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Economics is the most preferred subject of class 11 students who opt for the Commerce or Humanities stream. CBSE has introduced the format of class 11 Economics case study questions in the syllabus for the new academic session. It is a well-integrated program that highlights the general economic terms and their utility in our daily lives.

Economics class 11 plays a vital role in constructing and strengthening the foundation of major economic theories and concepts that are studied in depth at an advanced level in class 12 Economics. Class 11 Economics is not very easy but with practice and proper guidance, students can ace the subject. 

Case Study Questions in Class 11 Economics

CBSE introduced case-based questions in class 11 Economics question paper last year i.e-  2021 to uplift analytical reasoning in students. CBSE introduced a few changes in the Economics class 11 question paper so as to enhance and develop analytical and reasoning skills among students. The questions would be based on real-life situations encountered by the students.

The Purpose

The sole purpose of introducing case-based questions in the class 11 curriculum by CBSE was to drift from rote learning to competency and situation-based learning.

NEP 2020 and Case Studies

Sanyam Bhardwaj, controller of examinations, CBSE focussed on the fact that case-based questions would enhance the critical reasoning skills of the students. He highlighted the fact that adding such questions to the examination was a step towards achieving the goals of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020.

Implementation in class 11

According to the new examination guidelines released by CBSE for the current academic year, case study-based questions would be asked in the class 11 Economics exam too. Initially, when CBSE introduced case-based questions, a panic situation was created among the teachers as well as students. The concept was new and unexplored.

Format of Case Studies in Economics

A comprehensive passage is provided in the question paper, on the basis of which the student is required to solve the given case-based question asked in the Economics class 11 exam. Initially, the case-based questions appeared to be puzzling and tricky for both the students and the teachers. Perhaps, they were not willing to experiment with the new pattern but now a lot more clarity is there that has made the question paper quite favorable for the students.

You can Score High

Economics is a subject of paramount importance for the students who have opted for the Commerce / Humanities stream in class 11. The subject is high scoring and facilitates the students to increase their percentile and excel in academics.

Economics syllabus of class 11 

The entire Economics Syllabus is divided into 2 parts:

• Part A, Statistics
• Part B,  Microeconomics

Syllabus Design

CBSE has designed the entire syllabus for Economics , grade 11 in such a way that it enables the students to analyze various economic issues and develop the ability to deal with them. The complete syllabus is categorized into 7 units, so as to facilitate the students as well as teachers to clearly visualize and comprehend all the listed topics in the NCERT textbooks for class 11 Economics.

NCERT Books

It is recommended to go through the textbooks rigorously. Two books have been published by NCERT. Economics is a vast subject and the class 11 syllabus cannot be taken lightly as it forms the base for the CBSE class 12 board exam too. Students need to follow and practice other reference books but  NCERT textbooks need to be read in-depth in order to excel in this commerce stream subject.

CBSE Class – 11 Economics (Code No. 030)

Theory: 80 Marks (3 Hours) Project: 20 Marks

Case Study Passage (Economics class 11)  

As part of these questions, the students would be provided with a hypothetical situation or text, based on which reasoning questions will have to be answered by them. It is a must for the students to read the passage carefully prior to attempting the questions. These questions can be based on each chapter in the NCERT textbooks for Economics class 11. Students must prepare well for the case-based questions before appearing for their Economics exam as these questions demand complete knowledge of the various concepts in their syllabus. CBSE plans to increase the weightage of such questions in the upcoming years.

Kind of case-based Questions in Economics

Economics is one of the fundamental subjects for commerce students that opens the various ways of achieving social welfare and getting maximum satisfaction with the limited resources available in the economy. The subject is demanding and definitely requires a greater effort from the students in order to strive for a perfect score. CBSE plans to increase the weightage of case-based questions in class 11 economics question papers that are prepared by the schools on the guidelines issued by CBSE itself. 

The case-based questions asked in the Economics question paper for class 11 can be formulated in 2 ways:

• Objective: these will be asked in the MCQ format
• Subjective: these would be answered briefly or might require some calculations /formula application.

As per the latest circular issued by CBSE on Assessment and Evaluation practices of the board for the session 2022-23, CBSE has clearly mentioned that competency-based questions including case studies will be different from subjective questions. 

Case-based  questions can be segregated in terms of their difficulty level too:

• Direct questions: such questions can be easily solved as their answers are there in the given passage itself.
• Indirect/ analytical questions: these questions demand complete and thorough knowledge of the concepts. Their solution is not visible in the passage, but it would be based on the theory that would be highlighted in the text provided in the question paper. The student is expected to read the passage carefully, analyze it and then solve it.

How To Prepare For Case-based Questions? 

Students need to prepare well for the case-based questions before appearing for their class 11 Economics exams. Here are some tips which will help the student to solve the case-based questions at ease:

• Read the provided text carefully
• Try to comprehend the situation and focus on the question asked
• Analyze and carefully answer the question asked
• Students may follow a reversal pattern, especially Microeconomics questions, i.e read the asked questions first and then look for the solutions in the given passage. The process will definitely save time.
• Do not neglect the theoretical concepts of Statistics, this is vital for achieving a perfect score.
• Practice extensively, especially for the numerical. This would help the student to memorize formulas. 
• Provide to the point responses
• Master all major concepts of your NCERT textbooks 

Students need to strengthen their fundamentals in order to ace the Economics class 11 CBSE  exam. Case studies can be easily solved if your key concepts are crystal clear. These simple points if kept in mind will definitely help the students to fetch good marks in case study questions in class 11 Economics. 

Case Study Question Examples in Economics

Here a re some given case study questions for CBSE class 11 Economics. If you wish to get more case study questions and other study material, download the myCBSEguide app now. You can also access it through our student dashboard.

Class 11 Economics Case Study 1

Read the following Case Study carefully and answer the questions on the basis of the same:

If our income rises, we generally tend to buy more of the goods. More income would mean more pens, more shirts, more shoes,  more cars and so on. But there are exceptions. If initially, you are buying coarse grain, how would you take your increase in income now? Perhaps, as a first step, you would discard the consumption of inferiors. Surely, this happens in the deserts of Rajasthan where the rich minority eats wheat while the poor majority eats Bajra as their staple food. 

• The law of demand does not apply to __________________ goods. (Normal/ Giffen)
• Inferior goods are those whose income effect is_____________. (Negative/ Positive)
• upward movement on the demand curve.
• downward movement on the demand curve
• rightward shift of the demand curve
• leftward shift of the demand curve
• becomes a horizontal straight line
• becomes a vertical straight line
• shifts to the right
• shifts to the left

Answer Key:

• Leftward shift of the demand curve
• Shifts to the left

 Class 11 Economics Case Study 2

Census of India is a decennial publication of the Government of India. It is published by Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Under Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. It is a very comprehensive source of secondary data. It relates to population size and various aspects of demographic changes in India. Under the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. It may be of historical interest that though the population census of India is a major administrative function; the Census Organisation was set up on an ad-hoc basis for each Census till the 1951 Census. The Census Act was enacted in 1948 to provide for the scheme of conducting population census with duties and responsibilities of census officers. The Government of India decided in May 1949 to initiate steps for developing systematic collection of statistics on the size of the population, its growth, etc., and established an organisation in the Ministry of Home Affairs under Registrar General and ex-Officio Census Commissioner, India.

