has been a rise in shadow banks. The literature on these entities is covered by Adrian and Ashcraft ( 2016 ). Shadow banks have taken substantial market share from the traditional banks. They fulfil the brokerage function of banks, but regulators have only partial oversight of their risk transformation or leverage. The rise of shadow banks has been facilitated by financial technology and the originate to distribute model documented by Bord and Santos ( 2012 ). They use alternative trading systems that function as electronic communication networks. These facilitate dark pools of liquidity whereby buyers and sellers of bonds and securities trade off-exchange. Since the credit crisis of 2008, total broker dealer assets have diverged from banking assets. This illustrates the changed lending environment.

In the disintermediated market, banking as a service providers must rely on their equity and what access to funding they can attract from their online network. Without this they are unable to drive lending growth. To explain this, let I represent the online network. Extending Klein ( 1971 ), further let Ψ represent banking as a service and their total funds by F . This state is depicted as,

Theoretically, it can be shown that,

Shadow banks, and those disintermediators who bypass the banking system, have an advantage in a world where technology is ubiquitous. This becomes more apparent when costs are considered. Buchak et al. ( 2018 ) point out that shadow banks finance their originations almost entirely through securitization and what they term the originate to distribute business model. Diversifying risk in this way is good for individual banks, as banking risks can be transferred away from traditional banking balance sheets to institutional balance sheets. That said, the rise of securitization has introduced systemic risk into the banking sector.

Thus, we can see that the nature of banking capital is changing and at the same time technology is replacing labor. Let A denote the number of transactions per account at a period in time, and C denote the total cost per account per time period of providing the services of the payment mechanism. Klein ( 1971 ) points out that, if capital and labor are assumed to be part of the traditional banking model, it can be observed that,

It can therefore be observed that the total service charge per account at a period in time, represented by S, has a linear and proportional relationship to bank account activity. This is another variable that financial technology can impact. According to Klein ( 1971 ) this can be summed up in the following way,

where d is the basic bank decision variable, the service charge per transaction. Once again, in an automated and digital environment, financial technology greatly reduces d for the challenger banks. Swankie and Broby ( 2019 ) examine the impact of Artificial Intelligence on the evaluation of banking risk and conclude that it improves such variables.

Meanwhile, the traditional banking model can be expressed as a product of the number of accounts, M , and the average size of an account, N . This suggests a banks implicit yield is it rate of interest on deposits adjusted by its operating loss in each time period. This yield is generated by payment and loan services. Let R 1 depict this. These can be expressed as a fraction of total demand deposits. This is depicted by Klein ( 1971 ), if one assumes activity per account is constant, as,

As a result, whether a bank is structured with traditional labor overheads or built digitally, is extremely relevant to its profitability. The capital and labor of tradition banks, depicted as Φ i , is greater than online networks, depicted as I i . As such, the later have an advantage. This can be shown as,

What Klein (1972) failed to highlight is that the banking inherently involves leverage. Diamond and Dybving (1983) show that leverage makes bank susceptible to run on their liquidity. The literature divides these between adverse shock events, as explained by Bernanke et al ( 1996 ) or moral hazard events as explained by Demirgu¨¸c-Kunt and Detragiache ( 2002 ). This leverage builds on the balance sheet mismatch of short-term assets with long term liabilities. As such, capital and liquidity are intrinsically linked to viability and solvency.

The way capital and liquidity are managed is through credit and default management. This is done at a bank level and a supervisory level. The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision applies capital and leverage ratios, and central banks manage interest rates and other counter-cyclical measures. The various iterations of the prudential regulation of banks have moved the microeconomic theory of banking from the modeling of risk to the modeling of imperfect information. As mentioned, shadow and disintermediated services do not fall under this form or prudential regulation.

The relationship between leverage and insolvency risk crucially depends on the degree of banks total funds F and their liability structure L . In this respect, the liability structure of traditional banks is also greater than online networks which do not have the same level of available funds, depicted as,

Diamond and Dybvig ( 1983 ) observe that this liability structure is intimately tied to a traditional bank’s assets. In this respect, a bank’s ability to finance its lending at low cost and its ability to achieve repayment are key to its avoidance of insolvency. Online networks and/or brokers do not have to finance their lending, simply source it. Similarly, as brokers they do not face capital loss in the event of a default. This disintermediates the bank through the use of a peer-to-peer environment. These lenders and borrowers are introduced in digital way over the internet. Regulators have taken notice and the digital broker advantage might not last forever. As a result, the future may well see greater cooperation between these competing parties. This also because banks have valuable operational experience compared to new entrants.

