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Gender disparities often start small in early childhood. Worldwide, girls and boys are just as likely to be registered at birth and immunized against life-threatening diseases. Many participate in preschool at similar rates. And as they grow, girls are equally – or slightly more – developmentally on track than boys.

But adolescence brings significant change. The onset of puberty can expose girls to discriminatory practices that result in severe physical and mental harm – even rights violations. Compared to boys their age, adolescent girls face higher burdens of domestic work, disproportionate risks of child marriage , and greater threats of gender-based violence .

They also face more severe consequences when cut off from critical care. Complications from pregnancy remain a leading cause of death and disability for adolescent girls in the least developed countries. This is especially the case for the hundreds of millions of girls who have been subjected to female genital mutilation , or for child brides, who often become pregnant young. Adolescent girls are more likely than anyone else to experience sexual violence. And among new HIV infections in adolescents, three quarters occur in girls.

Learning inequalities also widen as children grow. Girls typically receive less support than boys to pursue the studies they choose, like science and mathematics. During adolescence, those who have been married off or become pregnant may be forced to drop out of school entirely. And in low-income countries, many miss out because their schools can’t meet girls' safety and hygiene needs, or because families living in poverty tend to favour boys when investing in their children's futures.

As a result, twice as many girls than boys globally are not in any form of education, employment or training by the time they reach late adolescence.

When denied their most basic rights, girls have fewer chances to improve their circumstances and pass down opportunities to their own children – entrenching barriers to prosperity across generations.

In this way and others, boys also suffer from gender norms. Notions of masculinity can fuel child labour , gang violence and recruitment into armed groups . No matter where it prevails, or how it manifests, gender inequality harms every member of society.

Reducing inequality strengthens economies and builds stable, resilient societies that give everyone the chance to thrive.

UNICEF builds partnerships across the world to accelerate gender equality. In all areas of our work, we  integrate strategies that address gender-specific discrimination and disadvantages. This means partnering with national health sectors to expand quality maternal care and to support the professionalization of the mostly female community health workforce. It means promoting the role of women in the design and delivery of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services. And it means working with the education sector to ensure girls and boys excel in their learning, and find pathways to meaningful employment.

For adolescent girls especially, UNICEF invests in skills building to further their economic empowerment as entrepreneurs, innovators and leaders. We focus on providing learning environments at a time and place that suit girls’ individual circumstances. And we work on assistive technologies for girls with disabilities, along with the expansion of digital platforms, vocational training and apprenticeships.

To keep girls safe from harm, UNICEF programmes focus on preventing gender-based violence , ending child marriage , eliminating female genital mutilation , supporting menstrual health management , delivering HIV and AIDS care, meeting girls' specific psychosocial needs , and more. We invest in innovative models that protect even the hardest-to-reach girls – like virtual safe spaces that allow them to report violence and connect to local resources for support.

Delivering With and For Adolescent Girls

Five game-changing priorities

Gender Action Plan, 2022–2025

Advancing gender equality is essential to realizing the rights of all children

Global Annual Results Report 2022: Gender equality

Addressing gender inequalities and promoting women’s and girls’ empowerment and well-being to build an equal future for all children

Adolescent Girls – The Investment Case

Investing in girls is not only the right thing to do for girls, it will also have positive impacts on their families, their communities, and their societies

Data and insights

Our research

Our insights

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The Time Is Now

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Rotary International President Shekhar Mehta reflects on the importance of empowering girls

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Programmes and interventions centred on girls reap benefits for everyone.

Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls

Gender equality is not only a fundamental human right, but a necessary foundation for a peaceful, prosperous and sustainable world. There has been progress over the last decades, but the world is not on track to achieve gender equality by 2030.

Women and girls represent half of the world’s population and therefore also half of its potential. But gender inequality persists everywhere and stagnates social progress. On average, women in the labor market still earn 23 percent less than men globally and women spend about three times as many hours in unpaid domestic and care work as men.

Sexual violence and exploitation, the unequal division of unpaid care and domestic work, and discrimination in public office, all remain huge barriers. All these areas of inequality have been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic: there has been a surge in reports of sexual violence, women have taken on more care work due to school closures, and 70% of health and social workers globally are women.

At the current rate, it will take an estimated 300 years to end child marriage, 286 years to close gaps in legal protection and remove discriminatory laws, 140 years for women to be represented equally in positions of power and leadership in the workplace, and 47 years to achieve equal representation in national parliaments.

Political leadership, investments and comprehensive policy reforms are needed to dismantle systemic barriers to achieving Goal 5 Gender equality is a cross-cutting objective and must be a key focus of national policies, budgets and institutions.

How much progress have we made?

International commitments to advance gender equality have brought about improvements in some areas: child marriage and female genital mutilation (FGM) have declined in recent years, and women’s representation in the political arena is higher than ever before. But the promise of a world in which every woman and girl enjoys full gender equality, and where all legal, social and economic barriers to their empowerment have been removed, remains unfulfilled. In fact, that goal is probably even more distant than before, since women and girls are being hit hard by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Are they any other gender-related challenges?