• Data originally collected in the process of investigation are known as ________ (Primary data/ Secondary data).
• The problem of double conclusion arises in ________ (indirect oral investigation/ direct personal interview).
• Post independence, the first census of India was conducted in ________ (1949/1951)
• Census of India is carried out once in ________ years. (10/ 5)
• Primary data
• Indirect oral investigation

Class 11 Economics Case Study 3

Read the following  Case Study carefully and answer the questions on the basis of the same: Unpublished data or literature is known as grey literature in research. (The term ‘grey literature’ also includes data published in a non-commercial form, such as a conference proceeding.) These data are collected by the government organisations and others, generally for their self-use or office record. Unpublished data is useful mainly in secondary research, such as literature reviews and systematic reviews. It provides pointers to new research and perhaps also research paths to avoid. Preprints are a growing form of unpublished data these days and have proved very useful in guiding research in critical areas such as COVID-19.  Published sources of secondary data are government publications, semi-government publications, publications of research institutions, international publications etc.

• ________ data are collected from published or unpublished reports. (Primary/ Secondary)
• In the case of a ________, answers are to be written by the enumerators specifically hired for the purpose. ( Questionnaire/ Schedule)
• ________ publish data relating to education, health, births and deaths. (Government publications/ Semi- Government Publications)
• 76th round of NSSO was on ________ (Persons with disabilities and drinking water/ density of population)
• Secondary Data
• Semi- Government Publications
• Persons with disabilities and drinking water

Advantages of case study questions in Economics

Class 11 Economics syllabus is divided into 2 books and CBSE can ask case study questions from any of them. Students are expected to prepare themselves thoroughly for both books. They ought to practice class 11 Economics case-based questions from the various options available to them, so as to excel in the subject.

• Enhance the analytical skills of students
• Provide a complete and detailed understanding of the concepts
• Inculcate intellectual capabilities in students
• Help students retain knowledge for a longer period of time
• The questions would help to discard the concept of rote learning
• Case studies promote and strengthen practical learning.

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Case Study Questions Class 11 Chemistry Equilibrium

Case study questions class 11 chemistry chapter 7 equilibrium.

CBSE Class 11 Case Study Questions Chemistry Equilibrium. Important Case Study Questions for Class 11 Board Exam Students. Here we have arranged some Important Case Base Questions for students who are searching for Paragraph Based Questions Equilibrium.

At Case Study Questions there will given a Paragraph. In where some Important Questions will made on that respective Case Based Study. There will various types of marks will given 1 marks, 2 marks, 3 marks, 4 marks.

CBSE Case Study Questions Class 11 Chemistry Equilibrium

Case study – 1.

When a liquid evaporates in a closed container, molecules with relatively higher kinetic energy escape the liquid surface into the vapour phase and number of liquid molecules from the vapour phase strike the liquid surface and are retained in the liquid phase. It gives rise to a constant vapour pressure because of an equilibrium in which the number of molecules leaving the liquid equals the number returning to liquid from the vapour. We say that the system has reached equilibrium state at this stage. However, this is not static equilibrium and there is a lot of activity at the boundary between the liquid and the vapour. Thus, at equilibrium, the rate of evaporation is equal to the rate of condensation. It may be represented by

                      H 2 O (l) ⇌ H 2 O (vap)

The double half arrows indicate that the processes in both the directions are going on simultaneously. The mixture of reactants and products in the equilibrium state is called an equilibrium mixture.

Equilibrium can be established for both physical processes and chemical reactions. The reaction may be fast or slow depending on the experimental conditions and the nature of the reactants. When the reactants in a closed vessel at a particular temperature react to give products, the concentrations of the reactants keep on decreasing, while those of products keep on increasing for some time after which there is no change in the concentrations of either of the reactants or products. This stage of the system is the dynamic equilibrium

The chemical equilibrium may be classified in three groups.

i) The reactions that proceed nearly to completion and only negligible concentrations of the reactants are left. In some cases, it may not be even possible to detect these experimentally.

ii) The reactions in which only small amounts of products are formed and most of the reactants remain unchanged at equilibrium stage.

(iii) The reactions in which the concentrations of the reactants and products are comparable, when the system is in equilibrium.

The equilibrium involving ions in aqueous solutions which is called as ionic equilibrium.

Solid-Liquid Equilibrium Ice and water kept in a perfectly insulated thermos flask (no exchange of heat between its contents and the surroundings) at 273K and the atmospheric pressure are in equilibrium state and the system shows interesting characteristic features. We observe that the mass of ice and water do not change with time and the temperature remains constant. However, the equilibrium is not static. The intense activity can be noticed at the boundary between ice and water. Molecules from the liquid water collide against ice and adhere to it and some molecules of ice escape into liquid phase. There is no change of mass of ice and water, as the rates of transfer of molecules from ice into water and of reverse transfer from water into ice are equal at atmospheric pressure and 273 K. It is obvious that ice and water are in equilibrium only at particular temperature and pressure. For any pure substance at atmospheric pressure, the temperature at which the solid and liquid phases are at equilibrium is called the normal melting point or normal freezing point of the substance. The system here is in dynamic equilibrium and we can infer the following: (i) Both the opposing processes occur simultaneously.

(ii) Both the processes occur at the same rate so that the amount of ice and water remains constant.

Solid – Vapour Equilibrium Let us now consider the systems where solids sublime to vapour phase. If we place solid iodine in a closed vessel, after sometime the vessel gets filled up with violet vapour and the intensity of colour increases with time. After certain time the intensity of colour becomes constant and at this stage equilibrium is attained. Hence solid iodine sublimes to give iodine vapour and the iodine vapour condenses to give solid iodine. The equilibrium can be represented as,

                              I 2(solid)  ⇌  I 2(vapour)

Other examples showing this kind of equilibrium are,

                             Camphor (solid) ⇌ Camphor (vapour)

                             NH 4 Cl (solid) ⇌ NH 4 Cl (vapour)  

The equilibrium Involving Dissolution of Solid in Liquids Only a limited amount of salt or sugar can dissolves in a given amount of water at room temperature. If we make a thick sugar syrup solution by dissolving sugar at a higher temperature, sugar crystals separate out if we cool the syrup to the room temperature. We call it a saturated solution when no more of solute can be dissolved in it at a given temperature. The concentration of the solute in a saturated solution depends upon the temperature. In a saturated solution, a dynamic equilibrium exits between the solute molecules in the solid state and in the solution: Sugar (solution) Sugar (solid), and the rate of dissolution of sugar = rate of crystallisation of sugar. Equality of the two rates and dynamic nature of equilibrium has been confirmed with the help of radioactive sugar. If we drop some radioactive sugar into saturated solution of non-radioactive sugar, then after some time radioactivity is observed both in the solution and in the solid sugar. Initially there were no radioactive sugar molecules in the solution but due to dynamic nature of equilibrium, there is exchange between the radioactive and non-radioactive sugar molecules between the two phases. The ratio of the radioactive to non- radioactive molecules in the solution increases till it attains a constant value.