It should also be observed that bank lending is either secured or unsecured. Interest on an unsecured loan is typically higher than the interest on a secured loan. In this respect, incumbent banks have an advantage as their closeness to the customer allows them to better understand the security of the assets. Berger et al ( 2005 ) further differentiate lending into transaction lending, relationship lending and credit scoring.

The evolution of the business model in a digital world

As has been demonstrated, the bank of the future in its various manifestations will be a consequence of the evolution of the current banking business model. There has been considerable scholarly investigation into the uniqueness of this business model, but less so on its changing nature. Song and Thakor ( 2010 ) are helpful in this respect and suggest that there are three aspects to this evolution, namely competition, complementary and co-evolution. Although liquidity transformation is evolving, it remains central to a bank’s role.

All the dynamics mentioned are relevant to the economy. There is considerable evidence, as outlined by Levine ( 2001 ), that market liberalization has a causal impact on economic growth. The impact of technology on productivity should prove positive and enhance the functioning of the domestic financial system. Indeed, market liberalization has already reshaped banking by increasing competition. New fee based ancillary financial services have become widespread, as has the proprietorial use of balance sheets. Risk has been securitized and even packaged into trade-able products.

Challenger banks are developing in a complementary way with the incumbents. The latter have an advantage over new entrants because they have information on their customers. The liquidity insurance model, proposed by Diamond and Dybvig ( 1983 ), explains how such banks have informational advantages over exchange markets. That said, financial technology changes these dynamics. It if facilitating the processing of financial data by third parties, explained in greater detail in the section on Open Banking.

At the same time, financial technology is facilitating banking as a service. This is where financial services are delivered by a broker over the Internet without resort to the balance sheet. This includes roboadvisory asset management, peer to peer lending, and crowd funding. Its growth will be facilitated by Open Banking as it becomes more geographically adopted. Figure  3 illustrates how these business models are disintermediating the traditional banking role and matching burrowers and savers.

The traditional view of banks ecosystem between savers and borrowers, atop the Internet which is matching savers and borrowers directly in a peer-to-peer way. The Klein ( 1971 ) theory of the banking firm does not incorporate the mirrored dynamics, and as such needs to be extended to reflect the digital innovation that impacts both borrowers and severs in a peer-to-peer environment

Meanwhile, the banking sector is co-evolving alongside a shadow banking phenomenon. Lenders and borrowers are interacting, but outside of the banking sector. This is a concern for central banks and banking regulators, as the lending is taking place in an unregulated environment. Shadow banking has grown because of financial technology, market liberalization and excess liquidity in the asset management ecosystem. Pozsar and Singh ( 2011 ) detail the non-bank/bank intersection of shadow banking. They point out that shadow banking results in reverse maturity transformation. Incumbent banks have blurred the distinction between their use of traditional (M2) liabilities and market-based shadow banking (non-M2) liabilities. This impacts the inter-generational transfers that enable a bank to achieve interest rate smoothing.

Securitization has transformed the risk in the banking sector, transferring it to asset management institutions. These include structured investment vehicles, securities lenders, asset backed commercial paper investors, credit focused hedge and money market funds. This in turn has led to greater systemic risk, the result of the nature of the non-traded liabilities of securitized pooling arrangements. This increased risk manifested itself in the 2008 credit crisis.

Commercial pressures are also shaping the banking industry. The drive for cost efficiency has made incumbent banks address their personally costs. Bank branches have been closed as technology has evolved. Branches make it easier to withdraw or transfer deposits and challenger banks are not as easily able to attract new deposits. The banking sector is therefore looking for new point of customer contact, such as supermarkets, post offices and social media platforms. These structural issues are occurring at the same time as the retail high street is also evolving. Banks have had an aggressive roll out of automated telling machines and a reduction in branches and headcount. Online digital transactions have now become the norm in most developed countries.

The financing of banks is also evolving. Traditional banks have tended to fund illiquid assets with short term and unstable liquid liabilities. This is one of the key contributors to the rise to the credit crisis of 2008. The provision of liquidity as a last resort is central to the asset transformation process. In this respect, the banking sector experienced a shock in 2008 in what is termed the credit crisis. The aforementioned liquidity mismatch resulted in the system not being able to absorb all the risks associated with subprime lending. Central banks had to resort to quantitative easing as a result of the failure of overnight funding mechanisms. The image of the entire banking sector was tarnished, and the banks of the future will have to address this.

