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An Experiment in Document Exploration

The Stanford Dissertation Browser is an experimental interface for document collections that enables richer interaction than search. Stanford's PhD dissertation abstracts from 1993-2008 are presented through the lens of a text model that distills high-level similarity and word usage patterns in the data. You'll see each Stanford department as a circle, colored by school and sized by the number of PhD students graduating from that department.

When you click a department, it becomes the focus of the browser and every other department moves to show its relative similarity to the centered department. The similarity scores are computed using a supervised mixture model based on Labeled LDA : every dissertation is taken as a weighted mixture of a unigram language model associated with every Stanford department. This lets us infer, that, say, dissertation X is 60% computer science, 20% physics, and so on. These scores are averaged within a department to compute department-level statistics (the similarities shown), and need not be symmetric. For instance, Economics dissertations at Stanford use more words from Political Science than vice versa. Essentially, the visualization shows word overlap between departments measured by letting the dissertations in one department borrow words from another department. Which departments borrow the most words from which others? The statistics are computed for each year in the data.

When you zoom in two-levels (click on a department twice), individual dissertations are plotted on a line between each dissertation's home department and its next highest scoring department, in proportion to how much that dissertation uses words from each of those two departments. The relative position of two dissertations is only meaningful when they are on the same radial line. Dissertations from other departments that have a high score for the central, focused department are also shown, colored. For instance, take a look at Computer Science in 2005. You'll see three dissertations along the radial line to Linguistics - those are the three students that graduated from the Stanford NLP group that year. There are plenty of other places you find similar things that work, and a few places that don't. In particular, small departments have less data and so are more susceptible to noise.

Our experience building this browser emphasized the ways that good interactive visualizations can improve text modeling, and vice versa. For instance, the visualization allowed us to experiment with many model variations (LDA, tf-idf, etc.) to see how well each matched our intuitions, and the contours of the models informed our choices in presentation. The model and visualization shown are our best so far, but both leave plenty of room for improvement.

The browser is build using Flare Visualization Library for Flash. Adobe Flash Player is required to view the browser.

Launch the Stanford Dissertation Browser »

Stanford alum, business school dean Jonathan Levin named Stanford president

Jonathan Levin has been appointed the 13th president of Stanford University. (Image credit: Aubrie Pick)

Jonathan Levin, a distinguished economist and Stanford alumnus who has led the Stanford Graduate School of Business as dean for the last eight years, has been appointed the next president of Stanford University, the Board of Trustees announced today.

Jerry Yang, BS, MS ’90, chair of the Board of Trustees, thanked the 20-member Presidential Search Committee (PSC) for their work, and said Levin was the unanimous choice of the search committee and of the trustees. The PSC conducted a comprehensive search for Stanford’s next president. Levin will become president effective Aug. 1, 2024.

“Jon brings a rare combination of qualities: a deep understanding and love of Stanford, an impressive track record of academic and leadership success, the analytical prowess to tackle complex strategic issues, and a collaborative and optimistic working style,” Yang said. “He is consistently described by those who know him as principled, humble, authentic, thoughtful, and inspiring. We are excited about Stanford’s future under Jon’s leadership.”

Levin, 51, has been a member of the Stanford faculty since 2000. The winner in 2011 of the John Bates Clark Medal, an award recognizing the most outstanding American economist under the age of 40, Levin today is the Philip H. Knight Professor and dean of the Stanford Graduate School of Business. He also serves as a member of President Biden’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology.

“I am grateful and humbled to be asked to lead Stanford – a university that has meant so much to me for more than three decades,” Levin said. “When I was an undergraduate, Stanford opened my mind, nurtured my love for math and literature, and inspired me to pursue an academic career. In the years since, it has given me opportunities to pursue ideas in collaboration with brilliant colleagues, teach exceptional students, and bring people together to achieve ambitious collective goals around the university.”

“As I look to Stanford’s future, I’m excited to strengthen our commitment to academic excellence and freedom; to foster the principles of openness, curiosity, and mutual respect; and to lead our faculty and students as they advance knowledge and seek to contribute in meaningful ways to the world.”

Levin will succeed Richard Saller, who has served as Stanford’s president on an interim basis since September 2023.

“I want to thank President Richard Saller for his exemplary leadership this year,” Levin said. “He, along with Provost Martinez, have demonstrated deeply principled academic values and uncommon thoughtfulness as they have navigated a unique set of challenges. I look forward to working with them in the months ahead, and continuing that work with Provost Martinez and leaders across the university to envision an even better Stanford.”

Presidential search process

The PSC, composed of diverse stakeholders across the university, conducted an extensive and rigorous seven-month search for the university’s 13th president. Read more about the search process .

Leaders of the search highlighted Levin’s impressive academic credentials, strong track record as dean of the Graduate School of Business, and extensive knowledge of Stanford and its culture. They also noted that he has the personal qualities that members of the community emphasized were important in Stanford’s next president, including integrity, humility, aspiration, and emotional and intellectual intelligence.

