vocabulary words for problem solving

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Teaching Math Word Problem Key Words (Free Cheat Sheet)

Published: November 20, 2023

Contributor: Jeannette Tuionetoa

Disclosure: This post may contain affiliate links, meaning if you decide to make a purchase via my links, I may earn a commission at no additional cost to you. See my disclosure for more info.

Tackling word problems in math can be challenging for kids to learn. We called them story problems when I was in school. If your kids are learning math key words so they can solve word problems, they you’ll find these free cheat sheets and worksheets for word problem key words helpful. 

Math Word Problem Key Words

There is no doubt that mathematical operations using words are difficult for kids. They go from counting numbers to doing math equations with numbers.

Then all of a sudden… there are words, just words . All of a sudden algebraic expressions and mathematical operations are POOF – words.

The lack of numbers and shift in mindset can completely throw off a lot of students. If kids have difficulty with reading, then that is yet another struggle for kids as they try to learn basic problems in math.

Teaching students about challenging math keywords just got easier! Be sure to download our free math key words cheat sheet at the end of this post. 

Why do some kids struggle with word problems?

A key proponent in different operations in math is learning the key words that prompt kids to understand which operation skill they need to use to solve the problem.

This means that they should master regular math problems first and be able to read with comprehension. You will shortly find that if these two skills aren’t somewhat mastered first, then word problems will become an issue.

Many times math is a subject best taught in sequential order. If one step is missed, then the future steps falter. This is much like how it is when teaching word problems.

The best thing for your children is for them to first:

• Be able to read well.
• Understand math concepts and phrases.
• Know to not rush, but focus on math key words, identify relevant information, and understand the text.
• Get to know the keywords for math word problems

What are keywords for math word problems?

Key words in mathematical word operations are the words or phrases that will signal or show a student which type of math operation to choose in order to solve the math word problem.

The keywords for math word problems used in operations are a strategy that helps the math problem make sense and draw connections to how it can be answered.

Basically, when using key words, students must decipher whether they need to solve the math equation via addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division.

What are the common keywords for math word problems?

Thankfully, there are math key words that our children can learn that help them work through their word problems. They are prompts that point them in the right direction.

Just like a different language needs words translated for comprehension, students translate the words… into math .

Keywords for Math Word Problems

Learning these math keywords will help with problem solving:

Addition Math Key Words:

• increased by
• larger than
• in addition to
• how much in all

Subtraction Math Key Words:

• how many more
• how many less
• shorter than
• smaller than

Key Words for Multiplication Word Problems:

• multiplied by
• double/twice

Key Words used for Division Word Problems:

• equal group
• how many in each

You can print off a free math key words cheat sheet that has the above math key words for word problems and add it to your homeschool binder . Find the download link at the bottom of this post. 

How can we help kids learn keywords for solving numberless word problems?

Teach kids steps for solving word problems until it becomes a habit or they get comfortable with the steps. First, they can look for the important information and write those down. (Read the problem carefully). Next, kids need to define or find the variables in the math equation.

From the keywords, kids can now determine what math operation to use. Translate the words to math. Then, kids can solve the math equation. This is where the skills of solving numbered equations are important.

Finally, students have to put their answers in the form of a word sentence. NOTE: Many times kids think after solving the equation they are done. However, the key to making sure they understand that word problems need word answers.

Different Strategies to Familiarize Keywords in Word Operations

You can use some of these keywords for math word problems as vocabulary words in your homeschool.

Students can display subtraction, addition, multiplication, and multiplication handy reference posters on a bulletin board in your homeschool area. Students can also just list them on dry erase boards . These are perfect visual reminders for what keywords go with what math word problems.

Your students can also keep their keywords for math word problems with them as they study. They can place the list of keywords in a math folder or in an anchor chart – and then in their math folder.

Kids can keep the keyword poster sets in their math notebooks or keep them in a word problem journal .

Their strategy for learning word problem keywords all depends on how they best absorb information.

