graduate level education definition

Principles and Characteristics of Graduate Education

Graduate education.

Graduate education distinguishes itself by advanced systematic study and experience in depth—a depth in understanding, knowledge, scholarly competence, inquiry, and discovery.  Graduates are equipped to contribute to their disciplines, to teach and transmit knowledge within their disciplines, to conduct research and produce creative works, to apply their learning in the everyday world, and ultimately to extend service to their disciplines and to humanity.  

Although diversity in focus, methodology, and implementation is expected across the spectrum of graduate programs at BYU, strong programs are characterized by selective admission of highly qualified students, graduate faculty committed to excellence, and rigorous programs of study conducted in a context of faith.  A few fundamental principles characterize all strong graduate programs.  These principles emerge from and complement the Mission and Aims of a BYU Education .  These principles are listed below followed by some characteristics that are required to realize these principles.

Principles of Graduate Education

Mastery of the subject matter.   Graduate education facilitates mastery over the content and skills of the discipline at a level appropriate to the degree sought.

Critical thinking.  Graduate education develops and refines critical thinking skills including a thorough knowledge of the assumptions of the discipline and an understanding of viable alternative assumptions.

Theoretical understanding.  Graduate education provides an understanding of the theoretical bases of the field of study.  It grounds application and performance in theory.

Proficiency in research and/or creative activities.   Graduate education develops proficiencies that advance the knowledge and activities of the discipline.  These proficiencies include good writing skills as well as the ability to present original insights and creative expressions.

Spiritual discernment and moral integrity.   Graduate education facilitates the growth of integrity and wisdom and the integration of faith into the pursuit of knowledge within the discipline.

Service orientation.  Graduate education instills responsibility to return the special benefits of graduate training to the larger community.

Wide representation of perspectives.  Graduate education presents an intellectually and culturally rich encounter with the discipline.  Study and inquiry are conducted in a context sensitive to ethnic and cultural diversity. 

Characteristics of Strong Graduate Programs

I.         Clear Definition of Purpose

• Only graduate degrees essential to the department’s mission and important to the larger mission of the university are offered by the department.
• The department has determined and clearly stated the aims for the future of its graduate program(s).   It has a plan for constant improvement and is pursuing it vigorously.
• The department has determined and clearly stated the focus and purpose of its graduate program(s).   It does not necessarily attempt to offer degrees or emphases in all areas of its discipline.   Students admitted pursue coursework, research, and degrees only in areas in which faculty are producing and publishing scholarly work and are well qualified to teach and direct research.
• The department regularly evaluates its graduate programs, faculty, facilities, and library holdings, identifying weak areas that need strengthening and determining if any programs or emphases should be dropped or added.
• The department does not see a graduate degree as simply an accumulation of credits.   Faculty members understand that graduate work at a university is inherently involved in the discovery of new knowledge, and they seek to understand and propound the theoretical principles that lie behind what can be observed and tested.  
• Graduate education extends beyond the acquisition of practical skills and endeavors to encompass the practical within the theoretical.   The department makes a concerted effort to educate graduate students to extend their understanding using both tools and theory.

II.        Qualified Graduate Faculty

Effective mentoring

• The department and college apply appropriate criteria for identifying graduate faculty.   There are sufficient numbers of well-prepared, full-time graduate faculty members in the department’s areas of specialty to support strong graduate work in those areas.   All department faculty members support the graduate programs of the department.
• Department faculty members keep current in their fields and continually update course content and teaching methods to engage students and immerse them in the discipline.
• Faculty members strengthen students spiritually by integrating spirituality into formal teaching, by teaching the ethics of the discipline, and by exemplifying integrity and devotion.

Scholarly productivity

• Graduate faculty members are active scholars or artist-scholars who do significant research and regularly publish in national or international refereed journals and presses, or who present or perform their artistic work for wide and authoritative critical review.   Their books, articles, papers, and creative work make significant contributions to their disciplines.
• Faculty members are involved in scholarly and creative activities in their discipline, participate in regional, national and international conferences, and work with colleagues at other universities and centers of learning.
• In disciplines where the norms of scholarship require external funding, faculty members actively seek funding to support their research programs and to enhance graduate student involvement in research or creative work.
• Faculty members use professional development leaves to extend their knowledge in their disciplines and to invigorate their research.

Dedication to service and citizenship

• Faculty members strive to assure that all activities support the mission of the university, build the Kingdom of God, and bless students, colleagues, and humanity.
• Faculty members contribute to the intellectual climate of the department and the university through service, including conscientious attention to committee assignments and collaboration in research, scholarship, or creative endeavors with colleagues and students.
• Faculty members contribute to the professional community through service such as conference organization and participation and editorship of journals and other forums.   Competing activities, such as paid consultation work, are kept to a minimum, and are engaged in only when such activities advance knowledge and skills in the discipline, strengthen research, and enhance the influence and respect of the university.

III.     High Academic Standards

Well-established admissions standards and practices

• The department has an active recruitment program to attract excellent students from undergraduate and graduate programs at other universities.   It does not rely solely on an applicant pool of its own undergraduates.  
• The department has clearly stated and effectively communicated admissions standards.   These standards are reviewed regularly and revised as needed.   The department sets high expectations and employs several criteria such as the undergraduate GPA, GRE scores, and professional experience in making admissions decisions.   It admits provisionally only if an applicant shows exceptional promise.
• The department admits students only when all or virtually all prerequisite requirements have been met.
• The department is consistent in applying its admission standards, and it is timely in making admissions decisions.   These decisions are made by a faculty admissions committee or by the faculty as a whole.   All graduate faculty members have some input in admissions decisions.
• The department attracts sufficient numbers of qualified applicants to offer fullfledged graduate programs with adequate course offerings and to provide a stimulating graduate culture for students.   Nevertheless, the department admits only as many students as it can effectively guide through a rigorous, carefully advised program.   It considers student-faculty ratios, especially in light of specialties that applicants wish to pursue.

Strong curriculum and rigorous course work

• The curriculum is well designed, relatively stable, and leads to strong preparation of students.   The department offers enough courses to support a full graduate program, and it lists no courses that are “on the books” but rarely taught.   The curriculum is appropriate for the preparation and specialties of the faculty and reflects leadership in the discipline.
• The classroom experience is qualitatively different from that in the undergraduate program.   The department does not double list courses by undergraduate and graduate numbers (such as 400 and 600) and avoids all practices that dilute the classroom experience for graduate students.   When advanced undergraduates register for 500-level courses, they do so with the understanding that the course is taught at a graduate level and that the expectations for them are the same as for graduate students.
• Credits earned through directed readings, independent or off-campus projects, or employment-related projects are kept to a minimum, and where such courses are approved by the department, they are as rigorous and demanding as regular courses.   In such courses, the teacher and student formulate an agreement of requirements and expectations and file that “contract” with the department office. The student receives credit only when the agreement has been fulfilled.
• Courses require extensive writing assignments of substance and consequence that train students to think critically.   Student papers adhere to high standards of composition, and they are carefully criticized and assessed, sometimes by both teacher and other students.
• All courses, even those considered to be applied courses, have a strong theoretical foundation based on current research.   They require investigation beyond classroom experiences and textbooks.   Where possible, they include demanding essay examinations.
• Every graduate course provides a course outline and syllabus in which the teacher’s expectations are clearly stated and the course description is comprehensive and clear.
• Graduate students have opportunities for learning outside the major department.
• The department enriches its graduate curriculum with presentations by visiting lecturers, with colloquia, and with other opportunities for learning outside the regular curriculum.
• Course grades accurately reflect student achievement and are not inflated.