“Jon is a leader who drives change in a way that engages faculty, students, and other stakeholders,” said Bonnie Maldonado, MD ’81, co-chair of the Presidential Search Committee and senior associate dean for faculty development and diversity in the Stanford School of Medicine. “Moreover, Jon’s academic background, analytical skills, and experience have provided him with the skillset and ability to oversee this incredibly complex institution.”

“Jon exhibits a perspective that blends optimism, intellect, ideas, and experience,” said Lily Sarafan, BS ’03, MS ’03, co-chair of the Presidential Search Committee and trustee. “Jon has a deep understanding of Stanford and its role in the world, including the need to expand the university’s educational reach, support emerging areas of research, and renew trust and goodwill both internally and externally.”

“We interviewed an impressive slate of candidates, individuals with excellent credentials and experience,” Sarafan continued. “From that outstanding group, Jon emerged as the person best suited to lead Stanford into the future.”

Academic career and public service

Levin attended Stanford as an undergraduate, completing a BA in English and a BS in mathematics in 1994. He then completed an MPhil in economics from Oxford University and a PhD in economics from MIT.

Image credit: Aubrie Pick

He joined the economics faculty at Stanford in 2000 and later was awarded an endowed chair, becoming the Holbrook Working Professor of Price Theory in the School of Humanities and Sciences.

He served as chair of the Stanford economics department from 2011 to 2014. As chair, Levin established a vision and strategy to elevate the department and helped recruit two future Nobel laureates and four Clark medalists to Stanford.

Levin is widely recognized for his scholarship in industrial organization and market design. His research has spanned topics ranging from incentive contracts to game theory to e-commerce, consumer lending, and health care competition. He helped design the first Advance Market Commitment that accelerated the global adoption of pneumococcal vaccine. He also helped design the Federal Communication Commission’s $20 billion incentive auction to convert broadcast television spectrum to broadband wireless licenses. He has advised technology companies building online marketplaces and advertising systems.

Levin has also been active in public service. In 2021, Levin was invited by President Biden to serve on the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology. In this role, he has studied problems ranging from the modeling and predicting of extreme weather to the prospects of AI for scientific discovery, and from cyber-physical resilience to the future of the social sciences.

Levin became dean of the Graduate School of Business in 2016. Under his leadership, the school made important advances in multiple strategic areas.

First, it made significant investments in its research and teaching mission, including the creation of the GSB Research Hub to provide shared resources for empirical and experimental work, and the Teaching and Learning Hub to support curriculum development, educational technology, and experiential learning. The school significantly increased faculty research funding, redesigned student fellowships to be need-based, and expanded its distinctive academic-practitioner teaching model, among other efforts.

Second, the school expanded its educational reach. It has extended its footprint in executive and online education, including significant growth of the flagship online LEAD program for mid- to senior-level professionals. The school has made significant strides with Stanford Seed, which educates entrepreneurial leaders in the developing world; the King Center on Global Development, established in 2017 in partnership with the Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research; and by initiating Stanford Global Economic Forums in Beijing and Singapore. This year, the GSB introduced the new Stanford Pathfinder classes for undergraduates across the university.

Third, during Levin’s tenure as dean, the school launched a major new initiative around Business, Government, and Society. The initiative addresses how business intersects with societal issues, such as sustainability, the effects of technology, the strength of democratic institutions, and global politics. It has led to new classes, research grants, workshops for students, a faculty-led effort on artificial intelligence, and new partnerships between the GSB and Stanford’s other schools and institutes.

A commitment to different perspectives has also been a core tenet of the school. The GSB degree programs increased their outreach efforts and significantly increased the representation of women and historically under-represented groups. Today, the GSB student population is the most diverse in the school’s history. Specific programs have also been created, including the Building Opportunities for Leadership Diversity (BOLD) Fellows Fund for students of backgrounds with financial hardship, and the Stanford Latino Entrepreneurship Initiative, which has educated more than 1,000 entrepreneurial business leaders.

“Stanford is a place of unbridled optimism, of exploration and innovation,” said Jennifer Aaker, PhD ’95, a member of the Presidential Search Committee and the General Atlantic Professor at the GSB. “It’s a place where anything is possible – where you can excel in academics and athletics, pursue entrepreneurship with integrity, combine intellectual rigor with irreverence. Jon loves Stanford, and he understands this central truth about the university: that it is a place of possibility. He is the right person to not only envision where Stanford should go, but to take us there. He’s also pro-fun.”

With Levin’s appointment as president, a search will be undertaken by the provost for his successor as dean of the Graduate School of Business.

Depth of knowledge, breadth of experience

Levin’s career as a student, faculty member, and academic leader touches many disciplines across the university. He was both an undergraduate, and faculty member, in Stanford’s School of Humanities & Sciences. During his 16 years in Stanford’s Department of Economics, he worked closely with undergraduates, and advised nearly 50 PhD dissertations. He chaired the university committee on undergraduate admissions and financial aid, served on the university budget group, and in both 1994 and 2012 participated in major university reviews of undergraduate education. As dean of the business school, he adds a deep knowledge of professional education and student life, along with overseeing a highly interdisciplinary faculty, search committee members said.