Students may do well using a combination of these methods. Either way, all of these different strategies can be used to get them comfortable in identifying the route to solve math word equations.

Math Word Problem Keywords Cheat Sheets & Teaching Aids:

We created a free pdf download Word Problem Key Words Cheat Sheet that you can find at the bottom of this post. It’s great to use as a reference for math word problems.

Word Problem Clue Words

Get a Clue Free Download – Check out these word problem clue word handouts and posters to help your students with word problems. There 5 pages in all that will be handy for your kids in trying to find the correct answer while using the correct operation.

Addition and Subtraction Word Problem Keywords

Subtraction Keywords/Addition Keywords – Until your kids memorize keywords and what they mean, this freebie can help. Grab these simple black and white printable signs. They will help kids look for keywords like larger numbers for subtraction word problems or addition keywords like in addition to . 

Story Problem Key Words

Words to Math – Keywords in math problems are essentially turning words into math. This graphic organizer printable is a quick reference for your students to use with numberless math word problems. Place them in a notebook chart or your homeschool classroom wall as a visual reminder.

Word Problem Key Words Poster

Key Word Posters for Math Problems – Grab these word problem keyword handy reference posters for subtraction, addition, division, and multiplication. Each poster has its specific theme and specific words to solve all problem types. Kids will enjoy having practiced with these math key words posters.

Word Problem Key Words Worksheets

Fun Key Word Sorting Activity – Your kids have now studied some keywords for math word problems helpful for problem solving in mathematical operations. Use this word problem sorting activity to test their knowledge in a fun engaging way. Add this fun activity to your test prep materials.

World Problems Worksheets with Key Words – These word problems worksheets use key phrases to help your students identify the phrases that will help them determine which math operation to use.

Word Problem Key Words for Math

Math word problems are probably the first opportunity students get to understand how math relates to real world situations. The applications can be relevant in their real life experiences like going to the market.

However, the benefit to word problems doesn’t stop there…

With word problems, students develop their higher-order thinking and critical thinking skills.

Different types of word problems guide your students to applying math various math concepts at the same time. They have to know basic number sense, basic algebra skills, and even geometry when they attempt multiplication word problems.

If we do it the right way, kids won’t see word problems as a dreadful experience in math. Understanding word problems is a learning curve and doesn’t come easily to kids.

Identify Learning Gaps

Another important aspect of word problems is that they tell a parent/teacher if a child needs help in areas like reading comprehension or math number operations skills. This type of word math is a great evaluation of your student’s thinking processes.

We can, however, help make it a better experience for them by teaching it the right way.

Free Math Key Words Cheat Sheet Instant Download

You won’t want to miss our free Word Problem Key Words Cheat Sheet PDF download for different ways kids see keywords in various types of problems in mathematics. This math tool is everything your student needs and the perfect resource to reference keywords in math operations.

Includes the keywords that will help your children solve and recognize word problems for:

• Subtraction
• Multiplication

Instant Download: Math Word Problems Keywords Cheat Sheet

Jeannette tuionetoa.

Jeannette is a wife, mother and homeschooling mom. She has been mightily, saved by grace and is grateful for God’s sovereignty throughout her life’s journey. She has a Bachelor in English Education and her MBA. Jeannette is bi-lingual and currently lives in the Tongan Islands of the South Pacific. She posts daily freebies for homeschoolers!

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"Key Words and Catch Phrases" for Word Problems

Addition Words

2. Altogether

Subtraction Words

1. Difference

3. How many more

4. How much more

6. Less: Debra bought apples for $3.20 and oranges for $4.23. How much less did the apples cost?

10. Subtract

10. Words ending with "er"; higher, longer, faster, heavier, larger, shorter, slower, farther, etc. Example: Jean's apple weighs 100 grams, and Karen's apple weighs 80 grams. How much heavier is Jean's apple?

Multiplication Words

1. Times : Maria ran around the track 5 times. It took her 5 minutes to run around the track. How many minutes did she run?

