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117 Cyber Attack Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

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Introduction: Cyber attacks have become a prevalent issue in today's digitally-driven world. As technology advances, so do the threats associated with it. Writing an essay about cyber attacks allows individuals to explore this ever-evolving field and gain a deeper understanding of the impact it has on various aspects of society. To help you get started, here are 117 cyber attack essay topic ideas and examples.

• The rise of ransomware attacks: Analyzing the growth, impact, and prevention measures.
• The role of nation-states in cyber warfare: A case study of the Stuxnet attack on Iran's nuclear program.
• The impact of cyber attacks on critical infrastructure: Lessons learned from the Ukraine power grid attack.
• Cyber attacks and the healthcare sector: Exploring vulnerabilities, consequences, and mitigation strategies.
• Cyber attacks on financial institutions: Investigating the motives, techniques, and preventive measures.
• Cyber attacks and the aviation industry: Assessing potential threats and efforts to enhance cybersecurity.
• The Dark Web: Unveiling the hidden world of cybercrime and its impact on society.
• Cyber attacks and intellectual property theft: Examining the economic ramifications and legal challenges.
• Cyber attacks and social engineering: Understanding psychological manipulation in hacking attempts.
• The role of cyber attacks in election interference: Analyzing recent case studies.
• The ethics of hacking: Discussing the fine line between ethical hacking and cybercrime.
• The impact of cyber attacks on small businesses: Strategies for protection and recovery.
• The psychology behind cyber attackers: Exploring the motivations and mindset of hackers.
• The role of artificial intelligence in defending against cyber attacks: Opportunities and challenges.
• The impact of cyber attacks on national security: Evaluating the effectiveness of defense mechanisms.
• Cyber attacks and the media: Analyzing the role of journalism in reporting and raising awareness.
• Cyber attacks and the education sector: Assessing vulnerabilities and promoting digital literacy.
• The impact of cyber attacks on individuals' privacy: Examining the legal and ethical implications.
• Cyber attacks and the Internet of Things (IoT): Understanding the risks and securing connected devices.
• The role of cybersecurity insurance in mitigating the financial impact of cyber attacks.
• Cyber attacks and the transportation sector: Analyzing vulnerabilities in connected vehicles.
• The impact of cyber attacks on the gaming industry: Exploring motives and consequences.
• Cyber attacks and the energy sector: Assessing vulnerabilities in smart grids and renewable infrastructure.
• The role of international cooperation in combating cyber attacks: Examining global initiatives and challenges.
• Cyber attacks and the military: Assessing potential threats and strategies for defense.
• The impact of cyber attacks on human rights: Analyzing the relationship between technology and civil liberties.
• Cyber attacks on social media platforms: Investigating the spread of misinformation and privacy breaches.
• The role of cybersecurity professionals in preventing and responding to cyber attacks.
• Cyber attacks and the entertainment industry: Assessing the impact on streaming platforms and content creators.
• The psychology of cyber attackers: Understanding the mindset and motivations behind hacking attempts.
• Cyber attacks and the aviation industry: Assessing vulnerabilities in air traffic control systems.
• The impact of cyber attacks on smart cities: Examining risks and strategies for resilience.
• Cyber attacks and the legal system: Analyzing the challenges in prosecuting cybercriminals.
• The role of encryption in protecting against cyber attacks: Evaluating its effectiveness and potential drawbacks.
• Cyber attacks and the banking sector: Exploring vulnerabilities in online banking systems.
• The impact of cyber attacks on e-commerce: Assessing the consequences for businesses and consumers.
• Cyber attacks and the hospitality industry: Analyzing vulnerabilities in hotel reservation systems.
• The role of cyber attacks in intellectual property theft: Examining the economic implications.
• Cyber attacks and the automotive industry: Assessing vulnerabilities in connected vehicles.
• The impact of cyber attacks on social justice movements: Analyzing the use of technology for activism.
• Cyber attacks and the insurance industry: Evaluating risks and strategies for prevention.
• The role of cyber attacks in disrupting supply chains: Analyzing recent case studies.
• Cyber attacks and the music industry: Assessing the impact on streaming platforms and artists.
• The impact of cyber attacks on government agencies: Evaluating the effectiveness of defense mechanisms.
• Cyber attacks and the retail sector: Exploring vulnerabilities in e-commerce platforms.
• The role of cyber attacks in political espionage: Analyzing recent examples.
• Cyber attacks and the telecommunications sector: Assessing vulnerabilities in network infrastructure.
• The impact of cyber attacks on the sports industry: Analyzing the consequences for leagues and athletes.
• Cyber attacks and the real estate industry: Evaluating risks and strategies for protection.
• The role of cyber attacks in data breaches: Analyzing the motives and consequences.
• Cyber attacks and the hospitality industry: Assessing vulnerabilities in hotel reservation systems.
• The impact of cyber attacks on social media influencers: Exploring the consequences for their online presence.
• Cyber attacks and the pharmaceutical industry: Evaluating vulnerabilities in drug development and distribution.
• The role of cyber attacks in disrupting online voting systems: Analyzing potential threats and prevention measures.
• Cyber attacks and the agriculture sector: Assessing vulnerabilities in smart farming technology.
• The impact of cyber attacks on the cryptocurrency market: Analyzing the consequences for investors.
• Cyber attacks and the fashion industry: Exploring vulnerabilities in e-commerce platforms.

Conclusion: With the increasing reliance on technology, cyber attacks continue to pose significant challenges across various sectors. These essay topics provide a starting point for exploring the complex world of cyber attacks, their consequences, and potential solutions. Whether you choose to focus on a specific industry or dive into the psychology of cyber attackers, researching these topics will equip you with a deeper understanding of the evolving cyber threat landscape.

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Writing Prompts about Hacking

• 🗃️ Essay topics
• ❓ Research questions
• 📝 Topic sentences
• 🪝 Essay hooks
• 📑 Thesis statements
• 🔀 Hypothesis examples
• 🧐 Personal statements

🔗 References

🗃️ hacking essay topics.

• The evolution of hacking from phone phreaking to cyber warfare.
• The dark side of hacking, and examining cybercrime and its implications.
• Hacking and assessing vulnerabilities in connected devices.
• The use of hacking by nation-states for intelligence gathering.
• Hacking and investigating the theft and misuse of personal information.
• Strategies to prevent and mitigate hacking attacks.
• Big data risks and rewards: data in nursing practice.
• Hacking and assessing the impact on individuals and organizations.
• Hacking and examining the threats to national security.
• The legal and ethical implications of hacking.
• The economics of hacking and the underground market for stolen data.
• Hacking and balancing security and individual rights.
• The cat-and-mouse game of hacking and antivirus software.
• Hacking and assessing the vulnerabilities of web applications.
• Hacking and managing risks in the digital age.
• Hacking and the threat to copyrights and trade secrets.
• Social networking, cybercrime, and cybersecurity.
• The future of hacking and anticipating new trends.
• The hacking community and hacktivist movements.
• Hacking and assessing the security of cryptocurrencies.
• The role of nation-states in state-sponsored hacking.
• Hacking and fostering a new generation of defenders.