The future must learn from the mistakes of the past. The structural weakness of the banking business model cannot be solved. That said, the latest Basel rules introduce further risk mitigation, improved leverage ratios and increased levels of capital reserve. Another lesson of the credit crisis was that there should be greater emphasis on risk culture, governance, and oversight. The independence and performance of the board, the experience and the skill set of senior management are now a greater focus of regulators. Internal controls and data analysis are increasingly more robust and efficient, with a greater focus on a banks stable funding ratio.

Meanwhile, the very nature of money is changing. A digital wallet for crypto-currencies fulfills much the same storage and transmission functions of a bank; and crypto-currencies are increasing being used for payment. Meanwhile, in Sweden, stores have the right to refuse cash and the majority of transactions are card based. This move to credit and debit cards, and the solving of the double spending problem, whereby digital money can be crypto-graphically protected, has led to the possibility that paper money could be replaced at some point in the future. Whether this might be by replacement by a CBDC, or decentralized digital offering, is of secondary importance to the requirement of banks to adapt. Whether accommodating crytpo-currencies or CBDC’s, Kou et al. ( 2021 ) recommend that banks keep focused on alternative payment and money transferring technologies.

Central banks also have to adapt. To limit disintermediation, they have to ensure that the economic design of their sponsored digital currencies focus on access for banks, interest payment relative to bank policy rate, banking holding limits and convertibility with bank deposits. All these developments have implications for banks, particularly in respect of funding, the secure storage of deposits and how digital currency interacts with traditional fiat money.

Open banking

Against the backdrop of all these trends and changes, a new dynamic is shaping the future of the banking sector. This is termed Open Banking, already briefly mentioned. This new way of handling banking data protocols introduces a secure way to give financial service companies consensual access to a bank’s customer financial information. Figure  4 illustrates how this works. Although a fairly simple concept, the implications are important for the banking industry. Essentially, a bank customer gives a regulated API permission to securely access his/her banking website. That is then used by a banking as a service entity to make direct payments and/or download financial data in order to provide a solution. It heralds an era of customer centric banking.

How Open Banking operates. The customer generates data by using his bank account. A third party provider is authorized to access that data through an API request. The bank confirms digitally that the customer has authorized the exchange of data and then fulfills the request

Open Banking was a response to the documented inertia around individual’s willingness to change bank accounts. Following the Retail Banking Review in the UK, this was addressed by lawmakers through the European Union’s Payment Services Directive II. The legislation was designed to make it easier to change banks by allowing customers to delegate authority to transfer their financial data to other parties. As a result of this, a whole host of data centric applications were conceived. Open banking adds further momentum to reshaping the future of banking.

Open Banking has a number of quite revolutionary implications. It was started so customers could change banks easily, but it resulted in some secondary considerations which are going to change the future of banking itself. It gives a clear view of bank financing. It allows aggregation of finances in one place. It also allows can give access to attractive offerings by allowing price comparisons. Open Banking API’s build a secure online financial marketplace based on data. They also allow access to a larger market in a faster way but the third-party providers for the new entrants. Open Banking allows developers to build single solutions on an API addressing very specific problems, like for example, a cash flow based credit rating.

Romānova et al. ( 2018 ) undertook a questionnaire on the Payment Services Directive II. The results suggest that Open Banking will promote competitiveness, innovation, and new product development. The initiative is associated with low costs and customer satisfaction, but that some concerns about security, privacy and risk are present. These can be mitigated, to some extent, by secure protocols and layered permission access.

Discussion: strategic options

Faced with these disruptive trends, there are four strategic options for market participants to con- sider. There are (1) a defensive customer retention strategy for incumbents, (2) an aggressive customer acquisition strategy for challenger banks (3) a banking as a service strategy for new entrants, and (4) a payments strategy for social media platforms.

Each of these strategies has to be conducted in a competitive marketplace for money demand by potential customers. Figure  5 illustrates where the first three strategies lie on the tradeoff between money demand and interest rates. The payment strategy can’t be modeled based on the supply of money. In the figure, the market settles at a rate L 2 . The incumbent banks have the capacity to meet the largest supply of these loans. The challenger banks have a constrained function but due to a lower cost base can gain excess rent through higher rates of interest. The peer-to-peer bank as a service brokers must settle for the market rate and a constrained supply offering.