1) Which of the following symbol represents equilibrium .

2) When there is no change in the concentrations of either of the reactants or products, this stage of the system is the …

a) static equilibrium

b) dynamic equilibrium

c) physical equilibrium

d) chemical equilibrium

Ans- b) dynamic equilibrium

3) A … solution means no more of solute can be dissolved in it at a given temperature.

a) unsaturated

b) supersaturated

c) saturated

d) None of these.

Ans- c) saturated

4) The equilibrium involving ions in aqueous solutions which is called as …

d) ionic equilibrium

Ans- d) ionic

5) The concentration of the solute in a saturated solution depends upon the …

b) pressure

c) temperature

Ans- c) temperature

[B]Short Answers

1) Explain equilibrium state with suitable example .

Ans- When a liquid evaporates in a closed container, molecules with relatively higher kinetic energy escape the liquid surface into the vapour phase and number of liquid molecules from the vapour phase strike the liquid surface and are retained in the liquid phase. It gives rise to a constant vapour pressure because of an equilibrium in which the number of molecules leaving the liquid equals the number returning to liquid from the vapour. We say that the system has reached equilibrium state at this stage. However, this is not static equilibrium and there is a lot of activity at the boundary between the liquid and the vapour. Thus, at equilibrium, the rate of evaporation is equal to the rate of condensation. It may be represented by

H 2 O (l) ⇌ H 2 O (vap)

2) How chemical equilibrium classified ?

Ans- The chemical equilibrium may be classified in three groups.

3) Explain Solid- Vapour equilibrium with help of suitable example.

Ans- Consider the systems where solids sublime to vapour phase. If we place solid iodine in a closed vessel, after sometime the vessel gets filled up with violet vapour and the intensity of colour increases with time. After certain time the intensity of colour becomes constant and at this stage equilibrium is attained. Hence solid iodine sublimes to give iodine vapour and the iodine vapour condenses to give solid iodine. The equilibrium can be represented as,

I 2(solid)   ⇌  I 2(vapour)

                             Camphor (solid) ⇌ Camphor (vapour)

4) What is dynamic equilibrium?

Ans- Equilibrium can be established for both physical processes and chemical reactions. The reaction may be fast or slow depending on the experimental conditions and the nature of the reactants. When the reactants in a closed vessel at a particular temperature react to give products, the concentrations of the reactants keep on decreasing, while those of products keep on increasing for some time after which there is no change in the concentrations of either of the reactants or products. This stage of the system is the dynamic equilibrium .

[C]Long Answers

1) Explain solid liquid equilibrium.

Ans- Ice and water kept in a perfectly insulated thermos flask (no exchange of heat between its contents and the surroundings) at 273K and the atmospheric pressure are in equilibrium state and the system shows interesting characteristic features. We observe that the mass of ice and water do not change with time and the temperature remains constant. However, the equilibrium is not static. The intense activity can be noticed at the boundary between ice and water. Molecules from the liquid water collide against ice and adhere to it and some molecules of ice escape into liquid phase. There is no change of mass of ice and water, as the rates of transfer of molecules from ice into water and of reverse transfer from water into ice are equal at atmospheric pressure and 273 K. It is obvious that ice and water are in equilibrium only at particular temperature and pressure. For any pure substance at atmospheric pressure, the temperature at which the solid and liquid phases are at equilibrium is called the normal melting point or normal freezing point of the substance. The system here is in dynamic equilibrium and we can infer the following: (i) Both the opposing processes occur simultaneously.

2) Explain the equilibrium Involving Dissolution of Solid in Liquids with suitable example.

Ans- Only a limited amount of salt or sugar can dissolves in a given amount of water at room temperature. If we make a thick sugar syrup solution by dissolving sugar at a higher temperature, sugar crystals separate out if we cool the syrup to the room temperature. We call it a saturated solution when no more of solute can be dissolved in it at a given temperature. The concentration of the solute in a saturated solution depends upon the temperature. In a saturated solution, a dynamic equilibrium exits between the solute molecules in the solid state and in the solution: Sugar (solution) Sugar (solid), and the rate of dissolution of sugar = rate of crystallisation of sugar. Equality of the two rates and dynamic nature of equilibrium has been confirmed with the help of radioactive sugar. If we drop some radioactive sugar into saturated solution of non-radioactive sugar, then after some time radioactivity is observed both in the solution and in the solid sugar. Initially there were no radioactive sugar molecules in the solution but due to dynamic nature of equilibrium, there is exchange between the radioactive and non-radioactive sugar molecules between the two phases. The ratio of the radioactive to non- radioactive molecules in the solution increases till it attains a constant value.

Case Study – 2

Equilibrium Involving Dissolution of Gases in Liquids- When a soda water bottle is opened, some of  The carbon dioxide gas dissolved in it fizzes  Out rapidly. The phenomenon arises due to  Difference in solubility of carbon dioxide at  Different pressures. There is equilibrium  Between the molecules in the gaseous state  And the molecules dissolved in the liquid  Under pressure i.e., CO 2    (gas) CO 2    (in solution)  This equilibrium is governed by Henry’s  Law, which states that the mass of a gas  Dissolved in a given mass of a solvent at  Any temperature is proportional to the  Pressure of the gas above the solvent. This  Amount decreases with increase of  Temperature. The soda water bottle is sealed  Under pressure of gas when its solubility in  Water is high. As soon as the bottle is opened,  Some of the dissolved carbon dioxide gas  Escapes to reach a new equilibrium condition  Required for the lower pressure, namely its  Partial pressure in the atmosphere. This is how  The soda water in bottle when left open to the  Air for some time, turns ‘flat’. It can be  Generalised that:  For solid liquid equilibrium, there is  Only one temperature (melting point) at  1 atm (1.013 bar) at which the two phases  Can coexist. If there is no exchange of heat  With the surroundings, the mass of the two  Phases remains constant.  For liquid vapour equilibrium, the  Vapour pressure is constant at a given  Temperature.  For dissolution of solids in liquids, the  Solubility is constant at a given  Temperature.  For dissolution of gases in liquids, the  Concentration of a gas in liquid is  Proportional to the pressure  (concentration) of the gas over the liquid.

General Characteristics of Equilibria Involving Physical Processes For the physical processes , following characteristics are common to the system at equilibrium:

i) Equilibrium is possible only in a closed system at a given temperature.

ii) Both the opposing processes occur at the same rate and there is a dynamic but stable condition.

(iii) All measurable properties of the system remain constant.

(iv) When equilibrium is attained for a physical process, it is characterised by constant value of one of its parameters at a given temperature.

(v) The magnitude of such quantities at any stage indicates the extent to which the physical process has proceeded before reaching equilibrium.

Chemical  reactions reach a state of dynamic  equilibrium in which the rates of forward  and reverse reactions are equal and there  is no net change in composition.

let us consider a general reversible reaction:

                             A + B ⇌ C + D

where A and B are the reactants, C and D are the products in the balanced chemical equation. On the basis of experimental studies of many reversible reactions, the Norwegian chemists Cato Maximillian Guldberg and Peter Waage proposed in 1864 that the concentrations in an equilibrium mixture are related by the following equilibrium equation, K c = [C ][ D ]

        [A ][ B ]

where K c is the equilibrium constant and the expression on the right side is called the equilibrium constant expression. The equilibrium equation is also known as the law of mass action because in the early days of chemistry, concentration was called “active mass”.