Image credit: Saul Bromberger

“Jon embodies the character and values I aspire to emulate as a future Stanford graduate,” said Senkai Hsia, the undergraduate member of the Presidential Search Committee. “As an undergraduate alum himself, Jon gets the irreverent spirit of exploration and exuberance that makes Stanford special. He is admired by students at the Graduate School of Business, and I know he will love engaging with students across the university. Jon will boldly lead Stanford into a bright future.”

Levin’s awards and honors include membership as a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; Fulbright Scholar; Sloan Research Fellow; recipient of a Guggenheim Fellowship; winner of the John Bates Clark Medal, recognizing the outstanding American economist under the age of 40; and recipient at Stanford of the Dean’s Award for Distinguished Teaching and the Department of Economics Teaching Prize.

Levin is married to Amy Levin, a physician. They have three children.

A list of previous Stanford presidents is available here .

Stanford University is a place of discovery, creativity, innovation, and world-class medical care. Dedicated to its founding mission of benefitting society through research and education, Stanford strives to create a sustainable future for all, catalyze discoveries about ourselves and our world, accelerate the societal impact of its research, and educate students as global citizens. Its main campus holds seven schools along with interdisciplinary research and policy institutes, athletics, and the arts. More than 7,000 undergraduate and 9,000 graduate students pursue studies at Stanford each year. Learn more at stanford.edu.

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An LLM-powered knowledge curation system that researches a topic and generates a full-length report with citations.

stanford-oval/storm

Folders and files, repository files navigation, storm: synthesis of topic outlines through retrieval and multi-perspective question asking.

This repository contains the code for our NAACL 2024 paper Assisting in Writing Wikipedia-like Articles From Scratch with Large Language Models by Yijia Shao , Yucheng Jiang , Theodore A. Kanell, Peter Xu, Omar Khattab , and Monica S. Lam .

Overview (Try STORM now!)

While the system cannot produce publication-ready articles that often require a significant number of edits, experienced Wikipedia editors have found it helpful in their pre-writing stage.

Try out our live demo to see how STORM can help your knowledge exploration journey and please provide feedback to help us improve the system 🙏!

Research Before Writing

STORM breaks down generating long articles with citations into two steps:

• Pre-writing stage : The system conducts Internet-based research to collect references and generates an outline.
• Writing stage : The system uses the outline and references to generate the full-length article with citations.

STORM identifies the core of automating the research process as automatically coming up with good questions to ask. Directly prompting the language model to ask questions does not work well. To improve the depth and breadth of the questions, STORM adopts two strategies:

• Perspective-Guided Question Asking : Given the input topic, STORM discovers different perspectives by surveying existing articles from similar topics and uses them to control the question-asking process.
• Simulated Conversation : STORM simulates a conversation between a Wikipedia writer and a topic expert grounded in Internet sources to enable the language model to update its understanding of the topic and ask follow-up questions.

Based on the separation of the two stages, STORM is implemented in a highly modular way (see engine.py ) using dspy .

We view STORM as an example of automated knowledge curation. We are working on enhancing our codebase to increase its extensibility. Stay tuned!

Below, we provide a quick start guide to run STORM locally to reproduce our experiments.

• Install the required packages. conda create -n storm python=3.11 conda activate storm pip install -r requirements.txt
• Set up OpenAI API key and You.com search API key. Create a file secrets.toml under the root directory and add the following content: # Set up OpenAI API key. OPENAI_API_KEY= < your_openai_api_key > # If you are using the API service provided by OpenAI, include the following line: OPENAI_API_TYPE= " openai " # If you are using the API service provided by Microsoft Azure, include the following lines: OPENAI_API_TYPE= " azure " AZURE_API_BASE= < your_azure_api_base_url > AZURE_API_VERSION= < your_azure_api_version > # Set up You.com search API key. YDC_API_KEY= < your_youcom_api_key >

Paper Experiments

The FreshWiki dataset used in our experiments can be found in ./FreshWiki .

Run the following commands under ./src .

Pre-writing Stage

For batch experiment on FreshWiki dataset:

• --engine (choices=[ gpt-4 , gpt-35-turbo ]): the LLM engine used for generating the outline
• --do-research : if True, simulate conversation to research the topic; otherwise, load the results.
• --max-conv-turn : the maximum number of questions for each information-seeking conversation
• STORM also uses a general conversation to collect basic information about the topic. So, the maximum number of QA pairs is max_turn * (max_perspective + 1) . 💡 Reducing max_turn or max_perspective can speed up the process and reduce the cost but may result in less comprehensive outline.
• The parameter will not have any effect if --disable-perspective is set (the perspective-driven question asking is disabled).

To run the experiment on a single topic:

• The script will ask you to enter the Topic and the Ground truth url that will be excluded. If you do not have any url to exclude, leave that field empty.