❓ Essay Questions on Hacking

• How has hacking evolved over the years, and what are the key milestones in its development?
• What are the most common hacking techniques and tools used by cybercriminals in recent times?
• How do social engineering tactics play a role in successful hacking attempts?
• What are the economic impacts of hacking on businesses, governments, and individuals?
• How does hacking affect critical infrastructure, such as power grids and transportation systems?
• How can governments and law enforcement agencies effectively combat hacking on a global scale?
• How does hacking impact the privacy and security of personal data in the digital age?
• What are the most significant hacking incidents in history, and what lessons can be learned from them?
• How does the global hacking landscape differ between different regions and countries?
• What are the opportunities in preventing hacking attacks on Internet of Things (IoT) devices?
• What are the economic incentives behind the underground market for stolen data and hacking tools?
• How does hacking contribute to the rise of cyberterrorism?
• How do hacktivist movements utilize hacking as a means of political expression and social change?
• What are the emerging trends and future challenges in hacking and cybersecurity?
• How can individuals and organizations proactively protect themselves against hacking threats?

📝 Hacking Topic Sentence Examples

• The rise of hacking as a major cybersecurity threat has prompted organizations to invest in robust defense mechanisms to safeguard sensitive data and protect against potential breaches.
• Ethical hacking, a practice aimed at identifying vulnerabilities in systems, has become an integral part of cybersecurity strategies, empowering companies to proactively address weaknesses before malicious hackers exploit them.
• The evolving landscape of hacking techniques and tactics underscores the urgent need for continuous research and development in cybersecurity to stay ahead of cybercriminals and protect digital assets.

🪝 Top Hooks for Hacking Paper

📍 anecdotal hooks for essay about hacking.

• Ever wondered what hackers and magicians have in common? Prepare to be spellbound by the secrets of hacking – where coding meets conjuring, and cyber tricksters work their digital wizardry. Get ready for an essay that will leave you in awe!
• Welcome to the wild world of hacking, where computer wizards can make your data disappear faster than you can say ‘password123.’ Join the adventure as we unravel the secrets of hacking, giving both digital pirates and cybersecurity heroes a run for their money!

📍 Definition Hooks for Essay on Hacking

• Hacking, in the realm of technology and cybersecurity, refers to the unauthorized access, manipulation, or exploitation of computer systems, networks, or digital devices. This clandestine art of breaching digital barriers has far-reaching implications, shaping the landscape of our interconnected world.
• Hacking, an enigmatic and controversial term in the digital domain, denotes the skillful and illicit act of infiltrating computer systems, networks, or software to gain unauthorized access, control, or manipulate information, posing significant ethical, security, and legal challenges in the modern age.

📍 Statistical Hooks on Hacking for Essay

• With the rapid digitization of our world, hacking has emerged as a formidable threat. Startling statistics reveal an alarming surge in cyberattacks, highlighting the urgent need for robust cybersecurity measures. The numbers paint a stark picture of vulnerabilities that demand immediate attention and action.
• In the realm of cybersecurity, statistics underscore the pervasive impact of hacking. From a relentless increase in data breaches to staggering financial losses incurred globally, the numbers unequivocally demonstrate the pressing need to fortify our digital defenses against this ever-evolving menace.

📍 Question Hooks on Hacking

• How does hacking transcend from malicious cyber threats to a tool for cybersecurity exploration, ethical hacking, and safeguarding the virtual realms, while raising pertinent ethical and legal dilemmas in our interconnected world?
• How does hacking impact individuals, businesses, and governments worldwide, and what measures can be taken to strike a delicate balance between technological advancement, security, and personal privacy?

📑 Hacking Thesis Statements

✔️ argumentative thesis examples on hacking.

• Hacking poses a significant threat to modern society, necessitating stringent legislation, enhanced cybersecurity measures, and comprehensive education. By addressing these issues, we can safeguard our digital infrastructure and preserve the privacy and security of individuals and organizations.
• Hacking, often seen as a rogue art, should also be recognized as a catalyst for improved cybersecurity. By studying and understanding hacking techniques, ethical hacking can be harnessed as a powerful tool to fortify digital defenses and protect against malicious cyber threats.

✔️ Analytical Thesis Samples on Hacking

• The phenomenon of hacking requires a comprehensive analysis of its historical roots, evolving methodologies, and societal impacts. Through this examination, we can gain valuable insights into the complex world of hacking and devise effective strategies for cybersecurity and digital resilience.
• Hacking, a multifaceted and ever-evolving phenomenon, demands a nuanced analysis of its motivations, techniques, and consequences. By understanding the intricacies of hacking, we can devise proactive measures to mitigate cyber threats and enhance digital security for the modern world.

✔️ Informative Thesis Examples about Hacking

• The ever-evolving landscape of hacking poses significant challenges to digital security. This informative study examines the methods, motivations, and impacts of hacking, emphasizing the critical importance of cybersecurity measures to protect individuals and organizations in the digital age.
• In the realm of cybersecurity, hacking emerges as a complex and evolving threat with profound consequences. This informative analysis explores the tactics, motives, and implications of hacking, shedding light on the urgency of robust cyber defense strategies to safeguard digital assets.

🔀 Hacking Hypothesis Examples

• The implementation of stronger cybersecurity measures will significantly reduce successful hacking attempts.
• The motivations behind hacking incidents are diverse, ranging from financial gain to political activism.

🔂 Null & Alternative Hypothesis on Hacking

• Null hypothesis: There is no significant relationship between the level of cybersecurity measures and the frequency of successful hacking attempts.
• Alternative hypothesis: Strengthening cybersecurity measures significantly reduces the frequency of successful hacking attempts.

🧐 Examples of Personal Statement on Hacking

• As a tech enthusiast and aspiring computer scientist, I have always been captivated by the intricacies of hacking and cybersecurity. My fascination with ethical hacking stems from a genuine curiosity to understand the complexities of digital security and protect vulnerable systems from malicious threats. From a young age, I have explored programming languages and computer networks, always striving to expand my knowledge in the ever-evolving world of technology. However, I am acutely aware of the ethical responsibilities that come with possessing such technical expertise.
• As a student with a profound interest in technology, the realm of hacking has always intrigued me. Rather than perceiving it solely as a dark and malevolent force, I see hacking as a multifaceted field that demands both ethical responsibility and technical prowess. I believe in the power of ethical hacking as a means to bolster cybersecurity and protect against malicious attacks. My curiosity in understanding vulnerabilities and exploiting them responsibly has driven me to delve into programming languages, networking, and cybersecurity frameworks.
• Ethical hacking for IoT: Security issues, challenges, solutions and recommendations
• Hacking, protection and the consequences of hacking
• The Art of Hacking
• Evidence from hacking: A few tiresome problems
• Ethical Hacking

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Controversial Topic: Hacking

Hacking refers to the use of computing skills to penetrate, disrupt, or interfere with a computer system by non-standard avenues. Hacking is a fertile debate topic because this skill can be used for many different purposes both lawful and unlawful; ethical and unethical. Some hackers use their skills for criminal activities while others may use their skills to create cybersecurity defenses against malicious actors. Activists may use hacking to undermine dictatorship just as dictators might use hacking to suppress individual liberties. This controversial topic is extremely relevant in our tech-driven world, which makes hacking a popular subject for a persuasive essay.

The nearly infinite range of hacking activities, and the intentions underlying them, make this a controversial topic. There are many competing views on what should or should not be considered ethical hacking. In its earliest incarnation, during the 1950s and 1960s, “hacker culture” represented playful subversiveness and technical virtuosity. For the “hacker culture,” the ability to breach classified data or tinker with a proprietary operating system was done for the sheer intellectual thrill.

In the decades that followed, hacking persisted as an activity for those with intellectual curiosity, but also increasingly became associated with ideological and activist pursuits, especially as they pertained to the ideas of informational freedom, and the development of open source, non-proprietary systems and applications. Hacking also became a prominent theme in science-fiction writing as well as in an emergent genre called cyberpunk.