Yes. Worldwide, nearly half of married women lack decision-making power over their sexual and reproductive health and rights. 35 per cent of women between 15-49 years of age have experienced physical and/ or sexual intimate partner violence or non-partner sexual violence.1 in 3 girls aged 15-19 have experienced some form of female genital mutilation/cutting in the 30 countries in Africa and the Middle East, where the harmful practice is most common with a high risk of prolonged bleeding, infection (including HIV), childbirth complications, infertility and death.

This type of violence doesn’t just harm individual women and girls; it also undermines their overall quality of life and hinders their active involvement in society.

Why should gender equality matter to me?

Regardless of where you live in, gender equality is a fundamental human right. Advancing gender equality is critical to all areas of a healthy society, from reducing poverty to promoting the health, education, protection and the well-being of girls and boys.

What can we do?

If you are a girl, you can stay in school, help empower your female classmates to do the same and fight for your right to access sexual and reproductive health services. If you are a woman, you can address unconscious biases and implicit associations that form an unintended and often an invisible barrier to equal opportunity.

If you are a man or a boy, you can work alongside women and girls to achieve gender equality and embrace healthy, respectful relationships.

You can fund education campaigns to curb cultural practices like female genital mutilation and change harmful laws that limit the rights of women and girls and prevent them from achieving their full potential.

The Spotlight Initiative is an EU/UN partnership, and a global, multi-year initiative focused on eliminating all forms of violence against women and girls – the world’s largest targeted effort to end all forms of violence against women and girls.

Facts and figures

Goal 5 targets.

• With only seven years remaining, a mere 15.4 per cent of Goal 5 indicators with data are “on track”, 61.5 per cent are at a moderate distance and 23.1 per cent are far or very far off track from 2030 targets.
• In many areas, progress has been too slow. At the current rate, it will take an estimated 300 years to end child marriage, 286 years to close gaps in legal protection and remove discriminatory laws, 140 years for women to be represented equally in positions of power and leadership in the workplace, and 47 years to achieve equal representation in national parliaments.
• Political leadership, investments and comprehensive policy reforms are needed to dismantle systemic barriers to achieving Goal 5. Gender equality is a cross-cutting objective and must be a key focus of national policies, budgets and institutions.
• Around 2.4 billion women of working age are not afforded equal economic opportunity. Nearly 2.4 Billion Women Globally Don’t Have Same Economic Rights as Men  
• 178 countries maintain legal barriers that prevent women’s full economic participation. Nearly 2.4 Billion Women Globally Don’t Have Same Economic Rights as Men
• In 2019, one in five women, aged 20-24 years, were married before the age of 18. Girls | UN Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence Against Children

Source: The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2023

5.1 End all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere

5.2 Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and private spheres, including trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitation

5.3 Eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage and female genital mutilation

5.4 Recognize and value unpaid care and domestic work through the provision of public services, infrastructure and social protection policies and the promotion of shared responsibility within the household and the family as nationally appropriate

5.5 Ensure women’s full and effective participation and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decisionmaking in political, economic and public life

5.6 Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights as agreed in accordance with the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development and the Beijing Platform for Action and the outcome documents of their review conferences

5.A  Undertake reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to ownership and control over land and other forms of property, financial services, inheritance and natural resources, in accordance with national laws

5.B Enhance the use of enabling technology, in particular information and communications technology, to promote the empowerment of women

5.C Adopt and strengthen sound policies and enforceable legislation for the promotion of gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls at all levels

He for She campaign

United Secretary-General Campaign UNiTE to End Violence Against Women

Every Woman Every Child Initiative

Spotlight Initiative

United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)

UN Population Fund: Gender equality

UN Population Fund: Female genital mutilation

UN Population Fund: Child marriage

UN Population Fund: Engaging men & boys

UN Population Fund: Gender-based violence

World Health Organization (WHO)

UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights

UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)

UN Education, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO)

UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Gender Statistics

Fast Facts: Gender Equality

Infographic: Gender Equality

The Initiative is so named as it brings focused attention to this issue, moving it into the spotlight and placing it at the centre of efforts to achieve gender equality and women’s empowerment, in line with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

An initial investment in the order of EUR 500 million will be made, with the EU as the main contributor. Other donors and partners will be invited to join the Initiative to broaden its reach and scope. The modality for the delivery will be a UN multi- stakeholder trust fund, administered by the Multi-Partner Trust Fund Office, with the support of core agencies UNDP, UNFPA and UN Women, and overseen by the Executive Office of the UN Secretary-General.

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What does gender equality look like today?

Date: Wednesday, 6 October 2021

Progress towards gender equality is looking bleak. But it doesn’t need to.