The generated outline will be saved in {output_dir}/{topic}/storm_gen_outline.txt and the collected references will be saved in {output_dir}/{topic}/raw_search_results.json .

Writing Stage

• --do-polish-article : if True, polish the article by adding a summarization section and removing duplicate content if --remove-duplicate is set True.
• The script will ask you to enter the Topic . Please enter the same topic as the one used in the pre-writing stage.

The generated article will be saved in {output_dir}/{topic}/storm_gen_article.txt and the references corresponding to citation index will be saved in {output_dir}/{topic}/url_to_info.json . If --do-polish-article is set, the polished article will be saved in {output_dir}/{topic}/storm_gen_article_polished.txt .

Customize the STORM Configurations

We set up the default LLM configuration in LLMConfigs in src/modules/utils.py . You can use set_conv_simulator_lm() , set_question_asker_lm() , set_outline_gen_lm() , set_article_gen_lm() , set_article_polish_lm() to override the default configuration. These functions take in an instance from dspy.dsp.LM or dspy.dsp.HFModel .

💡 For a good practice,

• choose a cheaper/faster model for conv_simulator_lm which is used to split queries, synthesize answers in the conversation.
• if you need to conduct the actual writing step, choose a more powerful model for article_gen_lm . Based on our experiments, weak models are bad at generating text with citations.

Automatic Evaluation

In our paper, we break down the evaluation into two parts: outline quality and full-length article quality.

Outline Quality

We introduce heading soft recall and heading entity recall to evaluate the outline quality. This makes it easier to prototype methods for pre-writing.

Run the following command under ./eval to compute the metrics on FreshWiki dataset:

Full-length Article Quality

eval/eval_article_quality.py provides the entry point of evaluating full-length article quality using ROUGE, entity recall, and rubric grading. Run the following command under eval to compute the metrics:

Use the Metric Yourself

The similarity-based metrics (i.e., ROUGE, entity recall, and heading entity recall) are implemented in eval/metrics.py .

For rubric grading, we use the prometheus-13b-v1.0 introduced in this paper . eval/evaluation_prometheus.py provides the entry point of using the metric.

Contributions

If you have any questions or suggestions, please feel free to open an issue or pull request. We welcome contributions to improve the system and the codebase!

Contact person: Yijia Shao and Yucheng Jiang

Please cite our paper if you use this code or part of it in your work:

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Thesis Defense: Cristian Woroch, Kanan Group

"(Tetrahydro)furanic polymers from CO2 & Biomass"

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PHYSICS DISSERTATION DEFENSE: Eli Mueller

Ph.D. Candidate:  Eli Mueller Research Advisor:  Kathryn Moler  

Date: 4/16/2024 Time: 1PM

Location: McCullough Room 335

Zoom Link:  https://stanford.zoom.us/j/4741734362

Zoom Password: email nickswan [at] stanford.edu ( nickswan[at]stanford[dot]edu ) for password

Title:  Vortex Dynamics and Unconventional Superconductivity Studied by Scanning SQUID Susceptometry Abstract:  Scanning SQUID susceptometry measures the local magnetic susceptibility of a material by applying an AC field with a micron-scale field coil and detecting the response with a micron-scale pickup loop. In this talk, I will describe scanning SQUID susceptometry experiments on two different superconducting systems.

The first is a superconducting niobium film. Near the films superconducting critical temperature, we observe a step-like dissipative magnetic response due to a small number of vortex-antivortex pairs generated in the film by the locally applied field. Using a combined London-Maxwell and time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau approach, we model the dynamics of the measurement and construct a real-space picture of the vortex dynamics causing the observed dissipative response. Vortices are a known source of energy loss in superconducting applications, and this work lays the foundation for microscopic studies of vortex dynamics and pinning in superconducting devices.

Next, I will present measurements on the unconventional superconductor Sr2RuO4 under uniaxial stress. Previous experiments suggest a degenerate, two-component superconducting order parameter that splits under applied uniaxial stress creating two distinct superconducting transitions in temperature. To test for a second transition, we measured the temperature dependence of the local susceptibility of Sr2RuO4 under uniaxial stress. This allows us to place an upper limit on an anomaly in the superfluid density associated with any second transition. In another experiment, we measured the superfluid density in Sr2RuO4 strain-tuned through its Van Hove singularity and the associated peak in the superconducting critical temperature. We find that the superfluid density increases under strain with a peak that coincides with the peak in critical temperature, and that the temperature dependence of the penetration depth remains quadratic over the entire measured strain range. I will show that these results can be explained by a line nodal order parameter in the context of non-local electrodynamics.

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This Project Outcomes Report for the General Public is displayed verbatim as submitted by the Principal Investigator (PI) for this award. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this Report are those of the PI and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation; NSF has not approved or endorsed its content.