2. Every : Kim buys 2 apples everyday . How many apples does she buy in a week?

3. At this rate: Ed reads 25 words per minute. At this rate , how many words does he read in one hour?

Division Words

1. Each: Ken has 75 pencils and 15 boxes. How many pencils should he pack in each box so each customer gets the same number of pencils?

This Reading Mama

Word Problem Vocabulary Sorts {FREE Vocabulary Cards}

By thisreadingmama 10 Comments

Word problems. Just the sound of that term may bring back bad memories. I know it does for me. As an elementary student, I despised word problems with ever fiber of my body. Why? Because, as a struggling reader , I struggled to read and comprehend them. I also wasn’t sure what the problem wanted me to do. It would have helped tremendously if I had studied some word problem vocabulary among other things (like some steps to problem solving).

*This post contains affiliate links.

Word Problem Vocabulary Sorts

I’m definitely not an expert in math, but I do know that there is reading involved with word problems. And I do know that lack of vocabulary  and lack of  figuring out unknown words  leads to a breakdown in comprehension, no matter what kids are reading.

Just recently, I created some word problem vocabulary cards {FREE download at the end of this post} for my 3rd grader, ALuv. As we’ve worked through the different operations this year, we’ve talked about these terms. Now that we’re at the end of our year, I thought it was time to do a little vocabulary review {before that fun standardized end-of-the-year test}.

One of the things we did with our word cards was sort them in our tabletop pocket chart . {Seeing that it’s LEGO week , I tried to make the background of each card look like LEGO bricks .}

We also incorporated our LEGO bricks into the word sorts, too. I wrote the vocabulary words on LEGO bricks and we read and sorted them together. He really liked doing this, as he is a wee bit obsessed with LEGO bricks {or building with anything, really}.

These terms are not meant to just be memorized and sorted. They are meant to be applied to real word problems. So, we have looked for these terms as one the steps to solving word problems.

Books for Teaching Problem Solving to Kids

Since my brain is wired more for literacy, here are a couple of math books I’ve purchased and used heavily as a classroom teacher and as a homeschooling mom.

About Teaching Mathematics by Marilyn Burns is one that I devoured. I’m kind of shocked at the price of the newer edition {the 3rd edition is a little less}, but it is well worth it, in my opinion. Burns’ focus is helping kids move beyond just computation {although that is thoroughly covered} to applying that knowledge to real life situations and problems.

If you teach in the elementary grades, Introduction to Problem Solving {3-5 grades} has been a life-saver for me. After purchasing the problem solving book for PreK-2nd grades a few years ago, which can longer be purchased, it seems}, I purchased the one for 3rd through 5th grades. The problem solving steps are taught as well as a chapter on each of the problem solving strategies, like making a table, choosing an operation, or finding a pattern. By the way, if you teach PreK-2nd grades, I’d also recommend this one for you!

I have one more recommendation that I have not used, but heard good things about from a Reading in Math teacher training I did this past year, Teaching Struggling Readers to Tackle Math Word Problems for Grades 3-5. The thing that struck me about this book was how it ties the basic reading comprehension strategies with comprehending word problems.

 Download these FREE Word Problem Vocabulary Cards HERE .

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May 8, 2015 at 10:11 am

Such a cool use of blocks, great idea!

May 10, 2015 at 10:57 pm

I love the idea of using legos to review the related vocabulary terms! That’s a fun and hands-on way to practice! I actually just wrote about the importance of teaching and understanding math vocabulary so I’m excited to see this! 🙂 As always, thanks for sharing!

May 11, 2015 at 3:20 pm

So cool. I sent you an email, Bethany. 🙂

December 6, 2017 at 7:59 am

I love both ideas of lego stacking vocab words and the pocket chart for different ways to represent + and -,etc. So creative!!!!!! Thanks for sharing!