At a given temperature, the product of  Concentrations of the reaction products  Raised to the respective stoichiometric  Coefficient in the balanced chemical  Equation divided by the product of  Concentrations of the reactants raised to  Their individual stoichiometric coefficients  Has a constant value. This is known as  The Equilibrium Law or Law of Chemical  Equilibrium.

Equilibrium Constant in Gaseous  Systems – So far we have expressed equilibrium constant  Of the reactions in terms of molar  Concentration of the reactants and products,  And used symbol, Kc   For it. For reactions  Involving gases, however, it is usually more  Convenient to express the equilibrium  Constant in terms of partial pressure.  The ideal gas equation is written as,

 pV = nRT  ⇒ p =  n RT 

Here, p is the pressure in Pa, n is the number  Of moles of the gas, V is the volume in m3   And  T is the temperature in Kelvin Therefore, n/V is concentration expressed in mol/m3 If concentration c, is in mol/L or mol/dm3 , and p is in bar then p = cRT, We can also write p = [gas]RT. Here, R= 0.0831 bar litre/mol K At constant temperature, the pressure of the gas is proportional to its concentration i.e., p ∝ [gas]

For reaction in equilibrium H 2 (g) + I 2 (g) → 2HI(g) We can write either

where ∆n = (number of moles of gaseous products) – (number of moles of gaseous reactants) in the balanced chemical equation.

     The important features of equilibrium constants as follows:

1) Expression for equilibrium constant is applicable only when concentrations of the reactants and products have attained constant value at equilibrium state.

2) The value of equilibrium constant is independent of initial concentrations of the reactants and products.

3) Equilibrium constant is temperature dependent having one unique value for a particular reaction represented by a balanced equation at a given temperature.

4) The equilibrium constant for the reverse reaction is equal to the inverse of the equilibrium constant for the forward reaction.

5) The equilibrium constant K for a reaction is related to the equilibrium constant of the corresponding reaction, whose equation is obtained by multiplying or dividing the equation for the original reaction by a small integer.

1) …. states that the mass of a gas dissolved in a given mass of a solvent at any temperature is proportional to the  Pressure of the gas above the solvent.

a) Henry’s Law

b) Charles’s law

c) Boyle’s law

d) Arrhenius law

Ans- a) Henry’s  Law

2) For solid liquid equilibrium, there is only one temperature (melting point) at …. at which the two phases can coexist.

a) 1 pascal

Ans- b)  1 atm

3) Equilibrium is possible only in a …

 at a given temperature.

a) open system

b) isolated system

c) closed system

d) None of above

Ans- c) closed system

4) The value of R= …

a) 0138 bar litre/mol K

b) 0381 bar litre/mol K

c) 0318 bar litre/mol K

d) 0831 bar litre/mol K

Ans- d) 0.0831 bar litre/mol K

5) The equilibrium constant K for a reaction is related to the equilibrium constant of the corresponding reaction, whose equation is obtained by …. the equation for the original reaction by a small integer.

b) Multiplying

c) Dividing

d) option b) or c)

Ans- d) option b) or c)

1) Give the General Characteristics of Equilibria Involving Physical Processes.

Ans- For the physical processes , following characteristics are common to the system at equilibrium:

2) Explain the equilibrium constant expression .

Ans- Consider a general reversible reaction:

3) Write the important features of equilibrium constants .

Ans- The important features of equilibrium constants as follows:

4) What is Law of Chemical  Equilibrium ?

Ans- At a given temperature, the product of  Concentrations of the reaction products  Raised to the respective stoichiometric  Coefficient in the balanced chemical  Equation divided by the product of  Concentrations of the reactants raised to  Their individual stoichiometric coefficients  Has a constant value. This is known as  The Equilibrium Law or Law of Chemical  Equilibrium.

1) Explain the equilibrium involving dissolution of gases in liquids.

Ans- When a soda water bottle is opened, some of  The carbon dioxide gas dissolved in it fizzes  Out rapidly. The phenomenon arises due to  Difference in solubility of carbon dioxide at  Different pressures. There is equilibrium  Between the molecules in the gaseous state  And the molecules dissolved in the liquid  Under pressure i.e., CO 2    (gas) CO 2    (in solution)  This equilibrium is governed by Henry’s  Law, which states that the mass of a gas  Dissolved in a given mass of a solvent at  Any temperature is proportional to the  Pressure of the gas above the solvent. This  Amount decreases with increase of  Temperature. The soda water bottle is sealed  Under pressure of gas when its solubility in  Water is high. As soon as the bottle is opened,  Some of the dissolved carbon dioxide gas  Escapes to reach a new equilibrium condition  Required for the lower pressure, namely its  Partial pressure in the atmosphere. This is how  The soda water in bottle when left open to the  Air for some time, turns ‘flat’. It can be  Generalised that:  For solid liquid equilibrium, there is  Only one temperature (melting point) at  1 atm (1.013 bar) at which the two phases  Can coexist. If there is no exchange of heat  With the surroundings, the mass of the two  Phases remains constant.  For liquid vapour equilibrium, the  Vapour pressure is constant at a given  Temperature.  For dissolution of solids in liquids, the  Solubility is constant at a given  Temperature.  For dissolution of gases in liquids, the  Concentration of a gas in liquid is  Proportional to the pressure  (concentration) of the gas over the liquid.

2) Explain the equilibrium constant in gaseous systems.

Ans- we have expressed equilibrium constant  Of the reactions in terms of molar  Concentration of the reactants and products,  And used symbol, Kc   For it. For reactions  Involving gases, however, it is usually more  Convenient to express the equilibrium  Constant in terms of partial pressure.  The ideal gas equation is written as,

Here, p is the pressure in Pa, n is the number  Of moles of the gas, V is the volume in m3   And  T is the temperature in Kelvin Therefore, n/V is concentration expressed in mol/m3 If concentration c, is in mol/L or mol/dm3 , and p is in bar then p = cRT, We can also write p = [gas]RT. Here, R= 0.0831 bar litre/mol K At constant temperature, the pressure of the gas is proportional to its concentration i.e., p ∝ [gas]

Case Study – 3

Predicting the Direction of the Reaction- The equilibrium constant helps in predicting the direction in which a given reaction will proceed at any stage. For this purpose, we calculate the reaction quotient Q. The reaction quotient, Q (Qc  with molar concentrations and QP with partial pressures) is defined in the same way as the equilibrium constant Kc  except that the concentrations in Qc  are not necessarily equilibrium values. For a general reaction:

 a A + b B  ⇌ c C + d D

Qc  = [C] c [D] d   / [A] a [B] b

If Qc  > Kc , the reaction will proceed in the direction of reactants (reverse reaction).