Following the landmark 2016 peace agreement between the Colombian government and the FARC guerilla that officially ended fifty years of internal armed conflict, scientists, rural residents, and government officials are mobilizing a new resource for peacemaking: biodiversity. Framing animal, plant, fungal, and microbial diversity as critical components of state aspirations to advance the bioeconomy, government-funded scientists are re-exploring some of the most conflict-afflicted and poorly-studied regions in search of the country's biological diversity and its potential for rebuilding local livelihoods. Drawing on insights from anthropology, science and technology studies, political ecology, and history of science and technology and based on 12 months of ethnographic research, this dissertation project examined the production and mobilization of biodiversity as a valuable resource for building a post-conflict future in Colombia and the daily, material effects of these operations on peoples and landscapes. 

Considered the world's second most biodiverse country, the project shows that Colombia is experiencing what we tentatively call a bioenthusiasm: confidence in the scientific survey, study, and use of biological diversity as a resource for advancing social issues. Scientists and government programs present this novel approach as a future-oriented project with the potential to debilitate illegal economies and create sources for sustainable development and conservation in highly biodiverse regions impacted by war. To understand how biodiversity becomes a peacemaking asset in Colombia, this project decenters the expert's figure to instead "situate science" as it emerges across laboratories, megadiverse ecosystems, and human practices.

This NSF-funded doctoral dissertation research award facilitated ethnographic fieldwork research in Colombia and archival research in scientific institutions and collections in Colombia and abroad. The interlocutors were ornithologists, birdwatchers, botanists, and molecular biologists that study biodiversity in regions insufficiently explored by science. The researcher accompanied them across laboratories, collections, and fieldwork activities. The researcher also followed them through scientific conferences and public presentations. Additionally, this project included ethnographic research with guerrilla ex-combatants and campesino, Afro-Colombian, and indigenous communities that live in some of the "biodiversity hotspots" explored by scientists. Through participant observation, walking and in-depth interviews, and community mapping exercises, this project elucidated these communities' uses and understandings of biodiversity and mapped their expectations around the uses of biodiversity in their territories. From 18th-century botanical knowledge to mid-20th-century bird research, archival research deepened the understanding of how nature has been historically assessed and for what purposes in Colombia.

This project argues that the current enthusiasm in Colombia around the bioeconomy is both a scientific and political project mobilized to enact an elusive political goal: peacemaking. Employing a transdisciplinary lens, this research challenges the confidence granted to science and technology to produce desirable futures revealing the unexpected daily, material effects of the bioeconomy on peoples, scientific practices, and landscapes. Ethnographic works reveals how campesino, Afro-Colombian, and indigenous communities creatively appropriate scientific knowledge to overcome the lasting effects of war in their human and more-than-human worlds. The project offers a situated exploration of the conjuncture of politics, nature, and technoscience, thus contributing to scholarship concerning the use of scientific knowledge to enact political goals in times of political and environmental transitions. By assessing the marketization of biodiversity, this ethnographic work develops analytical tools for understanding the emergence of formations of capital centered around the molecular processes of various life forms. Ultimately, this project sheds light on an apparent paradox by tackling how w hile enduring a long-running armed conflict that produced environmental degradation, Colombia's biodiversity is ranked second in the world. 

At the conclusion of this project's fieldwork research component, the researcher presented preliminary results to interested communities at the National Congress of Ornithology and other venues at Colombian universities. The researcher also presented preliminary results of this work at the annual meeting of the Society for the Social Studies of Science in December 2022. 

Last Modified: 03/20/2023 Modified by: Jaime Landinez Aceros

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Discovery Grants support fundamental research in sustainability

Sixteen grants provided by the Stanford Doerr School of Sustainability will support work on unproven but potentially transformational ideas to deepen understanding of Earth, climate, and society.

The Stanford Doerr School of Sustainability has awarded more than $1.8 million in funding through its Discovery Grants program to 16 research teams. Launched in 2023, the program is intended to support foundational research critical to understanding Earth and planetary processes, life on our planet, energy and infrastructure, and societies. 

“Discovery Grants are meant to support cutting-edge, knowledge-driven fundamental research. These are the sort of spark-of-inspiration, high-risk, high-reward ideas that the school deems essential to drive to deeper understanding of important outstanding questions related to Earth, climate, and society,” said Scott Fendorf , senior associate dean for integrative initiatives. “We place a high priority on novel and unexplored areas of research and creative approaches to exploring a given research question. These 16 projects deliver on that promise.”

Successful proof-of-concept work on these emergent ideas will help school faculty, students, and postdocs then secure funding from outside Stanford, particularly from federal agencies, which rarely support such nascent ideas. 

“As the name implies, Discovery Grants support the earliest-stage research and are designed to expand knowledge and our understanding of the world around us. This type of fundamental discovery is the driving force of our research enterprise and also opens doors to new approaches to the biggest challenges of sustainability,” said Arun Majumdar, dean of the Stanford Doerr School of Sustainability. “We congratulate all those who earned Discovery Grants in this round of funding. We wish them the very best in helping to illuminate such fundamental processes.”