Excellence in dissertations, theses, and projects

• The department offers a strong course in research methodology specific to the discipline.
• The department requires a culminating writing experience of its graduate students, regardless of whether the student is in a traditional or an applied program.   The final paper is usually a research-based dissertation or thesis, but may be a project or report in a master’s program.   All doctoral students prepare formal dissertations.
• Dissertations and theses are on topics of real consequence, and their content makes substantial contributions to some aspect of the discipline.   The contributions of projects are held to standards comparable to those of   dissertations and theses. By their excellence and uniqueness, these research and writing experiences impressively demonstrate the achievements, knowledge, and skills of the students at the time the graduate degree is completed.
• The prospectus is treated as a critical aspect of the student’s research.   It is prepared before intensive research begins and is subjected to broad department review.
• The research design, the preparation of the prospectus, the research itself, and the preparation of the dissertation, thesis, or project are carefully directed by the student’s advisory committee.   Problems in research design or methodology are discovered and corrected at the prospectus stage.
• The dissertation, thesis, or project engages a topic that the faculty adviser is well prepared to direct.
• The dissertation, thesis, or project is well written and   leads to a publishable piece of work.   Students are encouraged to publish their work and are assisted in the effort to find a publisher.   Where appropriate, faculty members and students publish collaboratively.

Well-developed procedures for preparing and conducting comprehensive and oral examinations

• Department comprehensive and oral examinations are demanding and fair.   They require currency in the field, thorough analysis of the questions or problems posed, and synthesis of knowledge in the discipline, all at a level appropriate for the degree to be awarded.   They also require grace and skill in expression.
• The examination questions are carefully conceived and well-written.    Test questions demand a grasp of essentials and the ability to analyze and synthesize.
• The department provides published and well-publicized criteria as to what constitutes acceptable performance on department oral and comprehensive examinations.   The purpose, format, range of content, and nature of examinations are described, and sample questions from past examinations are available for study.
• The department applies consistent and rigorous standards in the evaluation of examinations.   There is a mechanism for providing feedback and a clear policy on the retaking of failed comprehensive examinations.

IV.     Well-defined, Clearly Articulated, and Helpful Procedures

Broadly based college and department governance

• Graduate faculty members participate in all departmental decisions that affect the department’s academic programs, the quality of the degrees offered, and the professional lives of the faculty.
• All faculty members of appropriate status and rank have input in hiring, continuing status, and advancement in rank decisions in the department.   The department conducts a national search for new faculty members and makes hiring, continuing status, and promotion decisions according to a set of established, well-publicized criteria and procedures which are at least as rigorous as university guidelines and expectations.
• New faculty members are mentored in their preparation for continuing status review or advancement in rank nomination.
• Through peer-elected representatives, graduate students have a voice in departmental decisions that affect graduate programs.
• The goals of graduate programs are not based solely on expectations of external accrediting agencies.   Rather, they exceed the quality required by such agencies and thus maintain independence.
• Department programs are created, defined, and influenced by genuine, significant developments within the discipline consistent with available resources rather than by perceived market demands and short-lived trends.
• The department has a written assessment plan and uses it routinely to improve graduate programs.

Effective advisement of students

• Faculty members are conscientious in their advisement of students.   They keep regularly scheduled office hours and have frequent scholarly interaction with students.   They return thesis drafts and other materials promptly so that students experience no unnecessary delays in completion of their programs.
• The department recognizes that a student’s first responsibility is to his or her own academic program.   Care is taken to ensure that other duties, such as teaching undergraduate courses, enhance the graduate education experience and do not impede student’s progress toward a degree.   The number of courses a graduate student teaches is strictly limited.
• The department has a published set (a student handbook) of current policies, requirements, expectations, and procedures that describes with clarity and in detail what graduate students need to know to enter a program and successfully complete a degree in the department.
• University and department deadlines are well publicized.
• The department has formal orientation procedures or seminars to acquaint new students with the expectations and requirements of graduate study in the department and the university.
• Each student is well informed from the beginning, having been assigned a sponsor who assists in the selection of a permanent adviser.   That selection is made by the end of the first semester.
• The department conducts at least annual evaluations, at clearly designated times, of each student’s progress and informs the student of his or her status.   If marginal or unsatisfactory progress is noted, the department   informs the student of action required   to demonstrate satisfactory progress.
• The department has determined an optimum time length for program completion and moves its students through on schedule.
• A high percentage of the students on the department’s rolls are actually on campus pursuing degrees at any given time.
• The department graduates a high percentage of the students it admits.
• The department provides published information about financial aid opportunities for students in its programs.
• Students who have teaching assignments are well trained to perform those assignments ably.
• The department assists graduate students in finding employment or advanced educational opportunities suitable to their preparation and experience after they leave the department.

  Appropriate faculty assignments

• Faculty members who are teaching and advising in the graduate program are given ample opportunity for scholarly work and professional development.
• The department sets reasonable limits on the number of graduate advisees assigned to any one faculty member.  
• Faculty assignments in the graduate program are not performed on an “overload” basis.
• Faculty members who are teaching and advising in the graduate program are teaching neither in night school nor in off-campus programs on an “overload” basis.

Responsible class scheduling

• The department publishes and distributes to graduate students a multi-year schedule of course offerings, enabling students to plan their study.
• Graduate course offerings are sequenced appropriately and offered with sufficient frequency to prevent delays in degree completion.

V.         Adequate Resources

• The department regularly assesses its resources and makes realistic decisions about its graduate program(s) in light of these resources.
• The department provides research support—in the form of equipment, laboratories or studios, staff assistance, and funds (where possible)—for the   research programs of faculty members who teach and advise graduate students.
• The department works closely and continuously with the library to ensure that the collection supports the research and teaching needs of the department.   The department is aware of particularly valuable library resources in its discipline and informs graduate students of those resources.
• The department and its faculty members actively and persistently seek outside funding to support research and graduate students.   Department graduate students receive adequate financial support and early notification of that support.
• The department allows faculty members sufficient time to do superior work in both teaching and research, and to advise and mentor graduate students in a thorough manner.
• Graduate students have adequate space and opportunity for informal discussion and interaction, and those who teach undergraduates have adequate facilities for advising and helping their students with class assignments.   Graduate students also have access to facilities and equipment needed in their graduate research.
• The department encourages faculty members to consult, collaborate, and share resources (courses, computer labs, etc.) with colleagues who have common curricular interests in other departments and colleges.