The money demand M by lenders on the y axis. Interest rates on the y axis are labeled as r I and r II . The challenger banks are represented by the line labeled Γ. They have a price and technology advantage and so can lend at higher interest rates. The brokers are represented by the line labeled Ω. They are price takers, accepting the interest rate determined by the market. The same is true for the incumbents, represented by the line labeled Φ but they have a greater market share due to their customer relationships. Note that payments strategy for social media platforms is not shown on this figure as it is not affected by interest rates

Figure  5 illustrates that having a niche strategy is not counterproductive. Liu et al ( 2020 ) found that banks performing niche activities exhibit higher profitability and have lower risk. The syndication market now means that a bank making a loan does not have to be the entity that services it. This means banks in the future can better shape their risk profile and manage their lending books accordingly.

An interesting question for central banks is what the future Deposit Supply function will look like. If all three forms: open banking, traditional banking and challenger banks develop together, will the bank of the future have the same Deposit Supply function? The Klein ( 1971 ) general formulation assumes that deposits are increasing functions of implicit and explicit yields. As such, the very nature of central bank directed monetary policy may have to be revisited, as alluded to in the earlier discussion on digital money.

The client retention strategy (incumbents)

The competitive pressures suggest that incumbent banks need to focus on customer retention. Reichheld and Kenny ( 1990 ) found that the best way to do this was to focus on the retention of branch deposit customers. Obviously, another way is to provide a unique digital experience that matches the challengers.

Incumbent banks have a competitive advantage based on the information they have about their customers. Allen ( 1990 ) argues that where risk aversion is observable, information markets are viable. In other words, both bank and customer benefit from this. The strategic issue for them, therefore, becomes the retention of these customers when faced with greater competition.

Open Banking changes the dynamics of the banking information advantage. Borgogno and Colangelo ( 2020 ) suggest that the access to account (XS2A) rule that it introduced will increase competition and reduce information asymmetry. XS2A requires banks to grant access to bank account data to authorized third payment service providers.

The incumbent banks have a high-cost base and legacy IT systems. This makes it harder for them to migrate to a digital world. There are, however, also benefits from financial technology for the incumbents. These include reduced cost and greater efficiency. Financial technology can also now support platforms that allow incumbent banks to sell NPL’s. These platforms do not require the ownership of assets, they act as consolidators. The use of technology to monitor the transactions make the processing cost efficient. The unique selling point of such platforms is their centralized point of contact which results in a reduction in information asymmetry.

Incumbent banks must adapt a number of areas they got to adapt in terms of their liquidity transformation. They have to adapt the way they handle data. They must get customers to trust them in a digital world and the way that they trust them in a bricks and mortar world. It is no coincidence. When you go into a bank branch that is a great big solid building great big facade and so forth that is done deliberately so that you trust that bank with your deposit.

The risk of having rising non-performing loans needs to be managed, so customer retention should be selective. One of the puzzles in banking is why customers are regularly denied credit, rather than simply being charged a higher price for it. This credit rationing is often alleviated by collateral, but finance theory suggests value is based on the discounted sum of future cash flows. As such, it is conceivable that the bank of the future will use financial technology to provide innovative credit allocation solutions. That said, the dual risks of moral hazard and information asymmetries from the adoption of such solutions must be addressed.

Customer retention is especially important as bank competition is intensifying, as is the digitalization of financial services. Customer retention requires innovation, and that innovation has been moving at a very fast rate. Until now, banks have traditionally been hesitant about technology. More recently, mergers and acquisitions have increased quite substantially, initiated by a need to address actual or perceived weaknesses in financial technology.

The client acquisition strategy (challengers)

As intermediaries, the challenger banks are the same as incumbent banks, but designed from the outset to be digital. This gives them a cost and efficiency advantage. Anagnostopoulos ( 2018 ) suggests that the difference between challenger and traditional banks is that the former address its customers problems more directly. The challenge for such banks is customer acquisition.

Open Banking is a major advantage to challenger banks as it facilitates the changing of accounts. There is widespread dissatisfaction with many incumbent banks. Open Banking makes it easier to change accounts and also easier to get a transaction history on the client.

Customer acquisition can be improved by building trust in a brand. Historically, a bank was physically built in a very robust manner, hence the heavy architecture and grand banking halls. This was done deliberately to engender a sense of confidence in the deposit taking institution. Pure internet banks are not able to do this. As such, they must employ different strategies to convey stability. To do this, some communicate their sustainability credentials, whilst others use generational values-based advertising. Customer acquisition in a banking context is traditionally done by offering more attractive rates of interest. This is illustrated in Fig.  5 by the intersect of traditional banks with the market rate of interest, depicted where the line Γ crosses L 2 . As a result of the relationship with banking yield, teaser rates and introductory rates are common. A customer acquisition strategy has risks, as consumers with good credit can game different challenger banks by frequently changing accounts.