A new global analysis of progress on gender equality and women’s rights shows women and girls remain disproportionately affected by the socioeconomic fallout from the COVID-19 pandemic, struggling with disproportionately high job and livelihood losses, education disruptions and increased burdens of unpaid care work. Women’s health services, poorly funded even before the pandemic, faced major disruptions, undermining women’s sexual and reproductive health. And despite women’s central role in responding to COVID-19, including as front-line health workers, they are still largely bypassed for leadership positions they deserve.

UN Women’s latest report, together with UN DESA, Progress on the Sustainable Development Goals: The Gender Snapshot 2021 presents the latest data on gender equality across all 17 Sustainable Development Goals. The report highlights the progress made since 2015 but also the continued alarm over the COVID-19 pandemic, its immediate effect on women’s well-being and the threat it poses to future generations.

We’re breaking down some of the findings from the report, and calling for the action needed to accelerate progress.

The pandemic is making matters worse

One and a half years since the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a global pandemic, the toll on the poorest and most vulnerable people remains devastating and disproportionate. The combined impact of conflict, extreme weather events and COVID-19 has deprived women and girls of even basic needs such as food security. Without urgent action to stem rising poverty, hunger and inequality, especially in countries affected by conflict and other acute forms of crisis, millions will continue to suffer.

A global goal by global goal reality check:

Goal 1. Poverty

In 2021, extreme poverty is on the rise and progress towards its elimination has reversed. An estimated 435 million women and girls globally are living in extreme poverty.

And yet we can change this .

Over 150 million women and girls could emerge from poverty by 2030 if governments implement a comprehensive strategy to improve access to education and family planning, achieve equal wages and extend social transfers.

Goal 2. Zero hunger

The global gender gap in food security has risen dramatically during the pandemic, with more women and girls going hungry. Women’s food insecurity levels were 10 per cent higher than men’s in 2020, compared with 6 per cent higher in 2019.

This trend can be reversed , including by supporting women small-scale producers, who typically earn far less than men, through increased funding, training and land rights reforms.

Goal 3. Good health and well-being

Disruptions in essential health services due to COVID-19 are taking a tragic toll on women and girls. In the first year of the pandemic, there were an estimated 1.4 million additional unintended pregnancies in lower and middle-income countries.

We need to do better .

Response to the pandemic must include prioritizing sexual and reproductive health services, ensuring they continue to operate safely now and after the pandemic is long over. In addition, more support is needed to ensure life-saving personal protection equipment, tests, oxygen and especially vaccines are available in rich and poor countries alike as well as to vulnerable population within countries.

Goal 4. Quality education

A year and a half into the pandemic, schools remain partially or fully closed in 42 per cent of the world’s countries and territories. School closures spell lost opportunities for girls and an increased risk of violence, exploitation and early marriage .

Governments can do more to protect girls education .

Measures focused specifically on supporting girls returning to school are urgently needed, including measures focused on girls from marginalized communities who are most at risk.

Goal 5. Gender equality

The pandemic has tested and even reversed progress in expanding women’s rights and opportunities. Reports of violence against women and girls, a “shadow” pandemic to COVID-19, are increasing in many parts of the world. COVID-19 is also intensifying women’s workload at home, forcing many to leave the labour force altogether.

Building forward differently and better will hinge on placing women and girls at the centre of all aspects of response and recovery, including through gender-responsive laws, policies and budgeting.

Goal 6. Clean water and sanitation

In 2018, nearly 2.3 billion people lived in water-stressed countries. Without safe drinking water, adequate sanitation and menstrual hygiene facilities, women and girls find it harder to lead safe, productive and healthy lives.

Change is possible .

Involve those most impacted in water management processes, including women. Women’s voices are often missing in water management processes. 

Goal 7. Affordable and clean energy

Increased demand for clean energy and low-carbon solutions is driving an unprecedented transformation of the energy sector. But women are being left out. Women hold only 32 per cent of renewable energy jobs.

We can do better .

Expose girls early on to STEM education, provide training and support to women entering the energy field, close the pay gap and increase women’s leadership in the energy sector.

Goal 8. Decent work and economic growth

The number of employed women declined by 54 million in 2020 and 45 million women left the labour market altogether. Women have suffered steeper job losses than men, along with increased unpaid care burdens at home.

We must do more to support women in the workforce .

Guarantee decent work for all, introduce labour laws/reforms, removing legal barriers for married women entering the workforce, support access to affordable/quality childcare.

Goal 9. Industry, innovation and infrastructure

The COVID-19 crisis has spurred striking achievements in medical research and innovation. Women’s contribution has been profound. But still only a little over a third of graduates in the science, technology, engineering and mathematics field are female.

We can take action today.

 Quotas mandating that a proportion of research grants are awarded to women-led teams or teams that include women is one concrete way to support women researchers. 

Goal 10. Reduced inequalities

Limited progress for women is being eroded by the pandemic. Women facing multiple forms of discrimination, including women and girls with disabilities, migrant women, women discriminated against because of their race/ethnicity are especially affected.