• Online Degree Explore Bachelor’s & Master’s degrees
• MasterTrack™ Earn credit towards a Master’s degree
• University Certificates Advance your career with graduate-level learning
• Top Courses
• Join for Free

What Is a Graduate Degree? Your 2024 Guide

There's more than one type of graduate degree. Which could be right for you? Learn more about the three types of graduate degrees and the benefits of earning one.

A graduate degree is an academic program that you can pursue after getting your bachelor’s degree. A graduate degree—which includes master's degrees , professional degrees , and doctorate degrees —allows you to further specialize in an area of interest or choose a course that directly relates to or is accredited by the profession you want to enter. 

Students often pursue a graduate degree to gain access to more jobs, higher salaries, or as a stepping stone for further study. For specific careers, graduate qualifications will be essential, while for others, they may be a career boost, but you may be able to be more flexible on your choice of program. By earning a graduate degree, you can establish yourself as an expert in your field and potentially gain a competitive edge as a job candidate. 

3 types of graduate degrees

While researching graduate programs, you'll typically come across three types of degrees. The most commonly known is a master's degree, but it isn’t the only option. The term 'graduate degree' also includes PhDs and professional degrees, such as a Juris Doctor or Doctor of Medicine. Let's take a closer look at each:

1. Master's degree 

A master’s degree takes one to two years of full-time study , depending on the program and your schedule. Depending on the subject you choose, you may pursue a Master of Arts (MA) , Master of Science (MS) , or something more specialized. A master's degree incorporates coursework and independent study and usually requires the submission of a thesis or the completion of a capstone project. 

Specialized options include the Master of Business Administration (MBA) , among the most popular master’s programs, focusing on business management, including marketing, finance, sales, and accounting. You may also consider a Master of Fine Arts (MFA) , which is designed specifically for artists focusing on subjects like music, art, theater, and graphic design.

Read more: Is a Master's Degree Worth It?

2. Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Another popular graduate program is the Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) , which takes between four and seven years . Courses at this level tend to be research-based, allowing you to test theories and hypotheses in your chosen field. Options for what to study are vast and can include areas relating to psychology, social science, humanities, and technology, among others. A PhD can take anywhere from three to eight years to complete. 

3. Professional doctorate

A professional doctorate is often the highest academic credential in a specific career. In this advanced degree, you'll apply research to solve practical problems within the field. Professional doctorates have many titles, including Juris Doctor (JD) and Doctor of Medicine (MD). While these degrees vary in length, they typically take between three and six years to complete. 

Skills acquired in graduate degree programs

A graduate degree allows you to develop skills in particular areas related to your specialization, but it also helps you to command general skills that are transferable to any career path. These include:

Verbal and written communication skills

Critical thinking

Problem-solving

Research skills

Ability to work independently and as part of a team

Time management

Leadership and coordination

Explore what it's like to earn a graduate degree online by enrolling in an open course from a top university on Coursera. Depending on the course, you could earn credit toward a master's degree:

Learn to manage people effectively with Strategic Leadership and Management from the University of Illinois Gies College of Business.

Think like a computer scientist with Computational Thinking for Problem Solving from the University of Pennsylvania.

Explore how the world around us impacts public health outcomes with the University of Michigan's Impacts of the Environment on Global Public Health .

Make better data-driven decisions with  Vital Skills for Data Science Specialization from the University of Colorado Boulder.

Give your team access to a catalog of 8,000+ engaging courses and hands-on Guided Projects to help them develop impactful skills. Learn more about Coursera for Business .

Frequently asked questions (FAQ)

How much do graduate degree holders earn ‎.

Depending on the industry and position, a 25-year-old, full-time worker with a master’s degree earns an average salary of $12,000 higher than those with only a bachelor’s degree [ 1 ]. ‎

Are graduate degree holders in high demand? ‎

The US Bureau of Labor Statistics projects employment for master’s level occupations will grow by 16.4 percent between 2020 and 2030 [ 2 ]. A recent survey by Career Builder shows that 33 percent of employers are asking for master’s degrees for positions previously filled by those with undergraduate degrees [ 3 ]. 

An undergraduate degree is required for most positions above entry-level, and a master's degree is preferred in some cases. Depending on your career goals, having a graduate degree could be an advantage.  ‎

How long does it take to earn a graduate degree? ‎

Completing a master's degree generally takes 18 months to two years, and a doctoral degree can take another four to eight years. The timeline for completion of a graduate degree will vary depending on the type of degree you pursue, your desired subject area, and the institution you choose to study at, as well as whether you decide to study full-time or part-time. ‎

What is the cost of a graduate degree? ‎

The cost of a graduate degree depends on the program and where you study. On average, a master’s degree costs $66,340 but can vary from $30,000 to $120,000 [ 4 ]. The average price of a PhD is $98,800 [ 5 ].  ‎

Can you do a graduate degree online? ‎

Yes, many online options are available for graduate study. Earning your graduate degree online often allows the flexibility of setting your schedule and studying from home or any other convenient location. It can also lower costs due to lack of a commute, possible lower tuition, and less costly materials. ‎

Article sources

1. US Bureau of Labor Statistics. “ Education Pays, 2020 ,  https://www.bls.gov/careeroutlook/2021/data-on-display/education-pays.htm.” Accessed August 24, 2022.

2. US Bureau of Labor Statistics. “ Employment Projections ,  https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/education-summary.htm.” Accessed August 24, 2022.

3. CareerBuilder. “ Not Enough Educated Workers-Why This Matters To You , https://www.careerbuilder.com/advice/employers-looking-for-more-educated-workers.” Accessed August 24, 2022.

4. Education Data Initiative. “ Average Cost of a Master’s Degree, https://educationdata.org/average-cost-of-a-masters-degree.” Accessed August 24, 2022.

5. Education Data Initiative. “ Average Cost of a Doctorate Degree , https://educationdata.org/average-cost-of-a-doctorate-degree.” Accessed August 24, 2022.

Keep reading

Coursera staff.

Editorial Team

Coursera’s editorial team is comprised of highly experienced professional editors, writers, and fact...

This content has been made available for informational purposes only. Learners are advised to conduct additional research to ensure that courses and other credentials pursued meet their personal, professional, and financial goals.

Undergraduate vs. Graduate: Educate Yourself On The Difference

• Undergraduate Meaning
• Undergraduate Student And Degree
• Graduate Meaning
• Graduate Degree And Student
• Graduate Origin
• Postgraduate Meaning

⚡ Quick summary

The main difference between undergraduate and graduate is that undergraduate is always used in the context of the first level of college or university education (the level where you can earn a bachelor’s degree ). In terms like graduate student and graduate degree , graduate refers to a level of advanced education beyond the undergraduate level, especially a master’s degree or doctorate . The noun graduate is more general, simply referring to a person who has completed a level of education (someone who has graduated ).

The difference between undergraduate and graduate is a difference of degrees (*throws graduation cap in the air to celebrate the pun*).

