presentation on biodiversity conservation

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• Last Modified: Jan 16, 2017
• Short URL: http://serc.carleton.edu/details/files/66052.html What's This?

• UNESCO's commitment
• Culture and values
• Conservation and sustainable use
• Local, indigenous and scientific knowledge
• Education and awareness
• Ocean Sciences
• UNESCO Biodiversity Portal
• International governance mechanisms
• United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration
• United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development
• Ocean Biodiversity Information System

Conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity

Biodiversity is currently being lost at up to 1,000 times the natural rate. Some scientists are now referring to the crisis as the ‘Earth’s sixth mass extinction’, comparable to the last great extinction crisis 65 million years ago. These extinctions are irreversible and pose a serious threat to our health and wellbeing. Designation and management of protected areas is the cornerstone of biodiversity conservation. However, despite an increase in the total number of protected areas in the world, biodiversity continues to decline.

An integrated landscape approach to conservation planning plays a key role in ensuring suitable habitats for species. However, many protected areas are not functioning as effectively as originally intended, due in part to limited resources to maintain these areas and/or enforce relevant legal frameworks. In addition, current protected area networks may need to be re-aligned to account for climate change. Efforts to preserve biodiversity must take into account not only the physical environment, but also social and economic systems that are well connected to biodiversity and ecosystem services. For protected areas to contribute effectively to a secure future for biodiversity, there is a need for measures to enhance the representativeness of networks, and to improve management effectiveness.

• Growth in protected areas in many countries is helping to maintain options for the future, but sustainable use and management of territory outside protected areas remains a priority.
• Measures to improve environmental status within conservation areas, combined with landscape-scale approaches, are urgently needed if their efficiency is to be improved.
• Lack of adequate technical and financial resources and capacity can limit the upscaling of innovative solutions, demonstrating further the need for regional and subregional co-operation.
• Capacity building is a key factor in the successful avoidance and reduction of land degradation and informed restoration.
• Capacity development needs should be addressed at three levels: national, provincial and local.
• There is a need for capacity building to enable sources outside government to inform relevant departments and policies on biodiversity (e.g. through consultancies, academia and think tanks).

Sites, connected landscapes and networks

Conserving biodiversity and promoting sustainable use.

UNESCO works on the conservation of biodiversity and the sustainable use of its components through UNESCO designated sites, including biosphere reserves , World Heritage sites and UNESCO Global Geoparks . In 2018, UNESCO designated sites protected over 10 million km 2 , an area equivalent to the size of China. These conservation instruments have adopted policies and strategies that aim to conserve these sites, while supporting the broader objectives of sustainable development. One such example is the policy on the integration of a sustainable development perspective into the processes of the World Heritage Convention.

UNESCO is also the depository of the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance . Countless species of plants and animals depend on these delicate habitats for survival.

The first comprehensive assessment of species that live within World Heritage sites reveals just how critical they are to preserving the diversity of life on Earth.

The MAB Programme and the World Network of Biosphere Reserves: connecting landscapes and reconciling conservation with development

Biosphere reserves are designated under UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme and promote solutions reconciling the conservation of biodiversity with its sustainable use at local and regional scales.

This dynamic and interactive network of sites works to foster the harmonious integration of people and nature for sustainable development through participatory dialogue, knowledge sharing, poverty reduction, human wellbeing improvements, respect or cultural values and efforts to improve society’s ability to cope with climate change. Progress has been achieved in connecting landscapes and protected areas through biosphere reserves, however further efforts are needed.

• World Network of Biosphere Reserves (WNBR)
• BIOsphere and Heritage of Lake Chad (BIOPALT)
• Women for Bees - a joint Guerlain and UNESCO programme
• Protecting Great Apes and their habitats
• Ecosystem restoration for sustainable development in Haiti ( Français | Español )
• Green Economy in Biosphere Reserves project in Ghana, Nigeria and Tanzania *
• More activities and projects

and the sustainable use of its components through UNESCO designated sites

Capacity building

Capacity building is needed to provide adequate support to Member States to attain the international biodiversity goals and the SDGs. In some countries, technical, managerial and institutional capacity to define guidelines for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity is inadequate. Additionally, existing institutional and technical capacity is often fragmented and uncoordinated. As new ways of interacting with biodiversity emerge, it is essential that stakeholders are trained and have sufficient capacity to implement new and varied approaches. Further efforts will be needed therefore to facilitate capacity building by fostering learning and leadership skills.

UNESCO is mandated to assist Member States in the design and implementation of national policies on education, culture, science, technology and innovation including biodiversity.

The BIOPALT project: integrated management of ecosystems

More than 30 million people live in the Lake Chad Basin. The site is highly significant in terms of  biodiversity and natural and cultural heritage. The cross-border dimension of the basin also presents opportunities for sub-regional integration. The  BIOsphere and Heritage of Lake Chad (BIOPALT) project focuses on poverty reduction and peace promotion, and aims to strengthen the capacities of the Lake Chad Basin Commission member states to safeguard  and  manage sustainably the water resources, socio-ecosystems and cultural resources of the region.

Women for bees: Women’s empowerment and biodiversity conservation

Women for Bees is a state-of-the-art female beekeeping entrepreneurship programme launched by UNESCO and Guerlain. Implemented in UNESCO designated biosphere reserves around the world with the support of the French training centre, the Observatoire Français d’Apidologie (OFA), the programme has actor, film maker and humanitarian activist Angelina Jolie for a Godmother, helping promote its twin objectives of women’s empowerment and biodiversity conservation.

Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) and capacity development

Capacity development is  present in all areas of IOC ’s work, at the global programme level as well as  within  each of its three sub-commissions and  the IOC-INDIO regional committee. In 2015, IOC adopted its Capacity Development Strategy. IOC is the custodian agency for SDG 14A.

In collaboration with the International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange (IODE) , IOC has implemented a network of Regional Training Centres under the OceanTeacher Global Academy (OTGA) project, which has seven such centres around the world (Belgium, Colombia, India, Kenya, Malaysia, Mozambique and Senegal). Through its network of centres, OTGA provides a  programme of training courses related to IOC programmes, which contribute to the sustainable management of  oceans and coastal areas worldwide. OTGA has developed an e-Learning  Platform that hosts all training  resources for the training courses and makes them freely available to any interested parties.

Since 2012,  270 scientists from 69 countries have been trained to  manage  marine  biodiversity  data,  publish  data  through the Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS) , and perform scientific data analysis for reporting and assessment. Since 1990, IOC West Pacific Regional Training and  Research  Centres  have  trained  more  than  1,000 people in a variety of topics including: 

• monitoring the ecological impacts of ocean acidification on coral reef ecosystems,
• harmful algal blooms,
• traditional and molecular taxonomy,
• reef health monitoring, and
• seagrass and mangrove ecology and management.

Most courses take place in a face-to-face classroom environment,  however training can also be conducted online using ICTs and the OceanTeacher e-Learning Platform, thereby increasing the number of people reached.

and peace-building through the promotion of green economy and the valorization of the basin's natural resources

Governance and connecting the scales

Governance systems in many countries function as indirect drivers of changes to ecosystems and biodiversity. At present, most policies that address biodiversity are fragmented and target specific. Additionally, the current design of governance, institutions and policies rarely takes into account the diverse values of biodiversity. There are also substantial challenges to the design and implementation of effective transboundary and regional initiatives to halt biodiversity loss, ecosystem degradation, climate change and unsustainable development. Another key challenge to successful policy-making is adequate mobilization of financial resources. Increased funding from both public and private sources, together with innovative financing mechanisms such as ecological fiscal transfers, would help to strengthen institutional capacities.

• Governance options that harness synergies are the best option for achieving the SDGs.
• There is a need to develop engagement and actions with diverse stakeholders in governance through regional cooperation and partnerships with the private sector.  
• Mainstreaming biodiversity into development policies, plans and programmes can improve efforts to achieve both the Aichi Targets and the SDGs.

UNESCO works to engage with new governance schemes at all levels through the LINKS Programme , the MAB Programme , the UNESCO-CBD Joint Programme and integrated management of ecosystems linking local to regional scales.

UNESCO supports the integrated management of ecosystems linking local to regional scales, especially through transboundary biosphere reserves, World Heritage sites and UNESCO Global Geoparks. The governance and management of a biosphere reserve places special emphasis on the crucial role that combined knowledge, learning and capacity building play in creating and sustaining a dynamic and mutually beneficial interactions between the conservation and development objectives at local and regional scales.

A transboundary biosphere reserve is defined by the following elements: a shared ecosystem; a common culture and shared traditions, exchanges and cooperation at local level; the will to manage jointly the territory along the bio-sphere reserve values and principles; a political commitment resulting in an official agreement between governmental authorities of the countries concerned. The transboundary biosphere reserve establishes a coordinating structure representative of various administrations and scientific boards, the authorities in charge of the different areas included the protected areas, the representatives of local communities, private sector, and NGOs. A permanent secretariat and a budget are devoted to its functioning. Focal points for co-operation are designated in each country participating.