Commit to end racism and discrimination in all its forms, invest in inclusive, universal, gender responsive social protection systems that support all women. 

Goal 11. Sustainable cities and communities

Globally, more than 1 billion people live in informal settlements and slums. Women and girls, often overrepresented in these densely populated areas, suffer from lack of access to basic water and sanitation, health care and transportation.

The needs of urban poor women must be prioritized .

Increase the provision of durable and adequate housing and equitable access to land; included women in urban planning and development processes.

Goal 12. Sustainable consumption and production; Goal 13. Climate action; Goal 14. Life below water; and Goal 15. Life on land

Women activists, scientists and researchers are working hard to solve the climate crisis but often without the same platforms as men to share their knowledge and skills. Only 29 per cent of featured speakers at international ocean science conferences are women.

 And yet we can change this .

Ensure women activists, scientists and researchers have equal voice, representation and access to forums where these issues are being discussed and debated. 

Goal 16. Peace, justice and strong institutions

The lack of women in decision-making limits the reach and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and other emergency recovery efforts. In conflict-affected countries, 18.9 per cent of parliamentary seats are held by women, much lower than the global average of 25.6 per cent.

This is unacceptable .

It's time for women to have an equal share of power and decision-making at all levels.

Goal 17. Global partnerships for the goals

There are just 9 years left to achieve the Global Goals by 2030, and gender equality cuts across all 17 of them. With COVID-19 slowing progress on women's rights, the time to act is now.

Looking ahead

As it stands today, only one indicator under the global goal for gender equality (SDG5) is ‘close to target’: proportion of seats held by women in local government. In other areas critical to women’s empowerment, equality in time spent on unpaid care and domestic work and decision making regarding sexual and reproductive health the world is far from target. Without a bold commitment to accelerate progress, the global community will fail to achieve gender equality. Building forward differently and better will require placing women and girls at the centre of all aspects of response and recovery, including through gender-responsive laws, policies and budgeting.

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Gender Equality - PowerPoint Presentation

Subject: Understanding the world

Age range: 6 - 9

Resource type: Visual aid/Display

Last updated

15 August 2023

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This PowerPoint presentation is an ideal tool to effortlessly introduce the concepts of gender equality and inequality. It provides a comprehensive exploration for children, enabling them to better understand their own identities and establish meaningful connections with those around them. Additionally, it promotes the development of vital attributes such as self-confidence, well-being, peer acceptance, and social support.

This presentation serves as an invaluable resource for helping children grasp the significance of gender differences and recognizing that boys and girls are equal in terms of rights, skills, opportunities, and more.

Children will gain an understanding that gender equality is rooted in empathy and mutual respect for one another.

By delving into the firsthand experiences of individuals from different genders, boys, and girls are more likely to demonstrate respect towards individuals with diverse gender identities.

Let us remember that if we aspire to teach gender equality effectively, we must take a step back and carefully consider the messages we convey to our children on a daily basis.

This resource includes:

• Slide 1: What is Gender?
• Slide 2: What is Gender Equality?
• Slide 3: Boys and Girls Should Be Treated Equally
• Slide 4: And… What is Gender Inequality?
• Slide 5: Gender Inequality…
• Slide 6: Gender Inequality is also Discrimination
• Slide 7: Boys and Girls are Similar…
• Slide 8: Boys and Girls are Different…
• Slide 9: Gender Roles Stereotypes
• Slide 10: Gender Equality is Important Because…
• Slide 11: Gender Equality Practice
• Slide 12: We have learned about, Gender Equality
• Google Slides

"----------------------------- ★ Download more versions:

• Download the Spanish Version

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• Gender Equality Activity
• Gender Equality Bracelets Craft

Enjoy Teaching Gender Equality in Your Class!

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Gender Equality - PowerPoint Presentation BUNDLE

This resource includes an English and Spanish version of Gender Equality - PowerPoint Presentation. These are perfect for your bilingual or dual-language classroom. This PowerPoint presentation is an ideal tool to effortlessly introduce the concepts of gender equality and inequality. It provides a comprehensive exploration for children, enabling them to better understand their own identities and establish meaningful connections with those around them. Additionally, it promotes the development of vital attributes such as self-confidence, well-being, peer acceptance, and social support. This presentation serves as an invaluable resource for helping children grasp the significance of gender differences and recognizing that boys and girls are equal in terms of rights, skills, opportunities, and more. Children will gain an understanding that gender equality is rooted in empathy and mutual respect for one another. By delving into the firsthand experiences of individuals from different genders, boys, and girls are more likely to demonstrate respect towards individuals with diverse gender identities. The two resources I am including in this bundle are sold separately. Below is the list of what you will receive. You can click on each link to read a detailed description of each product. >> **This resource includes:** * Slide 1: What is Gender? (English and Spanish Version) * Slide 2: What is Gender Equality? (English and Spanish Version) * Slide 3: Boys and Girls Should Be Treated Equally (English and Spanish Version) * Slide 4: And... What is Gender Inequality? (English and Spanish Version) * Slide 5: Gender Inequality... (English and Spanish Version) * Slide 6: Gender Inequality is also Discrimination (English and Spanish Version) * Slide 7: Boys and Girls are Similar...(English and Spanish Version) * Slide 8: Boys and Girls are Different...(English and Spanish Version) * Slide 9: Gender Roles Stereotypes (English and Spanish Version) * Slide 10: Gender Equality is Important Because… (English and Spanish Version) * Slide 11: Gender Equality Practice (English and Spanish Version) * Slide 12: We have learned about, Gender Equality (English and Spanish Version) >> >> *Enjoy Teaching Gender Equality in Your Class!*