By the mid-1990s, widespread internet use also produced newly widespread vulnerabilities for private citizens, commercial entities, and national governments. The consequence has been steady growth in use of the term hacking to describe cybercriminal activities as well as some of the activities aimed at preventing cybercrime.

The hacking controversy, therefore, largely centers on the different ways that hacking is used today:

• Hackers, in the purest sense of the word, are those who practice hacking for the exhibition of computing skills, the pursuit of intellectual curiosity, and the spirit of playfulness.
• Hacktivists view their hacking activities through the prisms of social justice, activism, freedom of information, software freedom, and other ideological frameworks.
• Black Hat hackers, or cybercriminals, use their skills to commit financial crimes, data and identity theft, viral attacks, and other malicious computing activities;
• White Hat hackers are cybersecurity professionals and security hackers who use hacking skills to identify weaknesses and recommend strategies for improvement in security systems for financial entities, government agencies, e-commerce merchants, and more.
• Malicious state actors may use hacking to suppress civil liberties, violate the privacy of their citizens, steal secrets from other sovereign states, or engage in cyberwarfare.

A Brief History of the Issue

In its earliest days—the 1950s and 1960s—hacking was largely an intellectual pursuit. “Hacker culture” was the province of an insular club of programmers with a playful sense of mischief and new ways of looking at computer problems. In the early history of computing, programming was a rigid field occupied by serious-minded engineers and data scientists. But as computing evolved, it also attracted a new and more adventurous personality type. University computing labs proved particularly fertile ground for programmers who preferred to explore outside the traditional rules of computing. This was the beginning of hacker culture.

MIT and the Emergence of Hacker Culture (1950s–1960s)

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology was the most noteworthy of these early hacking hotbeds. At its heart, hacking during this time was centered on the intellectual challenge of overcoming or bypassing the limitations of existing programming systems. While the goal was ostensibly to expand the capabilities of such systems, hacking culture also embraced a sense of playful subversiveness and clever ingenuity.

Activities were centered around two MIT groups” —Tech Model Railroad Club (TMRC) and the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. At that time, enthusiasts were most interested in demonstrating feats of skill and intelligence by penetrating computing spaces that were not otherwise open to them. At the same time, a number of like-minded computing laboratories cropped up in several academic communities, most notably the University of California, Berkeley and Carnegie Mellon University. Remarkably, these hacking subcultures evolved independently from one another, absent a connective force such as the internet.

This changed with the invention of the PDP-10 machine at MIT . This machine used the Incompatible Timesharing System (ITS), a cheekily-named operating system which allowed for “time-sharing.” This meant that remote “guest” access to the machine was possible through ARPAnet—one of the earliest incarnations of the internet. As a result, numerous parties from different locations could interact with, and collaborate on, operating systems and application programs. This was the beginning of an interconnected hacker culture. No longer were college computer labs pursuing innovation in isolation.

The Jargon File (1975)

As hacking became an increasingly collaborative and geographically diffuse phenomenon, hacking culture naturally developed its own insular language. This precipitated the 1975 creation of The Jargon File . This was a system directory first begun at Stanford (and credited to Raphael Finkel). The file was a usage dictionary of slang terms employed by hackers, and included the array of informal terms that had become the language of the hacking culture. The Jargon File was first published in print in 1983, and has since received several critical updates.

One of its most noteworthy contributions was to draw a conceptual distinction between “hackers” and “crackers.” Whereas hackers were, in the Jargon File’s view , consummate programmers, crackers were computer criminals. The Jargon File is inherently sympathetic to the humor and playfulness of hacker culture, and its slang dictionary reflects this humor. In spite of its playful tone, it is often cited as a reference in more serious research and literature on hacking.

GNU Manifesto (1985)

As collaboration became a more common feature of the hacker culture, so too did adherents begin to take on a more ethical disposition. Increasingly, hackers were interested in more than just clever subversiveness. Software freedom also became a critical dimension of hacking. This is perhaps best captured by the 1985 GNU Manifesto , written by activist programmer Richard Stallman, calling for programmers to protect the free and open sharing of computer operating systems.

At the time, Unix and other proprietary operating systems were leading a trend toward closed-source software. Stallman viewed this as a way of dividing users and preventing them from collaborating with, supporting, and helping one another. The primary thrust of Stallman’s manifesto is that ethical programmers should show solidarity by declining to produce programming for proprietary software. The manifesto showcases the highly philosophical impetus that permeated hacker culture , ultimately leading to the later proliferation of online open-source programming.

The Cathedral and the Bazaar (1997)

In fact, it was this very impetus toward open-source coding that eventually helped to raise the profile of hacking from an obscure subculture to a major source for popular innovation. In 1997, software developer Eric S. Raymond published an essay (and eventually a full-length book) called The Cathedral and the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary . In it, he provided a series of observations from his work on two projects—the development of the Linux kernel, and an open-source project called fetchmail.

The impact of the essay and book were profound. Raymond differentiates between two distinct modes of software development. The Cathedral Model, according to Raymond, refers to programming which is conducted by an exclusive group of developers in private, with new versions released to the public only periodically. By contrast, said Raymond, the Bazaar Model of development took place out in the open, across the Internet, in full visibility of observers, and accessible for contributions from the public.

This practical contrast between proprietary and open coding was laid bare. In particular, Raymond argued that all bugs are readily uncovered and cured when enough programmers contribute. He made the case that proprietary programming—the Cathedral Model—is inefficient.

The argument proved influential. The following year, popular web browsing pioneer Netscape Communications Corporation released the source code for its Netscape browser to the public, and followed this by initiating the Mozilla project, which would become a prominent open source browser. Netscape’s leadership would acknowledge Raymond’s work as a major influence in their evolving approach. Wikipedia founder Jimmy Wales acknowledged the same influence, indicating that Raymond’s text illuminated the possibilities of collaborative coding.

These events dramatically raised the profile of hacking, demonstrating the mainstream impact of the rogue programming culture.

Black Hats, White Hats, and Hacktivists

As personal computing, web access, e-commerce, and online banking exploded into popular use during the 2000s, so too did a more nefarious type of hacking. What was once referred to as a ‘cracker’ increasingly became known as a cybercriminal. The ability of hackers to use their programming skills to defraud, disrupt and steal grew as rapidly as the technology itself. Increasingly, criminal codes came to include terms such as cyberterrorism, cyber warfare, malware, ransomware, spamming, and more. From the petty and annoying to the disruptive and downright dangerous, hacking came to encompass a wide range of illicit and illegal activities.

A 2014 report sponsored by virus protection software maker McAfee estimated that the global economy lost roughly $445 billion annually to cybercrime, including such notable incidents as a 2012 credit and debit fraud scheme that netted $1.5 billion in the U.S. In 2018, a similar study found that the cost to the world economy was roughly $600 billion.

During this same time, companies, law enforcement groups, and both national and global agencies increasingly took up the work of providing cyberdefense and cybersecurity. The consequence of these changes is a constantly shifting landscape in which several different breeds of hacker are engaged in their own, sometimes competing activities. Primary among these groups are black hat hackers, those involved in criminal activities; white hat hackers, those using their hacking skills to identify and address cybersecurity vulnerabilities; and hacktivists, those using their hacking skills to support the freedom of information or the pursuit of ideological aims in areas such as commerce, policy, or environmental ethics, whether legal or illegal.

Top Ten Historical Influencers in the Hacking Debate

Using our own backstage Ranking Analytics tools, we’ve compiled a list of the most influential figures falling under the term “hacker” in between 1950 and 2020. Our rankings produced a list of influential programmers, ethical hackers, black hats, white hats, non-fiction authors, and cyberpunk fiction authors.