The level of education that each word involves varies depending on how the word is being used, and there are situations in which both words can be used in the same situation. For example, you can become a graduate student after graduating with an undergraduate degree.

The word graduate can mean very different things depending on whether it’s used as a noun (as in recent   high school graduates ), an adjective (as in graduate student and graduate degree ), or a verb (as in I plan to graduate next May ). The same goes for its shortened form, grad , which can be used as a noun (as in Congrats, grads! ) or an adjective (as in grad program ).

Undergraduate can also be used both as a noun (as in I’m an undergraduate at Stanford University ) or an adjective (as in I’m working toward my undergraduate degree ). It can be shortened to undergrad in both cases.

By the end of this article, you’ll have an advanced degree in all the different ways graduate, grad , undergraduate , and undergrad are used, and what they mean in each case.

What does undergraduate mean?

An undergraduate is “a student in a university or college who has not received a first, especially a bachelor’s, degree.” For example, a college student might say I’m an undergraduate at the University of Texas if they were pursuing a bachelor’s degree there.

Undergraduate is also commonly used as an adjective in this same context, in terms like undergraduate student , undergraduate degree , and undergraduate studies.

Undergraduate is often shortened to undergrad as both a noun and an adjective.

In undergraduate, the prefix under- is used to indicate a lower rank or status. The educational status of an undergraduate student is below that of a graduate student.

What’s the difference between wisdom and knowledge ? Here’s a lesson on the two terms.

What is an undergraduate student ? And what is an undergraduate degree ?

An undergraduate student is a student who is pursuing a degree at the first level of higher education (meaning the level after high school) at a college or university. Undergraduate students are typically those working to earn a bachelor’s degree (or, less commonly, an associate’s degree ). These degrees are often referred to with the general term undergraduate degree.

Outside of the US, an undergraduate degree is sometimes called a first degree. There are also other types of undergraduate degrees outside of the US, such as a foundation degree (which, like an associate’s degree, is typically a two-year degree).

What does graduate mean?

As a noun, the word graduate  [  graj -oo-it ] refers to “a person who has received a degree or diploma on completing a course of study.” In other words, a graduate is someone who has completed a particular level of schooling or an educational program—a child who just finished kindergarten and a doctor who just completed medical school are both graduates. It can even be used figuratively , as in She’s a graduate of the school of hard knocks.

As a verb, graduate [  graj -oo-eyt ] means “to receive a degree or diploma on completing a course of study.” The process of graduating—and the ceremony itself—is called graduation .

As an adjective, graduate [  graj -oo-it ] means something more specific. It’s used to indicate that a student, degree, or educational program is an advanced one, beyond the level of a bachelor’s degree. This sense of graduate is most commonly used in terms like graduate degree, graduate school , graduate program, and graduate student.

What is a graduate degree ? And what is a graduate student ?

Graduate degree typically refers to a degree beyond a bachelor’s, most commonly a master’s.

A graduate student is a student who’s pursuing an advanced degree after having earned their undergraduate degree (such as a bachelor’s degree) by graduating from an undergraduate program. Calling someone a graduate student most often means they are pursuing their master’s degree, but it may be another advanced degree, such as a PhD (You’d most commonly call such students PhD students. Or you might say they are working toward their doctorate or their doctoral degree.)

To earn a graduate degree, graduate students go to a division of a university known as graduate school , and such a program is often called a graduate program. In all of these terms, graduate is often shortened to grad : grad school , grad student , grad program . (A student doesn’t become a graduate student until they take graduate-level courses. For example, if a student graduates with a bachelor’s degree and then later pursues a different bachelor’s degree, they are still an undergraduate student .)

Some graduate studies are referred to in more specific ways: medical students go to medical school to earn their medical degree ; law students go to law school to earn their law degree.

Do you know the difference between these highly-esteemed graduate degrees and titles: PhD, MD, and Dr ?

Where does the word graduate come from?

Graduate comes from the Medieval Latin graduārī, meaning “to take a degree.” It ultimately derives from the Latin gradus, meaning “a step.” Each time you graduate, you take a step to the next level of education.

What does postgraduate mean?

The adjective postgraduate is sometimes used in the same way as the adjective sense of the word graduate, especially in the UK, as in postgraduate student or postgraduate studies.

Postgraduate should not be confused with postdoctoral , which refers to studies, research, or professional work above the level of a doctorate.

How to use undergraduate vs. graduate

The best way to sort out the different meanings of undergraduate and graduate is to determine whether each word is being used as a noun, an adjective, or a verb. Here’s an easy breakdown of the differences.

• undergraduate (noun): A college student pursuing a non-advanced degree, most commonly a bachelor’s degree. Can be shortened to undergrad.
• undergraduate (adjective): Used in the context of colleges and university programs ( undergraduate programs ) where students are pursuing a degree (generally referred to as an undergraduate degree ) that is not an advanced degree. Also sometimes shortened to undergrad.
• graduate (noun): A person who has completed a particular level of schooling or educational program. Can be shortened to grad.
• graduate (verb): To complete a level of schooling (and, typically, to receive a degree or diploma). You can graduate from kindergarten, high school, college, graduate school, medical school, etc.
• graduate (adjective): Used in the context of advanced schooling—a level beyond a bachelor’s degree, most commonly a master’s program. Used in terms like graduate student , graduate school , graduate degree , graduate program , graduate courses , etc. Often shortened to grad.

Examples of undergraduate, undergrad, graduate, and grad used in a sentence

Let’s look at some examples of these words in actual, real-life use to get the meanings straight.

• As an undergraduate, she had studied engineering; as a graduate student, she switched to architecture.
• I completed my undergraduate degree after five years and a lot of hard work.
• As a graduate student, you will be expected to complete a thesis.
• You should start thinking about graduate school applications before you graduate.
• Most of the applicants for this position are recent college graduates.
• I’m still an undergrad, but I’m hoping to start grad school next fall.
• I’m a UGA grad, but I almost went to Georgia Tech.

Go Behind The Words!

• By clicking "Sign Up", you are accepting Dictionary.com Terms & Conditions and Privacy policies.
• Phone This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged.

No matter who is graduating, here are tips on how to craft a perfect congratulations card for their achievement.

Commonly Confused

Trending Words

Science & Technology

Language Stories

Food & Drink

[ nah-eev- tey , -ee-v uh - tey ]

• Name This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged.