Transboundary conservation and cooperation

The Trifinio Fraternidad Transboundary Biosphere Reserve is located between El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras. It is the first transboundary biosphere reserve in Central America and represents a major contribution to the implementation of the Mesoamerican Corridor. It includes key biodiversity areas, such as Montecristo National Park and a variety of forest ecosystems.

Trifinio Fraternidad Transboundary Biosphere Reserve (El Salvador/Guatemala/Honduras)

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Biodiversity and Its Conservation: Importance, Threats, Strategies

• Editor Desk
• June 15, 2023
• Biodiversity

Biodiversity , the variety of life on Earth, encompasses all forms of living organisms, including plants, animals, and microorganisms. It is the result of billions of years of evolution and plays a vital role in maintaining the health and balance of ecosystems. However, due to various human activities, biodiversity is facing unprecedented threats, making its conservation crucial for the survival of species and the sustainability of our planet. In this article, we will explore the significance of biodiversity, the current threats it faces, and the strategies and approaches employed in its conservation.

I. Importance of Biodiversity

Biodiversity is essential for the functioning of ecosystems and provides numerous benefits to humanity. It ensures ecological balance by regulating various ecological processes, such as nutrient cycling, water purification, and pollination. Biodiversity also contributes to the production of food, medicines, and raw materials, and supports cultural and aesthetic values. Furthermore, it enhances resilience to environmental changes and helps mitigate the impacts of climate change .

II. Threats to Biodiversity

• Habitat Loss: The destruction, fragmentation, and degradation of habitats due to deforestation, urbanization, and land conversion for agriculture and infrastructure development.
• Climate Change: Rising temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, and extreme weather events disrupt ecosystems, altering species’ distribution and abundance.
• Invasive Species: Non-native species introduced to new environments can outcompete native species, leading to their decline or extinction.
• Pollution: Pollution from various sources, such as industrial activities and agricultural runoff, can contaminate ecosystems, affecting biodiversity.
• Overexploitation: Unsustainable hunting, fishing, and harvesting practices can deplete populations of species, driving them towards extinction.

III. Conservation Strategies

• Protected Areas: Establishing and effectively managing protected areas, such as national parks and wildlife reserves, to safeguard habitats and species.
• Habitat Restoration: Rehabilitating degraded ecosystems by reforesting, wetland restoration, and implementing sustainable land management practices.
• Species Conservation: Implementing measures like captive breeding, habitat protection, and anti-poaching efforts to safeguard endangered species.
• Sustainable Practices: Encouraging sustainable agriculture, fisheries, forestry, and promoting responsible consumption to minimize negative impacts on biodiversity.
• Awareness and Education: Raising public awareness about the value of biodiversity and the need for its conservation through education and outreach programs.

Key Takeaways:

Conserving biodiversity is vital for sustaining life on Earth and ensuring a healthy and prosperous future. By understanding the importance of biodiversity, identifying the threats it faces, and implementing effective conservation strategies, we can work towards preserving our natural heritage and creating a more sustainable planet. It requires collective efforts from individuals, communities, governments, and international organizations to protect and restore biodiversity for the benefit of current and future generations. Let us embrace our responsibility as custodians of Earth’s biodiversity and take action to secure a thriving and diverse planet.

FAQs about Biodiversity and its Conservation:

What is biodiversity.

Biodiversity refers to the variety of life on Earth, including all living organisms, from plants and animals to microorganisms. It encompasses genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity.

Why is biodiversity important?

Biodiversity is crucial for the health and balance of ecosystems. It provides various ecosystem services like nutrient cycling, pollination, and water purification. Biodiversity also contributes to food production , medicine development, and supports cultural and aesthetic values.

What are the main threats to biodiversity?

The main threats to biodiversity include habitat loss due to deforestation and land conversion, climate change, invasive species, pollution, and overexploitation of natural resources.

What are protected areas?

Protected areas are designated regions, such as national parks, wildlife reserves, and marine sanctuaries, created to conserve biodiversity and preserve natural habitats. They often have legal protections to limit human activities that could harm the environment .

What is habitat restoration?

Habitat restoration involves the process of rehabilitating degraded ecosystems by restoring their natural features and functions. It may include activities like reforestation, wetland restoration, and implementing sustainable land management practices.

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EU’s Ambitious Goal: Restoring 20% of Lands and Waters by 2030

• November 18, 2023

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• November 17, 2023

ENCYCLOPEDIC ENTRY

Wildlife conservation.

Wildlife conservation aims to protect plant and animal species as the human population encroaches on their resources.

Biology, Ecology, Conservation, Storytelling, Photography

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Wildlife conservation is the practice of protecting plant and animal species and their habitats . Wildlife is integral to the world’s ecosystems , providing balance and stability to nature’s processes. The goal of wildlife conservation is to ensure the survival of these species, and to educate people on living sustainably with other species. The human population has grown exponentially over the past 200 years, to more than eight billion humans as of November 2022, and it continues to rapidly grow. This means natural resources are being consumed faster than ever by the billions of people on the planet. This growth and development also endangers the habitats and existence of various types of wildlife around the world, particularly animals and plants that may be displaced for land development, or used for food or other human purposes. Other threats to wildlife include the introduction of invasive species from other parts of the world, climate change, pollution, hunting, fishing, and poaching. National and international organizations like the World Wildlife Fund, Conservation International, the Wildlife Conservation Society, the United Nations, and National Geographic, itself, work to support global animal and habitat conservation efforts on many different fronts. They work with the government to establish and protect public lands, like national parks and wildlife refuges . They help write legislation, such as the Endangered Species Act (ESA) of 1973 in the United States, to protect various species. They work with law enforcement to prosecute wildlife crimes, like wildlife trafficking and illegal hunting (poaching). They also promote biodiversity to support the growing human population while preserving existing species and habitats. National Geographic Explorers, like conservation biologists Charudutt Mishra and conservation technologist Rebecca Ryakitimbo, are working to slow the extinction of global species and to protect global biodiversity and habitats. Environmental filmmakers and photographers, like Thomas P. Peschak and Joel Sartore, are essential to conservation efforts as well, documenting and bringing attention to endangered wildlife all over the world.

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Related Resources

Conservation Biology and Restoration Ecology

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Overview: The Biodiversity Crisis
• Conservation biology integrates the following fields to conserve biological diversity at all levels
• Evolutionary biology
• Molecular biology
• Behavioral ecology
• Restoration ecology applies ecological principles
• In an effort to return degraded ecosystems to conditions as similar as possible to their natural state

Figure 55.1

• Tropical forests
• Contain some of the greatest concentrations of species
• Are being destroyed at an alarming rate
• Throughout the biosphere, human activities
• Are altering ecosystem processes on which we and other species depend
• Concept 55.1: Human activities threaten Earth’s biodiversity
• Rates of species extinction
• Are difficult to determine under natural conditions
• The current rate of species extinction is high
• And is largely a result of ecosystem degradation by humans
• Humans are threatening Earth’s biodiversity

The Three Levels of Biodiversity

• Biodiversity has three main components
• Genetic diversity
• Species diversity
• Ecosystem diversity

Genetic diversity in a vole population

Species diversity in a coastal redwood ecosystem

Community and ecosystem diversity

across the landscape of an entire region

Figure 55.2

Genetic Diversity

• Genetic diversity comprises
• The genetic variation within a population
• The genetic variation between populations

Species Diversity

• Is the variety of species in an ecosystem or throughout the biosphere
• An endangered species
• Is one that is in danger of becoming extinct throughout its range
• Threatened species
• Are those that are considered likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future
• Conservation biologists are concerned about species loss
• Because of a number of alarming statistics regarding extinction and biodiversity

(a) Philippine eagle

• Harvard biologist E. O. Wilson has identified the Hundred Heartbeat Club
• Species that number fewer than 100 individuals and are only that many heartbeats from extinction

(b) Chinese river � dolphin

(c) Javan � rhinoceros

Figure 55.3a–c

Ecosystem Diversity

• Identifies the variety of ecosystems in the biosphere
• Is being affected by human activity

Biodiversity and Human Welfare

• Human biophilia
• Allows us to recognize the value of biodiversity for its own sake
• Brings humans many practical benefits

Benefits of Species and Genetic Diversity

• Many pharmaceuticals
• Contain substances originally derived from plants

Figure 55.4

• The loss of species
• Also means the loss of genes and genetic diversity
• The enormous genetic diversity of organisms on Earth
• Has the potential for great human benefit

Ecosystem Services

• Ecosystem services encompass all the processes
• Through which natural ecosystems and the species they contain help sustain human life on Earth
• Ecosystem services include
• Purification of air and water
• Detoxification and decomposition of wastes
• Cycling of nutrients
• Moderation of weather extremes
• And many others