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ladykirpert

I have downloaded this resource which is designed to encourage younger children to think about gender equality and steroetyping. It is full of gender stereotyping!!! The girls all wear dresses in varying shades of pink with bows and pigtails in their hair - what message does this send? I am not at all impressed with this!!??

Hi Ladykirpert, We respect your point of view, we know that every teacher has their unique opinion and we hope you understand that these resources are not custom-made. For this reason, our philosophy is to offer a 100% complete preview, to help the teacher make a purchase with all the necessary information. Regarding the colors, this activity seeks to go beyond these superficial aspects, since this is precisely where ideas such as exclusion and racism are born. We work very hard to create each activity, even so, we know that we can make mistakes and we are open to receive comments, so we provide a contact email, in the resource, so that people can let us know their opinion in a collaborative way and so we can all learn and improve. For these reasons, we ask you to remove this comment and score, especially because at all times we have offered the necessary information to make the assessment before buying the item. We hope you understand the great effort it means for us to show 100% of the content, but we do it precisely so that teachers have complete freedom to assess whether the item fits your personal opinion and avoid situations like this. Best regards and thank you in advance for your collaboration.

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Powerpoint Templates and Google slides for Gender Inequality

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Gender Inequality: Marxist and Feminist views

Jan 04, 2020

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Gender Inequality: Marxist and Feminist views. Week 8 Gender and Society. Recap. Social construction of gender Considered the role of different structures such as education and work in the construction of gender Liberal feminism Equality / Difference debate. Outline. Introduce Marxism

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• explain women
• socialist feminism
• liberal feminism
• fully explain women
• considered dual systems theories

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Gender Inequality:Marxist and Feminist views Week 8 Gender and Society

Recap • Social construction of gender • Considered the role of different structures such as education and work in the construction of gender • Liberal feminism Equality / Difference debate

Outline • Introduce Marxism • Feminist critiques • Reproductive labour • Dual systems theory

Marxist theory • Capitalism is the basis for the organisation of society (economic determinism) • Two main classes • Bourgeoisie • Owners of the means of production • Proletariat • Have no choice but to sell their labour

Marxist theory • Wage labour is key to production • Profits arise through exploitation (surplus value) • Classes produced through relations of production

The workers transform raw materials to make profits. Profits go to the shareowners and directors Marxist theory

Engels • ‘Origins of the Family, Private Property and the State’ 1884 • New forms of production allowed men to gain ‘surplus’ leading to wealth and power • Monogamous marriage developed to allow men to pass on property • Sex oppression is also class oppression

Engels ‘In the great majority of cases today, at least in the possessing classes, the husband is obliged to earn a living and support his family, and that in itself gives him a position of supremacy, without any need for special legal titles and privileges. Within the family he is the bourgeois and the wife represents the proletariat…. With the transfer of the means of production into common ownership, the single family ceases to be the economic unit of society. Private housekeeping is transformed into a social industry’ • http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1884/origin-family/ch02d.htm

Engels on Marriage • Marriage is based on economic conditions • Although constructed as a voluntary contract it is coerced by the organisation of society. • Bourgeoisie wives are similar to prostitutes they sell their bodies to one man rather than many

Marxist theory • To what extent do you think this model is a useful way of understanding society?

‘The woman question’ • 1960s revised interest in Marx and Engles’ writings • But it didn’t seem to account very well for women. • Two strands of feminism emerged • Adding the theory of reproduction to that of production • Marxist feminism • Dual systems theories - capitalism & patriarchy • Socialist feminism

Theory of Reproduction • Marxism is based on a divide relating to the relationship to the means of production • Bourgeoisie • Proletariat • Women’s domestic work does not fit into this picture

Theory of Reproduction • Women’s labour is important in two dimensions • Their labour in the home is necessary for workers to be employed • They physically give birth to the next generation of workers

Reproducing the labour force • Capitalism requires workers • Women have to give birth and care for children in order to restock the labour force

Marxist feminism ‘Relations of production, grounded as they are in a deeply ideological division of labour, cannot be investigated through economic categories alone. (…) the capitalist division of labour is not determined by technical requirements alone’. Barrett M (1980) Women’s Oppression Today London, Verso

Marxist feminism • Capitalism is the primary cause of women’s oppression • Reforming or ending capitalism is the primary goal

Talk to the person sitting next to you about the to extent to which you think capitalism may be responsible for women’s oppression.