Most customer acquisition, however, is done based on superior service offering. The functionality of challenger banking accounts is often superior to incumbents, largely because the latter are built on legacy databases that have inter-operability issues. Having an open platform of services is a popular customer acquisition technique. The unrestricted provision of third-party products is viewed more favorably than a restricted range of products.

The banking as a service strategy (new entrants)

Banking from a customer’s perspective is the provision of a service. Customers don’t care about the maturity transformation of banking balance sheets. Banking as a service can be performed without recourse to these balance sheets. Banking products are brokered, mostly by new entrants, to individuals as services that can be subscribed to or paid on a fee basis.

There are a number banking as a service solutions including pre-paid and credit cards, lending and leasing. The banking as a service brokers are effectively those that are aggregating services from others using open banking to enable banking as a service.

The rise of banking as a service needs to be understood as these compete directly with traditional banks. As explained, some of these do this through peer-to-peer lending over the internet, others by matching borrows and sellers, conducting mediation as a loan broker. Such entities do not transform assets and do not have banking licenses. They do not have a branch network and often don not have access to deposits. This means that they have no insurance protection and can be subject to interest rate controls.

The new genre of financial technology, banking as a service provider, conduct financial services transformation without access to central bank liquidity. In a distributed digital asset world, the assets are stored on a distributed ledger rather than a traditional banking ledger. Financial technology has automated credit evaluation, savings, investments, insurance, trading, banking payments and risk management. These banking as a service offering are only as secure as the technology on which they are built.

The social media payment strategy (disintermediators and disruptors)

An intermediation bank is a conceptual idea, one created solely on a social networking site. Social media has developed a market for online goods and services. Williams ( 2018 ) estimates that there are 2.46 billion social media users. These all make and receive payments of some kind. They demand security and functionality. Importantly, they have often more clients than most banks. As such, a strategy to monetize the payments infrastructure makes sense.

All social media platforms are rich repositories of data. Such platforms are used to buy and sell things and that requires payments. Some platforms are considering evolving their own digital payment, cutting out the banks as middlemen. These include Facebook’s Diem (formerly Libra), a digital currency, and similar developments at some of the biggest technology companies. The risk with social media payment platform is that there is systemic counter-party protection. Regulators need to address this. One way to do this would be to extend payment service insurance to such platforms.

Social media as a platform moves the payment relationship from a transaction to a customer experience. The ability to use consumer desires in combination with financial data has the potential to deliver a number of new revenue opportunities. These will compete directly with the banks of the future. This will have implications for (1) the money supply, (2) the market share of traditional banks and, (3) the services that payment providers offer.

Further research

Several recommendations for research derive from both the impact of disintermediation and the four proposed strategies that will shape banking in the future. The recommendations and suggestions are based on the mentioned papers and the conclusions drawn from them.

As discussed, the nature of intermediation is changing, and this has implications for the pricing of risk. The role of interest rates in banking will have to be further reviewed. In a decentralized world based on crypto currencies the central banks do not have the same control over the money supply, This suggest the quantity theory of money and the liquidity preference theory need to be revisited. As explained, the Internet reduces much of the friction costs of intermediation. Researchers should ask how this will impact maturity transformation. It is also fair to ask whether at some point in the future there will just be one big bank. This question has already been addressed in the literature but the Internet facilities the possibility. Diamond ( 1984 ) and Ramakrishnan and Thakor ( 1984 ) suggested the answer was due to diversification and its impact on reducing monitoring costs.

Attention should be given by academics to the changing nature of banking risk. How should regulators, for example, address the moral hazard posed by challenger banks with weak balance sheets? What about deposit insurance? Should it be priced to include unregulated entities? Also, what criteria do borrowers use to choose non-banking intermediaries? The changing risk environment also poses two interesting practical questions. What will an online bank run look like, and how can it be averted? How can you establish trust in digital services?

There are also research questions related to the nature of competition. What, for example, will be the nature of cross border competition in a decentralized world? Is the credit rationing that generates competition a static or dynamic phenomena online? What is the value of combining consumer utility with banking services?

