thesis statement for indian act

History: First Nations Indian Act Essay

In spite of the powerful provisions of the Indian Act, there have been quite a several attempts to amend it. It appears that the provisions in the Act are rigid to the extent that it is not easy to execute amendments. The main opposition to reform has been emanative ng from the First Nations.

There are diverging views within members of the First Nations. For example, there is a segment that thinks that the Act is both paternalistic and archaic. However, a small section of the First Nations prefers minimal amendments to the Act while others have proposed a complete overhaul of the legislation (Government of Canada, 2014).

Abolishing the Act may not be the best option even if there is a need to safeguard treaties and inherent rights. It can be recalled that the Act was last amended comprehensively in 1951. Since then, quasi-judicial processes and court rulings have necessitated piecemeal amendments.

It is indeed true that the Indian Act has its shortcomings just like any other constitutional document (Government of Canada, 2013). The limitations of the Act should first be identified before any changes can be made. Even the incremental reforms being agitated by the sectoral initiatives should be weighed properly against the initial aims of the Act.

Opponents of the Indian Act argue that it is a very irrelevant piece of legislation since it is outdated and does not reflect the contemporary needs of Indian society in Canada. To some extent, such an assertion may be true bearing in mind that the Act came about as a result of wholesale consolidation of all the Indian laws into a single Act.

The aboriginal people were never consulted for input (Government of Canada, 2013). When the Act was adopted, the aboriginal people had no voting rights. Therefore, it may be possible that several pieces of legislation were compiled against their will.

The Indian Act subjected the aboriginal people to the loss of both national identity and natural resources. Although the Act contains several appealing clauses, it has faced myriads of oppositions and court battles over the years. The Act was probably misdirected even though the intentions were good.

The introductory sections of the Act expound that the legislation is supposed to safeguard the interests of the Indians, including their resources (Government of Canada, 2014). It is evident that the Act was adopted with a positive intention. Also, the application of the Act was keenly monitored by Indian officials. Therefore, the main failure of the Act originated from the Canadian government.

The latter did not assist the aboriginal people to transform and acquire full citizenship status. As a result, the group continued to live under distressful laws of the Crown irrespective of the Act in place.

The belief systems of the aboriginals were highly conservative. Their beliefs and cultures also hindered the successful application of the Indian Act. Consequently, the Crown acted against the expectations of the group. This led to a massive failure of the Indian Act.

The reserve lands were eventually made available for farming and other uses according to the desires of the Crown. It was also easy to take the reserve lands after certain treaty provisions were enacted.

From the above reflection, it can be concluded that the Indian Act was well-intentioned irrespective of the alleged failures. The proactive nature of the Canadian government also caught up with the aboriginals. For instance, the group was not fully aware of the implications of most treaties that they mutually consented with the Crown.

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Digital Commons @ USF > Honors College > Honors Theses > 187

USF St. Petersburg campus Honors Program Theses (Undergraduate)

The indian removal act: a legal deception.

Joshua Carbaugh

First Advisor

Thesis Director: Elisa Minoff, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of History, College of Arts and Sciences

Second Advisor

Thesis Committee Member: John W. Arthur, Ph.D., Associate Professor, College of Arts and Sciences

University of South Florida St. Petersburg

Document Type

Date available, publication date, date issued.

The election of President Andrew Jackson in 1828 signaled a new era for the early United States. For many Americans, it would be a period of unprecedented democracy in what had typically been a republic reserved for elites.1 With the advent of the Jackson administration many of his opponents were now struck with apprehension. There was a fear that the United States was “sinking down into despotism, under the disguise of a democratic government.”2 For the Native American tribes of the southern United States, this fear was fully manifest. The tribal sovereignty that they had enjoyed up until this point had suddenly come under threat. Their political survival became uncertain. The governments of the Southern states had become intrepid in dealing with the tribes which they viewed as obstacles to expansion. President Jackson’s ascension would instigate a tumultuous time for the tribal nations. Jackson’s popularity was partially derived from his unwavering stance in support of rapid Indian Removal.3 His election was greeted with expectation that a solution to the “Indian Question” would finally be constructed. With the introduction of his Indian Removal Act, of which he was instrumental in its drafting, these expectations were met.4 The bill itself could not singlehandedly force the tribes to emigrate, however. Indian Removal was instead accomplished through a combination of unlawful state legislation and the act itself. The Indian Removal Act would sour an already strained relationship between the Native American tribes and the United States, as Jackson and his supporters defied federal law to remove the Five Civilized Tribes to west of the Mississippi. With open disregard for the law, the forces of Jackson’s Democratic Party succeeded in winning a major victory for the white supremacists, populists, and expansionists that made up the core of Jackson’s support.

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the University Honors Program, University of South Florida St. Petersburg.

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Carbaugh, Joshua, "The Indian Removal Act: A Legal Deception" (2017). USF St. Petersburg campus Honors Program Theses (Undergraduate). https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/honorstheses/187

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Article by The Canadian Encyclopedia

Updated by Zach Parrott

Published Online February 7, 2006

Last Edited September 23, 2022

The Indian Act is the primary law the federal government uses to administer Indian status , local First Nations governments and the management of reserve land. It also outlines governmental obligations to First Nations peoples. The Indian Act pertains to people with Indian Status; it does not directly reference non-status First Nations people, the Métis or Inuit . First introduced in 1876, the Act subsumed a number of colonial laws that aimed to eliminate First Nations culture in favour of assimilation into Euro-Canadian society. A new version of the Act was passed in 1951, and since then, has been amended several times, most significantly in 1985, with changes mainly focusing on the removal of discriminatory sections. It is an evolving, paradoxical document that has enabled trauma, human rights violations and social and cultural disruption for generations of Indigenous peoples .

This is the full-length entry about the Indian Act . For a plain language summary, please see Indian Act (Plain Language Summary) .

Historical Context: Before the Indian Act, 1763–1876

The Royal Proclamation of 1763 laid down the basis for how colonial administration would interact with First Nations peoples in the centuries that followed. The Proclamation guaranteed certain rights and protections for First Nations peoples, and established the process by which the government could acquire their lands. Further policies were passed in the first half of the 19th century that aimed to assimilate First Nations peoples into the growing settler population.