Limitations • Theorising reproduction went some way to explaining women’s position, but it could not answer many questions • Why were/are women oppressed in non-capitalist countries? • Why are women paid less than men? • Why are women responsible for domestic sphere?

Socialist feminism • For socialist feminism, Marxist ideas on class oppression are important • But they do not fully explain women’s position • Developed dual systems approach • Different combinations of capitalism and patriarchy

Capitalism and patriarchy • Hartmann shows that capitalism and patriarchy often work against each other but do not destroy each other • Capitalism and patriarchy may have competing interests and need to adjust to each other.

Reproducing for capitalism • If women did not work in the home then workers could not sell their labour • Eat, sleep, keep healthy etc • If workers had to pay for these services then wages would have to go up

Not class alone • Women’s oppression is related to their class position • Not paid properly for their labour either in or out of the home • But patriarchal privilege is also a central structure to society • Racism also recognised as interrelating to class and gender oppression

Patriarchal Capitalism • Traditional heterosexual families developed within an institutionalized sexual hierarchy • Women have primary responsibility for the home and children • Women may be excluded from the marketplace (unpaid housewives) • Women could be hired at lower wages than men because their primary responsibility was considered to be home and family.

To overcome gender inequality • Class oppression through reform/ending capitalism • Patriarchal oppression through challenging the traditional family

Area of interest/activism • Socialist feminist concentrates on the material and historical conditions in which women live • Heterosexuality is a structure that needs to be understood as part of women’s oppression • Employment conditions and recognising women’s unpaid work • State involvement in perpetuating women’s position (welfare organisation) • Access to contraception and abortion essential for women’s autonomy

Do you think the ideas of socialist feminism are more likely to explain women’s position in society?

Comparison to Liberal Feminism • Liberal feminism concentrates of formal mechanisms in the public sphere to challenge inequality • A level playing field? • It does not challenge the structure of society itself. • Marxist/Socialist feminism argue that the structure needs to change to end inequality

Summary • Considered how feminist theory has interrelated with Marxism • Outline concept of ‘Reproduction’ of the workforce • Considered dual systems theories of capitalism and patriarchy

Next week • Looking at radical feminism • Considering concept of patriarchy in more detail • Outlining the ‘continuum of sexual violence’

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ASU index ranks 12 companies as 'trailblazers' for equality in the workplace

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The Difference Engine at ASU hosted the Women’s Power and Influence Index launch event at ASU California Center Broadway in downtown Los Angeles on March 8. The event included a panel discussion, moderated by Kai Ryssdal (far left), host and senior editor of "Marketplace," NPR's program on business and the economy. Panelists included (from left): Mukta Mohan, deputy head of audio, Higher Ground; Susan Stevens of Umpqua Holdings Inc.; Laurie Leshin, director of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory; and Nancy Gonzales, ASU's executive vice president and university provost. Photo by Enrique Lopez

A handful of U.S. corporations rank as “trailblazers” in gender equity in the newest version of the Women’s Power & Influence Index released by the Difference Engine at Arizona State University.

The index, released March 8 at an event at the ASU California Center Broadway in Los Angeles , provides information on how 66 companies rate for variables such as pay equity, career growth, workplace standards, work-life balance and stakeholder engagement.

The goal of the index is to encourage companies to do better, according to Ehsan Zaffar, founding executive director of the Difference Engine at ASU, which released the report.

“It’s not punitive. It’s meant to be encouraging so companies do better,” he said.

“Our ethos is that we want the companies to feel there’s room for upward movement and we want the top companies to be inspirations.”

The index ranks 12 companies at the top as “trailblazers,” including American Express, Walmart, Disney and eBay. The next level, “pacesetters,” include 21 companies, including Altria and Morgan Stanley, while half the companies in the index, 33 of them including Boeing and American Tower, are “late bloomers.”

Besides the ranking information, the index is proof that a product can be developed to empower communities to fight inequality.

“We’re trying to build a new way — a third way — for communities to solve problems of inequality,” Zaffar said of the Difference Engine, a universitywide, interdisciplinary venture studio that was launched in 2021 to develop solutions to social, political and economic inequality.

The center is a partnership among the Sandra Day O’Connor College of Law, The College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, the Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering and the W. P. Carey School of Business.

The traditional methods of tackling inequality have been through nonprofits or through advocacy, including activism, litigation, protest, lobbying and policy work, he said.

“The third way includes entrepreneurship and innovation,” said Zaffar, who is a civil rights lawyer.

“What if the community facing the problem built a practical solution to the problem? What would that look like?”