Four Major Threats to Biodiversity

• Most species loss can be traced to four major threats
• Habitat destruction
• Introduced species

Overexploitation

• Disruption of “interaction networks”

Habitat Destruction

• Human alteration of habitat
• Is the single greatest threat to biodiversity throughout the biosphere
• Massive destruction of habitat
• Has been brought about by many types of human activity

Figure 55.5

• Many natural landscapes have been broken up
• Fragmenting habitat into small patches
• In almost all cases
• Habitat fragmentation and destruction leads to loss of biodiversity

Introduced Species

• Are those that humans move from the species’ native locations to new geographic regions

(a) Brown tree � snake, intro-� duced to Guam � in cargo

• Introduced species that gain a foothold in a new habitat
• Usually disrupt their adopted community

(b) Introduced kudzu thriving in South Carolina

Figure 55.6a, b

• Overexploitation refers generally to the human harvesting of wild plants or animals
• At rates exceeding the ability of populations of those species to rebound

Figure 55.7

• The fishing industry
• Has caused significant reduction in populations of certain game fish

Disruption of Interaction Networks

• The extermination of keystone species by humans
• Can lead to major changes in the structure of communities

Figure 55.8

• Concept 55.2: Population conservation focuses on population size, genetic diversity, and critical habitat
• Biologists focusing on conservation at the population and species levels
• Follow two main approaches

Small-Population Approach

• Conservation biologists who adopt the small-population approach
• Study the processes that can cause very small populations finally to become extinct

The Extinction Vortex

• A small population is prone to positive-feedback loops
• That draw the population down an extinction vortex

Lower �reproduction

Higher �mortality

variability

Reduction in

fitness and

adaptability

Figure 55.9

• The key factor driving the extinction vortex
• Is the loss of the genetic variation necessary to enable evolutionary responses to environmental change

Case Study: The Greater Prairie Chicken and the Extinction Vortex

• Populations of the greater prairie chicken
• Were fragmented by agriculture and later found to exhibit decreased fertility
• As a test of the extinction vortex hypothesis
• Scientists imported genetic variation by transplanting birds from larger populations
• The declining population rebounded
• Confirming that it had been on its way down an extinction vortex

Researchers observed that the population �collapse of the greater prairie chicken was mirrored in a reduction in �fertility, as measured by the hatching rate of eggs. Comparison of �DNA samples from the Jasper County, Illinois, population with DNA� from feathers in museum specimens showed that genetic variation �had declined in the study population. In 1992, researchers began �experimental translocations of prairie chickens from Minnesota, �Kansas, and Nebraska in an attempt to increase genetic variation.

After translocation (blue arrow), the viability of eggs rapidly improved, and the population rebounded.

The researchers concluded that lack of genetic � variation had started the Jasper County population of prairie� chickens down the extinction vortex.

Number of male birds

(a) Population dynamics

(b) Hatching rate

Eggs hatched (%)

Figure 55.10

Minimum Viable Population Size

• The minimum viable population (MVP)
• Is the minimum population size at which a species is able to sustain its numbers and survive
• A population viability analysis (PVA)
• Predicts a population’s chances for survival over a particular time
• Factors in the MVP of a population

Effective Population Size

• A meaningful estimate of MVP
• Requires a researcher to determine the effective population size, which is based on the breeding size of a population

Case Study: Analysis of Grizzly Bear Populations

• One of the first population viability analyses
• Was conducted as part of a long-term study of grizzly bears in Yellowstone National Park

Figure 55.11

Number of individuals

• This study has shown that the grizzly bear population
• Has grown substantially in the past 20 years

Females with cubs

Figure 55.12

Declining-Population Approach

• The declining-population approach
• Focuses on threatened and endangered populations that show a downward trend, regardless of population size
• Emphasizes the environmental factors that caused a population to decline in the first place

Steps for Analysis and Intervention

• Requires that population declines be evaluated on a case-by-case basis
• Involves a step-by-step proactive conservation strategy

Case Study: Decline of the Red-Cockaded Woodpecker

• Red-cockaded woodpeckers
• Require specific habitat factors for survival
• Had been forced into decline by habitat destruction

(a) A red-cockaded woodpecker perches at the � entrance to its nest site in a longleaf pine.

(b) Forest that can � sustain red-cockaded � woodpeckers has � low undergrowth.

(c) Forest that cannot sustain red-cockaded � woodpeckers has high, dense undergrowth that � impacts the woodpeckers’ access to feeding grounds.

Figure 55.13a–c

• In a study where breeding cavities were constructed
• New breeding groups formed only in these sites
• On the basis of this experiment
• A combination of habitat maintenance and excavation of new breeding cavities has enabled a once-endangered species to rebound

Weighing Conflicting Demands

• Conserving species often requires resolving conflicts
• Between the habitat needs of endangered species and human demands
• Concept 55.3: Landscape and regional conservation aim to sustain entire biotas
• In recent years, conservation biology
• Has attempted to sustain the biodiversity of entire communities, ecosystems, and landscapes
• One goal of landscape ecology, of which ecosystem management is part
• Is to understand past, present, and future patterns of landscape use and to make biodiversity conservation part of land-use planning

Landscape Structure and Biodiversity

• The structure of a landscape
• Can strongly influence biodiversity

Fragmentation and Edges

• The boundaries, or edges, between ecosystems
• Are defining features of landscapes

(a) Natural edges. Grasslands give way to forest ecosystems in � Yellowstone National Park.

(b) Edges created by human activity. Pronounced edges (roads) � surround clear-cuts in this photograph of a heavily logged rain � forest in Malaysia.

Figure 55.14a, b

• As habitat fragmentation increases
• And edges become more extensive, biodiversity tends to decrease

Figure 55.15

• Research on fragmented forests has led to the discovery of two groups of species
• Those that live in forest edge habitats and those that live in the forest interior

Corridors That Connect Habitat Fragments

• A movement corridor
• Is a narrow strip of quality habitat connecting otherwise isolated patches

Figure 55.16

• In areas of heavy human use
• Artificial corridors are sometimes constructed
• Movement corridors
• Promote dispersal and help sustain populations

Establishing Protected Areas

• Conservation biologists are applying their understanding of ecological dynamics
• In establishing protected areas to slow the loss of biodiversity
• Much of the focus on establishing protected areas
• Has been on hot spots of biological diversity

Finding Biodiversity Hot Spots

• A biodiversity hot spot is a relatively small area
• With an exceptional concentration of endemic species and a large number of endangered and threatened species

Terrestrial �biodiversity �hot spots

Figure 55.17

• Biodiversity hot spots are obviously good choices for nature reserves
• But identifying them is not always easy

Philosophy of Nature Reserves

• Nature reserves are biodiversity islands
• In a sea of habitat degraded to varying degrees by human activity
• One argument for extensive reserves
• Is that large, far-ranging animals with low-density populations require extensive habitats

Biotic boundary for

short-term survival;

MVP is 50 individuals.

• In some cases
• The size of reserves is smaller than the actual area needed to sustain a population

long-term survival;

MVP is 500 individuals.

Grand Teton

National Park

Yellowstone

Shoshone R.

Gallatin R.

Yellowstone R.

Figure 55.18

Zoned Reserves

• The zoned reserve model recognizes that conservation efforts
• Often involve working in landscapes that are largely human dominated

(a) Boundaries of the zoned reserves are indicated by black outlines.

• Zoned reserves
• Are often established as “conservation areas”

(b) Local schoolchildren marvel at the diversity of life in one of � Costa Rica’s reserves.

National park land

Buffer zone

PACIFIC OCEAN

CARIBBEAN SEA

Figure 55.19a, b

Figure 55.20

• Some zoned reserves in the Fiji islands are closed to fishing
• Which actually helps to improve fishing success in nearby areas
• Concept 55.4: Restoration ecology attempts to restore degraded ecosystems to a more natural state
• The larger the area disturbed
• The longer the time that is required for recovery

Recovery time (years)

(log scale)

• Whether a disturbance is natural or caused by humans
• Seems to make little difference in this size-time relationship

Natural disasters

Human-caused disasters

Natural OR human-

caused disasters

Groundwater

exploitation

Urbanization

agriculture

Spatial scale (km 2 )

Figure 55.21

• One of the basic assumptions of restoration ecology
• Is that most environmental damage is reversible
• Two key strategies in restoration ecology
• Are bioremediation and augmentation of ecosystem processes
• Bioremediation
• Is the use of living organisms to detoxify ecosystems

Biological Augmentation

• Biological augmentation
• Uses organisms to add essential materials to a degraded ecosystem

Exploring Restoration

• The newness and complexity of restoration ecology
• Require scientists to consider alternative solutions and adjust approaches based on experience

Truckee River, Nevada.

• Exploring restoration worldwide

Kissimmee River, Florida.

Figure 55.22

Tropical dry forest, Costa Rica.

Succulent Karoo, South Africa.

Rhine River, Europe.

Coastal Japan.