The 1850 Act for the better protection of the Lands and Property of the Indians in Lower Canada was one of the first pieces of legislation that included a set of requirements for a person to be considered a legal Indian — a precursor to the concept of “ status .” These requirements were based on blood, and essentially said that people “shall be considered as Indians” if they were of “Indian blood” and were members of a “Body or Tribe of Indians.” All descendants of such people were considered to be Indian. So too were non-Indians who “intermarried with such Indians,” people whose parents (one or both) would have been considered Indians, and “all persons adopted in infancy by any such Indians.”

The Acts commonly known as the Gradual Civilization Act of 1857 and the Gradual Enfranchisement Act of 1869 were primarily aimed at removing any special distinction or rights of First Nations peoples in order to assimilate them into the larger settler population. This was initially meant to be accomplished by the Gradual Civilization Act through voluntary enfranchisement (i.e., a First Nations person would give up their status in exchange for land and the right to vote), but only one person voluntarily enfranchised. As a result, the government then began unilaterally enfranchising First Nations people.

A number of Indigenous groups made treaties — in particular the first five Numbered Treaties — with Canadian governments before the 1876 passing of the Indian Act . Those groups may consider their legal identity as First Nations people to flow through those treaties, rather than through the Indian Act .

The Indian Act Comes to Power, 1876

In 1867, the Constitution Act assigned legislative jurisdiction to Parliament over"Indians, and Lands reserved for the Indians." Nearly 10 years later, in 1876, the Gradual Civilization Act and the Gradual Enfranchisement Act became part of the Indian Act . Through the Department of Indian Affairs and its Indian agents , the Indian Act gave the government sweeping powers with regards to First Nations identity, political structures, governance, cultural practices and education . These powers restricted Indigenous freedoms and allowed officials to determine Indigenous rights and benefits based on “good moral character.”

The Indian Act attempted to generalize a vast and varied population of people and assimilate them into non-Indigenous society. It forbade First Nations peoples and communities from expressing their identities through governance and culture. The Act replaced traditional structures of governance with band council elections. Hereditary chiefs — leaders who acquire power through descent rather than election — are not recognized by the Indian Act . Until 1951, women were also excluded from band council politics. ( See also Women and the Indian Act .)

The Act also made it illegal for First Nations peoples to practice religious ceremonies and various cultural gatherings. In 1884, the potlatch was banned, and in 1895, “any Indian festival, dance or other ceremony,” which would include powwows and the sun dance , were also banned. Another amendment in 1914 outlawed dancing off- reserve , and in 1925, dancing is outlawed entirely.

In 1927, the Act made it illegal for First Nations peoples and communities to solicit funds for the pursuit of a land claim . Subsequent amendments required First Nations children to attend industrial or residential schools (1894 and 1920). The dark legacy of residential schools in Canada has affected Indigenous communities across the country and intergenerationally.

At the turn of the 20th century, the pass system (which restricted the movement of First Nations peoples off reserves) was imposed without any legal authorization. These restrictive policies have had lasting impacts on generations of Indigenous people, as restrictions on mobility caused damage to Indigenous economies, cultures and societies.

The Indian Act also defined who was considered an Indian under the law. It stated that an Indian was “any male person of Indian blood reputed to belong to a particular band .” Indian status also applied to “any child of such person” and to “any woman who is or was lawfully married to such person.” A person lost status if they graduated university, married a non-status person (if they were a woman) or, from 1876 to 1880, became a Christian minister, doctor or lawyer. This was known as enfranchisement . Section 112 of the Indian Act – known as the “compulsory enfranchisement” section — wasn’t removed until 1961. The administration of status was a tool of assimilation and cultural destruction.

A Revised Indian Act in 1951

The period immediately following the Second World War involved much societal introspection in Canada, and led to a reconsideration of some of the more restrictive and oppressive measures imposed by the Indian Act . A series of proposed reforms were rejected or opposed by First Nations peoples because they were not involved in the process. As a result, the government of Canada broke with tradition and through the Joint Committee process, consulted with First Nations communities for the very first time ever about changes to the Indian Act .

A new and revised Indian Act was given royal assent on 20 June 1951. The resulting overhaul removed some of the most offensive political, cultural and religious restrictions. For example, bans on ceremonies like the potlatch and sun dance were removed. Communities were also able to bring about land claims against the government. For First Nations women, the 1951 Act meant they were now able to vote in band council elections. Elsie Marie Knott was the first elected female First Nations chief in Canada. ( See also Indigenous Women and the Franchise .)

However, the revisions did not rid the Act of discrimination. For example, the Indian Act prohibited status people from possessing intoxicants or being intoxicated. The 1951 revisions also gave the provinces jurisdiction over Indigenous child welfare (Section 88) where none existed federally. This eventually allowed for the “ Sixties Scoop ” to occur, a process by which provincial child welfare agencies chose to remove children from their homes rather than provide community resources and supports. The Sixties Scoop has had considerable and long-lasting effects on Indigenous communities.

Moreover, the new Act did not overturn the discriminatory nature of Indian Status . The Act replaced the concept of “Indian blood” with one of status through registration. In other words, simply having First Nations heritage was not enough to qualify for status. Yet, male lines of descent were still privileged; women with status lost their rights if they married a non-status person. ( See also Women and the Indian Act .)

The provisions regarding a woman’s status were particularly extreme. A woman’s status rights flowed entirely through her husband. A non-status woman who married a man with status would gain status herself. A status woman who married a status man had her band membership tied to his so she was no longer a member of her own band, and she lost her status entirely if she was widowed or abandoned by her husband.

The 1951 Indian Act also introduced the “Double Mother” rule, which revoked a child’s status on its 21st birthday if both their mother and grandmother had not qualified for status. The Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples in 1996 noted that the revisions contained in the 1951 overhaul did little but return the Indian Act to its 1876 state, while the additional restrictions on the transfer of status did harm to First Nations women and their children.