Below, a few examples of the inaugural awardees:

An animal-attached multispectral sonar system to quantify the size, abundance, and distribution of zooplankton – Earth’s most important organisms for global carbon and nutrient cycling

Jeremy Goldbogen , Associate Professor of Oceans and, by courtesy, of Biology

An important aspect of the ocean that drives the distribution of life and global biogeochemical processes is that the average density of nutrients and resources is low. Marine organisms cannot survive on the food available at average densities, yet the oceans are teeming with life. This paradox can be resolved by understanding the heterogeneity of plankton distribution, or patchiness. Ship-based sonar systems have failed to measure plankton patchiness at the most important scales. Therefore, we will develop a miniaturized whale-mounted echosounder to measure plankton dynamics at foraging hotspots.

Deep learning ice dynamics

Ching-Yao Lai , Assistant Professor of Geophysics

Predicting sea levels for the next century remains a major challenge for climate scientists and policy makers. However, the fundamental flow law of glacial ice has never been validated at the ice-shelf scale. Here, we will take advantage of recent advances in physics-informed deep learning to learn the fundamental constitutive ice flow law from observational data. In physics-informed deep learning a neural network is trained based not only on empirical ice-sheet data but also on the governing physical principles (e.g., conservation of mass and momentum). This approach provides an opportunity to reveal unknown physical laws and build better climate predictions. 

Developing a bacterial key to unlock the functional diversity of fungal symbioses

Kabir Peay , the Victoria and Roger Sant Director of the Earth Systems Program, Associate Professor of Biology and of Earth System Science, and Senior Fellow at the Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment

Fungi form a cooperative partnership, known as mycorrhizal symbiosis, with the roots of most plants on Earth. Single trees can associate with hundreds of fungal species, and these partnerships change over time and space to meet environmental challenges. Our capacity to understand and harness this diversity is limited, however, by the simple fact that we cannot easily grow most mycorrhizal fungi. Our project tests the new hypothesis that a missing partner – symbiotic bacteria we isolated from mycorrhizal roots – can overcome the culture barrier, improving our understanding of fungal biodiversity, and opening new avenues to meet conservation and restoration goals.

Identification and characterization of novel bacterial cholesterol-interacting proteins

Paula Welander , Associate Professor of Earth System Science and, by courtesy, of Biology and of Earth and Planetary Sciences

This proposal will explore a new area in sterol lipid biology that focuses on characterizing all the cholesterol-binding proteins – the cholesterol interactome – in bacteria using proteomic approaches. Cholesterol is a ubiquitous and essential component of eukaryotic life with important roles in intra- and intercellular signaling, stress tolerance, maintaining cell membrane integrity, and human disease. However, the physiological significance of sterol lipids like cholesterol in bacterial cells is much less understood. This work has the potential to provide insight into novel bacterial protein-cholesterol interactions that can reveal new fundamental biochemical, regulatory, or transport mechanisms. 

View the full list: 2023 Stanford Doerr Discovery Grant recipients

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New postdoctoral fellowship focuses on sustainability

The first group of scholars supported under the new Sustainability Accelerator Fellowship program will focus on the challenge of removing billions of tons of greenhouse gases annually from Earth’s atmosphere by the middle of this century.

Proposed new institute would study what drives transitions to sustainability

Scholars from across the university have contributed to a vision for a Sustainable Societies Institute in the Stanford Doerr School of Sustainability that would focus on understanding change in systems where people and nature are inextricably linked – such as cities, food, or global markets.

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For the Colorado River and beyond, a new market could save the day

Stanford economist Paul Milgrom won a Nobel Prize in part for his role in enabling today’s mobile world. Now he’s tackling a different 21st century challenge: water scarcity.

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VanDerveer retires: What's next for Stanford women's hoops?

Chiney Ogwumike details the legendary career of Tara VanDerveer, the NCAA's winningest basketball coach, who announced her retirement. (2:26)

• Covers women's college basketball and the WNBA
• Previously covered UConn and the WNBA Connecticut Sun for the Hartford Courant
• Stanford graduate and Baltimore native with further experience at the Dallas Morning News, Seattle Times and Cincinnati Enquirer

Seismic news rocked the women's basketball world Tuesday night when Stanford announced that legendary coach Tara VanDerveer was retiring.

VanDerveer spent 38 of her 45 years on the sideline at Stanford, where she led the Cardinal to 14 Final Fours and three national championships. With a NCAA-record 1,216 career victories, she cemented her status on women's basketball's Mount Rushmore of coaching.

In the announcement, Stanford immediately answered the most pressing question: Who will replace VanDerveer? That will be Kate Paye, a longtime member of VanDerveer's staff and a former Stanford player.

What does VanDerveer's retirement mean for Stanford, and what's to come for the Cardinal with their upcoming move to the ACC? Here's what to know about the future of one of the sport's most successful programs.

Was there any indication VanDerveer was about to retire?