• Concept 55.5: Sustainable development seeks to improve the human condition while conserving biodiversity
• Facing increasing loss and fragmentation of habitats
• How can we best manage Earth’s resources?

Sustainable Biosphere Initiative

• The goal of this initiative is to define and acquire the basic ecological information necessary
• For the intelligent and responsible development, management, and conservation of Earth’s resources

Case Study: Sustainable Development in Costa Rica

• Costa Rica’s success in conserving tropical biodiversity
• Has involved partnerships between the government, other organizations, and private citizens

Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births)

• Human living conditions in Costa Rica
• Have improved along with ecological conservation

Life expectancy

Infant mortality

Life expectancy (years)

Figure 55.23

Biophilia and the Future of the Biosphere

• Our modern lives
• Are very different from those of early humans who hunted and gathered and painted on cave walls

(a) Detail of animals in a Paleolithic mural, Lascaux, France

Figure 55.24a

(b) Biologist Carlos Rivera Gonzales examining a tiny tree frog in � Peru

• But our behavior
• Reflects remnants of our ancestral attachment to nature and the diversity of life, the concept of biophilia

Figure 55.24b

• Our innate sense of connection to nature
• May eventually motivate a realignment of our environmental priorities

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What is biodiversity?

Planet Earth is full of finely-tuned ecosystems. Everything works in tandem with one another to support life on the planet and the continued existence of humans and animals alike. However, human activity has damaged our ecosystems, leading to climate change, habitat destruction, and species extinction . As a result, we are seeing unprecedented losses in biodiversity all over the world. But what exactly is biodiversity, and why is it important?

In this blog, we discuss what biodiversity is, why it is crucial to the survival of our planet, and what can be done to protect it.

Defining biodiversity

Biodiversity is a term that encapsulates the richness and variety of life forms found on Earth, from microbes living in the soil to elephants in the savannah to us humans in our cities.

Biodiversity encompasses three main components:

• Genetic diversity refers to the variety of genes within a species. This is vital for species’ ability to adapt to changing environments and evolve over time.
• Species diversity refers to the variety of species within a habitat or ecosystem. Each species plays a unique role in maintaining ecosystem functions.
• Ecosystem diversity refers to the variety of habitats, communities, and ecological processes within an area. It includes diverse ecosystems such as forests, wetlands, grasslands, and coral reefs.

All three of these components are crucial to keeping the planet healthy and in balance. It has taken millions of years for Earth to arrive at the ecosystems we see around us today, and without this biodiversity, life would be unable to thrive.

However, we are at risk of losing this wonderful ecosystem and the species that depend on it through the actions of humans. Protecting and conserving biodiversity is not only a moral imperative but is also essential for ensuring the wellbeing of future generations and the health of our planet.

Why is biodiversity important?

Understanding why biodiversity is important is crucial to our efforts to protect it. Let’s look at some of the reasons why biodiversity is key to maintaining the health of the planet.

Ecosystem stability

Biodiverse ecosystems are more resilient to disturbances such as disease outbreaks, climate change , and natural disasters. They can recover faster and maintain stability in the face of external pressures.

Pollination and agriculture

Many crops depend on pollinators such as bees , butterflies, and birds for reproduction. Biodiversity supports pollination, ensuring not only the flourishing of many species but also the productivity of agricultural systems and food security.

Did you know that at least 120 critical drugs used all over the world are derived from plants? A significant proportion of pharmaceutical drugs are derived from natural compounds found in plants, animals, and microorganisms. Biodiversity serves as a vast reservoir of potential medicines and treatments for various ailments.

Climate regulation

Forests, oceans, other ecosystems, and animals play a crucial role in regulating the Earth’s climate by sequestering carbon dioxide and mitigating the impacts of climate change. Areas of the planet that sequester large amounts of carbon dioxide are referred to as ‘ carbon sinks ’ and are key in maintaining the delicate climate conditions we need to survive.

Cultural value

Biodiversity enriches our lives in countless ways, from inspiring art and literature to offering opportunities for recreation, ecotourism, and spiritual connection with nature. This means it provides economic benefits, too.

Threats to biodiversity

Now that we know what biodiversity is and why it is important, let’s explore some of the main threats facing our planet’s biodiversity today.

Climate change

This probably comes as no surprise but climate change is one of, if not the biggest threat to our planet today. Human activity has led to increases in greenhouse gases in our atmosphere, leading to rapidly warming global temperatures .

These rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and extreme weather events also associated with climate change pose significant risks to biodiversity. Many species may struggle to adapt or migrate to suitable habitats as their current ranges become unsuitable.

Animals are adapted to their specific environments and ways of life, so by altering our ecosystems so drastically, humans are putting many animal species at risk of extinction.

Along with greenhouse gas emissions, human activities also release considerable amounts of pollutants into the environment. Pollution from various sources, including industrial runoff, agricultural pesticides, and plastic waste, contaminates ecosystems and harms wildlife. Chemical pollutants can disrupt hormone systems, impair reproduction, and weaken immune defences in animals.

And it’s not only animals that are at risk from pollution. The World Health Organisation estimates that approximately 6.7 million premature deaths annually are a direct result of ambient and household air pollution.

Habitat destruction and fragmentation

Habitat destruction and fragmentation is a pressing conservation concern the world over. The conversion of natural habitats for agriculture, urbanisation, and infrastructure development is a leading cause of biodiversity loss. Animals are forced to extinction by human encroachment as they no longer have suitable habitats in which to live and access to the resources they need to survive.

Fragmentation disrupts ecosystems , isolates populations, and reduces genetic diversity. In turn, this leaves populations vulnerable and less resilient to threats such as disease and poor weather conditions. It also increases the chances of human-wildlife conflict by placing humans and animals in closer proximity.

Invasive species

Invasive species are a leading cause of species extinctions and ecosystem degradation worldwide. Non-native species introduced to new environments can outcompete native species, disrupt food webs, and alter ecosystem dynamics.

The Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) reports that human activities like travel, shipping, and trade have been responsible for the introduction of more than 37,000 animals, plants, and other organisms to environments where they don’t naturally belong.

These alien species disrupt natural ecosystems and have contributed to 60% of recorded global extinctions . As a result, invasive species are recognised as one of the five major direct drivers of biodiversity loss globally.

Animal exploitation

Unsustainable hunting, fishing, and harvesting of wildlife for food, medicine, and commercial trade can deplete populations and drive species to extinction. The illegal wildlife trade , in particular, poses a grave threat to many endangered species.

How animals can help protect biodiversity

Biodiversity is no accident. It is a key cornerstone in the survival of the planet. In this way, many animals play crucial roles in their local ecosystems, helping to protect biodiversity and safeguard the environment. Read on to discover some of how animals protect biodiversity.

Ecosystem engineers

Many animals serve as ecosystem engineers . In other words, through their natural behaviours, they modify their ecosystems to promote biodiversity and keep the environment functioning as it should.

Elephants , for example, play many roles in changing and protecting their environment. They disperse seeds as they travel, fertilise the soil with their dung, and tear down trees and other shrubbery in their paths, creating new ways for animals to travel and mine resources from the mud.

Whales also play an important role in the health of our oceans. These mammals help to distribute nutrients across the ocean through their natural behaviours, supporting life across the food chain.

Although it may seem counterintuitive, predators play a key role in maintaining biodiversity by hunting prey populations. The natural relationship between predator and prey species keeps ecosystems in balance and stops one species from becoming dominant.

Without sharks , coral reefs would be unable to survive. Reef sharks keep populations of grouper and snapper fish under control through their natural hunting of these species. Without the sharks to keep populations in check, their numbers would be unsustainable. This, in turn, would lead to these species consuming more of their natural prey—algae-eating fish. Then, with fewer of these algae-eating fish present, algae would be free to consume coral reefs, leading to their destruction.

Keystone species

Another example of the predator-prey relationship maintaining biodiversity is in the action of wolves . Wolves are what is known as a keystone species, one that, if removed from their ecosystem, could lead to that ecosystem’s collapse.

This was seen when wolves were removed from Yellowstone National Park. The removal of the wolves led to an overabundance of deer, free to flourish once their main predator was removed. These deer overgrazed, destroying the habitats of other animals—such as birds and beavers—and forcing them out of their natural ecosystems.

How can you help protect biodiversity?

Here at IFAW, we have many projects that aim to protect our planet and its natural biodiversity. For example, IFAW’s Room to Roam initiative is connecting elephant habitats in 12 key locations in Africa, restoring natural habitats and promoting biodiversity in the region.

With increasing human encroachment into elephant territories, elephant habitats are becoming more and more fragmented. This prevents African savannah elephants from travelling through the environment and fulfilling their role as ecosystem engineers.

Want to help support our work? Learn more about how you can take action for animals .

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Biodiversity and conservation, 👉  part 1: levels of biodiversity, global species diversity, patterns & importance of biodiversity 👉  part 2: loss of biodiversity, biodiversity conservation, 15 comments.