Top Ten Most Influential Books About Hacking

Using our own backstage Ranking Analytics tools, we’ve compiled a list of the most influential books on the topic of “hacking” in the U.S. between 1950 and 2020. This list is composed of landmark reference texts, works of nonfiction, journalistic endeavors around important computing discoveries, and a number of cyberpunk fiction texts which proved influential beyond the world of science fiction.

The Current Controversy

Today, the debate over hacking is largely ideological. Hacking can be used for a wide range of purposes, including ethical or unethical; commercial or criminal; practical or playful. The original hacker culture ethos, which embraced a playful and clever mode of subversion, remains an undercurrent of hacking.

However, ideological aims have also taken centerstage for many who view themselves as ethical hackers. The term hacktivism covers a wide range of activities. Among the most notable contingents of the hacktivist community are groups like Anonymous—which is famous for doxxing (publicly exposing) those guilty of what it characterizes as civil rights violations, human rights abuses, and other ethical trespasses, and Wikileaks—which uses hacking to obtain and proliferate confidential or classified information about government and state actors. In both instances, the methods used are recognized as having an ideological basis, but may also sometimes run afoul of national and international laws.

The proliferation of computing technology and web access has also created widespread vulnerabilities for private citizens, companies, and governments. These vulnerabilities have attracted tremendous criminal activity to the hacking subculture. These criminal activities have made cybersecurity and cyberdefense absolute necessities for companies and countries. As governments, organizations, and agencies have increased their defense capabilities, they have often employed the skills of white hat hackers to confront the activities of their black hat counterparts.

The result is a tug of war between those charged with cybersecurity and those dedicated to violating or undermining this security. The conflict is perhaps best defined by the heightened use of hostile governments in actions against other sovereign nations. In December of 2020, U.S. intelligence revealed that hackers sponsored by the Russian government had succeeded in penetrating extremely sensitive and classified data in multiple areas of the U.S. government. The attack had gone unnoticed for months, and is regarded as one of the worst cyber-espionage incidents in U.S. history. It demonstrated the scope and danger of cyber warfare between world governments.

This underscores a debate which is less about whether hacking is acceptable—it is an inextricable reality in modern computing—and more directly about what ends hacking can and should be used to achieve.

A Quick Overview of Our Method

Our goal in presenting subjects that generate controversy is to provide you with a sense of some of the figures both past and present who have driven debate, produced widely-recognized works of research, literature or art, proliferated their ideas widely, or who are identified directly and publicly with some aspect of this debate. By identifying the researchers, activists, journalists, educators, academics, and other individuals connected with this debate—and by taking a closer look at their work and contributions—we can get a clear but nuanced look at the subject matter. Rather than framing the issue as one side versus the other, we bring various dimensions of the issue into discussion with one another. This will likely include dimensions of the debate that resonate with you, some dimensions that you find repulsive, and some dimensions that might simply reveal a perspective you hadn’t previously considered.

On the subject of hacking, this requires us to consider the key term, “hacker,” as well as terms describing specific types of hacker such as “black hat,” “white hat,” “ethical hacker,” and “hacktivists.” The subject also invokes key terminology around both criminal and security activities, including “cybercrime,” “cybersecurity,” and “cyberattack.”

Our InfluenceRanking engine gives us the power to scan the academic and public landscape surrounding the hacking issue using key terminology to identify consequential influencers. As with any topic that generates public debate and disagreement, this is a subject of great depth and breadth. We do not claim to probe either the bottom of this depth or the borders of this breadth. Instead, we offer you one way to enter into this debate, to identify key players, and through their contributions to the debate, to develop a fuller understanding of the issue and perhaps even a better sense of where you stand.

For a closer look at how our InfluenceRankings work, check out our methodology .

Otherwise get started with a look at the key words we used to explore this subject:

Ethical Hacker

Cybersecurity, cyberattack, security hacker.

The key terminology relating to the present debate, “hacker” refers to programming activities which seek to bypass traditional rules in order to penetrate or disrupt computing systems. In its earliest incarnations, hacking was an intellectual pursuit reserved to a few top programmers, but increasingly came to encompass a range of activities including criminal, law enforcement, and activist undertakings. The influencers yielded by this search term include a combination of these practitioners.

Influencers

• Eric Gordon Corley, also frequently referred to by his pen name of Emmanuel Goldstein, is a figure in the hacker community. He directs the non-profit organization 2600 Enterprises, Inc., publishes a magazine called 2600: The Hacker Quarterly , and hosts the hacker convention Hackers on Planet Earth. His pseudonym is derived from the fictional opposition leader in George Orwell’s dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four .
• Stephen Gold was a skilled hacker and journalist who in the mid-1980s was charged with, convicted, and later acquitted of, ‘uttering a forgery’ in what became known to the popular press of the time as “The Great Prestel Hack”. Gold, and fellow hacker Robert Schifreen, were said to have accessed, inter alia, the personal message account of Prince Philip. The facts as outlined in The Hacker’s Handbook are that he was ‘fitted’ up, having tried, repeatedly and unsuccessfully, to warn BT’s Prestel via Micronet of the security holes. Gold later became a “respected information security journalist”.
• Paul Graham is an English-born American computer scientist, essayist, entrepreneur, venture capitalist, and author. He is best known for his work on the programming language Lisp, his former startup Viaweb, cofounding the influential startup accelerator and seed capital firm Y Combinator, his blog, and Hacker News . He is the author of several computer programming books, including: On Lisp , ANSI Common Lisp , and Hackers & Painters . Technology journalist Steven Levy has described Graham as a “hacker philosopher”.

Specifically referring to those who use hacking for ideological activities which may or may not be legal, the search term yielded influencers from prominent groups such as Anonymous as well as those who have been influential in the emergence of open-source programming.

• Aaron Hillel Swartz was an American computer programmer, entrepreneur, writer, political organizer, and Internet hacktivist. He was involved in the development of the web feed format RSS, the Markdown publishing format, the organization Creative Commons, and the website framework web.py, and was a co-founder of the social news site Reddit. He was given the title of co-founder of Reddit by Y Combinator owner Paul Graham after the formation of Not a Bug, Inc.
• Natalie Bookchin is an artist based in Brooklyn, New York. She is well known for her work in media. She was a 2001-2002 Guggenheim Fellow. Her work is exhibited at institutions including PS1, Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art, the Museum of Contemporary Art in Barcelona, KunstWerke, Berlin, the Generali Foundation, Vienna, the Walker Art Center, the Whitney Museum of American Art, and the Shedhale in Zurich. Her works are in a variety of forms—from online computer games, collaborative performances and “hacktivist” interventions, to interactive websites and widely distributed texts and manifestos. In her work, she explores some of the far-reaching consequences of Internet and digital technologies on a range of spheres, including aesthetics, labor, leisure, and politics. Much of Bookchin’s later works amass excerpts from video blogs or YouTube found online. From 1998 to 2000 she was a member of the collective RTMark, and was involved in the gatt.org prank they organized spoofing the 1999 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade talk.
• Topiary, real name Jake Leslie Davis, is a hacker. He has worked with Anonymous, LulzSec, and similar hacktivist groups. He was an associate of the Internet group Anonymous, which has publicly claimed various online attacks, including hacking HBGary, Westboro Baptist Church, and Gawker. They have also claimed responsibility for the defacing of government websites in countries such as Zimbabwe, Syria, Tunisia, Ireland, and Egypt.
• Anne-Marie Schleiner is a theorist, an educator, a new media and performance artist, a hacktivist, a scholar, a gamer, and a curator. Her work is focused on gender construction, ludic activism, situationist theory, political power struggles, experimental gaming design theory, urban play, the United States Military, avatar gender reification, the global south, and feminist film theory.