August 20, 2021 at 3:52 pm

Do you have any ideas/suggestions for a great-grandchild with dyslexia? I do not understand dyslexia and the continuing problems with reading. One day the word is known by sight, the next day it is not. Sounding out every word is time consuming and leads to complete frustration. I am concerned that “I can’t read. I hate school. I hate reading.” thoughts have developed. Any help you can send is appreciated.

May 12, 2022 at 2:06 pm

Check out my dyslexia series! You can find them on the blog. I’m also going to be releasing a dyslexia handbook soon!

[…] Lego Vocabulary Word Sorts | This Reading Mama […]

[…] with word problems, I encourage you to focus on the vocabulary first. To help with that, check out this post from This Reading Mama! She has a great download of math vocabulary cards, as well as a fun way to […]

[…] 2nd Annual LEGO Week page for more super fun LEGO Ideas! Here are the other Friday ideas: LEGO Word Problem Sorts Erupting LEGO Volcano LEGO Man Sun Catcher LEGO Night Light Using LEGO With Reading Worksheets […]

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• ELEMENTARY TEACHING , MATH

Elementary Math Word Problem Key Words and Their Limitations

When you tell your students you will be working on word problems, do you hear a chorus of groans? If so, you are not alone! Teaching students how to solve math word problems tends to not be the most exciting math exercise in an elementary math curriculum (especially not learning about word problem key words and how they can be used to solve problems). They also tend to be very challenging for students. No wonder many students don’t like them!

In order for students to become proficient in mathematics, however, they need to apply their math learning to real life situations , which can be achieved through word problems. This experience should not be about following rote procedures and computing correct responses. When solving these types of problems, it is important for students to apply multiple strategies to make sense of the problem and solve it. These experiences should be grounded in strategy application and problem solving, rather than simply computation.

Identifying word problem key words is one of many strategies elementary students can use to help them solve single and multi-step word problems. Additionally, students need access to anchor charts, tools, and manipulatives that will equip them with the resources they need for these problem solving experiences. Using keywords for math word problems is just one piece of the puzzle!

This blog post will answer the following questions:

• What are word problem key words?
• What are some examples of keywords for addition word problems?
• Can you share some examples of keywords for subtraction word problems?
• What are some examples of keywords for multiplication word problems?
• Can you share some examples of keywords for division word problems?
• What are the limitations of using keywords to solve word problems?
• Is using word problem keywords an effective strategy?

What are Word Problem Key Words?

Word problem key words are words or phrases that signal which operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division) are needed in order to solve a math word problem.

Using keywords for math word problems (often referred to as clue words and phrases) is a strategy to make sense of and solve word problems. It is the idea of training the brain to look for specific words and phrases to determine what mathematical operations are needed. Here is an example of this strategy in practice:

Erin reads the problem: Pat has 3 red shirts. He has 2 blue shirts. How many red and blue shirts does he have in all? After reading through the problem once, Erin rereads the problem but this time she is looking specifically for the clue words and phrases she has learned. She highlights or underlines the phrase “in all.” She has learned in class that “in all” signals to the reader that they need to add. This strategy has helped her make sense of the problem (which in this case means that the addition operation is needed), set up an equation (3 + 2 = ?), and solve for the answer (5 shirts).

Common Math Word Problem Key Words and Phrases

Below is a list of key words and phrases that students can use to solve addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division word problems. If you teach the younger grades, you’ll find the list of addition and subtraction key words helpful. If you teach the older grades, you’ll find those helpful, as well as the multiplication and division key words.

Addition Key Words

Here are some examples of addition key words :

• increased by
• larger than
• longer than

Subtraction Key Words

Here are some examples of subtraction key words :

• How many more…?
• How many less…?
• shorter than
• smaller than

Multiplication Key Words

Here are some examples of multiplication key words :

Division Key Words

Here are some examples of division key words :

• equal group

Limitations of Using Keywords to Solve Word Problems

When students are learning how to solve word problems, it is beneficial for them to be exposed to, directly taught, and given practice with key words (also sometimes written as word problem keywords or keywords for math word problems). However, students need to understand that problems can be solved in many different ways. This is just one tool in their toolkit.  It is not always the most effective strategy to solve a given word problem. For example, students should not be trained to always subtract when they see the word less because they could use a missing addend from addition to solve.  This strategy should be used along with other strategies (e.g. visualization). As students progress through their math education and come across more challenging word problems, this strategy will become less effective. As a result, your students need to be equipped with an abundance of diverse strategies.