Demanding Change to the Indian Act, 1960s and 1970s

The 1951 Indian Act did not alter the process of enfranchisement for Indigenous peoples , nor did it allow for the right to vote . However, in early 1958, Prime Minister John Diefenbaker ’s government began drafting the Canadian Bill of Rights . With the Bill of Rights’ emphasis on equal rights for all Canadians, Indigenous peoples could hardly be denied the right to vote. On 31 March 1960, portions of Section 14(2) of the Canada Elections Act were repealed in order to grant the federal vote to Status Indians . First Nations people could now vote without losing their status. The following year, the compulsory enfranchisement clause in the Indian Act was removed. ( See also Indigenous Suffrage in Canada .)

In 1969, the government of Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau released its White Paper , which declared its intention to entirely eliminate Indian status and the Department of Indian Affairs . The White Paper was met with outrage from First Nations peoples and was immediately countered by the “Red Paper,” created and presented by Harold Cardinal , then-president of the Indian Association of Alberta. Due to the fierce and continued opposition by Indigenous groups and their supporters, the Canadian government quickly withdrew the White Paper.

Many Indigenous women during this time were fighting to change discriminatory sections of the Indian Act . Mary Two-Axe Earley was one of the earliest activists. In addition to other work, she mobilized a series of speaking and writing campaigns to raise the profile of abuses by women who had been denied status, treaty and property rights under the Act. Yvonne Bédard and Jeannette Corbiere Lavell , both of whom lost their status because of a marriage, brought cases to court against the Canadian government. In 1973, their cases merged at the Supreme Court of Canada . In that year, the court was widely criticized for ruling that the part of the Act that connected a woman’s status to her husband’s did not discriminate against women, even though status men kept their status if they “married out.” ( See also Bédard Case and Lavell Case .)

In 1981, the United Nations Human Rights Commission ruled that Canada had violated Article 27 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights in the case of Sandra Lovelace Nicholas — a Wolastoqiyik woman who had lost her status through marriage. The government had prevented Sandra from returning to her home community because, according to the Indian Act , she had married out and was no longer considered to be a band member.

Bill C-31: 1985 Amendments to the Indian Act

In 1985, responding to growing national and international concern over the lack of equality in the Indian Act , the government passed Bill C-31 . The bill fully removed all remaining enfranchisement clauses. Additionally, those who had lost status through marriage were reinstated as Status Indians and as band members. Their children gained status, but would not gain band membership for two years. This interval was meant to give bands time to create their own membership codes, which could exclude the children, but not their mothers. If such a code was not passed prior to June 1987, the children gained band membership as well. With more control over membership lists, bands could have non-status members. However, since funding through the federal government is based on status members, there is little incentive for bands to have many non-status members.

Since the amendments to the Indian Act in 1985 were put in place, the number of registered Indians has more than doubled, from approximately 360,000 in 1985 to more than 778,000 in 2007. The increase is a result of more births over deaths as well as through "reinstated" Indian status.

However, while the amendment addressed discrimination against women, it also created some problems. Bill C-31 created two categories of Indian registration. The first, known as section 6(1), applies when both parents are or were entitled to registration. (This section is further broken down into sub-sections that differ based on how status is passed down.) The second, known as section 6(2), applies when one parent is entitled to registration under 6(1). Status cannot be transferred if that one parent is registered under section 6(2). In short, after two generations of intermarriage with non-status partners, children would no longer be eligible for status. This is known as the “Second-Generation Cut-Off” rule. In this way, Bill C-31 has had consequences on the number of people entitled to status rights.

Governance and the Indian Act, 1960s to 2000s

The Indian Act , 1876, dismantled traditional systems of governance and imposed external controls — in the form of local Indian agents and the federal bureaucracy of the Department of Indian Affairs on individuals and communities. Not until the late 1960s and early 1970s did increasingly effective political organizations and intensifying activism set Canada on a path toward acknowledging and enabling forms of Indigenous self-government . This trend gained momentum in the late 20th and the early 21st centuries, and Indigenous peoples saw their rights to self-government affirmed in the ​ Constitution Act, 1982 , and in international documents.

In 1984, the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement , as well as the Penner Report, resulted in the Cree-Naskapi (of Quebec) Act , the first piece of Indigenous self-government legislation in Canada, which replaced the Indian Act and established Indigenous communities in the region as corporate entities. Self-governing First Nations are not subject to the Indian Act , though the federal government continues to administer certain First Nations affairs.

Since then, there have been proposals to increase band powers over governance in the Act. In 1996, the federal government proposed Bill C-79 to amend areas of the Act including band governance and the regulation of reserves . The majority of First Nations were opposed to Bill C-79. Among other reasons, they argued that the government failed to adequately consult with First Nations about proposed changes. They feared the bill would threaten treaty rights and the right to self-government. Furthermore, the bill was criticized for ignoring the recommendations of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples . Bill C-79 failed to become law.

In 2002, Bill C-7, also known as the First Nations Governance Act, sought to give band councils more power in terms of law-making, leadership selection and the like. Though the federal government consulted with various First Nations about the bill, it ultimately failed. In 2006, Senator Gerry St. Germain introduced Bill S-216 “to promote the recognition and implementation of the right to self-government for First Nations in Canada.” The bill would have allowed for First Nations wishing to self-govern to develop a proposal and constitution. While Bill S-216 achieved Second Reading, it too ultimately failed. ( See also Parliamentary Procedure .)

However, some First Nations have made successful sectoral arrangements. These allow for greater governance powers not provided under the Indian Act . Some examples include: First Nations Land Management Act (1999), First Nations Fiscal Management Act (2005), First Nations Oil and Gas and Moneys Management Act (2005), First Nations Commercial and Industrial Development Act (2006), and First Nation Property Ownership Act (2009).

Amendments to the Indian Act in 2011 and 2017

Despite various amendments, the Indian Act still discriminated against women and their descendants, with regards to status rights. In 2011, Parliament passed the Gender Equity in Indian Registration Act , also known as Bill C-3. This was federal government ’s response to the McIvor case , which was about gender discrimination in section 6 of the 1985 Indian Act . Bill C-3 grants 6(2) status to grandchildren of women who regained status in 1985. However, the descendants of women, specifically in terms of great-grandchildren, did not have the same entitlements as descendants of men in similar circumstances. Therefore, Bill C-3 still denied status rights to some individuals because of gender discrimination.