If Qc  < Kc , the reaction will proceed in the direction of the products (forward reaction). If Qc  = Kc , the reaction mixture is already at equilibrium. Consider the gaseous reaction of H 2 with I 2 ,

 H 2 (g) + I 2 (g) ⇌ 2HI (g) ; Kc  = 57.0 at 700 K.

Suppose we have molar concentrations [H 2 ]t =0.10M, [I 2 ]t  = 0.20 M and [HI]t  = 0.40 M. (the subscript t on the concentration symbols means that the concentrations were measured at some arbitrary time t, not necessarily at equilibrium). Thus, the reaction quotient, Qc  at this stage of the reaction is given by,

Qc = [HI]t 2   / [H 2 ] t  [I 2 ] t   = (0.40)2/ (0.10)×(0.20)  = 8.0

Now, in this case, Qc  (8.0) does not equal Kc (57.0), so the mixture of H 2 (g) , I 2 (g) and HI (g) is not at equilibrium; that is, more H 2 (g) and I 2 (g) will react to form more HI (g) and their concentrations will decrease till Qc  = Kc . The reaction quotient, Qc  is useful in predicting the direction of reaction by comparing the values of Qc  and Kc .Thus, we can make the following generalisations concerning the direction of the reaction

If Qc < Kc , net reaction goes from left to right

If Qc > Kc , net reaction goes from right to left.

If Qc = Kc , no net reaction occurs.

Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations In case of a problem in which we know the initial concentrations but do not know any of the equilibrium concentrations, the following three steps shall be followed:

Step 1)  Write the balanced equation for the reaction.

Step 2) Under the balanced equation, make a table that lists for each substance involved in the reaction: (a) the initial concentration, (b) the change in concentration on going to equilibrium, and (c) the equilibrium concentration. In constructing the table, define x as the concentration (mol/L) of one of the substances that reacts on going to equilibrium, then use the stoichiometry of the reaction to determine the concentrations of the other substances in terms of x.

Step 3) Substitute the equilibrium concentrations into the equilibrium equation for the reaction and solve for x. If you are to solve a quadratic equation choose the mathematical solution that makes chemical sense.

Step 4) Calculate the equilibrium concentrations from the calculated value of x.

Step 5) Check your results by substituting them into the equilibrium equation.

Relationship between equilibrium constant K, reaction quotient Q and gibbs energy G The value of Kc  for a reaction does not depend on the rate of the reaction. However, it is directly related to the thermodynamics of the reaction and in particular, to the change in Gibbs energy, ∆G. If,

∆G is negative, then the reaction is spontaneous and proceeds in the forward direction.

∆G is positive, then reaction is considered non-spontaneous. Instead, as reverse reaction would have a negative ∆G, the products of the forward reaction shall be converted to the reactants.

∆G is 0, reaction has achieved equilibrium; at this point, there is no longer any free energy left to drive the reaction. A mathematical expression of this thermodynamic view of equilibrium can be described by the following equation:

∆G = ∆G ø   + RT lnQ

where, G ø   is standard Gibbs energy. At equilibrium, when ∆G = 0 and Q = Kc , the equation  becomes,

∆G = G ø   + RTlnK = 0

∆G ø = – RT lnK

lnK = – ∆G ø   / RT

Taking antilog of both sides, we get,

 K = e–∆G0/RT

Hence, using the equation , the reaction spontaneity can be interpreted in terms of the value of ∆ G ø .

If ∆ G ø < 0, then –∆G ø /RT is positive, and >1, making K >1, which implies a spontaneous reaction or the reaction which proceeds in the forward direction to such an extent that the products are present predominantly.

If ∆G ø > 0, then –∆G ø /RT is negative, and < 1, that is , K < 1, which implies a non-spontaneous reaction or a reaction which proceeds in the forward direction to such a small degree that only a very minute quantity of product is formed.

 Factors affecting equilibria One of the principal goals of chemical synthesis is to maximise the conversion of the reactants to products while minimizing the expenditure of energy. This implies maximum yield of products at mild temperature and pressure conditions. If it does not happen, then the experimental conditions need to be adjusted. For example, in the Haber process for the synthesis of ammonia from N 2   and H 2 , the choice of experimental conditions is of real economic importance. Annual world production of ammonia is about hundred million tones, primarily for use as fertilizers. Equilibrium constant, Kc is independent of initial concentrations. But if a system at equilibrium is subjected to a change in the concentration of one or more of the reacting substances, then the system is no longer at equilibrium; and net reaction takes place in some direction until the system returns to equilibrium once again. Similarly, a change in temperature or pressure of the system may also alter the equilibrium. In order to decide what course the reaction adopts and make a qualitative prediction about the effect of a change in conditions on equilibrium we use Le Chatelier’s principle. It states that a change in any of the factors that determine the equilibrium conditions of a system will cause the system to change in such a manner so as to reduce or to counteract the effect of the change. This is applicable to all physical and chemical equilibria.

     Effect of Concentration Change In general, when equilibrium is disturbed by the addition/removal of any reactant/ products, Le Chatelier’s principle predicts that:

The concentration stress of an added reactant/product is relieved by net reaction in the direction that consumes the added substance.

The concentration stress of a removed reactant/product is relieved by net reaction in the direction that replenishes the removed substance. or in other words, “When the concentration of any of the reactants or products in a reaction at equilibrium is changed, the composition of the equilibrium mixture changes so as to minimize the effect of concentration changes”. Let us take the reaction,

H 2 (g) + I 2 (g) ⇌ 2HI (g)

If H 2   is added to the reaction mixture at equilibrium, then the equilibrium of the reaction is disturbed. In order to restore it, the reaction proceeds in a direction wherein H 2   is consumed, i.e., more of H 2   and I 2   react to form HI and finally the equilibrium shifts in right (forward) direction. This is in accordance with the Le Chatelier’s principle which implies that in case of addition of a reactant/product, a new equilibrium will be set up in which the concentration of the reactant/product should be less than what it was after the addition but more than what it was in the original mixture. The same point can be explained in terms of the reaction quotient, Qc ,

Qc  = [HI] 2 / [H 2 ][I 2 ]

Addition of hydrogen at equilibrium results in value of Qc  being less than Kc  . Thus, in order to attain equilibrium again reaction moves in the forward direction. Similarly, we can say that removal of a product also boosts the forward reaction and increases the concentration of the products and this has great commercial application in cases of reactions, where the product is a gas or a volatile substance. In case of manufacture of ammonia, ammonia is liquified and removed from the reaction mixture so that reaction keeps moving in forward direction. Similarly, in the large scale production of CaO (used as important building material) from CaCO 3 , constant removal of CO 2   from the kiln drives the reaction to completion. It should be remembered that continuous removal of a product maintains Qc  at a value less than Kc and reaction continues to move in the forward direction.

1) If … the reaction will proceed in the direction of reactants (reverse reaction).

a) Qc > Kc

b) Qc < Kc

Ans- a) Qc  > Kc

2) If … the reaction will proceed in the direction of the products (forward reaction).

Ans- b) Qc  < Kc

3) If … the reaction mixture is already at equilibrium. Consider the gaseous reaction.

d) All of above

Ans- c) Qc  = Kc

4) If ∆G is …. then the reaction is spontaneous and proceeds in the forward direction.

b) positive

c) negative

Ans- c) negative

5) ∆G is … reaction has achieved equilibrium; at this point, there is no longer any free energy left to drive the reaction.