Not particularly. After Stanford lost to NC State in the Sweet 16, VanDerveer praised the contributions of the players beside her: departing seniors Cameron Brink and Hannah Jump as well as junior Kiki Iriafen . She spoke about wanting her younger players to get in the gym, like Iriafen did the summer before, to improve their game. She used the Oregon State Beavers as an example of what can happen if a group sticks together, gets in the gym and improves.

Iriafen, she said, would have next, as "the bright light, the leader, the inspiration for all of our young players" moving forward.

"We've had a great year," VanDerveer said. "I'm really proud of everyone."

VanDerveer repeatedly expressed her sadness over the Pac-12 ceasing to exist as we know it, but she seemed encouraged that Stanford University found a good landing spot in the ACC.

"What happened to the Pac-12 is very disappointing, but we're going to make the best of it," VanDerveer told ESPN in October. "We're excited. We're very thankful to be in a league that wanted us. And it's a statement by Stanford that athletics really is important to Stanford."

VanDerveer also emphasized throughout the season how much she enjoyed coaching this particular Stanford team. "People have worked really hard to understand what it takes to have a championship team and championship year, the unselfishness it takes, the hard work it takes," she told ESPN in February.

The coach even brought in a leadership expert from the Stanford Business School to work with her and the players on how to become effective leaders and build and maintain high-performance teams.

Who is Kate Paye?

Paye, who is positioned to become the program's fifth head coach, has long been the heir apparent to VanDerveer, even if the timing of the retirement wasn't always clear. Paye has been on the Cardinal's staff for 17 years, spending the past eight seasons as the associate head coach to VanDerveer, with her focuses including working with perimeter players, directing the defense, scouting and recruiting.

Just last month Paye was named the WBCA assistant coach of the year for Division I, her second such award in three seasons, making her the first two-time Division I winner of the honor.

Prior to this prolonged stint at Stanford, she served as an assistant coach at Pepperdine and San Diego State.

As two-time team captain during her playing days at Stanford (1991-95), Paye was part of the squads that went to the 1995 Final Four and won the 1992 national title. She later played for the ABL and the WNBA.

With her decision to retire from Stanford, Tara VanDerveer leaves as the NCAA's winningest basketball coach.

Did Stanford's move to the ACC impact VanDerveer's decision?

VanDerveer's statement Tuesday made no reference to the Cardinal's move to join the ACC amid the disintegration of the Pac-12, or why she decided to retire now. She'll undoubtedly be asked about her rationale in a news conference on campus Wednesday.

At the final Pac-12 tournament, VanDerveer stressed she was trying not to think about all the lasts, and that she wanted to stay in the moment. During the Portland Regional, she discussed the comradery Pac-12 coaches share, and how she sent a good-luck group text to the others before the postseason.

"It is incredibly sad to see the end of such a great conference that has the most teams in the Sweet 16. We had, I think, three other teams that played in another postseason tournament," she said. "It's not just the fact that our teams are successful, we have worked together to make the Pac-12 successful. The coaches have worked together, administrators. We represent great universities. If anything, it was kind of a best wishes, but remember how special it has been."

A cross-country conference travel schedule would undoubtedly take a toll on athletes and coaches alike. Brink admitted on "The Bird and Taurasi Show" during the Final Four that one of the factors in her decision to go pro instead of staying at Stanford for her final year of eligibility was that she didn't want to travel across the country while juggling school.

It's not just that the ACC makes conference travel a bear. Stanford as an institution faces many challenges in this contemporary landscape of collegiate athletics. While most programs can build, or at least bolster, their rosters via the transfer portal, Stanford's admissions requirements make it incredibly difficult for its sports programs to follow that lead.

The university has also been slow to jump into the name, image and likeness realm, only this month endorsing the Lifetime Cardinal Collective.

How will Stanford's transition to the ACC work logistically?

With Stanford, Cal and SMU bumping the league from 15 members to 18, the ACC announced in February what its 2024-25 and 2025-26 schedules would look like.

Each school will play 18 conference games, facing 16 schools once (eight at home and eight on the road) and an assigned travel partner twice, both home and away. In Stanford's case, that travel partner is Cal.

For 2024-25, Stanford is set to travel to SMU, Wake Forest, Duke, Virginia, Virginia Tech, Louisville and Notre Dame, while hosting Pitt, Florida State, Miami, Georgia Tech, NC State, UNC, Syracuse and Boston College.

In October, VanDerveer told ESPN that Stanford would scale back on long-distance trips for nonconference competition upon its move to the ACC.

"Instead of doing nonconference play back East, we'll play in November and December as much as possible on the West Coast," VanDerveer said at the time. "Because then we'll be playing more East in January and February. Our nonconference will be regional, because our conference will be national."

What might the Cardinal look like next season?

The 2024-25 season was already likely to be one of transition, as Brink, the Pac-12 player of the year, decided to leave for the WNBA. Jump, another starter who helped Stanford win a national championship in 2021, is also out of eligibility.

Starters Iriafen, Talana Lepolo and Elena Bosgana are set to return, and the Cardinal have three top-100 recruits (two top-50) coming in as freshman.