Bill S-3 was created in response to another court case about discrimination in the Indian Act , the 2015 Descheneaux case. The issue in this case was about the way status is passed to cousins and siblings. One part of Bill S-3 came into effect on 22 December 2017. Among other provisions, the amendment enables more people to pass down their status to their descendants and reinstate status to those who lost it before 1985. For example, it provides ways to register people with unknown paternity and who were unmarried minors between 1951–85 and affected by registration rules in place at the time. The other part of the bill — related to restoring status to women and their offspring who lost status before 1951 (known as the “1951 Cut-off”) — was brought into force on 15 August 2019. According to the government, “All known sex-based inequities in the Indian Act have now been addressed.”

Proposed Reforms

In 2010, the federal government announced its intent to work with Indigenous peoples to get rid parts of the Indian Act that give the authority to create residential schools and take children away from their homes.

Bill S-2, the Family Homes on Reserves and Matrimonial Interests or Rights Act , addresses a legislative gap in the Indian Act. It aims to ensure that people living on reserve have similar rights to marital property as other Canadians. According to the Canadian government, Bill S-2 is a stand-alone piece of legislation, not a part of Indian Act reform.

Debate: To Keep or Eradicate the Indian Act?

While some Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples call for the abolition of the Act, others fear that its removal would erode certain protections, such as those on Indian Status. As scholar David Newhouse explains, “[The Indian Act ] provides the structure for local community governance and community life. Reforming the Act in one fell swoop, or repealing it, would be enormously disruptive to First Nations.”

However, critics of the Act continue to work toward its dismantlement. These Indigenous peoples hope that the powers of the Act will fade or disappear with the increasing move towards self-government and reconciliation , contributing to a change in government-Indigenous relations. As Assembly of First Nations chief Perry Bellegarde stated in 2018, “We all want to move beyond the Indian Act ’s control and reconstitute ourselves as Indigenous peoples and Nations with fundamental inherent rights.”

What is the Indian Act and why Canada still have it on the books? The Secret Life team looks at the roots of this complicated policy, which after 143 years is still embedded in Canadian identity, from the policy that led to the Act to how it still impacts Indigenous identities today. Note : The Secret Life of Canada is hosted and written by Falen Johnson and Leah Simone Bowen and is a CBC original podcast independent of The Canadian Encyclopedia .

Legacy and Significance

Though it has been amended several times over the years, the contemporary version of the Indian Act still outlines the terms of Indian Status , various rules around reserves , financial guardianship of minors and the mentally incompetent, management of band resources, elections, and other aspects of life on a reserve.

The Indian Act has had ongoing and long-lasting impacts on Indigenous cultures, economies, politics, and communities. It has also caused inter-generational trauma, particularly with regards to residential schools , as the oppression and restrictive provisions of the Act have negatively impacted generations of Indigenous peoples.

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Indigenous peoples, recommended, women and the indian act, indian act (plain-language summary), indian agents in canada, indian status, indigenous perspectives education guide, the indian act.

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The NDLTD Leadership Award 2017 was conferred to Shodhganga Team leaders during August 7 - 9, 2017 at Washington, DC. The Award is instituted by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (NDLTD) since 2004. More Details

Edushine Excellence Award - 2019 presented to INFLIBNET Centre by Sh. Suresh Prabhu, Hon'ble Minister for Commerce & Industry and Civil Aviation, Government of India.

Theses received at the Centre till 30th November 2020 have been uploaded.

750+ Universities started contributing Theses Repository.

865+ Universities+CFTIs/INIs Signed MoU.