Jump to navigation

United States Department of State

• American English
• EducationUSA
• StudyAbroad

Search form

• The Experience of Studying in the USA

• Student Emergencies

• Your 5 Steps to U.S. Study

• Community College
• Undergraduate
• English Language
• Online Learning

• Find an Event
• Find an Advising Center
• Why Internationalize
• EducationUSA Centers
• Washington D.C. and U.S. Embassies
• Regional Educational Advising Coordinators (REACs)
• EducationUSA Advisers
• Policies for Services
• Campus Visits
• Special Programs
• Open Doors Report
• Global Guide
• Student Mobility Fact Sheets
• Leveraging Scholarships
• U.S. Higher Education Monthly Newsletter
• Social Media
• Social Media Terms and Conditions
• Submit Content
• Joint Statement of Principles
• The U.S. Department of State
• The U.S. Department of Commerce
• The U.S. Department of Education
• The Federal Bureau of Investigation
• Department of Homeland Security U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)
• National Science Foundation (NSF)
• EducationUSA Assistance
• International Student Visas
• The EducationUSA Network
• Regional Education Advising Coordinators (REACs)
• US Government Agencies
• Campus Hosting
• U.S. Events Sponsored by Education Associations
• Student Mobility Data
• Non-EducationUSA Overseas International Events
• Partnering with U.S. Universities

What is a Graduate Student?

A graduate student is someone who has earned a bachelor’s degree and is pursuing additional education in a specific field.

Graduate Degrees

More than 1,000 U.S. colleges and universities offer programs leading to a graduate degree in a wide range of fields. The two main graduate degrees in the United States are the  master ’ s degree  and the  doctoral degree . Both degrees involve a combination of research and coursework. Graduate education is characterized by in-depth training and specialized instruction. Study and learning are more self-directed at the graduate level than at the undergraduate level.

Master’s Degree:

• Provides education and training in a specialized branch or field.
• May be  academic,  e.g. master of arts (MA) or master of science (MS)} or  professional,  e.g. master of business administration (MBA), master of fine arts (MFA), master of social work (MSW), or master of education (MEd)
• Programs may offer a thesis or non-thesis option.
• Generally requires one to three years of additional study beyond a bachelor’s degree.

Doctoral Degree:

• Prepares students for college faculty and research scholar positions, or for other careers that require advanced knowledge and research skills.
• May be  academic,  e.g., doctor of philosophy (PhD) or  professional,  e.g., doctor of education (EdD), or doctor of business administration (DBA).
• Requires that candidates pass a comprehensive examination and complete original research leading to a  dissertation .

Professional degree programs that lead to licensure in specialized fields such as law or medicine are also available in the United States. For most programs, a bachelor’s degree in a specific field is not required; however, some programs do require  prerequisite  coursework. For example, a student entering medical school may have a bachelor’s degree in philosophy, but will also have taken a significant number of prerequisite courses in biological sciences, chemistry, mathematics, and social sciences.

• Finance Your Studies
• Complete Your Application
• Apply for Your Student Visa
• Prepare for Your Departure

• Bachelor’s Degrees
• Master’s Degrees
• Doctorate Degrees
• Certificate Programs
• Nursing Degrees
• Cybersecurity
• Human Services
• Science & Mathematics
• Communication
• Liberal Arts
• Social Sciences
• Computer Science
• Admissions Overview
• Tuition and Financial Aid
• Incoming Freshman and Graduate Students
• Transfer Students
• Military Students
• International Students
• Early Access Program
• About Maryville
• Our Faculty
• Our Approach
• Our History
• Accreditation
• Tales of the Brave
• Student Support Overview
• Online Learning Tools
• Infographics

Home / Blog

What Is a Graduate Degree and Is It Worth It?

May 27, 2021 

Whatever your motivation, earning a graduate degree can have tremendous value. You can become an expert in your field, take your career in a new direction, or move up the career ladder. Graduate education also leads to personal growth and provides an opportunity to meaningfully contribute to your field.

The popularity of graduate education is growing. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, between 2000 and 2018:

• The number of people at least 25 years old whose highest degree was a master’s grew from 10.4 million to 21 million.
• The number of people at least 25 years old who had a doctoral degree grew from 2 million to 4.5 million.

The flexibility of online degree programs has helped bring graduate degrees within reach for many individuals seeking advanced education. Exploring the types of available degrees and their associated benefits can help you decide whether attending graduate school is a good option for you.

What Is a Graduate Degree?

The first step in understanding graduate education is knowing what a graduate degree is. The U.S. Department of Education defines graduate degrees as follows:

• Master’s degrees are awarded for completion of a program that generally takes one or two years of full-time, college-level study beyond a bachelor’s degree. Types of master’s degrees include the Master of Arts (MA) degree, the Master of Science (MS) degree, and master’s degrees in professionally oriented programs such as a master’s in business administration (MBA) degree.
• Doctoral degrees are the highest award an individual can earn in graduate education. Doctoral degrees can include research/scholarship doctoral degrees such as a Doctor of Education (EdD) and professional practice degrees such as a Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) degree.

With the growth in online learning, the length of time you spend in graduate school is often up to you. You may be able to devote the time to be a full-time student, or perhaps choose to take only one class at a time. In addition, programs such as Maryville University’s Early Access Program enable you to take graduate-level courses that count toward both your undergraduate and graduate degrees.

As you might expect, graduate education is more narrowly focused than undergraduate education, and courses are built entirely around a specific field of study. For example, if you loved your accounting courses during your undergraduate study but dreaded the required electives in English, you typically won’t encounter that challenge if you pursue a master’s in accounting. Another unique aspect of graduate school is that you may be able to conduct research and directly contribute to your field of study.

Benefits of a Graduate Degree

The specific benefits of a graduate degree vary depending on the person and the degree, but the potential advantages can be numerous.

Expand Your Knowledge

A desire to expand your knowledge can be a great reason to pursue graduate education. Say, for example, an individual has been working as a computer programmer and would like to expand their knowledge into software design or web development. Pursuing a master’s in software development could enable the programmer to acquire that knowledge and gain hands-on experience designing a web-based application.

Pursue a Passion

People who have a passion for something are great candidates for graduate school. That same computer programmer discussed above may have been programming data analytics software for years and, through that experience, developed a passion for data analysis. Earning a master’s in business data analytics would be a great way to pursue that passion and learn how to apply it to real-world business scenarios.

Enhance Your Resume

When considering what a graduate degree is worth, it’s important to remember that it can be a valuable supplement to the credentials on your resume. If the computer programmer we’ve discussed likes leading teams and heading up new initiatives, for example, earning a master’s in management and leadership could make their resume especially attractive to employers who are looking for both technical knowledge and leadership expertise.

Develop a Network of Colleagues and Mentors

Fellow graduate students and professors often remain valued colleagues and mentors long after you complete your graduate degree. Having that network can be invaluable in pursuing employment and staying up to date on trends in your line of work. While earning a graduate degree, our computer programmer will likely be able to spend time with and learn from other students and professors, which may lead to future career opportunities.

Develop Soft Skills

Earning a graduate degree is a rigorous process that leads students to not only develop quantitative hard skills, but valuable soft skills such as time management, communication, and critical thinking. For example, say our computer programmer pursues graduate education while still working full time. Succeeding in that situation requires sound time management skills. Working on projects with fellow students and professors in graduate school also provides the opportunity to enhance communication skills.

Is a Graduate Degree Worth It?

Is a graduate degree worth it? For many, earning a graduate degree can certainly pay off in ways that make it worth the time and effort.