Zaffar said the Difference Engine focuses on applied knowledge and is a “do tank” as opposed to a think tank.

So the center created the Women’s Power & Influence Index, a product to address gender inequality in the workplace. The first version was released a year and a half ago, and included basic information, such as whether a company had a maternity leave policy.

The updated version released on Friday has three times more data and is expanded to include qualitative information, such as whether a company’s maternity leave policy is good. Eventually, a third version will seek to measure compliance.

The index is important because it’s an objective measurement.

“When you publicly show how an organization is doing, research has shown that they’re more inclined to take action on the problem,” Zaffar said.

The index is based on publicly available data and the results are weighted by the results of a survey in which women rated what’s most important to them in the workplace. While the largest number of women, 36%, said that equitable pay matters most, the second-most important variable was career growth, at 22% — higher than work-life balance, at 14%.

“Career growth” would include policies such as female recruitment and professional development for women.

“We’re building the index not based on what companies say matters but on what women say matters,” Zaffar said.

“We think we’ve built the most comprehensive measure of workplace fairness in the country. And it’s open and accessible to anyone because we’re a public university.”

At the release event in Los Angeles, ASU Provost Nancy Gonzales told the crowd that by some estimates, it will take about 100 years to close the gender inequality gap in the American workplace.

Elisa Thomas, a student in the Thunderbird School of Global Management at ASU, has been with the Difference Engine since she was a junior in Barrett, The Honors College, when she was selected to be in the first student cohort.

“Barrett offers thesis pathway programs, and I applied to the Difference Engine because I’ve always been interested in equity-based work,” said Thomas, who is pursuing a master’s degree in global business.

As part of her Barrett thesis, she did a literature review of other indices.

“We were focused on what we could do to make the (Women’s Power & Influence Index) different from the others on the market,” said Thomas, who is now leading the student thesis teams.

“There are other equity-based indices but we wanted to separate ours via our transparency and the fact that it’s free to the public.”

Besides analyzing publicly available data, the Difference Engine students also talked with executives at some of the corporations they ranked.

“I was able to be on the call with PayPal, which was a cool experience to meet with their executives,” she said.

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Vatican Document Casts Gender Change and Fluidity as Threat to Human Dignity

The statement is likely to be embraced by conservatives and stir consternation among L.G.B.T.Q. advocates who fear it will be used as a cudgel against transgender people.

By Jason Horowitz and Elisabetta Povoledo

Reporting from Rome

The Vatican on Monday issued a new document approved by Pope Francis stating that the church believes that gender fluidity and transition surgery, as well as surrogacy, amount to affronts to human dignity.

The sex a person is assigned at birth, the document argued, was an “irrevocable gift” from God and “any sex-change intervention, as a rule, risks threatening the unique dignity the person has received from the moment of conception.” People who desire “a personal self-determination, as gender theory prescribes,” risk succumbing “to the age-old temptation to make oneself God.”

Regarding surrogacy, the document unequivocally stated the Roman Catholic Church’s opposition, whether the woman carrying a baby “is coerced into it or chooses to subject herself to it freely.” Surrogacy makes the child “a mere means subservient to the arbitrary gain or desire of others,” the Vatican said in the document, which also opposed in vitro fertilization.

The document was intended as a broad statement of the church’s view on human dignity, including the exploitation of the poor, migrants, women and vulnerable people. The Vatican acknowledged that it was touching on difficult issues, but said that in a time of great tumult, it was essential, and it hoped beneficial, for the church to restate its teachings on the centrality of human dignity.

Even if the church’s teachings on culture war issues that Francis has largely avoided are not necessarily new, their consolidation now was likely to be embraced by conservatives for their hard line against liberal ideas on gender and surrogacy.

The document, five years in the making, immediately generated deep consternation among advocates for L.G.B.T.Q. rights in the church, who fear it will be used against transgender people. That was so, they said, even as the document warned of “unjust discrimination” in countries where transgender people are imprisoned or face aggression, violence and sometimes death.

“The Vatican is again supporting and propagating ideas that lead to real physical harm to transgender, nonbinary and other L.G.B.T.Q.+ people,” said Francis DeBernardo, the executive director of New Ways Ministry, a Maryland-based group that advocates for gay Catholics, adding that the Vatican’s defense of human dignity excluded “the segment of the human population who are transgender, nonbinary or gender nonconforming.”

He said it presented an outdated theology based on physical appearance alone and was blind to “the growing reality that a person’s gender includes the psychological, social and spiritual aspects naturally present in their lives.”

The document, he said, showed a “stunning lack of awareness of the actual lives of transgender and nonbinary people.” Its authors ignored the transgender people who shared their experiences with the church, Mr. DeBernardo said, “cavalierly,” and incorrectly, dismissing them as a purely Western phenomenon.