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First-of-its-kind study definitively shows that conservation actions are effective at halting and reversing biodiversity loss

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A new study published online today, April 25, in the scientific journal Science provides the strongest evidence to date that not only is nature conservation successful, but that scaling conservation interventions up would be transformational for halting and reversing biodiversity loss—a crisis that can lead to ecosystem collapses and a planet less able to support life—and reducing the effects of climate change.

The findings of this first-ever comprehensive meta-analysis of the impact of conservation action are crucial as more than 44,000 species are documented as being at risk of extinction , with tremendous consequences for the ecosystems that stabilize the climate and that provide billions of people around the world with clean water, livelihoods, homes, and cultural preservation, among other ecosystem services. Governments recently adopted new global targets to halt and reverse biodiversity loss, making it even more critical to understand whether conservation interventions are working.

“If you look only at the trend of species declines, it would be easy to think that we’re failing to protect biodiversity, but you would not be looking at the full picture,” said Penny Langhammer, lead author of the study and executive vice president of Re:wild. “What we show with this paper is that conservation is, in fact, working to halt and reverse biodiversity loss. It is clear that conservation must be prioritized and receive significant additional resources and political support globally, while we simultaneously address the systemic drivers of biodiversity loss, such as unsustainable consumption and production.”

Although many studies look at individual conservation projects and interventions and their impact compared with no action taken, these papers have never been pulled into a single analysis to see how and whether conservation action is working overall. The co-authors conducted the first-ever meta-analysis of 186 studies, including 665 trials, that looked at the impact of a wide range of conservation interventions globally, and over time, compared to what would have happened without those interventions. The studies covered over a century of conservation action and evaluated actions targeting different levels of biodiversity—species, ecosystems, and genetic diversity.

The meta-analysis found that conservation actions—including the establishment and management of protected areas, the eradication and control of invasive species, the sustainable management of ecosystems, habitat loss reduction, and restoration—improved the state of biodiversity or slowed its decline in the majority of cases (66%) compared with no action taken at all. And when conservation interventions work, the paper’s co-authors found that they are highly effective .

For example:

• Management of invasive and problematic native predators on two of Florida’s barrier islands, Cayo Costa and North Captiva, resulted in an immediate and substantial improvement in nesting success by loggerhead turtles and least terns, especially compared with other barrier islands where no predator management was applied.
• In the Congo Basin, deforestation was 74% lower in logging concessions under a Forest Management Plan (FMP) compared with concessions without an FMP.
• Protected areas and Indigenous lands were shown to significantly reduce both deforestation rate and fire density in the Brazilian Amazon. Deforestation was 1.7 to 20 times higher and human-caused fires occurred four to nine times more frequently outside the reserve perimeters compared with inside.
• Captive breeding and release boosted the natural population of Chinook salmon in the Salmon River basin of central Idaho with minimal negative impacts on the wild population. On average, fish taken into the hatchery produced 4.7 times more adult offspring and 1.3 times more adult second generation offspring than naturally reproducing fish.

“Our study shows that when conservation actions work, they really work. In other words, they often lead to outcomes for biodiversity that are not just a little bit better than doing nothing at all, but many times greater,” said Jake Bicknell, co-author of the paper and a conservation scientist at DICE, University of Kent. “For instance, putting measures in place to boost the population size of an endangered species has often seen their numbers increase substantially. This effect has been mirrored across a large proportion of the case studies we looked at.”

Even in the minority of cases where conservation actions did not succeed in recovering or slowing the decline of the species or ecosystems that they were targeting compared with taking no action, conservationists benefited from the knowledge gained and were able to refine their methods. For example, in India the physical removal of invasive algae caused the spread of the algae elsewhere because the process broke the algae into many pieces, enabling their dispersal. Conservationists could now implement a different strategy to remove the algae that is more likely to be successful.

This might also explain why the co-authors found a correlation between more recent conservation interventions and positive outcomes for biodiversity— conservation is likely getting more effective over time . Other potential reasons for this correlation include an increase in funding and more targeted interventions.

In some other cases where the conservation action did not succeed in benefiting the target biodiversity compared with no action at all, other native species benefitted unintentionally instead. For example, seahorse abundance was lower in protected sites because marine protected areas increase the abundance of seahorse predators, including octopus.

“It would be too easy to lose any sense of optimism in the face of ongoing biodiversity declines,” said study co-author and Associate Professor Joseph Bull , from the University of Oxford’s Department of Biology. “However, our results clearly show that there is room for hope. Conservation interventions seemed to be an improvement on inaction most of the time; and when they were not, the losses were comparatively limited."

More than half of the world’s GDP, almost $44 trillion , is moderately or highly dependent on nature. According to previous studies, a comprehensive global conservation program would require an investment of between US$178 billion and US$524 billion , focused primarily in countries with particularly high levels of biodiversity. To put this in perspective, in 2022, global fossil fuel handouts--which are destructive to nature—were US$7 trillion . This is 13 times the highest amount needed annually to protect and restore the planet. Today more than US$121 billion is invested annually into conservation worldwide , and previous studies have found the cost-benefit ratio of an effective global program for the conservation of the wild is at least 1:100 .

“Conservation action works—this is what the science clearly shows us,” said Claude Gascon, co-author and director of strategy and operations at the Global Environment Facility. “It is also evident that to ensure that positive effects last, we need to invest more in nature and continue doing so in a sustained way. This study comes at a critical time where the world has agreed on ambitious and needed global biodiversity targets that will require conservation action at an entirely new scale. Achieving this is not only possible, it is well within our grasp as long as it is appropriately prioritized.”

The paper also argues that there must be more investment specifically in the effective management of protected areas, which remain the cornerstone for many conservation actions. Consistent with other studies, this study finds that protected areas work very well on the whole . And what other studies have shown is that when protected areas are not working, it is typically the result of a lack of effective management and adequate resourcing. Protected areas will be even more effective at reducing biodiversity loss if they are well-resourced and well-managed.

Moving forward, the study’s co-authors call for more and rigorous studies that look at the impact of conservation action versus inaction for a wider range of conservation interventions, such as those that look at the effectiveness of pollution control, climate change adaptation, and the sustainable use of species, and in more countries.

“For more than 75 years, IUCN has advanced the importance of sharing conservation practice globally,” said Grethel Aguilar, IUCN director general. “This paper has analyzed conservation outcomes at a level as rigorous as in applied disciplines like medicine and engineering—showing genuine impact and thus guiding the transformative change needed to safeguard nature at scale around the world. It shows that nature conservation truly works, from the species to the ecosystem levels across all continents. This analysis, led by Re:wild in collaboration with many IUCN Members, Commission experts, and staff, stands to usher in a new era in conservation practice.”

This work was conceived and funded through the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) by the Global Environment Facility.

Lindsay Renick Mayer

[email protected]

+1 512-686-6225

Devin Murphy

+1 512-686-6188

The paper ‘The positive impact of conservation action’ has been published in Science:  https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.adj6598  

Additional quotes

Thomas Brooks, co-author and chief scientist, IUCN

“This paper is not only extremely important in providing robust evidence of the impact of

conservation actions. It is also extremely timely in informing crucial international policy processes, including the establishment of a 20-year vision for IUCN, the development of an IPBES assessment of biodiversity monitoring, and the delivery of the action targets toward the outcome goals of the new Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework.”

Stuart Butchart, co-author and chief scientist, BirdLife International

“Recognising that the loss and degradation of nature is having consequences for societies worldwide, governments recently adopted a suite of goals and targets for biodiversity conservation. This new analysis is the best evidence to date that conservation interventions make a difference, slowing the loss of species’ populations and habitats and enabling them to recover. It provides strong support for scaling up investments in nature in order to meet the commitments that countries have signed up to.”

Jamie Carr, co-author and researcher in climate change and biodiversity governance, Leverhulme Centre for Anthropocene Biodiversity, University of York, UK “This work represents a huge effort on the part of many conservation professionals, all of whom are committed to reversing the loss of the world's biodiversity. It is encouraging to find that the past work of other conservationists has had a positive impact on nature, and I sincerely hope that our findings inspire those working now and in the future to ramp up their efforts."

Piero Genovesi, ISPRA, co-author and chair, IUCN SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group

“Species and ecosystems are facing a dramatic crisis, and the Biodiversity Plan of the United Nations is an urgent global call to action. This paper shows that eradication, control and management of invasive alien species have the largest impact in terms of conservation, and can help reverse the current trends of biodiversity loss, potentially saving hundreds of species from extinction. It is essential that governments and donors support the struggle against invasive alien species if we want to meet the agreed biodiversity targets by 2030.”

Mike Hoffmann, co-author and head of wildlife recovery, Zoological Society of London

“The major advance of this study is its sheer weight of evidence. We can point to specific examples, such as how captive breeding and reintroductions have facilitated the return of scimitar-horned oryx to the wild in Chad, but these can feel a bit exceptional. This study draws on more than 650 published cases to show that conservation wins are not rare. Conservation mostly works—unfortunately, it is also mostly significantly under-resourced.”