Financial intermediaries, like banks, thrive in a world of deficits and surpluses supported by information asymmetries and disconnectedness. The connectivity of the internet changes this dynamic. In this respect, the view of Schumpeter ( 1911 ) on the role of financial intermediaries needs revisiting. Lenders and borrows can be connected peer to peer via the internet.

All the dynamics mentioned change the nature of moral hazard. This needs further investigation. There has been much scholarly research on the intrinsic riskiness of the mismatch between banking assets and liabilities. This mismatch not only results in potential insolvency for a single bank but potentially for the whole system. There has, for example, been much debate on the whether a bank can be too big to fail. As a result of the riskiness of the banking model, the banks of the future will be just a liable to fail as the banks of the past.

This paper presented a revision of the theory of banking in a digital world. In this respect, it built on the work of Klein ( 1971 ). It provided an overview of the changing nature of banking intermediation, a result of the Internet and new digital business models. It presented the traditional academic view of banking and how it is evolving. It showed how this is adapted to explain digital driven disintermediation.

It was shown that the banking industry is facing several documented challenges. Risk is being taken of balance sheet, securitized, and brokered. Financial technology is digitalizing service delivery. At the same time, the very nature of intermediation is being changed due to digital currency. It is argued that the bank of the future not only has to face these competitive issues, but that technology will enhance the delivery of banking services and reduce the cost of their delivery.

The paper further presented the importance of the Open Banking revolution and how that facilitates banking as a service. Open Banking is increasing client churn and driving banking as a service. That in turn is changing the way products are delivered.

Four strategies were proposed to navigate the evolving competitive landscape. These are for incumbents to address customer retention; for challengers to peruse a low-cost digital experience; for niche players to provide banking as a service; and for social media platforms to develop payment platforms. In all these scenarios, the banks of the future will have to have digital strategies for both payments and service delivery.

It was shown that both incumbents and challengers are dependent on capital availability and borrowers credit concerns. Nothing has changed in that respect. The risks remain credit and default risk. What is clear, however, is the bank has become intrinsically linked with technology. The Internet is changing the nature of mediation. It is allowing peer to peer matching of borrowers and savers. It is facilitating new payment protocols and digital currencies. Banks need to evolve and adapt to accommodate these. Most of these questions are empirical in nature. The aim of this paper, however, was to demonstrate that an understanding of the banking model is a prerequisite to understanding how to address these and how to develop hypotheses connected with them.

In conclusion, financial technology is changing the future of banking and the way banks intermediate. It is facilitating digital money and the online transmission of financial assets. It is making banks more customer enteric and more competitive. Scholarly investigation into banking has to adapt. That said, whatever the future, trust will remain at the core of banking. Similarly, deposits and lending will continue to attract regulatory oversight.

Availability of data and materials

Diagrams are my own and the code to reproduce them is available in the supplied Latex files.

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A research proposal submitted in the SCH OF ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE OF NKUMBA UNIVERSITY

2019, Research proposal

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An Analysis of the Impact of Financial Volatility Estimates and Option Pricing Methods on the Returns and Risk Assessment in the Saudi Stock Market

Introduction.

Volatility is defined as the statistical measurement of the dispersion in a market index considering the returns (Abdalla and Suliman, 2012). The central banks and regulatory authorities of stock exchanges have highly focused on volatility modelling and forecasting by using asset pricing models for measuring risks and using option pricing formulas for maximising returns.

The Black-Scholes model is an option pricing formula that delivers the scope of portfolio management of stocks along with delivering reliable estimates of volatility (Bhowmik & Wang, 2020). The Saudi stock exchange is also known as Tadawul and it was established in 2007. Tadawul has a market cap of SAR 8.23 trillion and its trade volume amounts to SAR 380.89 billion.

The research topic is to conduct an analysis of the impact of financial volatility estimates and option pricing methods on the returns and risk assessment in the Saudi Stock Market.

Reason for Choice

The research topic has been selected as volatility has become an integral component of the present financial markets and most of the studies conducted by the past authors have focused on the relationship between volatility of the oil prices in Saudi Arabia and the stock prices. This research will evaluate how the estimation of financial volatility along with using option pricing models can be used for increasing the returns in the Saudi stock market along with conducting a financial risk assessment.

This research will provide more information regarding the dependencies among financial volatility and the Saudi Stock Market along with evaluating the significance of forecasting methods for maximizing gains and minimising risk. The research will provide the investors with better decision making parameters considering the alterations in returns due to financial volatility.