Ans- a) zero

1) How equilibrium concentrations can be calculated ?

Ans- In case of a problem in which we know the initial concentrations but do not know any of the equilibrium concentrations, the following three steps shall be followed:

Step 1) Write the balanced equation for the reaction.

2) Explain the relationship between equilibrium constant K, reaction quotient Q and gibbs energy G.

Ans- The value of Kc  for a reaction does not depend on the rate of the reaction. However, it is directly related to the thermodynamics of the reaction and in particular, to the change in Gibbs energy, ∆G. If,

3)What are the Factors affecting equilibria ?

Ans- One of the principal goals of chemical synthesis is to maximise the conversion of the reactants to products while minimizing the expenditure of energy. This implies maximum yield of products at mild temperature and pressure conditions. If it does not happen, then the experimental conditions need to be adjusted. For example, in the Haber process for the synthesis of ammonia from N 2   and H 2 , the choice of experimental conditions is of real economic importance. Annual world production of ammonia is about hundred million tones, primarily for use as fertilizers. Equilibrium constant, Kc is independent of initial concentrations. But if a system at equilibrium is subjected to a change in the concentration of one or more of the reacting substances, then the system is no longer at equilibrium; and net reaction takes place in some direction until the system returns to equilibrium once again. Similarly, a change in temperature or pressure of the system may also alter the equilibrium. In order to decide what course the reaction adopts and make a qualitative prediction about the effect of a change in conditions on equilibrium we use Le Chatelier’s principle. It states that a change in any of the factors that determine the equilibrium conditions of a system will cause the system to change in such a manner so as to reduce or to counteract the effect of the change. This is applicable to all physical and chemical equilibria.

1) What is effect of Concentration Change on equilibria ?

Ans- In general, when equilibrium is disturbed by the addition/removal of any reactant/ products, Le Chatelier’s principle predicts that:

 Qc  = [HI] 2 / [H 2 ][I 2 ]

2) How the equilibrium constant helps in predicting the direction of reaction ?

Ans- The equilibrium constant helps in predicting the direction in which a given reaction will proceed at any stage. For this purpose, we calculate the reaction quotient Q. The reaction quotient, Q (Qc  with molar concentrations and QP with partial pressures) is defined in the same way as the equilibrium constant Kc  except that the concentrations in Qc  are not necessarily equilibrium values. For a general reaction:

Suppose we have molar concentrations [H 2 ] t =0.10M, [I 2 ] t  = 0.20 M and [HI]t  = 0.40 M. (the subscript t on the concentration symbols means that the concentrations were measured at some arbitrary time t, not necessarily at equilibrium). Thus, the reaction quotient, Qc  at this stage of the reaction is given by,

Case Study – 4

Arrhenius Concept of Acids and Bases According to Arrhenius theory, acids are substances that dissociates in water to give hydrogen ions  H + (aq) and bases are substances that produce hydroxyl ions OH – (aq) . The ionization of an acid HX  (aq) can be represented by the following equations:

HX (aq) →  H + (aq) + X – (aq)

HX  (aq) +  H 2 O(l) →  H 3 O + (aq) + X – (aq)

A bare proton,  H +   is very reactive and cannot exist freely in aqueous solutions. Thus, it bonds to the oxygen atom of a solvent water molecule to give trigonal pyramidal hydronium ion,  H 3 O + {[H ( H 2 O)] + } (see box). In this chapter we shall use  H +    (aq) and  H 3 O + (aq) interchangeably to mean the same i.e., a hydrated proton. Similarly, a base molecule like MOH ionizes in aqueous solution according to the equation:

 MOH  (aq) → M +  (aq) + OH –  (aq)

The hydroxyl ion also exists in the hydrated form in the aqueous solution. Arrhenius concept of acid and base, however, suffers from the limitation of being applicable only to aqueous solutions and also, does not account for the basicity of substances like, ammonia which do not possess a hydroxyl group.

The Brönsted-Lowry Acids and Bases The Danish chemist, Johannes Brönsted and the English chemist, Thomas M. Lowry gave a more general definition of acids and bases. According to Brönsted-Lowry theory, acid is a substance that is capable of donating a hydrogen ion  H +   and bases are substances capable of accepting a hydrogen ion,  H + . In short, acids are proton donors and bases are proton acceptors. Consider the example of dissolution of  NH 3 in  H 2 O represented by the following equation:

Hydronium and Hydroxyl Ions Hydrogen ion by itself is a bare proton with very small size (~10–15 m radius) and intense electric field, binds itself with the water molecule at one of the two available lone pairs on it giving  H 3 O +   . This species has been detected in many compounds (e.g.,  H 3 O + Cl – ) in the solid state. In aqueous solution the hydronium ion is further hydrated to give species like H 5 O2 + , H7O3 + and H9O4 + . Similarly the hydroxyl ion is hydrated to give several ionic species like  , H 5 O3 – and H7O4 –  etc. The basic solution is formed due to the presence of hydroxyl ions. In this reaction, water molecule acts as proton donor and ammonia molecule acts as proton acceptor and are thus, called Lowry-Brönsted acid and base, respectively. In the reverse reaction,  H + is transferred from NH 4 +   to OH – . In this case, NH 4 + acts as a Bronsted acid while OH –   acted as a Brönsted base. The acid-base pair that differs only by one proton is called a conjugate acid-base pair. Therefore, OH –  is called the conjugate base of an acid  H 2 O and NH 4 +   is called conjugate acid of the base  NH 3 . If Brönsted acid is a strong acid then its conjugate base is a weak base and vice- versa. It may be noted that conjugate acid has one extra proton and each conjugate base has one less proton. Consider the example of ionization of hydrochloric acid in water. HCl  (aq) acts as an acid by donating a proton to  H 2 O molecule which acts as a base.

It can be seen in the above equation, that water acts as a base because it accepts the proton. The species  H 3 O +   is produced when water accepts a proton from HCl. Therefore, Cl –  is a conjugate base of HCl and HCl is the conjugate acid of base Cl – . Similarly,  H 2 O is a conjugate base of an acid  H 3 O +   and  H 3 O +   is a conjugate acid of base  H 2 O. It is interesting to observe the dual role of water as an acid and a base. In case of reaction with HCl water acts as a base while in case of ammonia it acts as an acid by donating a proton.

        Lewis Acids and Bases G.N. Lewis in 1923 defined an acid as a species which accepts electron pair and base which donates an electron pair. As far as bases are concerned, there is not much difference between Brönsted-Lowry and Lewis concepts, as the base provides a lone pair in both the cases. However, in Lewis concept many acids do not have proton. A typical example is reaction of electron deficient species BF 3   with  NH 3 . BF 3   does not have a proton but still acts as an acid and reacts with  NH 3   by accepting its lone pair of electrons. The reaction can be represented by,

                 BF 3   + : NH 3 → BF 3 : NH 3

Electron deficient species like AlCl 3 , Co 3+ , Mg 2+ , etc. can act as Lewis acids while species like  H 2 O,  NH 3 , OH –   etc. which can donate a pair of electrons, can act as Lewis bases.