Madhu Rao, chair, IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas “With less than six years remaining to achieve ambitious biodiversity targets by 2030, there is a great sense of urgency for effective conservation action. We can take proven methods to conserve nature, such as protected areas, and scale them up for real conservation impact. This research clearly demonstrates that conservation actions are successful. We just need to take them to scale.”

Jon Paul Rodriguez, chair of the IUCN Species Survival Commission

“Anyone involved in the field of conservation will have witnessed the power of nature to regenerate and grow, given a chance to do so. From fishery exclusion zones, to ecological restoration on land, and animal, fungi and plant recovery efforts, there are numerous examples of halting and reversing biodiversity declines. Langhammer and colleagues synthesize knowledge on the impact of conservation action, and demonstrate that evidence-based conservation efforts indeed work in the majority of cases, not just in a few hand-picked examples. Much more money is spent on destroying nature than on protection and recovery. The authors show that tipping the balance in favor of nature is likely to help us deliver the world's ambitious biodiversity conservation targets.”

Gernot Segelbacher, co-author, professor and co-chair of Conservation Genetic Specialist Group, University Freiburg

“Conservation matters! While we so often hear about species declining or going extinct, this study shows that we can make a difference.”

Stephen Woodley, co-author, ecologist and vice chair for science and biodiversity, IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas

“The world needs hope that conservation action can work to halt and reverse biodiversity loss.  This paper demonstrates that a range of conservation actions are highly effective. We just need to do more of them.”

Re:wild protects and restores the wild. We have a singular and powerful focus: the wild as the most effective solution to the interconnected climate, biodiversity and human wellbeing crises. Founded by a group of renowned conservation scientists together with Leonardo DiCaprio, Re:wild is a force multiplier that brings together Indigenous peoples, local communities, influential leaders, nongovernmental organizations, governments, companies and the public to protect and rewild at the scale and speed we need. Learn more at rewild.org .

University of Oxford

Oxford University has been placed number 1 in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings for the eighth year running, and ​number 3 in the QS World Rankings 2024. At the heart of this success are the twin-pillars of our ground-breaking research and innovation and our distinctive educational offer. Oxford is world-famous for research and teaching excellence and home to some of the most talented people from across the globe. Our work helps the lives of millions, solving real-world problems through a huge network of partnerships and collaborations. The breadth and interdisciplinary nature of our research alongside our personalised approach to teaching sparks imaginative and inventive insights and solutions.

Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology (DICE)

The Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology (DICE) is a research centre at the University of Kent. Its teaching and research is designed to break down the barriers between the natural and social sciences and produce real-world impact. Its mission is to conserve biodiversity and the ecological processes that support ecosystems and people, by developing capacity and improving conservation management and policy through high-impact research.  

University of Kent

The University of Kent in England is renowned internationally for the quality of its teaching and research, with many of its academic schools and centres being among the best in their disciplines across the arts and humanities, sciences, and social sciences. Its campuses at Canterbury and Medway welcome more than 17,000 students from over 150 countries. The University of Kent is individually and collectively in the pursuit of progress, with a student-focused approach which is supportive, challenging and rewarding, and interdisciplinary research driven by collaboration to create positive impact. We are proud to be a values-driven university and work hard to ensure that our students are at the heart of all we do. We are committed to offering one of the best education and student experiences in the UK, undertaking research and innovation of the highest standard, and being a civic university that serves and contributes to our communities.

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)

IUCN is a membership Union composed of both government and civil society organisations. It harnesses the experience, resources and reach of its more than 1,400 Member organisations and the input of more than 16,000 experts. IUCN is the global authority on the status of the natural world and the measures needed to safeguard it.

IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA)

The World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA) is the world's premier network of protected and conserved areas expertise. The Commission has over 2500 members spanning 140 countries who provide strategic advice to policymakers and work to strengthen capacity and investment for protected areas establishment and management.

Arizona State University

Arizona State University has developed a new model for the American Research University, creating an institution that is committed to access, excellence and impact. ASU measures itself by those it includes, not by those it excludes. As the prototype for a New American University, ASU pursues research that contributes to the public good, and ASU assumes major responsibility for the economic, social and cultural vitality of the communities that surround it. www.asu.edu

BirdLife International

BirdLife International is the world's largest nature conservation Partnership: a global family of 122 national NGOs covering all continents, landscapes and seascapes. BirdLife is driven by its belief that local people, working for nature in their own places but connected nationally and internationally through the global Partnership, are the key to sustaining all life on this planet. This unique local-to-global approach delivers high impact and long-term conservation for the benefit of nature and people.

Global Environment Facility (GEF)

The Global Environment Facility (GEF) is a multilateral family of funds dedicated to confronting biodiversity loss, climate change, and pollution, and supporting land and ocean health. Its financing enables developing countries to address complex challenges and work towards international environmental goals. The partnership includes 186 member governments as well as civil society, Indigenous Peoples, women, and youth, with a focus on integration and inclusivity. Over the past three decades, the GEF has provided nearly $25 billion in financing and mobilized another $138 billion for thousands of priority projects and programs. The family of funds includes the Global Environment Facility Trust Fund, Global Biodiversity Framework Fund (GBFF), Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF), Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF), Nagoya Protocol Implementation Fund (NPIF), and Capacity-building Initiative for Transparency Trust Fund (CBIT).

Zoological Society of London (ZSL)

Founded in 1826, ZSL is an international conservation charity, driven by science, working to restore wildlife in the UK and around the world; by protecting critical species, restoring ecosystems, helping people and wildlife live together and inspiring support for nature. Through our leading conservation zoos, London and Whipsnade, we bring people closer to nature and use our expertise to protect wildlife today, while inspiring a lifelong love of animals in the conservationists of tomorrow. Visit www.zsl.org for more information.   

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CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY.

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First-of-its-kind study shows conservation interventions are critical to halting and reversing biodiversity loss

A new study in the scientific journal Science provides the strongest evidence to date that not only is environmental conservation successful, but that scaling conservation interventions up would be transformational for halting and reversing biodiversity loss, a crisis that leads to ecosystem collapse and a planet less able to support life. 

Predator management of two of Florida’s barrier islands, Cayo Costa and North Captiva, resulted in an immediate and substantial improvement in nesting success by loggerhead turtles 

Protected areas, including Marine Protected Areas, are one of the key conservation actions included in the meta-analysis

The findings of this first-ever comprehensive meta-analysis of the impact of conservation action, conceived and funded through the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) by the Global Environment Facility, are crucial as more than 44,000 species are documented as being at risk of extinction, with tremendous consequences for the ecosystems that stabilize the climate and that provide billions of people around the world with clean water, livelihoods, homes, and cultural preservation, among other ecosystem services. Governments recently adopted new global targets to halt and reverse biodiversity loss, making it even more critical to understand whether conservation interventions are working.

“If you look only at the trend of species declines, it would be easy to think that we’re failing to protect biodiversity, but you would not be looking at the full picture,” said Penny Langhammer, lead author of the study and executive vice president of Re:wild . “What we show with this paper is that conservation is, in fact, working to halt and reverse biodiversity loss. It is clear that conservation must be prioritised and receive significant additional resources and political will globally, while we simultaneously address the systemic drivers of biodiversity loss, such as overconsumption and production.”

Although many papers look at individual conservation projects and interventions and their impact compared to no action taken, these papers have never been pulled into a single analysis to see how and whether conservation action is working overall. The co-authors conducted the first-ever meta-analysis of 186 studies, including 665 trials, that looked at the impact of a wide range of conservation interventions globally, and over time, compared to what would have happened without those interventions. The studies covered over a century of conservation action and evaluated actions targeting different levels of biodiversity – species, ecosystems and genetic diversity.

“For more than 75 years, IUCN has advanced the importance of sharing conservation practice globally,” said Dr Grethel Aguilar, IUCN Director General . “This paper has analysed conservation outcomes at a level as rigorous as in applied disciplines like medicine and engineering – showing genuine impact and thus guiding the transformative change needed to safeguard nature at scale around the world. It shows that nature conservation truly works, from the species to the ecosystem levels across all continents. This analysis, led by Re:wild in collaboration with many IUCN Members, Commission experts, and staff, stands to usher in a new era in conservation practice.”

From the establishment and management of protected areas, to the eradication and control of invasive species, to the sustainable management of ecosystems, to habitat loss reduction and restoration, the research finds that conservation actions improve the state of biodiversity or slow its decline the majority of the time (66% of the time) compared to no action taken at all. And when conservation interventions work, the paper’s co-authors found that they are highly effective.