Though the document is a clear setback for L.G.B.T.Q. people and their supporters, the Vatican took pains to strike a balance between protecting personal human dignity and clearly stating church teaching, a tightrope Francis has tried to walk in his more than 11 years as pope.

Francis has made it a hallmark of his papacy to meet with gay and transgender Catholics and has made it his mission to broadcast a message for a more open, and less judgmental, church. Just months ago, Francis upset more conservative corners of his church by explicitly allowing L.G.B.T.Q. Catholics to receive blessings from priests and by allowing transgender people to be baptized and act as godparents .

But he has refused to budge on the church rules and doctrine that many gay and transgender Catholics feel have alienated them, revealing the limits of his push for inclusivity.

“In terms of pastoral consequences,” Cardinal Víctor Manuel Fernández, who leads the Vatican’s office on doctrine, said in a news conference Monday, “the principle of welcoming all is clear in the words of Pope Francis.”

Francis, he said, has repeatedly said that “all, all, all” must be welcomed. “Even those who don’t agree with what the church teaches and who make different choices from those that the church says in its doctrine, must be welcomed,” he said, including “those who think differently on these themes of sexuality.”

But Francis’ words were one thing, and church doctrine another, Cardinal Fernández made clear, drawing a distinction between the document, which he said was of high doctrinal importance, as opposed to the recent statement allowing blessings for same-sex Catholics. The church teaches that “homosexual acts are intrinsically disordered.”

In an echo of the tension between the substance of church law and Francis’ style of a papal inclusivity, Cardinal Fernández said on Monday that perhaps the “intrinsically disordered” language should be modified to better reflect that the church’s message that homosexual acts could not produce life.

“It’s a very strong expression and it requires explanation,” he said. “Maybe we could find an expression that is even clearer to understand what we want to say.”

Though receptive to gay and transgender followers, the pope has also consistently expressed concern about what he calls “ideological colonization,” the notion that wealthy nations arrogantly impose views — whether on gender or surrogacy — on people and religious traditions that do not necessarily agree with them. The document said “gender theory plays a central role” in that vision and that its “scientific coherence is the subject of considerable debate among experts.”

Using “on the one hand” and “on the other hand,” language, the Vatican’s office on teaching and doctrine wrote that “it should be denounced as contrary to human dignity the fact that, in some places, not a few people are imprisoned, tortured, and even deprived of the good of life solely because of their sexual orientation.”

“At the same time,” it continued, “the church highlights the definite critical issues present in gender theory.”

On Monday, Cardinal Fernández also struggled to reconcile the two seemingly dissonant views.

“I am shocked having read a text from some Catholics who said, ‘Bless this military government of our country that created these laws against homosexuals,’” Cardinal Fernández said on Monday. “I wanted to die reading that.”

But he went on to say that the Vatican document was itself not a call for decriminalization, but an affirmation of what the church believed. “We shall see the consequences,” he said, adding that the church would then see how to respond.

In his presentation, Cardinal Fernández described the long process of the drafting of a document on human dignity, “Infinite Dignity,” which began in March 2019, to take into account the “latest developments on the subject in academia and the ambivalent ways in which the concept is understood today.”

In 2023, Francis sent the document back with instructions to “highlight topics closely connected to the theme of dignity, such as poverty, the situation of migrants, violence against women, human trafficking, war, and other themes.” Francis signed off on the document on March 25.

The long road, Cardinal Fernández wrote, “reflects the gravity” of the process.

In the document, the Vatican embraced the “clear progress in understanding human dignity,” pointing to the “desire to eradicate racism, slavery, and the marginalization of women, children, the sick, and people with disabilities.”

But it said the church also sees “grave violations of that dignity,” including abortion, euthanasia, the death penalty, polygamy, torture, the exploitation of the poor and migrants, human trafficking and sex abuse, violence against women, capitalism’s inequality and terrorism.

The document expressed concern that eliminating sexual differences would undercut the family, and that a response “to what are at times understandable aspirations,” will become an absolute truth and ideology, and change how children are raised.

The document argued that changing sex put individualism before nature and that human dignity as a subject was often hijacked to “justify an arbitrary proliferation of new rights,” as if “the ability to express and realize every individual preference or subjective desire should be guaranteed.”

Cardinal Fernández on Monday said that a couple desperate to have a child should turn to adoption, rather than surrogacy or in vitro fertilization because those practices, he said, eroded human dignity writ large.

Individualistic thinking, the document argues, subjugates the universality of dignity to individual standards, concerned with “psycho-physical well-being” or “individual arbitrariness or social recognition.” By making dignity subjective, the Vatican argues, it becomes subject to “arbitrariness and power interests.”

Jason Horowitz is the Rome bureau chief for The Times, covering Italy, the Vatican, Greece and other parts of Southern Europe. More about Jason Horowitz

Elisabetta Povoledo is a reporter based in Rome, covering Italy, the Vatican and the culture of the region. She has been a journalist for 35 years. More about Elisabetta Povoledo

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