The Objectives and Expected Research Contribution

This study research aims to evaluate the influence of financial validity extremists and option pricing methods on the returns and risk assessment in the Saudi Stock Market. The research objectives include analysis of the significance of financial volatility modelling and estimates in the Saudi stock market.

The research will also contribute in the domain of option pricing models that can be used for evaluating the risk associated with the stock prices for guiding the decision making of the investors. The present condition of the Saudi stock market along with its dependencies on oil and other commodities will also be evaluated as an objective of this research.

Lastly, the ways in which returns of investment can be maximized in the Saudi stock market by conducting a proper risk assessment by using financial volatility forecasting and option pricing models will also be discussed. This will facilitate the foreign investors to understand the fluctuations in the Saudi stock along with helping the risk manager is and investors to raise awareness about the risk in Tadawul.

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Research Background and Questions

In Saudi Arabia, the volatility of the stock market and the overall financial industry in the last decade was due to the changes in oil prices. However, the BASEL accords were updated to implement BASEL III for improving the banking and financial regulations. The stock prices in the nation have been declining since 2015 due to the fall in the price of crude oil (Kalyanaraman, 2014).

The government of the country has established a model for Vision 2030 by integrating financial forecasting mechanisms to reduce the dependence on oil for the economy (Simmons, 2006). Volatility is desired in the market as stagnant stock prices do not yield any profits. However, high volatility also implies high risk for the security, and it is measured by using variance and standard deviation among the returns from the market index.

The research questions are:

• What is the importance of financial volatility estimates in the stock markets?
• In what ways do option pricing models facilitate risk assessment and decision making in the stock market?
• What is the present condition of the Saudi Stock market considering the dependencies, returns and risk?
• What is the impact of financial volatility estimates and option pricing methods on the returns and risk assessment in the Saudi Stock Market?

Literature Review

The financial assets have the characteristics of providing returns on the investment but are also susceptible to market risks due to the returns being variable (Black, 1976). The volatility of the assets remains variable, requiring the forecasting of stocks to analyse the market risk involved. Examination of the stock volatility is crucial for minimising the risk and losses while contributing to increasing financial gains.

Option pricing methods refer to the parameter of volatility for evaluating the price of the stocks (Birge and Zhang, 1999). This is beneficial for risk assessment applications and general portfolio management of the stocks. As per Bhowmik & Wang (2020), price volatility estimation enables the financial institutions to become aware of the current volatility value of the assets they are managing and estimating the future values for maximising investors’ returns. According to Lim and Sek (2013), the two methods of determining financial volatility forecasting include using the GARCH and ARMA models.

Methodology

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the impact of estimating financial volatility and option pricing methods on the return on investments and risk assessment in the Saudi Stock Market. This research will be conducted using the positivism philosophy for using first and information for deriving the findings.

The research will be conducted using an inductive approach and considering an experimental design to establish the linkage among the variables in the research topic (Saunders et al., 2007). The research will be conducted by conducting a semi-structured interview with 10 Saudi stock exchange employees to understand the implications of financial volatility forecasting and option pricing models.

Limitations

The research limitations include time and budget restrictions that inhibit surveying with the investors in the Saudi Stock exchange.

The research will require 180 days or six months to complete.

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The research will be conducted by analysing the data collected from the interview by forming a thematic analysis for evaluating the open-ended responses. Secondary data will also be considered in this research for comparing the findings from the immediate reactions.

This investigation will identify the measures that are best suited for guiding the investors and financial advisors regarding the maximisation of returns and risk minimisation in the Saudi stock market by using financial volatility estimates and option pricing.

Abdalla, S. Z. S. (2012). Modelling Stock Returns Volatility: Empirical Evidence from Saudi Stock Exchange International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 85, 166-179.

Bhowmik, R., & Wang, S. (2020). Stock Market Volatility and Return Analysis: A Systematic Literature Review. Entropy, 22(5), 522.

Birge, J.R. and Zhang, R.Q., 1999. Risk-neutral option pricing methods for adjusting constrained cash flows.  The Engineering Economist ,  44 (1), pp.36-49.

Black, F. (1976). Studies of stock market volatility changes.  1976 Proceedings of the American Statistical Association Business and Economic Statistics Section .

Kalyanaraman, L. (2014). Stock market volatility in Saudi Arabia: An application of univariate G.A.R.C.H. model.  Asian Social Science, 10 (10), 142.

Lim, C.M. and Sek, S.K., 2013. Comparing the performances of GARCH-type models in capturing the stock market volatility in Malaysia.  Procedia Economics and Finance ,  5 , pp.478-487.