For example:

• Predator management of two of Florida’s barrier islands, Cayo Costa and North Captiva, resulted in an immediate and substantial improvement in nesting success by loggerhead turtles and least terns, especially compared to other barrier islands where no predator management was applied.
• In the Congo Basin, deforestation was 74% lower in logging concessions under a Forest Management Plan (FMP) compared to concessions without an FMP.
• Protected areas and Indigenous lands were shown to significantly reduce both deforestation and fire in the Brazilian Amazon. Deforestation was 1.7 to 20 times higher along the outside of the reserve perimeters compared to inside, and fires occurred four to nine times more frequently.
• Supportive breeding boosted the natural population of Chinook salmon in the Salmon River basin of central Idaho with minimal negative impacts on the wild population. On average, fish taken into the hatchery produced 4.7 times more adult offspring and 1.3 times more adult grand-offspring than naturally reproducing fish.

" This paper is not only extremely important in providing robust evidence of the impact of conservation actions. It is also extremely timely in informing crucial international policy processes, including the establishment of a 20-year vision for IUCN, the development of an IPBES assessment of biodiversity monitoring, and the delivery of the action targets toward the outcome goals of the new Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework," Thomas Brooks, IUCN chief scientist and co-author of the study,  said.

“Our study shows that when conservation actions work, they really work. In other words, they often lead to outcomes for biodiversity that are not just a little bit better than doing nothing at all, but many times greater,” added  J a ke Bicknell, co-author of the paper and a conservation scientist at the University of Kent . “For instance, putting measures in place to boost the population size of an endangered species has seen their populations increase substantially. This effect has been mirrored across a large proportion of the case studies we've looked at.”

Even in the minority of cases where conservation actions did not succeed in protecting the species or ecosystems that they aimed to protect compared to taking no action, conservationists benefited from the knowledge gained and were able to refine their methods. For example, in India the physical removal of invasive algae caused the spread of the establishment of the algae elsewhere because the process broke the algae into many pieces. Conservationists are now able to implement a different, more successful, strategy to remove the algae.

This might also explain why the co-authors found a correlation between more recent conservation interventions and positive outcomes for biodiversity--conservation may be getting more effective over time. Other reasons for this correlation include an increase in funding and more targeted interventions.

In some other cases where the conservation action did not succeed in protecting the target biodiversity compared to no action at all, other native biodiversity benefitted unintentionally instead. For example, seahorse abundance was lower in protected sites because marine protected areas increase the abundance of seahorse predators, including octopus.

“It would be too easy to lose any sense of optimism in the face of ongoing biodiversity declines,” said study co-author and Associate Professor Joseph Bull, from the University of Oxford’s Department of Biology . “However, our results clearly show that there is room for hope. Conservation interventions seemed to be an improvement on inaction most of the time; and when they were not, the losses were comparatively limited."

According to previous studies, a comprehensive global conservation program would require an investment of between US$178 billion and US$524 billion, focused primarily in countries with particularly high levels of biodiversity. To put this in perspective, in 2022, global fossil fuel handouts--which are destructive to nature--were US$1 trillion. This is twice the highest amount needed annually to protect and restore the planet. Today US$121 billion is invested annually into conservation worldwide, and previous studies have found the cost:benefit ratio of an effective global program for the conservation of the wild is at least 1:100.

“With less than six years remaining to achieve ambitious biodiversity targets by 2030, there is a great sense of urgency for effective conservation action. We can take proven methods to conserve nature, such as protected areas, and scale them up for real conservation impact. This research clearly demonstrates that conservation actions are successful.  We just need to take them to scale,”  Madhu Rao, chair IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas, said.

“Anyone involved in the field of conservation will have witnessed the power of nature to regenerate and grow, given a chance to do so. From fishery exclusion zones, to ecological restoration on land, and animal, fungi and plant recovery efforts, there are numerous examples of halting and reversing biodiversity declines. Langhammer and colleagues synthesize knowledge on the impact of conservation action, and demonstrate that evidence-based conservation efforts indeed work in the majority of cases, not just in a few hand-picked examples. Much more money is spent on destroying nature than on protection and recovery. The authors show that tipping the balance in favour of nature is likely to help us deliver the world's ambitious biodiversity conservation targets,”  Jon Paul Rodriguez, chair of the IUCN Species Survival Commission , added.

The paper also argues that there must be more investment specifically in the effective management of protected areas, which remain the cornerstone for many conservation actions. Consistent with other studies, this study finds that protected areas work very well on the whole. And what other studies have shown is that when protected areas are not working, it is typically the result of a lack of effective management and adequate resourcing. Protected areas will be even more effective at reducing biodiversity loss if they are well-resourced and well-managed.

Moving forward, the study’s co-authors call for more and rigorous studies that look at the impact of conservation action versus inaction for a wider range of conservation interventions, such as those that look at the effectiveness of pollution control, climate change adaptation, and the sustainable use of species, and in more countries.

Additional quotes:

Piero Genovesi, ISPRA, co-author and chair, IUCN SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group “Species and ecosystems are facing a dramatic crisis, and the Biodiversity Plan of the United Nations is an urgent global call to action. This paper shows that eradication, control and management of invasive alien species have the largest impact in terms of conservation, and can help reverse the current trends of biodiversity loss, potentially saving hundreds of species from extinction. It is essential that governments and donors support the struggle against invasive alien species if we want to meet the agreed biodiversity targets by 2030.”

Stephen Woodley, co-author, ecologist and vice chair for science and biodiversity, IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas “The world hope that conservation action can work to halt and reverse biodiversity loss.  This paper demonstrates that a range of conservation actions are highly effective. We just need to do more of them.”

Stuart Butchart, co-author and chief scientist, BirdLife International “Recognising that the loss and degradation of nature is having consequences for societies worldwide, governments recently adopted a suite of goals and targets for biodiversity conservation. This new analysis is the best evidence to date that conservation interventions make a difference, slowing the loss of species’ populations and habitats and enabling them to recover. It provides strong support for scaling up investments in nature in order to meet the commitments that countries have signed up to.”

Jamie Carr, co-author and researcher in climate change and biodiversity governance, Leverhulme Centre for Anthropocene Biodiversity, University of York, UK “This work represents a huge effort on the part of many conservation professionals, all of whom are committed to reversing the loss of the world's biodiversity. It is encouraging to find that the past work of other conservationists has had a positive impact on nature, and I sincerely hope that our findings inspire those working now and in the future to ramp up their efforts."

Mike Hoffmann, co-author and head of wildlife recovery, Zoological Society of London “The major advance of this study is its sheer weight of evidence. We can point to specific examples, such as how captive breeding and reintroductions have facilitated the return of scimitar-horned oryx to the wild in Chad, but these can feel a bit exceptional. This study draws on more than 650 published cases to show that conservation wins are not rare. Conservation mostly works—unfortunately, it is also mostly significantly under-resourced.”

Gernot Segelbacher, co-author, professor and co-chair of Conservation Genetic Specialist Group, University Freiburg “Conservation matters! While we so often hear about species declining or going extinct, this study shows that we can make a difference.”

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Tree and Shrub Associations by Foraging Birds in Southern California Black Walnut Woodlands

May 14 @ 7:00 pm - 9:00 pm.

Presented by Natasha Khanna-Dang.

Inspired by local community efforts in Northeast Los Angeles to use tree protection ordinances as a means of halting development projects, I will share about my research which was inspired and informed by local efforts to conserve habitat and address gentrification in Northeast Los Angeles. I conducted a bird foraging study to quantify the ecological significance of key tree and shrub species in Southern California black walnut woodland habitat. I studied plant community composition, and the role plants play within food webs for avifauna. Ongoing housing development trends in Los Angeles County continues to impact black walnut woodland while also fueling gentrification. My research will contribute to understanding what value these woodlands provide to the larger ecosystem, how to improve biodiversity conservation in fragmented urban green spaces and discuss how conservation science can better inform local stewardship efforts.

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CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY

Nov 04, 2019

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CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY. INTRODUCTION BIODIVERSITY (definition) Different variations of living organisms including terrestrial (living on land) , marine and other aquatic ecosystems. Differences within species, between species and ecosystems IMPORTANCE

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CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY INTRODUCTION BIODIVERSITY (definition) Different variations of living organisms including terrestrial (living on land) , marine and other aquatic ecosystems. Differences within species, between species and ecosystems IMPORTANCE It requires conservation because of its importance for evolution purposes maintaining life-sustaining systems of the planet It provides so called eco system which are crucial for human survival, e.g. Food, fresh water.