Math Resources for 1st-5th Grade Teachers

If you need printable and digital math resources for your classroom, then check out my time and money-saving math collections below!

Free Elementary Math Resources

We would love for you to try these word problem resources with your students. It offers them opportunities to practice applying word problem key words strategies, as well as other problem solving strategies. You can download word problem worksheets specific to your grade level (along with lots of other math freebies) in our free printable math resources bundle using this link: free printable math activities for elementary teachers .

Check out my monthly word problem resources !

• 1st Grade Word Problems
• 2nd Grade Word Problems
• 3rd Grade Word Problems
• 4th Grade Word Problems
• 5th Grade Word Problems

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Word Problems Activities

Teach your child all about word problems with amazing educational resources for children. These online word problems learning resources break down the topic into smaller parts for better conceptual understanding and grasp. Get started now to make word problems practice a smooth, easy and fun process for your child!

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Addition and Subtraction Word Problems

Adding One by Making a Model Game

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Adding Within 5 by Making a Model Game

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Add within 5: Summer Word Problems Worksheet

Engaging summer-themed worksheet with word problems to enhance addition skills within 5.

Add within 5: Halloween Word Problems Worksheet

Spooky-themed worksheet for practicing addition within 5 through Halloween word problems.

Multiplication and Division Word Problems

Solve the Word Problems Related to Multiplication Game

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Solve Word Problems on Decimal Multiplication Game

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Complete the Word Problem for Equal Groups Worksheet

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Complete the Word Problem for Arrays Worksheet

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Fraction Word Problems

Solve the Word Problems on Fraction Addition Game

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Solve the Word Problems on Fraction Subtraction Game

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Find Numerator to Have the Same Amount Worksheet

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Apply Fractions to Compare Worksheet

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Solve Word Problems on Fraction-Whole Number Multiplication Game

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Word Problems on Addition of Fractions Game

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Word Problems on Adding Fractions & Mixed Numbers Worksheet

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Adding Fractions & Mixed Numbers Word Problems Worksheet

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Word Problems on Subtraction of Fractions Game

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Area Word Problems on Product of Fractions Game

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Addition Problems Involving Mixed Numbers Worksheet

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Real Life Problems on Adding Mixed Numbers Worksheet

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Story Problems on Subtracting Fractions Worksheet

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Real Life Problems on Subtracting Fractions Worksheet

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Subtraction Problems Involving Mixed Numbers Worksheet

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Real Life Problems on Subtracting Mixed Numbers Worksheet

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Fraction Multi-Step Word Problems Worksheet

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Multi-Step Word Problems on Fractions Worksheet

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Problems on Multiplying Unit Fraction by Whole Worksheet

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Word Problems on Product of Unit Fraction & Whole Worksheet

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Problems on Multiplying Non-Unit Fraction & Whole Worksheet

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Problems on Product of Whole & Non-Unit Fraction Worksheet

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Problems on Multiplying Whole & Mixed Numbers Worksheet

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Solve Problems on Product of Whole & Mixed Numbers Worksheet

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Word Problems on Fraction Addition Worksheet

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Word Problems on Adding Fractions Worksheet

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Word Problems on Adding Mixed Numbers Worksheet

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Adding Mixed Numbers Word Problems Worksheet

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Word Problems on Fraction Subtraction Worksheet

Focus on core math skills with this fun worksheet by solving word problems on fraction subtraction.