• Universities Contributed in Shodhganga
• ShodhShuddhi
• Shodhgangotri

Anna University 15906

University of madras 14881, university of calcutta 14185, savitribai phule pune university 12591, university of mumbai 11175, aligarh muslim university 10217, chhatrapati sahuji maharaj university 10175, andhra university 9896, babasaheb bhimrao ambedkar bihar university 9675, panjab university 9260, abhilashi university 14, academy of scientific and innovative research (acsir) 2286, acharya nagarjuna university 2256, acharya narendra deva university of agriculture and technology, ayodhya 908, adamas university 45, adesh university 24, adichunchanagiri university, mandya 9, adikavi nannaya university, rajahmundry 58, agriculture university, jodhpur 3, agriculture university, kota 13, ahmedabad university 18, aks university 29, alagappa university 2466, alliance university 51, all india institute of medical science, bhopal 1, all india institute of medical sciences rishikesh 7, ambedkar university, delhi 54, amet university 134, amity university haryana 212, amity university, kolkata 2, amity university madhya pradesh 61, amity university, mumbai 32, amity university, noida 1123, amity university rajasthan 233, amrita vishwa vidyapeetham university 614, anand agricultural university 122, annamalai university 3071, apeejay stya university 23, apex university, rajasthan 41, a p goyal shimla university 13, apj abdul kalam technological university, thiruvananthapuram 46, arka jain university 3, arni university 8, arunachal university of studies 2, arunodaya university 2, aryabhatta knowledge university 27, ashoka university 1, assam agricultural university 151, assam don bosco university 123, assam down town university 79, assam rajiv gandhi university of cooperative management 2, assam science and technology university 3, assam university 2275, atal bihari vajpayee indian institute of information technology and management 103, atmiya university 17, auro university 1, avinashilingam institute for home science and higher education for women 708, awadhesh pratap singh university 926, baba ghulam shah badshah university 100, babasaheb bhimrao ambedkar university 525, babu banarasi das university 147, baddi university of emerging sciences & technology 7, bahra university 5, banaras hindu university 7742, banasthali vidyapith 2213, bangalore university 2473, bankura university 31, bareilly international university 4, barkatullah university 408, bennett university 33, berhampur university 207, bhagat phool singh mahila vishwavidyalaya 140, bhagwant university 311, bhaikaka university 3, bhakta kavi narsinh mehta university 20, bharathiar university 7394, bharathidasan university 8300, bharath institute of higher education and research 653, bharati vidyapeeth deemed university 645, bhartiya skill development university jaipur 19, bhupendra narayan mandal university 5, bihar agricultural university 89, birla institute of management technology 11, birla institute of technology and science 1590, birla institute of technology, mesra 166, blde (deemed to be university) 54, bml munjal university, gurugram 7, bodoland university 102, brainware university 31, b s abdur rahman crescent institute of science & technology 316, bundelkhand university 2206, calorx teachers university 2, career point university 29, central institute of technology kokrajhar 11, central sanskrit university 322, central university of gujarat 354, central university of haryana 95, central university of himachal pradesh 131, central university of jammu 118, central university of jharkhand 87, central university of karnataka 143, central university of kashmir 252, central university of kerala 173, central university of orissa 36, central university of punjab 184, central university of rajasthan 219, central university of south bihar 39, central university of tamil nadu 109, centurion university of technology and management 72, centurion university of technology and management, vizianagaram 0, cept university 82, chaitanya university, hanamkonda 11, chanakya national law university 1, chandigarh university 136, chandra shekhar azad university of agriculture and technology 111, charotar university of science and technology 169, chaudhary charan singh university 3026, chaudhary devi lal university 281, chaudhary ranbir singh university 19, chaudhary sarwan kumar himachal pradesh krishi vishvavidyalaya 406, chettinad academy of research and education 151, chhatrapati shivaji maharaj university 3, chhattisgarh swami vivekanand technical university 149, childrens university 18, chitkara university 31, chitkara university, punjab 308, christ university 353, cmr university 51, cochin university of science & technology 2760, cooch behar panchanan barma university 34, cotton university 21, ct university 24, c.u. shah university 195, c.v. raman global university 22, datta meghe institute of medical sciences 208, davangere university 118, dav university 31, dayalbagh educational institute 1231, dayananda sagar university 48, deccan college post graduate and research institute 68, deenbandhu chhotu ram university of science and technology, sonipat 193, deen dayal upadhyay gorakhpur university 841, defence institute of advanced technology 44, delhi pharmaceutical sciences & research university (dpsru) 19, delhi technological university 413, desh bhagat university 246, devi ahilya vishwavidyalaya 2296, dev sanskriti vishwavidyalaya 13, dharmsinh desai university 24, dhirubhai ambani institute of information and communication technology (da-iict) 77, diamond harbour womens university 4, dibrugarh university 930, dit university 91, doon university 55, dr. a.p.j. abdul kalam technical university 396, dravidian university 57, dr. babasaheb ambedkar marathwada university 5569, dr. babasaheb ambedkar open university 186, dr. babasaheb ambedkar technological university 50, dr b r ambedkar national institute of technology jalandhar 109, dr. b. r. ambedkar open university, hyderabad 1, dr. b. r. ambedkar university agra 6008, dr. c.v. raman university 270, dr. d. y. patil vidyapeeth, pune 165, dr. harisingh gour vishwavidhyalay 2290, dr. k n modi university 28, dr. m.g.r. educational and research institute 494, dr. panjabrao deshmukh krishi vidyapeeth, akola 50, dr. rammanohar lohia avadh university, faizabad 4637, dr ram manohar lohiya national law university 53, dr. sarvepalli radhakrishnan rajasthan ayurved university 191, dr shakuntala misra national rehabilitation university 74, dr. shyama prasad mukherjee international institute of information technology naya raipur 9, dr. vishwanath karad mit world peace university 21, dr. y.s. parmar university of horticulture and forestry 177, dr.y.s.r. horticultural university 24, d y patil university, kolhapur 66, entrepreneurship development institute of india 1, eternal university 7, fakir mohan university, balasore 161, forest research institute university 350, galgotias university 88, gangadhar meher university 83, ganpat university 160, garden city university 7, gauhati university 6286, gautam buddha university 239, g.b.pant university of agriculture & technology 172, gd goenka university 124, geetanjali university 43, g h raisoni university, amravati 24, giet university, gunupur 20, gitam university 897, gla university 230, glocal university 93, gls university 123, gna university 27, goa university 1093, gokhale institute of politics and economics 31, gondwana university 182, graphic era hill university dehradun 15, graphic era university 146, gujarat ayurveda university 5, gujarat forensic sciences university 26, gujarat national law university 17, gujarat technological university 354, gujarat university 4488, gujarat vidyapith 613, gulbarga university 1127, guru angad dev veterinary and animal sciences university 5, guru ghasidas university 353, guru gobind singh indraprastha university 638, guru jambheshwar university of science & technology 