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PARAPHRASING Techniques

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PARAPHRASING Techniques

Jul 09, 2014

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PARAPHRASING Techniques. Tactics to. rewrite something. in a. different way. Paraphrasing. To paraphrase is to say the same thing in another way , using your own words . We can successfully paraphrase by using a combination of techniques. . Paraphrasing Techniques.

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• your luggage
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PARAPHRASINGTechniques Tactics to rewrite something in a different way

Paraphrasing • To paraphrase is to say the same thing in another way, using your own words. • We can successfully paraphrase by using a combination of techniques.

Paraphrasing Techniques • Change from a Clause to a Phrase (or vice versa) • Change from Quoted Speech to Indirect Speech (or vice versa) • Change from Active Voice to Passive Voice (or vice versa) • Change to Synonyms • Change Word Forms

Change from a Clause to a Phrase • After he studied, John took a nap. • Afterstudying, John took a nap. • The house across the street is new. • The house that is across the street is new.

Change from Quoted Speech to Indirect Speech • Mr. Lee said, “I am ready for lunch.” • Mr. Lee said he was ready for lunch. “I am ready for lunch.”

Change from Active Voice to Passive Voice • A hotel employee will carry your bags. • Your bags will be carried by a hotel employee.

……and replace words with synonyms. • A hotel employee will carry your bags. • Your bags will be carried by a hotel employee. • Your luggage will be picked up by a bell boy.

Change Word Forms • Use an adverb instead of an adjective • Use a verb to replace a noun. • GROG is an accurate typist. • GROG typesaccurately.

Change to Synonyms • Replace the original words with words that mean the same. The stallion was content with the mare. The stallion was happy with the mare.

When You can’t find a Synonym • Replace the original word with a definition. • The stallion was content with the mare. • The male horse was happy with the female horse.

Combine TechniquesChange to a phrase & add synonyms or definitions • After he ate lunch, Mike took a nap. • After eating lunch, Mikeslept a little.

Combine TechniquesChange to a phrase & add synonyms or definitions • The house that is across the street is old. • The house across the street is old. • The house on the other side of the street is old. • The dwelling on theother side ofthe road is ancient.

Interpret Meaning…….Identify the underlying meaning of a statement. The wolf said, “I am ready for lunch.” The sheep looked very worried. The wolf complained about being hungry which made the sheep extremely anxious. I am ready for Lunch

Change transitions • Although it was raining, Bob walked to work. • It was raining, but Bob walked to work. • It was raining; however, Bob walked to work.

…… and change word forms • Although it was raining, Bob walked to work. • It was raining, but Bob walked to work. • It was raining; however, Bob walked to work. • Despite the rain, Bob went to work on foot.

Your TurnParaphrase the following: • Today, people are worried about internet security. • Advocates of internet tracking believe that it helps marketers to understand what people want. • People who oppose internet tracking believe that it is an invasion of privacy. • This information age will cause more and more people to become concerned with the level of personal detail that can be found from the internet.

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Paraphrasing lesson presentation

Introduce paraphrasing to students by using the presentation.

Introduce paraphrasing to students as a skill that will help them to establish credibility, maintain flow and style, provide an alternative to direct quotations, and strengthen their writing. Consider conducting a discussion afterward to review the topics presented.

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Techniques for Paraphrasing

When you write a paraphrase, you restate other’s ideas in your own words. That is, you write the meaning of the author’s ideas. You use some of the author’s key terms, but you use many of your own words and sentence structures. You include in-text citation, including the author’s last name and (for APA style) the year of publication.

An effective paraphrase includes more than one of the following techniques. If you use only one of these techniques when paraphrasing, you have not paraphrased effectively.  

• Change a word from one part of speech to another

Original:  Medical professor John Swanson says that global changes are influencing the spread of disease.

Paraphrase:  According to John Swanson, a professor of medicine, changes across the globe are causing diseases to spread (James, 2004).

• Use synonyms

Original:  The U.S. government declared that the AIDS crisis poses a national security threat.  The announcement followed an intelligence report that found high rates of HIV infection could lead to widespread political destabilization.

Paraphrase: The government of the United States announced that AIDS could harm the nation's security.  The government warned the population after an important governmental study concluded that political problems could result from large numbers of people infected with HIV (Snell, 2005).

• Change numbers and percentages to different forms

Original: Minority groups in the United States have been hit hardest by the epidemic.  African Americans, who make up 13 percent of the U.S. population, accounted for 46 percent of the AIDS cases diagnosed in 1998.

Paraphrase: The AIDS epidemic has mostly affected minorities in the United States.  For example, in 1998, less than 15 percent of the total population was African, but almost half of the people diagnosed with AIDS in the United States that year were African America (Jenson, 2000).

• Change word order:  this might include changing from active to passive voice or moving modifiers to different positions.  

Original: Angier (2001) reported that malaria kills more than one million people annually, the overwhelming majority of them children in sub-Saharan Africa.

Paraphrase: Every year, more than a million people are killed by malaria, and most of the victims are children who live in sub-Saharan Africa (Angier, 2001).

    5. Use different definition structures

Original: Lyme disease is an inflammatory disease caused by a bacterium transmitted by ticks (small bloodsucking arachnids that attach themselves to larger animals). The disease is usually characterized by a rash followed by flu-like symptoms, including fever, joint pain, and headache.

Paraphrase: Lyme disease-a disease that causes swelling and redness-is caused by a bacterium carried by a small arachnid known as a tick. The ticks attach to and suck the blood of animals and humans, transferring some of the Lyme disease bacteria into their hosts and causing symptoms similar to the flu (Wald, 2005).

    6. Use different attribution signals

Original: “That’s because there are so many different ways the diseases could have arrived,” veterinarian Mark Walters declared in his recent book, Six Modern Plagues.

Paraphrase: According to Mark Walters, a veterinarian who wrote Six Modern Plagues, the disease could have arrived in numerous ways (Peterson, 2004).

   7. Change the sentence structure and use different connecting words

Original:  Although only about one-tenth of the world’s population lives there, sub-Saharan Africa remains the hardest hit region, accounting for 72 percent of the people infected with HIV during 2000.

Paraphrase: Approximately 10 percent of the world’s population resides in sub-Saharan Africa.  However, this area of the world has the highest percentage of AIDS-related illnesses.  In fact, in 2000, almost three-fourths of the population had the HIV virus (Bunting, 2004).

Caution:  When paraphrasing, do not change key terms or proper nouns.

Original: In the northeastern United States, people are building homes on the edge of woods, where ticks that carry Lyme disease hitch rides on deer.  In addition, in Africa, hunters bring back the meat of animals that scientists think may transmit Ebola, a usually fatal disease that causes massive hemorrhaging in its victims.

Paraphrase: In the United States, residential areas are being built near wooded areas in the northeast. These areas are also the homes of ticks carrying Lyme disease.  Also, according to scientists, hunters in Africa kill animals that may carry the Ebola virus (an often fatal virus that causes massive hemorrhaging) (Yaya, 2004).

Schuemann, C., Bryd, P., & Reid, J. (2006). College Writing 4 (1st ed.). USA: Heinle/ELT. Reproduced by permission .