Word Problems on Subtracting Fractions Worksheet

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Word Problems on Subtracting Mixed Numbers Worksheet

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Subtracting Mixed Numbers Word Problems Worksheet

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Word Problems on Estimating the Answer Worksheet

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Word Problems Multiplying Fraction by Whole Number Worksheet

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Multiply Fractions by Whole Numbers Word Problems Worksheet

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Word Problems on Multiplying Fractions Worksheet

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Real Life Problems on Multiplying Fractions Worksheet

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Word Problems on Multiplying Mixed Numbers Worksheet

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Real Life Problems on Multiplying Mixed Numbers Worksheet

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Word Problems on Unit Conversion Worksheet

This downloadable worksheet is designed to practice word problems on unit conversion.

Problems on Adding and Subtracting Like Fractions Worksheet

A worksheet focused on enhancing students' skills in adding and subtracting like fractions.

Subtraction Word Problem with Unlike Fraction Worksheet

This worksheet provides various word problems aimed at enhancing skills in subtracting unlike fractions.

Word Problems on Multiplying Mixed Number and Fraction Worksheet

Boost your math skills with this worksheet on multiplying mixed numbers and fractions.

Word Problems on Multiplying Two Mixed Numbers Worksheet

Enhance your math skills with this worksheet on multiplying two mixed numbers word problems.

Add or Subtract within 5: Summer Word Problems Worksheet

Summer-themed worksheet for students to practice adding or subtracting within 5 through word problems.

Add or Subtract within 5: Halloween Word Problems Worksheet

Spooky-themed worksheet to practice adding and subtracting within 5 using Halloween word problems.

LESSON PLAN FOR ENGLISH TEACHERS

Problem solving.

Level: Upper-intermediate (B2-C1)

Type of English: Business English

Tags: problems at work problems and solutions declaring and diagnosing a problem making suggestions Situation based

Publication date: 09/09/2011

In this lesson, students learn useful language for handling and solving problems at work. Vocabulary for describing different types of problems and solutions is studied. Students then listen to several dialogues and study the expressions used by the speakers to declare and diagnose a problem as well as make suggestions and take action. At the end of the lesson, there is a role play activity in which the language from the lesson is put into practice. There are two animated videos which can be played instead of the dialogue or given to the student(s) as material to take away.

Problem-solving-Ex3

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In this lesson, students learn useful language for handling and solving problems at work. Vocabulary for describing different types of problems and solutions is studied. Students then listen to several dialogues and study the expressions used by the speakers to declare and diagnose a problem as well as make suggestions and take action. At the end of the lesson, there is a role-play activity in which the language from the lesson is put into practice.

ProblemSolvingAE-Ex3.mp3

COURSE PLANS

This comprehensive course plan covers the full range of language needs – listening, role play, vocabulary development.

Worksheets in English for Work and Life course plan

Type of English: Business English Level: Upper-intermediate (B2-C1)

Type of English: General English Level: Upper-intermediate (B2-C1)

Worksheets in English for Business course plan

Type of English: Business English Level: Intermediate (B1-B2)

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RWM102: Algebra

Solving Word Problems with Linear Systems

Read this article and watch the video. The article describes examples in which systems of equations can be used to solve real-world quantities. After you review, complete problems 1 to 4 and check your answers.

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06.09.15 Active Practice: The Key to Vocabulary

Explicit Vocabulary instruction includes five steps:

• Careful and intentional selection of high-value words
• Framing of a definition that students can use and apply
• Guidance on ‘parameters of use,’ when and how a word occurs in language
• Active practice—time spent using the word in different settings and applications
• Maintenance and reinforcement

Of these, we believe the fourth step, active practice, is the most important. This may come as a bit of a surprise: its benefits are rarely plumbed but, as Isabel Beck et al. describe, practicing using words adeptly and accurately is the key to mastery.  We learn words by using them and seeing them over and over in different settings that are rich and challenging.  So a key part of vocabulary instruction is to put students in situations where they apply their nascent knowledge of a word. If we could make one small change to super-charge vocabulary instruction across American classrooms it would be to take the time teachers spend having students guess at word meanings and replace it with time spent using those words after having been given a definition.