666, guru kashi university 361, gurukul kangri vishwavidyalaya 411, guru nanak dev university 2018, harcourt butler technical university 16, hemchandracharya north gujarat university 572, hemchand yadav vishwavidyalaya 43, hemwati nandan bahuguna garhwal university 919, himachal pradesh national law university 1, himachal pradesh university 3131, himalayan garhwal university 64, himgiri zee university 31, hindustan institute of technology and science 311, homi bhabha national institute 2554, homoeopathy university 22, icfai foundation for higher education, telangana 89, icfai university, dimapur nagaland 25, icfai university himachal pradesh 5, icfai university, jaipur 17, icfai university, jharkhand 45, icfai university, tripura 12, iec university 9, iftm university 297, iilm university, gurugram 8, iimt university, meerut 13, iis (deemed to be university) 410, i k gujral punjab technical university 841, ims unison university 13, indian institute of engineering science and technology, shibpur 450, indian institute of foreign trade 62, indian institute of information technology, allahabad 204, indian institute of information technology, design and manufacturing, iiitdm jabalpur 144, indian institute of information technology design & manufacturing kancheepuram 70, indian institute of information technology dharwad 2, indian institute of information technology guwahati 21, indian institute of information technology nagpur 3, indian institute of informationtechnology, vadodara 1, indian institute of management ahmedabad 15, indian institute of management bangalore 47, indian institute of management (iim),indore 38, indian institute of management kashipur 21, indian institute of management kozhikode 27, indian institute of management lucknow 104, indian institute of management mumbai (formerly nitie) 68, indian institute of management raipur 46, indian institute of management rohtak 6, indian institute of management shillong 16, indian institute of management udaipur 1, indian institute of science bangalore 1207, indian institute of science education and research (iiser) bhopal 10, indian institute of science education and research (iiser) mohali 356, indian institute of science education and research (iiser) pune 521, indian institute of science education and research (iiser) thiruvananthapuram 210, indian institute of science education and research kolkata 105, indian institute of space science and technology 164, indian institute of teacher education 6, indian institute of technology bhilai 15, indian institute of technology bhubaneswar 76, indian institute of technology bombay 1635, indian institute of technology delhi 1264, indian institute of technology dharwad 9, indian institute of technology gandhinagar 39, indian institute of technology goa 2, indian institute of technology guwahati 2477, indian institute of technology hyderabad 290, indian institute of technology iit (bhu), varanasi 985, indian institute of technology indore 399, indian institute of technology (ism), dhanbad 956, indian institute of technology jammu 20, indian institute of technology jodhpur 149, indian institute of technology kanpur 1, indian institute of technology kharagpur 769, indian institute of technology madras 1608, indian institute of technology mandi 250, indian institute of technology palakkad 16, indian institute of technology patna 148, indian institute of technology roorkee 418, indian institute of technology ropar 185, indian institute of technology tirupati 11, indian maritime university 1, indian school of mines 53, indian veterinary research institute, izatnagar 341, indira gandhi delhi technical university for women 59, indira gandhi institute of development research 104, indira gandhi national open university ignou 925, indira gandhi national tribal university, amarkantak 155, indira gandhi university meerpur,rewari 43, indira kala sangeet vishwavidyalaya 133, indraprastha institute of information technology, delhi (iiit-delhi) 132, indrashil university 4, indus international university 7, indus university 41, institute of advanced research, gandhinagar 14, institute of advanced studies in education (iase) 175, institute of chemical technnology, mumbai 97, institute of infrastructure technology research and management 30, institute of trans-disciplinary health science & technology 32, integral university 601, international institute for population sciences iips 366, international institute of information technology bangalore 66, international institute of information technology, hyderabad 189, international management institute 9, international management institute kolkata 2, invertis university, bareily 1, isbr business school 1, islamic university of science and technology 46, itm university, gwalior 28, jadavpur university 3959, jagadguru ramanadacharya rajasthan sanskrit university 2, jagannath university 211, jagannath university, jhajjar 38, jagran lakecity university 31, jai narain vyas university 567, jain university 754, jain vishwa bharati university 246, jai prakash vishwavidyalaya 3, jaipur national university 344, jamia hamdard university 929, jamia milia islamia university 2492, janardan rai nagar rajasthan vidhyapeeth 1, jawaharlal nehru architecture and fine arts university 6, jawaharlal nehru centre for advanced scientific research 33, jawaharlal nehru technological university, anantapuram 1297, jawaharlal nehru technological university, hyderabad 1451, jawaharlal nehru technological university, kakinada 310, jawaharlal nehru university 6988, jayoti vidyapeeth women s university 311, jaypee institute of information technology 331, jaypee university of engineering & technology, guna 122, jaypee university of information technology, solan 275, j. c. bose university of science and technology, ymca, faridabad 63, jecrc university 87, jharkhand rai university 48, jis university, kolkata 18, jiwaji university 2264, jk lakshmipat university 22, jodhpur national university 2, jss academy of higher education & research 403, jss science and technology university, mysuru 15, j.s. university, shikohabad 4, junagadh agricultural university 1, kadi sarva vishwavidyalaya 581, kakatiya university, warangal 514, kalasalingam university 383, kalinga institute of social sciences (kiss) 8, kalinga university 238, kamdhenu university 2, kameshwara singh darbhanga sanskrit vishwavidyalaya, darbhanga 3, kannada university 101, kannur university 876, karnataka samskrit university 61, karnataka state law university 8, karnataka state open university 17, karnataka state womens university 297, karnataka veterinary, animal and fisheries sciences university 102, karnatak university 4984, karnavati university 9, karpagam university 298, karunya university 582, kavayitri bahinabai chaudhari north maharashtra university 1256, kavikulaguru kalidas sanskrit university 140, kazi nazrul university 18, kerala university of health sciences 1, khwaja moinuddin chishti urdu, arabi-farsi university 16, kiit university 1077, king george medical university 21, kle technological university 10, kle university 187, kolhan university 25, koneru lakshmaiah education foundation 814, krantiguru shyamji krishna verma kachchh university 124, krea university 1, krishna institute of medical sciences, deemed to be university karad 68, krishna kanta handiqui state open university 34, krishna university, machilipatnam 69, k.r. mangalam university, gurgaon 86, kumaun university 1719, kurukshetra university 1439, kushabhau thakre patrakarita avam jansanchar vishwavidyalaya 6, kuvempu university 1388, lakshmibai national university of physical education 213, lakulish yoga university 19, lalit narayan mithila university 6859, lingayas vidyapeeth 91, lnct university 127, lovely professional university 753, madan mohan malaviya university of technology 88, madhav university 241, madhyanchal professional university 3, madhya pradesh bhoj (open) university 