Those who refer to themselves as ethical hackers will typically use their programming skills to combat those who would use programming to engage in criminal activities. The influencers returned by this search terminology are generally experts in cybersecurity.

• Rafay Baloch is a Pakistani ethical hacker and security researcher known for his discovery of vulnerabilities on the Android operating system. He has been featured and known by both national and international media and publications like Forbes , BBC , The Wall Street Journal , and The Express Tribune . He has been listed among the “Top 5 Ethical Hackers of 2014” by CheckMarx. Subsequently he was listed as one of “The 15 Most Successful Ethical Hackers WorldWide” and among “Top 25 Threat Seekers” by SCmagazine . Baloch has also been added in TechJuice 25 under 25 list for the year 2016 and got 13th rank in the list of high achievers.
• Remesh Ramachandran is an Indian ethical hacker. Working on numerous cyber crimes, Ramachandran has engaged with Indian Government and International agencies. Ramachandran is also a part of Google Hall of Fame. Ramachandran has also worked with finance companies, conducting security audits. Ramachandran is the founder of OpenPenTest. He has developed an OpenPenTest platform which is freely available for security researchers, analysts, penetration testers, and ethical hackers for performing vulnerability assessment and penetration testing.
• Jennifer Marie Arcuri is an American technology entrepreneur. She lived in London from 2011 to 2018, before moving back to California. Self-described as an “ethical hacker”, she founded the white hat consultancy Hacker House in 2016 and organised the Innotech Network from 2012. Her friendship with the then Mayor of London Boris Johnson from 2012 came to national attention in the UK in September 2019 when he became Prime Minister, triggering investigations into alleged conflicts of interest.
• Ralph Echemendia is a cyber security specialist, who is known as “The Ethical Hacker.” He specialises in protecting intellectual property in the entertainment industry and educating on security.
• MLT, real name Matthew Telfer, is a current cybersecurity researcher, former black hat computer hacker, and former member of TeaMp0isoN. MLT was arrested in May 2012 in relation to his activities within TeaMp0isoN, a computer-hacking group which claimed responsibility for many high-profile attacks, including website vandalism of the United Nations, Facebook, NATO, BlackBerry, T-Mobile USA, and several other large sites in addition to high-profile denial-of-service attacks and leaks of confidential data. Another reason for MLT’s arrest was due to his role in operating bitst0rm, a malicious hacking group with a particular emphasis on targeting known figures within the Computer Security Industry. Currently, MLT is an Ethical Hacker, appearing to have changed his ways. MLT now responsibly discloses security flaws to affected companies, and he has publicly documented and helped remediate security flaws in over two thousand separate websites within recent years. MLT now works in the Computer Security Industry and also runs his own Cyber-Security firm named Project Insecurity LTD.

With the proliferation of computing technology and web use, hacking increasingly became the province of cybercriminals. Cybercrime refers to the activities of those who use hacking strategies to engage in financial crimes, fraud, data theft, and more. The influencers yielded by this term are generally the cybersecurity and legal experts who have worked to uncover, classify, and combat cybercrime.

• Art Bowker, is an author and cybercrime specialist in corrections. His first book, The Cybercrime Handbook for Community Corrections: Managing Risk in the 21st Century , describes the process of supervising cyber-offenders. Bowker cowrote his second book, Investigating Internet Crimes, 1st Edition: An Introduction to Solving Crimes in Cyberspace , with Todd G. Shipley. His second book provides step-by-step instructions for investigating Internet crimes, including locating, interpreting, understanding, collecting, and documenting online electronic evidence to benefit investigations.
• Andrew S. Boutros is an American lawyer, law professor, and former federal prosecutor best known for prosecuting corporate fraud and cybercrime cases. In 2015, the Federal Law Enforcement Officers Association honored him with the National Prosecutorial Award, and he was also elected to the American Law Institute the same year. He is the Regional Chair of Dechert LLP’s White Collar practice, where he is resident in the firm’s Chicago and DC offices.
• Mark Gazit is an expert on cyber security, business executive and serial entrepreneur. Gazit is a President and CEO of ThetaRay. He is one of the world’s top financial crime and cyber security experts, and advises banks and other financial institutions and enterprise organizations in areas of cybercrime. Before joining ThetaRay, he served as Managing Director of Nice Cyber Intelligence Solutions, providing his expertise to homeland security and classified sectors. Between 2002 and 2010, Mr. Gazit was CEO and co-founder of SkyVision, a global company providing secure telecommunications to financial institutions and other organizations in more than 50 countries around the world. 25 years ago, he conducted the first security assessment and testing for a leading Israel Bank’s digital service. For many years, Mr. Gazit has been a trusted advisor to the largest enterprises, financial institutions, and security agencies all around the world. He also serves on the Monetary Authority of Singapore’s International Technology Advisory Panel, as well as the boards of several commercial enterprises and non-profit organizations.
• Douglas Thomas is an American scholar, researcher, and journalist. He is Associate Professor at the Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Southern California where he studies technology, communication, and culture. He is author or editor of numerous books including Reading Nietzsche Rhetorically , Cybercrime: Security and Surveillance in the Information Age , Hacker Culture , and Technological Visions: The Hopes and Fears that Shape New Technologies . He has published numerous articles in academic journals and is the founding editor of Games & Culture: A Journal of Interactive Media .

The concept of cybersecurity emerged in tandem with the growing threat of cybercrime. As the challenge of security private citizens, government agencies, and financial entities against online crimes has grown, so too has the industry dedicated to this security. The influencers here are technologists who have worked directly with governments, agencies, and commercial entities to produce the technical and policy imperatives around cybersecurity.

• Tarah Marie Wheeler is an American technology and cybersecurity author, public speaker, entrepreneur and former executive. She is currently a Cybersecurity Policy Fellow at D.C. policy think-tank New America. She is the former Website Cybersecurity Czar at Symantec, author of Women in Tech , and founder of Infosec Unlocked.
• Anupam Joshi is the Oros Family Professor and Chair of CSEE Department in the University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD. He is also the Director of the UMBC Center for Cybersecurity and heads the Accelerated Cognitive Cybersecurity Lab. He is regarded as a leading expert in cybersecurity.
• Ari M. Schwartz is an American cybersecurity and technology policy expert. He is the former Special Assistant to the President and senior director for cybersecurity on the United States National Security Council Staff at the White House, having left the role in October 2015. Previously, Schwartz worked in both the Executive Branch and civil society as on cybersecurity, privacy, civil liberties, and policy. He is an advocate for vulnerability disclosure programs.
• Jonathan Katz is a professor in the Department of Computer Science at the University of Maryland who conducts research on cryptography and cybersecurity. In 2019-2020 he was a faculty member in the Volgenau School of Engineering at George Mason University, where he held the title of Eminent Scholar in Cybersecurity. In 2013-2019 he was director of the Maryland Cybersecurity Center at the University of Maryland.

While the reasons behind a cyberattack may be varied—including personal, political, and philosophical imperatives—the act itself is typically illegal. A cyberattack may be carried out on a company, country, or a private citizen, and may include disruption of service, public exposure, data breach, and more. The influencers here include those who have worked to provide security against such attacks and those who have been found guilty of committing such attacks.