• Higher salaries: According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), 2020 median weekly wages were $1,885 for individuals with doctoral degrees, $1,545 for individuals with master’s degrees, and $1,305 for individuals with bachelor’s degrees.
• Career advancement: Earning a graduate degree can help individuals on their path to career advancement, and in some cases it may be a requirement. For example, if you want to advance from a position as a registered nurse to become a nurse practitioner , you will need to earn an advanced degree.
• Expanded career options: Combining your undergraduate degree with a graduate degree can open more career options. For example, if you have an undergraduate degree in business administration and you’d like to work in health administration, earning a master’s in health administration could pave the way to the career you’re seeking. Likewise, if you have an undergraduate degree in accounting and want to open your own accounting firm, you might consider earning an MBA.

Pursuing Graduate Education: A Worthwhile Endeavor

Just as every individual is unique, so are their motivations for pursuing graduate education. But everyone who pursues a graduate degree opens the door to personal and professional growth.

Exploring Maryville University’s online degree programs and the advantages of its Early Access Program is a great way to discover what a graduate degree is and start on the path to graduate education.

Be brave. Take the first step on that path today.

Recommended Readings

5 Questions to Ask Before Enrolling in an Online Program

Halfway to the Top: Career Advancement for Mid-level Employees

What to Do if You Don’t Get That Promotion

Harvard Business Review , “Should You Go to Graduate School?”

Inside Higher Ed , “Why You Should Pursue Passion Projects in Grad School”

National Association of Colleges and Employers, “The Difference a Master’s Degree Can Have on Starting Salary”

The Standard , “Why Should You Pursue a Master’s Degree”

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Education Pays

U.S. Census Bureau, “About 13.1 Percent Have a Master’s, Professional Degree or Doctorate”

U.S. Department of Education Institute of Education Sciences, “The Condition of Education 2020”

U.S. News & World Report , “How Long Does It Take to Get a Master’s Degree?”

U.S. News & World Report , “What Is a Doctorate Degree?”

U.S. News & World Report , “What Is Graduate School and Should You Apply?”

Bring us your ambition and we’ll guide you along a personalized path to a quality education that’s designed to change your life.

Take Your Next Brave Step

Receive information about the benefits of our programs, the courses you'll take, and what you need to apply.

What Is Graduate School?

Genevieve Carlton

Contributing Writer

Learn about our editorial process .

Updated February 26, 2024

thebestschools.org is an advertising-supported site. Featured or trusted partner programs and all school search, finder, or match results are for schools that compensate us. This compensation does not influence our school rankings, resource guides, or other editorially-independent information published on this site.

Are you ready to discover your college program?

Graduate school can bring career benefits, but for many students, it's also a financial burden.

In many professions, a graduate degree pays off. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), earning a master's degree increases median earnings by nearly $13,000 per year over a bachelor's degree — and a doctorate or first-professional degree increases earning potential even more. Some careers even require a graduate degree, especially in fields like healthcare or legal services.

But what is graduate school? And should you go to graduate school? This article walks through different graduate degrees, helping prospective grad students make informed decisions about their educational futures.

Graduate school provides focused, academic training in specialized fields, resulting in master's degrees, doctorates, or first-professional degrees. Most master's and doctoral programs emphasize research and academic skills, while first-professional degrees train graduates for specific careers. Typically, graduate students have already earned bachelor's degrees.

What Is a Master's Degree?

A master's degree introduces students to graduate-level coursework, which often includes a dissertation requirement. Several career paths require a master's degree for entry-level roles, including school principal , economist , and managerial roles in business.

Many master's programs require bachelor's degrees or experience for admission. For example, applicants may need specific prerequisite courses or a certain number of years of professional work in the field. Earning a master's degree typically takes two years for full-time students.

What Is a Doctorate?

A doctoral degree offers advanced, specialized study in an academic area. As a terminal degree, a doctorate is the highest level of training available in most fields. Doctoral degree-holders typically hold research, academic, or leadership positions; for example, college professors and psychologists typically need doctorates.

Most doctoral programs require a master's degree for admission. Completing a doctorate can take 3-5 years, depending on the program.

What Is a First-Professional Degree?

A first-professional degree provides graduate-level training in a professional field. Unlike master's programs, first-professional degrees typically do not require undergraduate degrees in the discipline, though they often require applicants to have a bachelor's degree of some variety.

Examples of first-professional degrees include Juris Doctor (JD) — which lawyers usually need before they can take the bar exam — and doctor of medicine degrees, which medical doctors need to practice medicine. Other fields that offer first-professional degrees include dental medicine, optometry, pharmacy, and physical therapy. Completing a first-professional degree generally takes 3-6 years.

Which Careers Require Graduate School?

While a graduate degree is an advantage in most fields, there are some careers that require it, usually as part of the licensure process. This is most common in education or healthcare fields. For example, a school counselor must hold a master's degree, while lawyers need first-professional degrees . Librarians generally need master's degrees , as do clinical social workers . Medical scientists typically hold doctorates, as do many college professors.

Pursuing Graduate Study in the Humanities

A graduate degree in the humanities or social sciences prepares students for careers in academia or advancement within their fields. For instance, a master's degree in English can lead to employment as a high school teacher , while doctoral degrees in history train graduates to become history professors. With a master's degree in theater, a graduate can find employment as a director, playwright, or actor.

Most graduate students in the humanities already hold bachelor's degrees in their fields, though they can also major in an unrelated subject. Humanities graduate programs often require exams and a thesis or dissertation, depending on the degree level.

Pursuing Graduate Study in STEM

STEM fields include the natural sciences, computer science, information technology, mathematics, and engineering. A doctorate in science or mathematics prepares graduates for careers as professors or research scientists, while a master's degree in information technology can lead to employment as a data scientist, computer and information research scientist , or IT manager. Some programs combine STEM fields with business or management classes.

Most STEM graduate programs require applicants to have completed undergraduate math courses, and many programs prefer STEM-related undergraduate majors. Graduate students in STEM typically complete thesis projects to earn their degrees.

Pursuing Graduate Study in Business

A graduate degree in business emphasizes practical skills for executives and those pursuing careers in management. The most popular graduate degree is the master of business administration (MBA), which trains learners for supervisory positions in marketing, finance, healthcare administration, and human resources. A business graduate student can also earn a doctor of business administration (DBA) or a Ph.D. in business. While the DBA focuses on professional skills, the Ph.D. emphasizes research and academic career prospects.

During a business graduate program, degree-seekers take classes in management, organizational behavior, and leadership. Most programs offer concentrations in supply chain management, information systems management, or international business. In addition to coursework, graduate students often complete internships and capstone projects.

Business graduate programs typically do not require undergraduate degrees in business, though many require introductory courses in business administration, marketing, finance, or statistics. A doctoral program may require a master's degree for admission.