This would mean replacing something like, “Who can tell us what ‘destitute’ means?” with first giving students a definition for destitute—“completely without the things needed to survive”—and asking questions in which students have to apply the word and its definition: “Who can tell me a situation that might cause someone who is rich to become destitute?”  “Good, could a person ever be destitute even if they still had money?”  “How is being destitute different from being poor?” “What’s a good way to help someone who is destitute?”

In each of these cases, the teacher would insist that the students use the word “destitute” in their answer, as in, “If you were shipwrecked on an island all by yourself with a trunk of money, you’d still be destitute, even though you’d have lots of cash.”

This process of active practice makes problem-solving a key part of vocabulary instruction. It merely places the problem-solving after a basic definition has been learned instead of asking students to make tenuous guesses of a word’s meaning, which often results in a subpar definition and surface understanding of a word. This switch results in making the problem-solving more rich and rigorous than in many typical vocabulary lessons (represented in diagram 1) where teachers spend time asking students to guess at a word’s definition, sometimes from context, sometimes from previous experience: “What does destitute mean here? Has anyone heard that word before?”

The idea is that this process is more rigorous than “just” telling students what a word means because they are problem solving. In fact, however, what students are doing is not always problem-solving. More often, they are guessing and that involves relatively low rigor, potentially only a few members of class, and can result in the perpetuation of mistaken ideas which can be just as easily be the ones students remember. In the second diagram, the definition comes early, but instead of just writing it down, students are asked to use it over and over and to problem-solve with it by applying it in various new settings. Because students start with a base of knowledge, this really is problem-solving and is likely to be both more rigorous and to result in greater mastery of the word because it results in students using and saying the word multiple times.

Again, time spent guessing a word’s meaning is far less productive than time spent using and applying the word’s meaning in increasingly complex situations, but the former tends to dominate what teachers do with new words. For example, consider whether it is more rigorous to have students answer the question, “What do you think clandestine might mean?” or something like, “How is clandestine similar to and different from  surreptitious ?” or “How could camouflage help you do something in a clandestine manner?  Could you use blaring noise to help you do something in a clandestine manner?  How?”

Active Practice to Master Meaning

Mastering meaning involves students using a word to illustrate its degree of meaning with fluidity, expertise, and a depth of understanding.  There are four different ways you could ask students to practice mastering meaning and they should be done both verbally and in writing:

• When a word would (and would not) apply. “Would it be accurate to say that Aunt Alexandra is acting like a tyrant in this scene? Explain.”
• Combining multiple new words: “Could a tyrant ever be humble? Tell me why or why not.”   
• Narrate the story:  “Can a group ever exert tyranny over another group? How? Explain how a group of people in To Kill a Mockingbird make decisions that are tyrannical?”
• Define a change: “How would it sound different if Scout said that Aunt Alexandra’s opinion was “indirectly stated” rather than “obliquely observed”? How is it different to state that Aunt Alexandra is being tyrannical as opposed to say ‘bossy”?

Active Practice to Master Usage

Asking students to practice correctly avoids students misapplying words incorrectly. It’s much harder to unlearn bad habits than it is to build new ones, so it’s a good idea to have students practicing a variety of uses. There are two ways to do this:

• Change the form: “In its adjective form we would say ‘tyrannical.’ Would Atticus agree that Aunt Alexandra is tyrannical?
• Create a sentence with the word and/or other parameters: “Write a sentence in which you describe Aunt Alexandra looking ‘obliquely’ at Scout. Be sure to describe what Scout has done to earn such a glance.”

It’s quite a common practice to ask students to create sentences with new words, but you’ll notice in the example above, that adding additional parameters adds rigor and helps to ensure that students are using a word correctly.