• Chris Kubecka is an American computer security researcher and cyberwarfare specialist. In 2012, Kubecka was responsible for getting the Saudi Aramco network back up and running after it was hit by one of the world’s most devastating Shamoon cyberattacks. Kubecka also helped halt a second wave of July 2009 cyberattacks against South Korea. Kubecka has worked for the US Air Force as a Loadmaster, the United States Space Command and is now CEO of HypaSec, a security firm she founded in 2015. She lives and works in the Netherlands.
• Livia Acosta Noguera was a Venezuelan diplomat to the United States in Miami and is a lead member of SEBIN. She was declared persona non grata by the United States Department of State following an inquiry by the FBI of allegations of planning cyberattacks on government facilities and nuclear power plants in the United States.
• Christopher Weatherhead, also known by his alias “Nerdo”, is a Northampton University student who was jailed for his involvement in several cyberattacks by Anonymous.
• Robert J. Shapiro is the cofounder and chairman of Sonecon, LLC, a United States private consultancy for economic and security-related issues that has built a reputation on a range of policy matters, including climate change, intellectual property, securities fraud, healthcare reform, demographics, the resilience of the electric grid to cyberattacks, and blockchain technologies. He is known for advising public officials, including President Bill Clinton, UK Prime Minister Tony Blair, senior members of the Obama cabinet and administration, numerous US senators and representatives, and the Director of the International Monetary Fund. He also has advised senior executives of numerous Fortune 100 companies.

White hat hackers are those who use their computing skills to strengthen security systems. Typically, a white hat hacker will use hacking skills on behalf of an entity to identify that entity’s security vulnerabilities so that they can be remedied. As the list of influencers falling under this classification demonstrates, it is not uncommon for “black hat hackers”—those engaged in illegal hacking activities—to become white hat hackers.

• Sven Jaschan is a former black-hat hacker turned white-hat and a security expert/consultant and creator of the NetSky worms, and Sasser computer worms.
• Ian Beer is a British computer security expert and white hat hacker, currently residing in Switzerland and working for Google as part of its Project Zero. There are those who consider him as one of the best iOS hackers. Beer was the first security expert to publish his findings under the “Project Zero” name in the spring of 2014; at this time, the project was not yet revealed and crediting the newly discovered vulnerabilities to it led to some speculation.
• Przemysław Frasunek is a “white hat” hacker from Poland. He has been a frequent Bugtraq poster since late in the 1990s, noted for one of the first published successful software exploits for the format string bug class of attacks, just after the first exploit of the person using nickname tf8. Until that time the vulnerability was thought harmless.
• Ben Hawkes is a computer security expert and white hat hacker from New Zealand, currently employed by Google as manager of their Project Zero.
• Cris Thomas is an American Cyber Security Researcher and White Hat hacker. A founding member and researcher at the high-profile hacker security think tank L0pht Heavy Industries, Thomas was one of seven L0pht members who testified before the U.S. Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs on the topic of government and homeland computer security, specifically warning of internet vulnerabilities and claiming that the group could “take down the internet within 30 minutes”.

Black hat hacking generally refers to illegal hacking activities, including both criminal activities and hacktivist activities that violate the law. The list of influencers produced here includes both those who are known to engage in black hat hacking activities and the cybersecurity experts who have worked to identify and prevent their activities.

• Simon Carless is an English video game industry businessperson, publisher, editor, and former game designer. He was born in London, England, and presently resides in Alameda, California. Simon works in San Francisco for UBM Tech as Group EVP across the Game Network & Black Hat, including overseeing the worldwide Game Developers Conference & also the Black Hat information security events./li>
• Jeff Moss, also known as Dark Tangent, is an American hacker, computer and internet security expert who founded the Black Hat and DEF CON computer security conferences.
• Barnaby Michael Douglas Jack was a New Zealand hacker, programmer, and computer security expert. He was known for his presentation at the Black Hat computer security conference in 2010, during which he exploited two ATMs and made them dispense fake paper currency on the stage. Among his other most notable works were the exploitation of various medical devices, including pacemakers and insulin pumps.
• Dan Kaminsky is an American security researcher. He is the Chief Scientist of White Ops, a firm specializing in detecting malware activity via JavaScript. He has worked for Cisco, Avaya, and IOActive, where he was the Director of Penetration Testing. He is known among computer security experts for his work on DNS cache poisoning, and for showing that the Sony Rootkit had infected at least 568,200 computers and for his talks at the Black Hat Briefings.
• Ryan Ackroyd, Kayla and lolspoon, is a former black hat hacker who was one of the six core members of the hacking group “LulzSec” during its 50-day spree of attacks from 6 May 2011 until 26 June 2011. At the time, Ackroyd posed as a hacker named “Kayla” and was responsible for the penetration of multiple military and government domains and many high profile intrusions into the networks of Gawker in December 2010, HBGaryFederal in 2011, PBS, Sony, Infragard Atlanta, Fox Entertainment, and others. He eventually served 30 months in prison for his hacking activities.

Security hacker is a term largely synonymous with white hat hacker, and refers to those who use their computing skills to identify vulnerabilities in, and ultimately strengthen, computer security systems. Influencers here include a number of prominent cybersecurity experts.

• Mustafa Al-Bassam is a British computer security researcher and hacker. He co-founded the hacker group LulzSec in 2011, which was responsible for several high profile breaches. He later went on to co-found Chainspace, a company implementing a smart contract platform, which was acquired by Facebook in 2019. He is currently a PhD student in the Information Security Research Group at University College London working on peer-to-peer systems. Forbes listed Al-Bassam as one of the 30 Under 30 entrepreneurs in technology in 2016.
• Nick Levay, also known as Rattle, is an American computer security expert and hacker. He is the President of the NGO-ISAC and former Chief Security Officer at the Council on Foreign Relations and Carbon Black, a computer security company in the Boston area. From 2008 to 2013 he was Director of Technical Operations and Information Security at the Center for American Progress, a public policy research organization.

Influential Organizations Involved in the Hacking Controversy

If you would like to study this topic in more depth, check out these key organizations...

Groups That Use White Hat Hacking

• U.S. Department of Homeland Security
• Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency
• Cyberthreat Intelligence Integration Center

Black Hat Hacking Groups/Hacktivists

• Legion of Doom
• Lizard Squad

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Essays on Hacker

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Question #1:

The purpose for a hacker to conceal their tracks in the hacking process is to avoid discovery of their actions by the officials such as the FBI. I believe the repercussions for a hacker who doesn’t adequately covers their tracks, eventually resulting in discovery by the government officials includes: jail time, felony records, and heavy fines. I also believe that if a hacker is prosecuted for hacking activities, they will have a criminal record which will follow them throughout their life which could prevent them from obtaining other opportunities such as certain jobs.

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If an employee with access to sensitive information was terminated, then the employee is considered as an insider threat. These insiders can cause three types of threats to an organization: Sabotage, Fraud, or theft of intellectual property (IP) or data using Information Technology (IT). IT sabotage uses IT to harm the critical assets of the organization. IT can be used to steal data or IP or also for espionage by insiders. Using IT to tamper data, addition, or deletion of data for personal gain or to perform an identity crime can be considered IT fraud.

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Hacker subculture is a collection of programmers with exclusive technological expertise and knowledge on online activities, which is a development of the hacking expertise that only relied on devices. The hackers in the subculture possess unique online expertise that assists them in accessing other persons’ or organizations’ computers, and systems to gain control and deny the owner access (Taylor & Fritsch, 2011).The people are unique on how they drive their activities.

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1. List the five steps of the hacking process.

Answer: The five steps of the hacking process are: Reconnaissance, Scanning, Gaining Access, Maintaining Access and Covering Tracks.

2. To exploit or attack the targeted systems, what can you do as an initial first step to collect as much information as possible about the targets prior to devising an attack and penetration test plan?