9, madurai kamaraj university 5820, magadh university 15, mahapurusha srimanta sankaradeva viswavidyalaya 37, maharaja agrasen university 41, maharaja ganga singh university 2278, maharaja krishnakumarsinhji bhavnagar university 1506, maharaja ranjit singh punjab technical university 19, maharaja sayajirao university of baroda 4070, maharaja sriram chandra bhanja deo university 16, maharaja vinayak global university 102, maharana pratap university of agriculture and technology 157, maharashtra animal and fishery sciences university 17, maharashtra national law university nagpur 5, maharashtra university of health sciences 218, maharishi markandeshwar university, mullana 484, maharishi markandeshwar university, sadopur (ambala) 27, maharishi university of information technology 50, maharshi dayanand saraswati university 207, maharshi dayanand university 4588, mahatma gandhi antarrashtriya hindi vishwavidyalaya 254, mahatma gandhi chitrakoot gramodaya vishwavidyalaya 143, mahatma gandhi kashi vidyapith 4971, mahatma gandhi univeristy of medical sciences & technnology , jaipur 36, mahatma gandhi university 3837, mahatma gandhi university, nalgonda 10, mahatma jyotiba phule rohilkhand university 1615, makhanlal chaturvedi national university of journalism and communication, bhopal 22, malaviya national institute of technology jaipur 361, malwanchal university, indore 41, management development institute gurgaon 25, manav rachna international institute of research and studies 220, manav rachna university 45, mandsaur university 53, mangalayatan university 122, mangalore university 2004, manipal academy of higher education 1663, manipal university jaipur 303, manipur university 1772, manonmaniam sundaranar university 7345, martin luther christian university 43, marwadi university 14, mats university 82, maulana abul kalam azad university of technology 85, maulana azad national institute of technology bhopal 282, maulana azad national urdu university 389, m.b.m. university 13, medi caps university, indore 25, meenakshi academy of higher education and research 167, mewar university 335, mgm institute of health sciences 134, mica, ahmedabad 26, mit-adt university, pune 50, mizoram university 783, mody university of science and technology 119, mohammad ali jauhar university 4, mohan lal sukhadia university 1030, monad university 36, motherhood university 1, mother teresa womens university 1071, motilal nehru national institute of technology 563, m s ramaiah university of applied sciences 68, mvn university,palwal 65, nagaland university 515, narsee monjee institute of management studies 277, national brain research centre 97, national institute of educational planning and administration (niepa) 34, national institute of fashion technology delhi 30, national institute of food technology entrepreneurship and management - niftem (k)kundli 24, national institute of food technology entrepreneurship and management thanjavur (niftem-t) 24, national institute of pharmaceutical education and research, ahmedabad 26, national institute of pharmaceutical education and research, guwahati 20, national institute of pharmaceutical education and research, hajipur 11, national institute of pharmaceutical education and research, hyderabad 41, national institute of pharmaceutical education and research kolkata 14, national institute of pharmaceutical education and research, raebareli 6, national institute of technology agartala 167, national institute of technology arunachal pradesh 54, national institute of technology calicut 228, national institute of technology delhi 64, national institute of technology durgapur 160, national institute of technology goa 49, national institute of technology hamirpur 94, national institute of technology jamshedpur 117, national institute of technology karnataka 494, national institute of technology,kurukshetra 158, national institute of technology manipur 72, national institute of technology mizoram 34, national institute of technology nagaland 11, national institute of technology (nit) meghalaya 91, national institute of technology (nit), warangal 555, national institute of technology patna 329, national institute of technology puducherry 56, national institute of technology raipur 170, national institute of technology, rourkela 398, national institute of technology sikkim 25, national institute of technology silchar 69, national institute of technology srinagar 174, national institute of technology tiruchirappalli 235, national institute of technology uttarakhand 31, national law institute university, bhopal 8, national law school of india university 48, national law university and judicial academy, guwahati 9, national law university, delhi 37, national law university, odisha 12, national museum institute of hisotry of art conservation and musicology 2, national sanskrit university 46, navrachana university 24, nehru gram bharati university 155, netaji subhas open university 1, netaji subhas university of technology 9, niit university 15, nims university rajasthan 315, nirma university 380, nitte university 89, noida international university 76, noorul islam centre for higher education 351, north-eastern hill university 2706, north eastern regional institute of science and technology (nerist) 91, odisha university of agriculture and technology 160, om sterling global university 86, o.p. jindal university 6, opjs university 21, oriental university 90, osmania university 1529, pacific university 2288, padmashree dr. d.y. patil vidyapeeth, navi mumbai 68, pandit deendayal petroleum university 169, pandit s. n. shukla university, shahdol 8, parul university 174, patna university 328, peoples university, bhopal 7, periyar maniammai university 157, periyar university 3171, pes university 20, p.k. university 9, pondicherry university 2509, poornima university 73, potti sreeramulu telugu university 1, p p savani university 3, pravara institute of medical sciences 45, presidency university 101, presidency university, karnataka 142, prist university 86, pt. ravishankar shukla university 2913, pt. sundarlal sharma open university bilaspur 250, punjab engineering college (deemed to be university) 58, punjabi university 3130, rabindra bharati university 418, rabindranath tagore university, bhopal 234, raffles university 16, raiganj university 174, rai university 308, rajasthan technical university, kota 143, rajiv gandhi institute of petroleum technology 37, rajiv gandhi national institute of youth development 7, rajiv gandhi national university of law punjab 29, rajiv gandhi proudyogiki vishwavidyalaya 583, rajiv gandhi university 649, rama devi womens university 7, ramakrishna mission vivekananda educational and research institute 222, ramakrishna mission vivekananda university 1, rama university, uttar pradesh 74, ramchandra chandravansi university 5, ranchi university 54, rani channamma university 108, rani durgavati vishwavidyalaya 356, rashtrasant tukadoji maharaj nagpur university 304, rashtriya raksha university 19, ravenshaw university 485, rayat bahra university, mohali 16, regional centre for biotechnology 1, reva university 219, rimt university 32, rkdf university 116, rk university 284, rnb global university 4, sage university, indore 82, sai nath university 75, sambalpur university 1767, sam higginbottom institute of agriculture, technology and sciences 439, sampurnanand sanskrit vishwavidhyalaya 3, sanchi university of buddhist-indic studies, bhopal 6, sandip university 10, sangam university 62, sanjay gandhi post graduate institute of medical sciences, lucknow 12, sanjay ghodawat university 2, sankalchand patel university 54, sanskriti university 42, sant baba bhag singh university 36, sant gadge baba amravati university 2875, sant longowal institute of engineering and technology 302, santosh deemed to be university 104, sardarkrushinagar dantiwada agricultural university 0, sardar patel university 