 Three Keys to Active Practice

Practicing incorrectly can sometimes do more harm than not practicing at all. When practicing, be sure that students are accurately applying the word. It is not uncommon for an eager student to lose the meaning of a word in his/her earnest attempts to apply the word wherever the definition seems to fit. Whether it’s active practice to master meaning or usage, there are three important keys to getting the most out of it.  The first is that you want to ensure that students actually use the new word in their answers (you would be surprised by how often we forget this!). What happens instead of using a new word is that student will use a sentence that describes a word instead.  For example, if a teacher asks a student to describe a time when they are sentimental, the student might start the sentence without using the word, “when I look at photo albums of my baby brother when he was little” – while that may demonstrate the meaning and accurate use of the word, unless the teacher pauses the student to revise their answer and use the word in their sentence, then the student doesn’t actually get practice with the word.

The second key to successful active practice is that you want students’ answers to illustrate their understanding of the word. We often hear students say something like “I detest broccoli.” Without further explanation, it’s not clear if they truly know what it means to “detest.” In this case, we want to push students a bit further to expand their sentences to illustrate the meaning of the word, as in “I detest broccoli because it’s bitter and doesn’t taste good.” Avoid questions that are mundane or obvious in order to ensure that students have to rigorously apply a word and its definition.  The result of simple fill in the blank questions, or only asking questions that ask students to use the word to describe their own experiences can have two negative outcomes.  The degree of the word may not match the context (e.g. “I was irate when my sister got ice cream before I did.”) because they match a simple fill-in-the blank formula or they may generate a surface level of understanding about a word (e.g., “I adore my teddy bear.”) without understanding its deeper meanings or connotations. Provide prompts that support students precise use of the word (e.g., “Write a sentence about why a mouse would likely despise a snake.” versus “Write a sentence using despise.”) or in which they combine similar words with slightly different meanings (e.g., “Write a sentence in which you describe something you dislike and something you detest.  Use ‘despise’ and ‘detest’ in your answer and illustrate how their meanings are slightly different.”) Asking these rigorous application questions increases the quality of their practice as well as deepens their understanding of the word and its definition.

The final key is that we also want to ask students to use different forms of the word so that they are able to practice using a word flexibly and deeply, and to consistently correct inaccurate part of speech or tense in their answers so that they are practicing using the word in its correct forms.  Do not accept for example, “The pond was scarce of water.”  If we accept incorrect forms of new vocabulary words during practice then students will most assuredly make those mistakes beyond the classroom.  Following these three keys of active practice can support teachers in asking students to rigorously apply their burgeoning vocabulary, and they are useful in giving feedback to students on their practice as they use new words and apply their meanings in a variety of contexts.

3 Responses to “Active Practice: The Key to Vocabulary”

Obviously, beginning a vocabulary lesson by asking “Who knows what ___ means?” is not a good use of time. But I would argue that giving an example of the word in context and having the students infer the meaning offers some advantages over simply giving a definition. First, it’s more rigorous that simply listening to a given definition. I understand the idea that you want teachers to follow the definition with more rigorous activities, but the entire vocabulary lesson should be rigorous. Also, it’s more typical of what happens in real vocabulary acquisition. We learn most of our vocabulary from context. When students learn how to use context to help them understand a word’s meaning, this is a skill that will help them learn words beyond the relatively few that are explicitly taught in the classroom. There is a strong research base suggesting that teaching students to infer from context is more effective than simply giving definitions.

This brings me to a concern that I have with your books. I love them. I read them and recommend them to others. But you never make use of the research that’s out there. Everything is anecdotes. Your books are great, but they could be even better if you would back up your opinions with research.

I do appreciate and benefit when supporting research is cited.

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Shayna Oliveira

Shayna Oliveira is the founder of Espresso English, where you can improve your English fast - even if you don’t have much time to study. Millions of students are learning English from her clear, friendly, and practical lessons! Shayna is a CELTA-certified teacher with 10+ years of experience helping English learners become more fluent in her English courses.