The pH Scale Hydronium ion concentration in molarity is more conveniently expressed on a logarithmic scale known as the pH scale. The pH of a solution is defined as the negative logarithm to base 10 of the activity (a H + ) of hydrogen ion. In dilute solutions (< 0.01 M), activity of hydrogen ion ( H + ) is equal in magnitude to molarity represented by [ H + ]. It should be noted that activity has no units and is defined as:

          a  = [H + ] / mol L –1

From the definition of pH, the following can be written,

         pH = – log a H + = – log {[ H + ] / mol L–1}

Thus, an acidic solution of HCl (10–2 M) will have a pH = 2. Similarly, a basic solution of NaOH having [OH – ] =10 –4 M and [ H 3 O + ] = 10 –10 M will have a pH = 10. At 25 °C, pure water has a concentration of hydrogen ions, [H + ] = 10 –7 M. Hence, the pH of pure water is given as:

 pH = –log(10 –7 ) = 7

Acidic solutions possess a concentration of hydrogen ions, [H + ] > 10 –7 M, while basic solutions possess a concentration of hydrogen ions, [ H + ] < 10 –7 M. thus, we can summarise that

Acidic solution has pH < 7

Basic solution has pH > 7

Neutral solution has pH = 7

Now again, consider the equation at 298 K

Kw  = [H 3 O + ] [OH – ] = 10 –14

Taking negative logarithm on both sides of equation, we obtain

 –log Kw  = – log {[ H 3 O + ] [OH– ]} 

= – log [ H 3 O + ] – log [OH– ] 

= – log 10 –14

pKw  = pH + pOH = 14

.    Note that although Kw may change with temperature the variations in pH with temperature are so small that we often ignore it. pKw  is a very important quantity for aqueous solutions and controls the relative concentrations of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions as their product is a constant. It should be noted that as the pH scale is logarithmic, a change in pH by just one unit also means change in [ H + ] by a factor of 10. Similarly, when the hydrogen ion concentration, [ H + ] changes by a factor of 100, the value of pH changes by 2 units. Now you can realise why the change in pH with temperature is often ignored.

Ionization Constants of Weak Acids Consider a weak acid HX that is partially ionized in the aqueous solution. The equilibrium can be expressed by:

HX  (aq) +  H 2 O(l) → H 3 O + (aq) + X – (aq)

Initial concentration (M)

c                                0                   0

Let α be the extent of ionization Change (M) -cα +cα +cα Equilibrium concentration (M) c-cα cα cα Here, c = initial concentration of the undissociated acid, HX at time, t = 0. α = extent up to which HX is ionized into ions. Using these notations, we can derive the equilibrium constant for the above discussed acid- dissociation equilibrium:

Ka  = c 2 α 2 / c(1-α) = cα 2   / 1-α

Ka  is called the dissociation or ionization constant of acid HX. It can be represented alternatively in terms of molar concentration as follows,

Ka  = [ H + ][X – ] / [HX]

At a given temperature T, Ka  is a measure of the strength of the acid HX i.e., larger the value of Ka , the stronger is the acid. Ka  is a dimensionless quantity with the understanding that the standard state concentration of all species is 1M.

1) … is a substance that is capable of donating a hydrogen ion  H + .

c) Neutral substances

d) Alkaline

Ans- a) Acid

2) … are proton acceptors.

d) All the above

Ans- b) Bases

3) According to …bases are substances that produce hydroxyl ions OH – .

a) Johannes Brönsted

b) Thomas M. Lowry

c) Arrhenius

d) N. Lewis

Ans- c) Arrhenius

4) Brönsted acid is a strong acid then its conjugate base is a … base.

Ans- d) weak

5) According to … an acid as a species which accepts electron pair.

Ans- d) G.N. Lewis

1) What is Arrhenius Concept of Acids and Bases ?

Ans- According to Arrhenius theory, acids are substances that dissociates in water to give hydrogen ions  H + (aq) and bases are substances that produce hydroxyl ions OH – (aq) . The ionization of an acid HX  (aq) can be represented by the following equations:

2) What are Lewis Acids and Bases ?

Ans- G.N. Lewis in 1923 defined an acid as a species which accepts electron pair and base which donates an electron pair. As far as bases are concerned, there is not much difference between Brönsted-Lowry and Lewis concepts, as the base provides a lone pair in both the cases. However, in Lewis concept many acids do not have proton. A typical example is reaction of electron deficient species BF 3   with  NH 3 . BF 3   does not have a proton but still acts as an acid and reacts with  NH 3   by accepting its lone pair of electrons. The reaction can be represented by,

3) What is Ionization Constants of Weak Acids ?

Ans- Consider a weak acid HX that is partially ionized in the aqueous solution. The equilibrium can be expressed by:

c                                0                   0

 Ka  = c 2 α 2 / c(1-α) = cα 2   / 1-α

1)  Explain the theory of Brönsted-Lowry Acids and Bases.

Ans- The Danish chemist, Johannes Brönsted and the English chemist, Thomas M. Lowry gave a more general definition of acids and bases. According to Brönsted-Lowry theory, acid is a substance that is capable of donating a hydrogen ion  H +   and bases are substances capable of accepting a hydrogen ion,  H + . In short, acids are proton donors and bases are proton acceptors. Consider the example of dissolution of  NH 3 in  H 2 O represented by the following equation:

2) What is pH scale ?

Ans- Hydronium ion concentration in molarity is more conveniently expressed on a logarithmic scale known as the pH scale. The pH of a solution is defined as the negative logarithm to base 10 of the activity (a H + ) of hydrogen ion. In dilute solutions (< 0.01 M), activity of hydrogen ion ( H + ) is equal in magnitude to molarity represented by [ H + ]. It should be noted that activity has no units and is defined as:

Note that although Kw may change with temperature the variations in pH with temperature are so small that we often ignore it. pKw  is a very important quantity for aqueous solutions and controls the relative concentrations of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions as their product is a constant. It should be noted that as the pH scale is logarithmic, a change in pH by just one unit also means change in [ H + ] by a factor of 10. Similarly, when the hydrogen ion concentration, [ H + ] changes by a factor of 100, the value of pH changes by 2 units. Now you can realise why the change in pH with temperature is often ignored.