Pursuing First-Professional Degrees

A first-professional degree offers career-focused training for jobs that require graduate-level education. Prospective lawyers, doctors, pharmacists, dentists, and veterinarians must earn first-professional degrees to qualify for examinations or earn licensure. For example, lawyers who want to practice law must sit for the bar exam, and medical students take medical licensing exams to become physicians and surgeons.

The length of first-professional degrees varies by field. Law students complete three years of coursework to earn their degrees, while a doctor of pharmacy program typically requires four years. Medical students spend four years completing classes in medical school before earning their degrees and then furthering their training with residencies.

Incoming first-professional degree students often must meet prerequisite requirements. Medical schools and physical therapy programs, for instance, require coursework in the natural sciences, anatomy, and mathematics to gain admission.

Career Benefits

Even in fields where a graduate degree is not required for license qualifications, earning one can still help professionals advance in their current field or move into a new career.

A graduate degree can yield a higher earning potential in nearly every field. In 2018, men with master's degrees reported a median annual income of $99,620, compared to $75,150 with a bachelor's degree. Meanwhile, women with master's degrees earned $66,740, compared to only $56,680 with a bachelor's. Doctorates similarly increase earning potential: Men with doctoral degrees earned $115,790, while women with doctorates earned $95,170.

In addition to higher salaries, a graduate education often leads to a lower unemployment rate. In 2019, the BLS reported an unemployment rate of 2.0% for professionals with master's degrees and 1.1% for those with doctorates. Both figures fall well below the average rate of 3.0%.

Financial Considerations

For many students, financial factors are the biggest question when it comes to attending graduate school. According to the National Center for Education Statistics , the average tuition and fees for graduate school exceeds $19,000 per year. Many private schools charge even higher rates.

As a result, many graduate learners carry student loan debt. In 2016, 52.8% of master's enrollees had student debt, with an average of $50,300 to repay. Among doctoral-level learners, 43.6% reported student debt, with an average of $105,700 in loans. Similarly, 73.5% of first-professional degree students took out loans, adding up to an average of $178,800 in related debt.

In some schools — particularly online, hybrid, and part-time programs — graduate students can continue to work while earning their degrees, reducing the need to take out loans. Full-time or accelerated programs are often too time-consuming for degree-seekers to maintain employment.

Who Should Go to Graduate School?

The decision to go to grad school depends on your interests and career goals. Some career paths require graduate degrees: If you're set on a career as a dentist or a college professor, you'll need to attend graduate school. However, you can also consider alternatives that do not require graduate degrees, like becoming a dental hygienist or high school teacher.

Prospective grad students also need to balance the professional benefits of advanced degrees against the associated costs. It's worth considering the opportunity cost of graduate study . Can you work while earning a degree or will you need to leave the workforce for several years? How will that impact your career goals? The answer is different for everyone, so it's important to do your own research.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is graduate school like.

In graduate school, degree-seekers take advanced courses in their fields. Many graduate programs allow students to specialize in a focus area within the discipline. Depending on the program, grad students might analyze data, evaluate arguments, complete projects, and write papers. Some graduate programs require comprehensive examinations or dissertations.

Is Graduate School Difficult?

The difficulty of graduate school depends on the student and the program. Grad schools expect solid foundational knowledge in the discipline, with many programs setting high expectations. However, some students find grad school engaging and exciting, despite the difficulty.

Is Graduate School Worth It?

In many fields, a graduate degree pays off. While grad school tuition can add up, professionals with master's or doctoral degrees consistently out-earn those with only bachelor's degrees, so the long-term financial rewards may outweigh the cost of student loans.

How Many Years Is Graduate School?

The length of a graduate program depends on the degree and field. Some programs offer accelerated one-year master's degrees, while a doctorate can take five years or longer. When researching graduate school timelines, pay attention to the type of program. An accelerated program is more intensive, but finishes sooner, while a part-time program takes longer, but allows for more schedule flexibility.

What Do You Do in Graduate School?

In many graduate programs, learners take courses, seminars, and workshops to strengthen their knowledge and skills. Grad students may also complete internships, work on capstone projects, or research and write theses.

Should You Go to Graduate School?

If you're considering a graduate-level education, take the time to research the total cost of the degree, the placement record for each prospective program, and whether you need a graduate degree for advancement in your chosen career. In the end, only you can decide whether a graduate degree is right for you.

Header Image Credit: SDI Productions | Getty Images

Learn more, do more.

More topic-relevant resources to expand your knowledge., popular with our students..

Highly informative resources to keep your education journey on track.

Take the next step toward your future with online learning.

Discover schools with the programs and courses you’re interested in, and start learning today.

• Talent Seekers
•  PARTNERS    Employers  Data & Insights  Colleges  Workforce  Demo

What Is a Graduate Degree?

Earning a four-year college degree is an amazing way to start yourself off on the path to a fulfilling, rewarding, and stable career. Those who have a bachelor’s degree or higher have the lowest rate of unemployment in the country, with 86 percent of bachelor’s earners holding a job . But getting a job immediately after you graduate isn’t the only option on the table. If you’re open to spending a few more years in academia, you might want to consider obtaining an even higher degree in grad school.

Advanced study in a field beyond your bachelor’s usually means more school, at least for two more years and, for many, even more. The path to a graduate degree is long, but it’s that way for a reason, as it allows you to zero-in on one specific thing and become a real expert in that field. But is it worth it? Longer programs come with significantly higher price tags and lengthy, stressful time commitments. In this guide, we’re going over everything you need to know about graduate school to determine whether this route might be one worth pursuing.

What is a graduate degree, exactly? It’s defined as an advanced academic degree in a specialized field of study, pursued after one has already obtained a bachelor’s degree. These degree programs lay the foundation for a number of high-paying careers across thousands of industries. Master’s degrees are the most common type of graduate degree, but they are generally given in three realms—the Master of Arts (MA), Master of Science (MS), and Doctor of Philosophy (PhD). 

Often, these kinds of degrees are terminal, meaning they are the highest level of formal education one can obtain in a broad academic or research track. Such is the case with degrees such as the Master of Fine Arts (MFA) and all PhDs. Others serve as stepping stones for degrees that are higher still, such as master’s programs that are prerequisites for PhD programs.

What About Law School, Med School, etc.?

Grad school is often distinguished from “professional school,” which generally refers to those post-undergraduate programs that ready students for a specific career rather than a field of study. For example, the Doctor of Medicine (MD) and advanced nursing degrees—like a Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) or Nurse Practitioner (NP)—are considered professional degrees. The same goes for the Juris Doctor (law) and the Master of Business Administration (MBA).

How Long Does it Take to Get a Graduate Degree?

How long it takes to finish grad school depends entirely on your program, but the vast majority of non-professional master’s programs last between two and three years for full-time students. On the other hand, it will take you a lot longer to score that coveted PhD—the median amount of time it takes students to complete a PhD program is 7.7 years ! All in all, graduate students can expect to complete between six and 12 years of higher education in total (including their undergraduate years).

Is Grad School Worth It?