INTERNATIONALY • May 2002 sixth conference of Parties to the Convention on Biological diversity. • Parties agreed on Biodiversity targets • Which aim • At the reduction of the current rate of biodiversity loss at global, regional and national level to contribute to poverty alleviation and to the benefit of all life on earth. • This goal has not been met as there if still an indication of continued decline in biodiversity in all three of its main components • Genes • Species • Ecoystems • This includes • The loss of forests • Continued decline in crop and livestock genetic diversity • Habitat change, overexploitation , pollution, invasive alien species and climate change are five main pressures directly driving biodiversity loss, and these are all either constant or increasing in intensity

BIODIVERSITY IN SOUTH AFRICA • INTRODUCTION • South Africa is rich in biodiversity, it ranks as the third most biologically diverse country in the world. • Thus conservation of biodiversity is South Africa is important, not just for this country by globally. • SA has enacted a number of National Acts dealing specifically with the conservation of biodiversity. • The one which stands out is the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, which is aimed at implementing the Convention on Biological diversity

COMMON LAW (not made by parliament or government, unwritten law) • SA mixed legal system, Roman and Common law • Relies on Res Nullius of animals “ if an animal escapes, or is not captured and kept with the intention to become owner they are deemed to be Res Nullius”. • Consequences for conservation is that any animal not within physical control of a person is not protected for being hunted or captured by any other person.

GAME THEFT ACT 105 OF 1991 • The common law amended so that game farmed game remained property of the person who keeps or holds game • They wont loose ownership of the game if it escapes from enclosed land, kraal or vehicle. • The Act also prohibits any person from entering another persons land who has the intention to steal or luring game away from another person. • It also provides the court with the power to award compensation for theft or malicious damage to game

NEM : BIODIVERSITY ACT 10 OF 2004 • Based on the white paper on the conservation and sustainable use of South Africa’s Biological Diversity • Its objectives are to provide for the management and conservation of South Africa’s Biodiversity through a number of mechanism • Provides for equitable access to resources • Protection of species and ecosystems that require national protection • The sustainable use of indigenous biological resources • The fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from bio prospecting indigenous biological resources • Act provides for the establishment of SA Biodiversity institute

Interpretation, objectives and application of the Biodiversity Act • Objectives are to • To give effect to the ratified international agreements relating to biodiversity which bind South Africa • The provision for co-operative governance in biodiversity management and conservation • It puts Biodiversity resources in the trust of the state (public trust doctrine)

SA National Biodiversity Institute • The act also establishes the national biodiversity institute in chapter 2. • Sets out • Its governance structures • Its operating procedures • Details of administration and financial matters • Its powers over national botanical gardens. • Functions also includes the monitoring and reporting on biodiversity matters in south Africa

CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES • It has to keep a record of all biodiversity in SA to ensure that biodiversity resources survive. • Promote research of all kind – must make taxonomy of all SA biodiversity resources • Oversee and overlook benefit sharing when biosphering takes place as well as manage the process

Biodiversity planning and monitoring • In chapter 3 of the Act • Responsibility of the minister • Mechanism for man of biodiversity in SA • Min to proclaim biodiversity framework (which covers the whole of SA identifies certain geographical features, topographical and indicates where everything is. • Bioregions must be declared by minister or MEC ( which are identified for specific features in relation to biodiversity and natural resources because biodiversity is living from the natural world) • Bioregional plan is intended to set out measures for the effective management of biodiversity as well as provide for monitoring plans • They must be adopted by organs of state identified in the Act • Plans are specifically for management of bioregions.

Biodiversity management plans • Anyone can approach MIN or MEC to est a protected enviro, usually done from the point of view of civil initiative.(involves land owners who identify unique features on there property) • Such initiatives taken by people or state, they are identified as management authority for the specific land, then appointed i.t.o act by means of a notice in Gov Gazette , thus they must draw up man plans for area they want to protect • Whole reason for this is to get civil society involved in Biodiversity protection

Threatened or protected ecosystems and species • Chapter 4 of the Act • Act prov for the • protection of threated or ecosystems and species • Gives effect to the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora (CITES) • First step • Is identifying them, on the basis of scientific knowledge • 2nd step • List them on a sliding scale, from highly threated to less threated. • 3rd step • Find out which type of activities are performed in regard to these • Once identified • List them • They can either prohibit some and control other activities • 4th step • Conditionalise them • Either prohibit them • Or allow them subject to conditions .

Trade in listed or protected species • Dealt with in part 3 of Chapter 4 • Meant to control and manage the trade of species which are threated or endanger • (Also not only found i.t.o list provisions which fall under this act but also i.t.o Conservation of Agriculture Resources Act as well as the system provided for and maintained by the World Conservation Union) • 3 categories of protection which identify the endangered species • Identified according to scientific criteria • Critically endangered • Endangered • Point of extinction • Then intro a system of control • Either prohibit • Impose strict control • Less strict control

Species and organisms posing potential threats to biodiversity • Chapter 5 • Alien species • Not indigenous species (coming from outside SA or indigenous species to be trans located to a place outside natural distribution range in nature.) • Invasive species • Introduced but provide a threat as can destroy everything around them • Alien species do not necessary destroy something around them.

System is the same as Chapter 4 • Identify them according to the effect they have on the natural environment • List • Declared • Activity associated with them strictly controlled • S 69 Biodiversity Act imposes a duty of care on a person who carry out permitted activities in respect of alien species in such a way that harm to biodiversity is prevented or minimised. • Duty of care empowers competent authority to take steps to mitigate, rectify and rehabilitate when harm occurs.

Genetically modified organisms • i.t.o Chapter 5, where G.M.O’s released into the Enviro or planted and the minister of opinion they pose threat to species or natural enviro will not issue a permit for the release of GMO’s • He can stop the issuing of a permit until an enviro impact assessment has been conducted

BIOPROSPECTING, ACCESS AND BENEFIT-SHARING • Deals with the utilisation and sustainable utilisation of biodiversity resources of various kinds and various resources • Most common is Bio-prospecting for manufacturing and distributing of pharmaceutical products and cosmetic products • Bio prospecting involves local communities and the utilisation of indigenous knowledge systems.

Bio prospecting – biodiversity resources are defined i.t.o convention as common resources to man kind, that all countries should have access to biodiversity resources of earth. • Therefore countries must allow scientist of other countries to have access to resources under their national control (which is conditionalised) • Therefore access cannot be refused but can be conditionalised, which means controlled by means of legislation.

Bio prospecting can only take place with prior consultation of states, consensus and agreement with communities where bio prospecting is going to take place.

Permits • Chapter 7 • Sets out the procedure for application, including requirement of independent risk assessment. • The issuing authority is the national minister or other organs of state designated by the minister i.t.o s 97

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Jeff Bezos, Lauren Sanchez get and give philanthropy awards

Amazon founder Jeff Bezos and fiancee Lauren Sanchez have been busy recently receiving and doling out philanthropy-related awards.

The engaged couple became the recipients of Conservation International’s "Global Visionary Award" late last week. 

It "highlights Bezos’s and Sanchez’s unwavering dedication to addressing the twin crises of climate change and biodiversity loss by preserving Earth’s most critical ecosystems and supporting the local communities that safeguard them," the environment-focused nonprofit said in a press release.

Bezos and Sanchez respectively guide the Bezos Earth Fund , which seeks to make various grants worth $100 million combined before the start of the next decade "to fight climate change and biodiversity loss," as the executive chair and vice chair.

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Conservation International’s presentation of the "Global Visionary Award" to the couple occurred while they attended the organization’s gala dinner in New York City. During the event, they also participated in a discussion about their efforts with actor Harrison Ford.

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"Jeff and I are so honored to receive Conservation International’s Global Visionary Award. It’s really a testament to the efforts of so many amazing @BezosEarthFund partners," Sanchez wrote on Instagram. "It wasn’t just fun, but genuinely moving chatting with Harrison about our shared goals for taking care of this planet , inventing a path forward, and giving people reason for optimism about the future."

The Bezos Earth Fund has identified "conserving & restoring nature," "future of food" and "decarbonizing energy & industry" as some of the areas it focuses on.

The amount of funds that the Bezos Earth  Fund has doled out since its foundation four years ago totals $2 billion, according to its website. That includes over 230 grants.

Bezos and Sanchez’s receipt of the "Global Visionary Award" came about six weeks after the couple bestowed this year’s "Bezos Courage & Civility Award." 

SEE JEFF BEZOS AND LAUREN SANCHEZ STEP OUT AT COACHELLA

That award, announced in mid-March, went to two individuals: actress Eva Longoria and retired Navy Admiral Bill McRaven. With the honor, they both got $50 million that they can put toward whatever charity they want.

The award aims to "recognize leaders who aim high and pursue solutions with courage and civility" to "today’s seemingly intractable problems," according to a press release.

Longoria, who created the Eva Longoria Foundation to support Latino education and entrepreneurship, said she was "thrilled to have this opportunity to build and expand on that work to invest in the infrastructure of opportunity for my community."

JEFF BEZOS GIVES OVER $117 MILLION TO GROUPS FIGHTING HOMELESSNESS

The award given to McRaven will "change the lives of countless veterans and their families," the retired Navy admiral said at the time.

Sanchez and Bezos held an event to bestow the 2024 edition of the "Bezos Courage & Civility Award" in Washington, D.C. with many big names in attendance.

Bezos had a personal fortune worth $202.4 billion as of Thursday, according to Forbes.

Original article source: Jeff Bezos, Lauren Sanchez get and give philanthropy awards