Iriafen, a junior forward, was recently named a WBCA and AP honorable mention All-American. One of the most improved players in the country this season, she asserted herself on the national stage with a 41-point outburst versus Iowa State in the NCAA tournament.

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How to Become a More Empathetic Listener

Listening isn’t a solo act; it’s a collaborative one.

When the subject of how to be a good listener comes up, psychologists often talk about the value of “perspective-taking” — that is, projecting ourselves into the lives of those we’re listening to. This has been shown to make us grow more generous and less prejudiced toward them, but it’s a flawed way to understand others, because it treats empathy as a solo sport, encouraging listeners simply to try to understand what someone else is going through. What truly good listeners do, however, is work collaboratively with other people to understand them. Scientists call this “perspective-getting,” in which one person uses questions and active listening to understand someone else’s feelings. Perspective-getting boosts mutual understanding, improves relationships, and helps people discover common ground. In this article, the author, a professor of psychology at Stanford University, offers readers guidance on how to practice perspective-getting and get better at it over time.

In 1984, the physician Howard Beckman and his colleagues recorded 74 medical conversations, all of which began with a doctor asking a patient what their concern was. Seventy percent of patients were interrupted within 20 seconds ; just 2% got to finish their thought. The study was widely shared, but fifteen years later, Beckman found doctors were still interrupting just as often, and just as quickly.

• Jamil Zaki is a professor of psychology at Stanford University and the author of The War for Kindness . His new book, Hope for Cynics: The Surprising Science of Human Goodness , will be published in September of 2024.

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Women’s basketball star Kiki Iriafen enters the transfer portal

In a devastating blow for the Stanford women’s basketball team, star forward Kiki Iriafen entered the transfer portal on Friday evening. Iriafen, who averaged 19.4 points and 11 rebounds per game, is the first transfer out of the program this offseason. The six-foot-three forward has a “do not contact” tag, meaning potential alternative teams should not contact her. This tag likely indicates Iriafin has an idea of where she might be headed after Stanford.

The offseason has already seen a complete overhaul of the program, as long-time head coach Tara VanDerveer announced her retirement, while senior forward Cameron Brink and graduate guard Hannah Jump are moving on with their professional careers. 

To replace the production from their three leading scorers, new head coach Kate Paye will likely look to graduate transfers to fill out the rest of the roster. Currently, without Iriafen, Stanford has no players that averaged double-digits last season. 

While the Cardinal were hoping for a smooth transition to the ACC next season, it seems the program will have to rebuild from the ground-up, and will need to make significant changes before reclaiming their position as a top program in the sport. 

Kaushik Sampath is a desk editor for the sports section. He is a sophomore from Fayetteville, Arkansas, who's undecided on his major. You can catch him watching and ranting about his beloved Arkansas Razorbacks or hanging out with friends on campus. Contact him at sports 'at' stanforddaily.com.

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Victor Mukhin

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Title : Active carbons as nanoporous materials for solving of environmental problems

However, up to now, the main carriers of catalytic additives have been mineral sorbents: silica gels, alumogels. This is obviously due to the fact that they consist of pure homogeneous components SiO2 and Al2O3, respectively. It is generally known that impurities, especially the ash elements, are catalytic poisons that reduce the effectiveness of the catalyst. Therefore, carbon sorbents with 5-15% by weight of ash elements in their composition are not used in the above mentioned technologies. However, in such an important field as a gas-mask technique, carbon sorbents (active carbons) are carriers of catalytic additives, providing effective protection of a person against any types of potent poisonous substances (PPS). In ESPE “JSC "Neorganika" there has been developed the technology of unique ashless spherical carbon carrier-catalysts by the method of liquid forming of furfural copolymers with subsequent gas-vapor activation, brand PAC. Active carbons PAC have 100% qualitative characteristics of the three main properties of carbon sorbents: strength - 100%, the proportion of sorbing pores in the pore space – 100%, purity - 100% (ash content is close to zero). A particularly outstanding feature of active PAC carbons is their uniquely high mechanical compressive strength of 740 ± 40 MPa, which is 3-7 times larger than that of  such materials as granite, quartzite, electric coal, and is comparable to the value for cast iron - 400-1000 MPa. This allows the PAC to operate under severe conditions in moving and fluidized beds.  Obviously, it is time to actively develop catalysts based on PAC sorbents for oil refining, petrochemicals, gas processing and various technologies of organic synthesis.

Victor M. Mukhin was born in 1946 in the town of Orsk, Russia. In 1970 he graduated the Technological Institute in Leningrad. Victor M. Mukhin was directed to work to the scientific-industrial organization "Neorganika" (Elektrostal, Moscow region) where he is working during 47 years, at present as the head of the laboratory of carbon sorbents.     Victor M. Mukhin defended a Ph. D. thesis and a doctoral thesis at the Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia (in 1979 and 1997 accordingly). Professor of Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia. Scientific interests: production, investigation and application of active carbons, technological and ecological carbon-adsorptive processes, environmental protection, production of ecologically clean food.   

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