Good Legitimate Hackers Course Work Example

Socially acceptable behavior is defined through the values that shape in the society, and even by the cultural norms. Acceptable behavior concerning to the internet, and networks is not similar to the normal acceptable standards. Hacking is a security breach and the consequences of a hack are eventually a moral predicament of right or wrong.

Information Warfare and Cyberterrorism Essay

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How Pew Research Center will report on generations moving forward

Journalists, researchers and the public often look at society through the lens of generation, using terms like Millennial or Gen Z to describe groups of similarly aged people. This approach can help readers see themselves in the data and assess where we are and where we’re headed as a country.

Pew Research Center has been at the forefront of generational research over the years, telling the story of Millennials as they came of age politically and as they moved more firmly into adult life . In recent years, we’ve also been eager to learn about Gen Z as the leading edge of this generation moves into adulthood.

But generational research has become a crowded arena. The field has been flooded with content that’s often sold as research but is more like clickbait or marketing mythology. There’s also been a growing chorus of criticism about generational research and generational labels in particular.

Recently, as we were preparing to embark on a major research project related to Gen Z, we decided to take a step back and consider how we can study generations in a way that aligns with our values of accuracy, rigor and providing a foundation of facts that enriches the public dialogue.

A typical generation spans 15 to 18 years. As many critics of generational research point out, there is great diversity of thought, experience and behavior within generations.

We set out on a yearlong process of assessing the landscape of generational research. We spoke with experts from outside Pew Research Center, including those who have been publicly critical of our generational analysis, to get their take on the pros and cons of this type of work. We invested in methodological testing to determine whether we could compare findings from our earlier telephone surveys to the online ones we’re conducting now. And we experimented with higher-level statistical analyses that would allow us to isolate the effect of generation.

What emerged from this process was a set of clear guidelines that will help frame our approach going forward. Many of these are principles we’ve always adhered to , but others will require us to change the way we’ve been doing things in recent years.

Here’s a short overview of how we’ll approach generational research in the future:

We’ll only do generational analysis when we have historical data that allows us to compare generations at similar stages of life. When comparing generations, it’s crucial to control for age. In other words, researchers need to look at each generation or age cohort at a similar point in the life cycle. (“Age cohort” is a fancy way of referring to a group of people who were born around the same time.)

When doing this kind of research, the question isn’t whether young adults today are different from middle-aged or older adults today. The question is whether young adults today are different from young adults at some specific point in the past.

To answer this question, it’s necessary to have data that’s been collected over a considerable amount of time – think decades. Standard surveys don’t allow for this type of analysis. We can look at differences across age groups, but we can’t compare age groups over time.

Another complication is that the surveys we conducted 20 or 30 years ago aren’t usually comparable enough to the surveys we’re doing today. Our earlier surveys were done over the phone, and we’ve since transitioned to our nationally representative online survey panel , the American Trends Panel . Our internal testing showed that on many topics, respondents answer questions differently depending on the way they’re being interviewed. So we can’t use most of our surveys from the late 1980s and early 2000s to compare Gen Z with Millennials and Gen Xers at a similar stage of life.

This means that most generational analysis we do will use datasets that have employed similar methodologies over a long period of time, such as surveys from the U.S. Census Bureau. A good example is our 2020 report on Millennial families , which used census data going back to the late 1960s. The report showed that Millennials are marrying and forming families at a much different pace than the generations that came before them.

Even when we have historical data, we will attempt to control for other factors beyond age in making generational comparisons. If we accept that there are real differences across generations, we’re basically saying that people who were born around the same time share certain attitudes or beliefs – and that their views have been influenced by external forces that uniquely shaped them during their formative years. Those forces may have been social changes, economic circumstances, technological advances or political movements.

When we see that younger adults have different views than their older counterparts, it may be driven by their demographic traits rather than the fact that they belong to a particular generation.

The tricky part is isolating those forces from events or circumstances that have affected all age groups, not just one generation. These are often called “period effects.” An example of a period effect is the Watergate scandal, which drove down trust in government among all age groups. Differences in trust across age groups in the wake of Watergate shouldn’t be attributed to the outsize impact that event had on one age group or another, because the change occurred across the board.

Changing demographics also may play a role in patterns that might at first seem like generational differences. We know that the United States has become more racially and ethnically diverse in recent decades, and that race and ethnicity are linked with certain key social and political views. When we see that younger adults have different views than their older counterparts, it may be driven by their demographic traits rather than the fact that they belong to a particular generation.

Controlling for these factors can involve complicated statistical analysis that helps determine whether the differences we see across age groups are indeed due to generation or not. This additional step adds rigor to the process. Unfortunately, it’s often absent from current discussions about Gen Z, Millennials and other generations.

When we can’t do generational analysis, we still see value in looking at differences by age and will do so where it makes sense. Age is one of the most common predictors of differences in attitudes and behaviors. And even if age gaps aren’t rooted in generational differences, they can still be illuminating. They help us understand how people across the age spectrum are responding to key trends, technological breakthroughs and historical events.

Each stage of life comes with a unique set of experiences. Young adults are often at the leading edge of changing attitudes on emerging social trends. Take views on same-sex marriage , for example, or attitudes about gender identity .

Many middle-aged adults, in turn, face the challenge of raising children while also providing care and support to their aging parents. And older adults have their own obstacles and opportunities. All of these stories – rooted in the life cycle, not in generations – are important and compelling, and we can tell them by analyzing our surveys at any given point in time.

When we do have the data to study groups of similarly aged people over time, we won’t always default to using the standard generational definitions and labels. While generational labels are simple and catchy, there are other ways to analyze age cohorts. For example, some observers have suggested grouping people by the decade in which they were born. This would create narrower cohorts in which the members may share more in common. People could also be grouped relative to their age during key historical events (such as the Great Recession or the COVID-19 pandemic) or technological innovations (like the invention of the iPhone).

By choosing not to use the standard generational labels when they’re not appropriate, we can avoid reinforcing harmful stereotypes or oversimplifying people’s complex lived experiences.

Existing generational definitions also may be too broad and arbitrary to capture differences that exist among narrower cohorts. A typical generation spans 15 to 18 years. As many critics of generational research point out, there is great diversity of thought, experience and behavior within generations. The key is to pick a lens that’s most appropriate for the research question that’s being studied. If we’re looking at political views and how they’ve shifted over time, for example, we might group people together according to the first presidential election in which they were eligible to vote.

With these considerations in mind, our audiences should not expect to see a lot of new research coming out of Pew Research Center that uses the generational lens. We’ll only talk about generations when it adds value, advances important national debates and highlights meaningful societal trends.

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Who are you the art and science of measuring identity, u.s. centenarian population is projected to quadruple over the next 30 years, older workers are growing in number and earning higher wages, teens, social media and technology 2023, most popular.

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The Sun's publisher loses bid to delay trial over Prince Harry's phone hacking claims

The Duke of Sussex is one of more than 40 people who currently have cases against News Group Newspapers. The latest decision means they are one step closer to going to trial.

Friday 19 April 2024 16:11, UK

The Sun newspaper's publisher has lost a bid to push back a possible full High Court trial in relation to unlawful information gathering claims.

There are 42 existing cases against News Group Newspapers (NGN), including one brought by Prince Harry , and a full trial of some of the claims is currently due to take place in January 2025.

The allegations cover phone hacking , using private investigators, "blagging" information, burglaries and bugging, a court has heard.

NGN has previously denied unlawful activity took place at The Sun.

At a hearing on Wednesday, the publisher asked a judge to hold a preliminary trial - that would focus on deciding whether the cases have been brought too late and are outside a legal time limit - instead of a full one.