3320, sardar vallabhbhai national institute of technology surat 392, sarvepalli radhakrishnan university 145, sastra university 553, satavahana university 6, sathyabama institute of science and technology 422, saurashtra university 3273, saveetha university 829, school of planning and architecture, bhopal 20, school of planning and architecture, new delhi 49, school of planning and architecture vijayawada 10, seacom skills university 107, sgt university 84, sharda university 215, sher-e-kashmir university of agricultural sciences and technology of jammu 135, shivaji university 4872, shiv nadar university 172, shobhit university, gangoh 29, shobhit university, meerut 166, shoolini university of biotechnology and management sciences 509, shree somnath sanskrit university 100, shri govind guru university 11, shri guru ram rai university 50, shri jagdishprasad jhabarmal tibarewala university 3645, shri khushal das university 106, shri lal bahadur shastri national sanskrit university 545, shri mata vaishno devi university 221, shri ramswaroop memorial university 146, shri vaishnav vidyapeeth vishwavidyalaya 47, shri venkateshwara university, uttar pradesh 2, shyam university 7, sidho kanho birsha university 105, sido kanhu murmu university 3, sikkim manipal university 87, sikkim university 202, siksha "o" anusandhan university 552, singhania university 23, sir padampat singhania university 72, sndt womens university 1254, solapur university 267, south asian university 2, s. p. jain institute of management and research 1, sree sankaracharya university of sanskrit 717, sri balaji vidyapeeth 47, sri chandrasekharendra saraswathi viswa mahavidyalaya 417, sri devaraj urs academy of higher education and research 43, sri guru granth sahib world university 84, sri guru ram das university of health sciences 9, sri krishnadevaraya university 3434, srinivas university 13, sri padmavathi womens university 237, sri ramachandra institute of higher education and research 356, sri sai university 2, sri sathya sai institute of higher learning 110, sri satya sai university of technology & medical sciences 77, sri siddhartha academy of higher education 54, sri sri university 17, sri venkateswara institute of medical sciences 23, sri venkateswara university 5452, srm institute of science and technology 1514, srm university- ap 21, srm university, delhi-ncr, sonepat 83, st. joseph university, dimapur 3, st. peter’s institute of higher education and research 364, st. xaviers university, kolkata 1, sumandeep vidyapeeth deemed to be university 41, sunrise university 5, suresh gyan vihar university 385, sushant university (earlier ansal university) 55, swami rama himalayan university 14, swami ramanand teerth marathwada university 5579, swami vivekanad subharti university 178, swami vivekananda yoga anusandhana sansthana 142, swami vivekanand university 80, swarnim gujarat sports university 7, symbiosis international university 505, tamil nadu agricultural university 1409, tamil nadu dr. ambedkar law university 59, tamil nadu open university 47, tamilnadu physical education and sports university 248, tamil nadu teachers education university, chennai 203, tamil nadu veterinary and animal sciences university 78, tamil university 161, tantia university 240, tata institute of fundamental research 963, tata institute of social sciences 583, techno india university 4, teerthanker mahaveer university 131, teri school of advanced studies 138, tezpur university 890, thapar institute of engineering and technology 1118, the assam kaziranga university 5, the assam royal global university 10, the charutar vidya mandal cvm university 5, the english & foreign languages university, hyderabad 786, the gandhigram rural institute 1353, the icfai university, dehradun 42, the iihmr university, jaipur 35, the indian law institute, new delhi 19, the lnm institute of information technology 29, the national academy of legal studies and research (nalsar) university of law 49, the national university of advanced legal studies 4, the neotia university 4, the northcap university 107, the tamil nadu dr. m.g.r. medical university 391, the university of burdwan 3079, the west bengal national university of juridical sciences 35, thiruvalluvar university 289, thunchath ezhuthachan malayalam university 16, tilak maharashtra vidyapeeth 906, tilka manjhi bhagalpur university 269, tripura university 426, tumkur university 299, uka tarsadia university 113, university of agricultural sciences, bangalore 411, university of agricultural sciences, dharwad 278, university of agricultural sciences, raichur 63, university of allahabad 2477, university of calicut 2214, university of delhi 5316, university of engineering and management, kolkata 16, university of gour banga 12, university of hyderabad 2635, university of jammu 1200, university of kalyani 2836, university of kashmir 1902, university of kerala 6648, university of kota 111, university of lucknow 3883, university of mysore 4197, university of north bengal 2066, university of patanjali 26, university of petroleum and energy studies (upes) 398, university of rajasthan 1810, university of science and technology, meghalaya 103, u.p. pt. deen dayal upadhyaya pashu chikitsa vigyan vishwavidhyalaya evam go anusandha sansthan 16, u p rajarshi tondon open university 336, usha martin university 13, utkal university 5653, uttarakhand open university 18, uttarakhand sanskrit university 56, uttarakhand technical university 271, uttaranchal university 72, vardhaman mahaveer open university, kota 21, v. b. s. purvanchal university 9056, veer kunwar singh university, arrah 32, veer narmad south gujarat university 3337, veer surendra sai university of technology 189, vellore institute of technology bhopal 2, vellore institute of technology, vellore 2263, vellore institute of technology (vit-ap) 56, vels university 877, vel tech rangarajan dr. sagunthala r&d institute of science and technology 235, vidyasagar university 857, vignans foundation for science technology and research 207, vijayanagara sri krishnadevaraya university, bellary 131, vikram university 95, vinayaka missions research foundation 361, vinoba bhave university 222, vishwakarma university 21, visva bharti university 1527, visvesvaraya national institute of technology 263, visvesvaraya technological university, belagavi 1054, vivekananda global university 73, william carey university 1, xim university 21, yashwantrao chavan maharashtra open university 330, ybn university 35, yenepoya (deemed to be university) 135, yogi vemana university 86, about shodhshuddhi.

Based on the recommendation of Sub-Committee, National Steering Committee (NSC) of e-ShodhSindhu, The Ministry of Education, Govt. of India has initiated a programme "ShodhShuddhi" which provides access to Plagiarism Detection Software (PDS) to all universities/Institutions in India since Sept 1, 2019 [Read More...]

Under this initiative, URKUND a Web Based Plagiarism Detection Software system is being provided to all users of universities/Intuitions in the country. This initiative is formally launched by Honorable Minister of HRD (now renamed as Minister of Education) on September 21, 2019

The INFLIBNET Centre receives numerous queries from Colleges regarding membership to Shodhganga and e-ShodhSindhu. Following clarifications are being provided in this regard: Read More.

Full Text Theses

Synopses/mrps/pdfs/fellowships, universities contributing, universities+cftis/inis signed mou, prof devika p madalli, sh. manoj kumar k, general / technical query, antiplagiarism query.

The Shodhganga@INFLIBNET Centre provides a platform for research students to deposit their Ph.D. theses and make it available to the entire scholarly community in open access. The repository has the ability to capture, index, store, disseminate and preserve ETDs submitted by the researchers. [Read l]

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