There’s no denying that graduate school can help you earn more money and build a more fulfilling career throughout your life. In fact, data shows that those full-time workers with a master’s degree actually earn around $12,000 more per year than those with a bachelor’s degree only. But grad programs aren’t cheap and tend to ring up for more than undergraduate ones.

With that being said, if you make it to graduate school, there’s a good chance you’re a good student, which means you’ll get a lot more opportunities to nab college scholarships . Additional funding opportunities often open up in grad school as well, including graduate assistantship programs that allow students to work on campus as a professor, tutor, or elsewhere in exchange for free tuition and a small stipend for living. 

So whether or not grad school is worth it totally depends on your situation. Given that it can lead to higher income potential, more job security, and an amazing title (who doesn’t want to be a master?) , pursuing a graduate degree may definitely be something you want to consider now or down the road!

Interested in talking with other students and professionals about getting a graduate degree? Join Community , our online discussion board covering topics from Career Exploration to Higher Education and more!

RELATED POSTS

Scholarship Alert: Tallo’s $1,000 “STEM & Social Good” Scholarship

Unlock the Potential of Early Talent: Discover the Early Talent Playbook

Join Us at Stride, Inc.’s Promising Practices 2024 on March 1st!

Start charting your path today..

Connect with real educational and career-related opportunities.

Get Started

The Many Ways Grad School Differs From College

Be prepared for a tougher workload and more independence as a graduate student.

How Grad School Differs From College

Getty Images

Graduate students usually rely less heavily on textbooks than undergrads, and some of their courses don't include textbooks at all, since the norm is for them to analyze complicated original source materials themselves rather than depending on explanations from others.

Unlike undergraduates, who often take introductory courses in a range of subjects before committing to a major, graduate students typically focus on a particular area of study, such as chemistry or philosophy, from the get-go.

"A graduate degree is more specialized than an undergraduate degree, and it is typically more directly tied to one or several career paths," says Julia Kent, a vice president at the Council of Graduate Schools, an organization that represents universities that grant master's and doctoral degrees.

The most important distinction between college and graduate school, according to higher education experts, is that they are designed with different missions in mind.

The Purpose of College vs. Graduate Studies

A graduate degree is meant to bolster someone's expertise within a field in which they have already demonstrated significant potential. That differs from a college education, which usually includes general education classes in fields like biology and history. A primary goal of a college education is to provide students with "a broad understanding of human civilization," says Robert C. Bird, a professor of business law at the University of Connecticut's business school .

Jana Hunzicker, associate dean for academic affairs at Bradley University's college of education and health sciences in Illinois, notes that a college degree is often the baseline credential required for entry-level positions.

"Most students who pursue a master's degree have a fairly clear idea of what they want to do next in their career," she wrote in an email. And "by the time a student seeks a doctoral degree, he or she has likely reached a point of feeling that they have learned or done as much as they can do without seeking further expert instruction."

Here are several other key differences between college and grad school that experts say prospective grad students should keep in mind.

The Application Process

Personal statements for graduate applications are very different than the ones in college applications, Kent says. "You are expected to explain how completing the degree is tied to your career goals, whereas at the undergraduate level, the focus is often less academic and career-oriented."

Ph.D. programs typically like to see specific information about candidates' research interests and might even wish to hear about particular faculty members the candidates would like to work with. These programs also value research experience, Kent says. Professionally oriented programs, such as those in business and clinical health care fields, often prioritize work experience.

Experts on applied doctoral programs, which are designed to train people for leadership within a specific domain such as education, say that these programs favor students who understand conditions for frontline workers within their field.

The Amount of Personal Awareness and Initiative Required

In graduate school, experts agree, professors expect students to be self-directed and goal-oriented.

If you enroll in grad school, faculty will assume you possess "self-knowledge about what it is that you want to accomplish," says Kent.

Bernadine Mavhungu Jeranyama, an online MBA student at Clark University in Massachusetts, says "intentionality" was one key distinction between her experiences in college and grad school.

"Going to college and graduating with a bachelor’s degree was an expected next step after high school, and a ticket to entry into the working world," she wrote in an email. "The decision to enroll in graduate education came from myself with no outside influence, and I feel more committed to it."

After years in the workforce, Jeranyama realized that she wanted to become an executive who focuses on health equity issues, and she chose a grad degree that aligns with her ambitions.

The Speed, Depth and Difficulty of Courses

Though undergraduate classes can be challenging, in most cases, graduate classes are harder, according to experts.

"Graduate courses tend to cover more material in a shorter period of time," Bird says.

Bird notes that he teaches law classes very differently at the undergraduate vs. the graduate level. In his college classes, he is more likely to provide summaries of court cases, whereas in more advanced courses, he generally asks students to examine legal rulings.

Graduate students usually rely less heavily on textbooks than undergrads, and some of their courses don't include textbooks at all, since the norm is for them to analyze complicated original source materials themselves rather than depending on explanations from others, Bird says.

The Social Environment

Grad students usually have less free time than college students because of the demanding nature of their courses. That is especially true if they are working professionals or parents, experts say.

"In graduate school, there's less time for socializing, and there's less time for going out," Bird says, adding that during law school he lived right near a sports stadium but rarely could find time to see a game there. "You have to focus on your work."

Financial Considerations

Many grad programs require students to pay tuition and fees similar to those at the college level. But Ph.D. students frequently receive funding from whatever university they attend and may receive an annual stipend. "That is very different than a college education where you're paying four years of tuition and having to support yourself as well," Kent says.

Certain short grad programs – such as those that last only a single academic year – require minimal time out of the workforce. Though subsidies for grad school are less plentiful than college scholarships, such awards are available and can be used to reduce student loans.

The Emphasis on Applying Knowledge

According to Kent, hands-on training is common in graduate programs, since students often participate in labs or supervised practicums. And Ph.D. students frequently have some undergraduate teaching responsibilities. "You're getting practice doing the work that you will possibly do in your chosen career and having an opportunity to get feedback from a professor and mentor on that work," she says.

Grad students are expected to use the information they learn in a clever way, not just show they know the facts, says Bird. "It's higher-level thinking that you're expected to do."

Searching for a grad school? Get our  complete rankings of Best Graduate Schools.

30 Fully Funded Ph.D. Programs

Tags: education , students , graduate schools , colleges

You May Also Like

15 famous fulbright scholars.

Cole Claybourn April 1, 2024

When to Expect Law School Decisions

Gabriel Kuris April 1, 2024

How to Decide if an MBA Is Worth it

Sarah Wood March 27, 2024

Choosing A Major for Med School

Andrew Bauld March 26, 2024

Handling a Law School Rejection Letter

Gabriel Kuris March 25, 2024

College Majors and MBA Admissions

Anthony Todd Carlisle March 20, 2024

Tips While Awaiting Med School Decision

Zach Grimmett March 19, 2024

2024 Best Grad Schools Rankings Coming

Robert Morse and Eric Brooks March 19, 2024

Tips for Aspiring Lawyers in High School

Gabriel Kuris March 18, 2024

4 Surprising MBA Application Mistakes

Andrew Warner March 18, 2024