But in a ruling on Friday, Mr Justice Fancourt dismissed NGN's request - meaning some of the cases will go to trial next January, unless they are settled out of court before then.

The judge said there was a "plainly considerable risk" of a preliminary trial "increasing costs overall and delaying" a full trial by up to two years.

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"That is unsatisfactory," he said.

A trial on the issue of timing would not determine the full details of the allegations against NGN and could have resulted in some claims being "time-barred" and dismissed.

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NGN's lawyers argued this approach would have been the "most efficient" way of dealing with the cases and could "promote" settlements.

However, the legal team representing Prince Harry and others said it would be "highly disruptive and prejudicial" and cause "substantial delay".

NGN's request came "late," Mr Justice Fancourt said, adding there were "too few advantages to abandoning the orderly preparation" of the January 2025 trial, where the question of timing will still feature.

The decision comes days after Hugh Grant settled a claim against NGN after being told he could still be liable for £10m in legal costs, even if he was successful at trial.

Actress Sienna Miller also settled a case against NGN and cited legal costs as a factor in her decision.

More from Sky News: Sunak promises crackdown on benefits claims Theatre critic boasts about prostitute visit Swat team shot man in face after gamer's hoax

On Wednesday, a lawyer representing Prince Harry and others said the Duke of Sussex was "subject to the same issues" and could also be forced to settle his claim because of the risks of legal costs.

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An NGN spokesperson said earlier this week: "In 2011, an unreserved apology was made by NGN to victims of voicemail interception by the News Of The World. Since then, NGN has been paying financial damages to those with proper claims.

"As we reach the tail end of litigation, NGN is drawing a line under disputed matters, some of which date back more than 20 years ago. In some cases, it has made commercial sense for both parties to come to a settlement agreement before trial to bring a resolution to the matter.

"There are a number of disputed claims still going through the civil courts, some of which seek to involve The Sun. The Sun does not accept liability or make any admissions to the allegations.

"A judge recently ruled that parts of Mr Grant's claim were out of time and we have reached agreement to settle the remainder of the case.

"This has been done without admission of liability. It is in both parties' financial interests not to progress to a costly trial."

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NPR editor Uri Berliner resigns after essay accusing outlet of liberal bias

A senior business editor at National Public Radio has resigned after writing an essay for an online news site published last week accusing the outlet of a liberal bias in its coverage.

In a Wednesday post on X , Uri Berliner included a statement in what he said was his resignation letter to NPR President and CEO Katherine Maher.

"I am resigning from NPR, a great American institution where I have worked for 25 years," Berliner wrote in the post. "I don't support calls to defund NPR. I respect the integrity of my colleagues and wish for NPR to thrive and do important journalism. But I cannot work in a newsroom where I am disparaged by a new CEO whose divisive views confirm the very problems at NPR I cite in my Free Press essay."

On Friday, Berliner was suspended for five days without pay, NPR confirmed Tuesday , a week after his essay in the Free Press, an online news publication, where he argued the network had "lost America's trust" and allowed a "liberal bent" to influence its coverage, causing the outlet to steadily lose credibility with audiences.

Berliner's essay also angered many of his colleagues and exposed Maher, who started as NPR's CEO in March, to a string of attacks from conservatives over her past social media posts.

Dig deeper: NPR suspends senior editor Uri Berliner after essay accusing outlet of liberal bias

NPR reported that the essay reignited the criticism that many prominent conservatives have long leveled against NPR and prompted newsroom leadership to implement monthly internal reviews of the network's coverage.

Neither NPR nor Maher have not yet publicly responded to Berliner's resignation, but Maher refuted his claims in a statement Monday to NPR.

"In America everyone is entitled to free speech as a private citizen," Maher said. "What matters is NPR's work and my commitment as its CEO: public service, editorial independence, and the mission to serve all of the American public. NPR is independent, beholden to no party, and without commercial interests."

Contributing: Eric Lagatta, USA TODAY.

Hacking: Positive and Negative Perception Essay

Introduction, research questions.

Is hacking an internationally accepted concept? Can hacking be positive for security systems of different corporations and how? How the global community can encourage hackers to cooperate in improvement of security systems? What are the main goals of hackers when they break security systems of international corporations? What are potential threats of hacking if it is performed by competitors/enemies/terrorists?

Working thesis

The possible advantage of cooperating with hackers for security systems mangers of international organizations and governmental organizations is the probability to recruit them and use their knowledge to empower different organizations to improve their security systems to prevent vulnerability of these systems and possible leakage of information with regard to the threat of terrorist attack.

Problem Statement

The problem concerning hacking exists since the late twentieth century but now it is based on the lack of knowledge and skills in professional system engineers who work for international corporations and governmental organizations.

As such, investigation should include assessment of the technological basis of the organizations and their knowledge management and recruitment strategies opposed to advanced level of hackers who crack security systems all over the world. Besides, possible cooperation of hackers with terrorists and other organizations and people that impose potential threat on security systems of the countries should be excluded by recruiting hackers by government agencies and international corporations.

Rationale for Study

The reason for conducting the research is the emerging number of technological innovations that increase the possibility for security system invasions and the hypothetical ideas of recruiting hackers so that they work for privately own and governmental organizations. In this respect, hackers can be hired on legal basis to cooperate with security system managers to improve the measures adapted to these systems.

Methodology

Method of inquiry.

The method for the research includes analysis of secondary sources as the research questions are not aimed at evaluating the possibility for cooperation and percentage of hackers that may agree to work for government. Besides, assessment of research questions is planned to be performed with the help of previous researches conducted on the concept of hacking and their motivations and ethical issues.

Previous research

The previous researches concerned the development of hacking in different periods, namely, 1980s and 1990s when this was perceived in different ways by the community, non-governmental and governmental organizations. In other word, different authors attempted to label hackers as crackers or advocate for the positive influence of hacking as it contributes positively to analysis of gaps in security systems of different organizations.

Literature Review

The resources reviewed for this research proposal include articles from scholarly journals and conference proceedings. For instance, Roberts and Webber (2002) elaborate on the ethical issues and importance of practical experimentation in analyzing vulnerability systems.

So, this study advocates the hackers’ activity while the report by Stockwell (2008) is aimed at dwelling on the role of hackers in society with regard to the propaganda of democratic ideas and beliefs and the nature of hacking and their ethos for knowledge and desire to examine their skills.

Expected Outcomes and Limitations

It is expected to review the sources available on the issue of hacking in terms of positive and negative perception of this social phenomenon. The limitation includes inability to demonstrate cooperation of hackers with government in practice due to theoretical nature of the research.

Reference List

Roberts, P., & Webber, J. (2002). Virtuous hackers: Developing ethical sensitivity in a community of practice. Australasian Journal of Information Systems, 9 (2), 172-177.

Stockwell, S. (2008). We’re all hackers now: Doing global democracy. Proceedings of the CreateWorld08 Conference , 7-10 December, 21-20. Web.

• Chicago (A-D)
• Chicago (N-B)

IvyPanda. (2024, March 26). Hacking: Positive and Negative Perception. https://ivypanda.com/essays/ethos-of-hacking/

"Hacking: Positive and Negative Perception." IvyPanda , 26 Mar. 2024, ivypanda.com/essays/ethos-of-hacking/.

IvyPanda . (2024) 'Hacking: Positive and Negative Perception'. 26 March.

IvyPanda . 2024. "Hacking: Positive and Negative Perception." March 26, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/ethos-of-hacking/.

1. IvyPanda . "Hacking: Positive and Negative Perception." March 26, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/ethos-of-hacking/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . "Hacking: Positive and Negative Perception." March 26, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/ethos-of-hacking/.

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