Saunders, M., Lewis, P.H.I.L.I.P. and Thornhill, A.D.R.I.A.N., 2007. Research methods.  Business Students 4th edition Pearson Education Limited, England .

Simmons, M.R., 2006. Twilight in the desert: The coming Saudi oil shock and the world economy. John Wiley & Sons.

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How to write a phd dissertation proposal.

To write a Ph.D. dissertation proposal:

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• Develop a clear problem statement.
• Outline objectives and methodology.
• Review literature.
• Present a timeline.
• Seek feedback from advisors.
• Revise and finalize the proposal before submission.

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Banking and finance project topics and materials, these are banking and finance department project topics with available well written chapters 1 to chapter 5, please click on a project topic to view its details and order for the complete material, list of banking and finance project topics, accounting project topics & materials, agricultural science project topics and materials, business admin/mgt project topics & materials, biochemistry project topics & materials, biological science project topics & materials, civil engineering project topics and materials, computer science project topics and materials, criminology & security project topics & materials, economics project topics and materials, education project topics and materials, electrical engineering project topics and materials, english language project topics and materials, entrepreneural studies project topics, fine and applied art project topics and materials, fishery & aquaculture project topics & materials, genetics and biotech project topics & material, geology project topics & materials, guidance & councelling project topics&materials, health science project topics and material, history & religious studies project topics, home and rural economics project topics, human resource management project topics, industrial chemistry project topics and materials, law project topics and materials, library and information science project topics, marketing project topics & materials, marine transport management project materials, mass communication project topics and materials, micro biology projecttopics and materials, office technology project topics & materials, science lab tech slt project topics & materials, secreterial studies project topics and materials, sociology project topics and materials, political science project topics and materials, psychology project topic and materials, public administration project topics and materials.

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Finance, Risk Management & Banking: Theses and Dissertations

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Dissertations are useful for identifying research opportunities.

Very useful for generating reading lists.

Research Proposals

• Unisa Study guide Research Proposal: CEMS
• PhD Proposal by Gerhard Grebe Mr. Gerhard Grebe gave me his gracious permission to upload this presentation as an example to the structure of a proposal.
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• UnisaETD: electronic theses and dissertations This link opens in a new window Full text theses and dissertations in the Unisa Institutional Repository.

This resource contains full text of completed Unisa theses and dissertations

Unisa Finance/Banking Theses/Dissertations

The following theses and dissertations have been done at Unisa in the subject of Fiance, Banking and Risk Management:

International

• ProQuest Dissertations & Theses: Global This link opens in a new window This resource contains abstracts and full text of international theses and dissertations.
• WorldCat Dissertations and Theses This link opens in a new window This resource contains abstracts of international theses and dissertations

Open Access Theses

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• Last Updated: Mar 13, 2024 2:40 PM
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Fed Blocks Tough Climate Risk Proposal by Global Banking Watchdog, Bloomberg Reports

FILE PHOTO: The Federal Reserve Building stands in Washington April 3, 2012. REUTERS/Joshua Roberts/File Photo

(Reuters) -The U.S. Federal Reserve has blocked a push by a global banking watchdog to make climate risk a focus of financial rules, Bloomberg News reported on Wednesday, citing people familiar with the matter.

The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision had proposed that starting January 2026, banks publish detailed information about the impact of climate change on their business to help investors and regulators check on how the risks are managed.

The European Central Bank (ECB) is also pushing for the committee to further propose that lenders disclose their strategies to meet climate commitments, but U.S. officials cited concerns that the watchdog was overstepping its purpose, the Bloomberg report said.

There has been fierce resistance against tough proposals on climate disclosures from U.S. companies. Last month, 10 Republican-led states sued the Securities and Exchange Commission, challenging new federal rules that require U.S.-listed companies to report climate-related risks.

Critics of tougher climate proposals accuse the watchdogs of prioritizing political objectives over sound financial regulation, but supporters say the disclosures are required to limit financing to the fossil fuel industry.

The committee's members include central banks and banking regulators. It writes high-level rules for members, but any agreement reached at Basel has to be approved by regulators and legislators in each individual jurisdiction.

The ECB, the Fed and the Basel Committee declined to comment on the Bloomberg report.

(Reporting by Niket Nishant in Bengaluru; Editing by Shinjini Ganguli)

Copyright 2024 Thomson Reuters .

Tags: environment , Switzerland , United States , Europe , financial regulation

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