Case Study – 5

Relation between Ka  and Kb – Ka and Kb represent the strength of an acid and a base, respectively. In case of a conjugate acid-base pair, they are related in a simple manner so that if one is known, the other can be deduced. Considering the example of NH 4 + and NH 3 we see,

NH 4 + (aq) + H 2 O (l) ⇌ H 3 O + (aq) + NH 3 (aq)

 Ka  = [H 3 O + ][ NH 3 ] / [NH 4 + ] = 5.6 × 10 –10

NH 3 (aq) + H 2 O (l) ⇌ NH 4 + (aq) + OH – (aq)

Kb  =[ NH 4 + ][ OH – ] / NH 3   = 1.8 × 10 –5

Net: 2 H 2 O (l) ⇌ H 3 O + (aq) + OH – (aq)

 Kw  = [H 3 O + ][OH – ] = 1.0 × 10 –14 M

Where, Ka  represents the strength of NH 4 + as an acid and Kb  represents the strength of NH 3 as a base. It can be seen from the net reaction that the equilibrium constant is equal to the product of equilibrium constants Ka  and Kb for the reactions added. Thus,

 Ka × Kb  = {[H 3 O + ][NH 3 ] / [NH 4 + ]} × {[NH 4 + ]  [ OH – ] / [NH 3 ]}

= [H 3 O + ][ OH – ] = Kw = (5.6×10 –10 ) × (1.8 × 10 –5 ) = 1.0 × 10 –14 M

This can be extended to make a generalisation. The equilibrium constant for a net reaction obtained after adding two (or more) reactions equals the product of the equilibrium constants for individual reactions:

K NET = K1  × K2  × ……

Similarly, in case of a conjugate acid-base pair,

    Ka  × Kb  = Kw 

Knowing one, the other can be obtained. It should be noted that a strong acid will have a weak conjugate base and vice-versa. Alternatively, the above expression

Kw  = Ka  × Kb , can also be obtained by considering the base-dissociation equilibrium reaction:

B (aq) + H 2 O (l) ⇌ BH + (aq) + OH – (aq)

Kb  = [BH + ][ OH – ] / [B]

As the concentration of water remains constant it has been omitted from the denominator and incorporated within the dissociation constant. Then multiplying and dividing the above expression by [H + ], we get:

Kb  = [BH + ][ OH – ][H + ] / [B][H + ]

 ={[OH – ][H + ]}{[BH + ] / [B][H + ]} 

= Kw  / Ka 

or Ka  × Kb  = Kw

It may be noted that if we take negative logarithm of both sides of the equation, then pK values of the conjugate acid and base are related to each other by the equation:

pKa  + pKb  = pKw  = 14 (at 298K)

Factors Affecting Acid Strength Having discussion on quantitatively the strengths of acids and bases, we come to a stage where we can calculate the pH of a given acid solution. But, the curiosity rises about why should some acids be stronger than others? What factors are responsible for making them stronger? The answer lies in its being a complex phenomenon. But, broadly speaking we can say that the extent of dissociation of an acid depends on the strength and polarity of the H-A bond. In general, when strength of H-A bond decreases, that is, the energy required to break the bond decreases, HA becomes a stronger acid. Also, when the H-A bond becomes more polar i.e., the electronegativity difference between the atoms H and A increases and there is marked charge separation, cleavage of the bond becomes easier thereby increasing the acidity. But it should be noted that while comparing elements in the same group of the periodic table, H-A bond strength is a more important factor in determining acidity than its polar nature. As the size of A increases down the group, H-A bond strength decreases and so the acid strength increases. For example,

Size increases

HF << HCl << HBr << HI

Acid strength increases

Similarly, H 2 S is stronger acid than H 2 O. But, when we discuss elements in the same row of the periodic table, H-A bond polarity becomes the deciding factor for determining the acid strength. As the electronegativity of A increases, the strength of the acid also increases. For example,

Electronegativity of A increases

CH4  < NH 3   < H 2 O < HF

Common Ion Effect in the Ionization of Acids and Bases Consider an example of acetic acid dissociation equilibrium represented as:

CH3COOH (aq) H + (aq) + CH3COO – (aq)

or HAc (aq) H + (aq) + Ac – (aq)

Ka  = [H + ][Ac – ] / [HAc]

Addition of acetate ions to an acetic acid solution results in decreasing the concentration of hydrogen ions, [H + ]. Also, if H +   ions are added from an external source then the equilibrium moves in the direction of undissociated acetic acid i.e., in a direction of reducing the concentration of hydrogen ions, [H + ]. This phenomenon is an example of common ion effect. It can be defined as a shift in equilibrium on adding a substance that provides more of an ionic species already present in the dissociation equilibrium. Thus, we can say that common ion effect is a phenomenon based on the Le Chatelier’s principle discussed earlier. In order to evaluate the pH of the solution resulting on addition of 0.05M acetate ion to 0.05M acetic acid solution, we shall consider the acetic acid dissociation equilibrium once again,

                                HAc (aq)   ⇌ H + (aq) + Ac – (aq)

                                  0.05           0           0.05

Let x be the extent of ionization of acetic acid.

Change in concentration (M)

                                 –x             +x           +x

Equilibrium concentration (M)

                              0.05-x.       x             0.05+x

Therefore , Ka = [H + ][Ac – ]/[H Ac] = {(0.05+x)(x)}/(0.05-x)

As Ka  is small for a very weak acid, x<<0.05.

Hence , (0.05 + x) ≈ (0.05 – x) ≈ 0.05

Thus , 1.8 × 10–5 = (x) (0.05 + x) / (0.05 – x)

= x(0.05) / (0.05)= x = [H + ] = 1.8 × 10 –5 M

pH = – log(1.8 × 10 –5 ) = 4.74

    Buffer Solutions Many body fluids e.g., blood or urine have definite pH and any deviation in their pH indicates malfunctioning of the body. The control of pH is also very important in many chemical and biochemical processes. Many medical and cosmetic formulations require that these be kept and administered at a particular pH. The solutions which resist change in pH on dilution or with the addition of small amounts of acid or alkali are called Buffer Solutions. Buffer solutions.

Common Ion Effect on Solubility of Ionic Salts – It is expected from Le Chatelier’s principle that if we increase the concentration of any one of the ions, it should combine with the ion of its opposite charge and some of the salt will be precipitated till once again Ksp  = Qsp . Similarly, if the concentration of one of the ions is decreased, more salt will dissolve to increase the concentration of both the ions till once again Ksp  = Qsp . This is applicable even to soluble salts like sodium chloride except that due to higher concentrations of the ions, we use their activities instead of their molarities in the expression for Qsp . Thus if we take a saturated solution of sodium chloride and pass HCl gas through it, then sodium chloride is precipitated due to increased concentration (activity) of chloride ion available from the dissociation of HCl. Sodium chloride thus obtained is of very high purity and we can get rid of impurities like sodium and magnesium sulphates. The common ion effect is also used for almost complete precipitation of a particular ion as its sparingly soluble salt, with very low value of solubility product for gravimetric estimation. Thus we can precipitate silver ion as silver chloride, ferric ion as its hydroxide (or hydrated ferric oxide) and barium ion as its sulphate for quantitative estimations.

1) H-A bond strength … and so the acid strength …

a) decreases , increases

b) increases , increases

c) increases , decreases

d) decreases , decreases

Ans- a) decreases , increases

2) As the electronegativity of A … the strength of the acid also …

Ans- b) increases , increases

3) If the concentration of one of the ions is … more salt will dissolve to … the concentration of both the ions till once again Ksp  = Qsp .

a) increases , increases

b) increases , decreases

c) decreases , increases

Ans- c) decreases , increases

4) The solutions which resist change in pH on dilution or with the addition of small amounts of acid or alkali are called …

a) Neutral solution

b) Basic solution

c) Acidic solution

d) Buffer solution

Ans- d) Buffer solution

5)when the H-A bond becomes more polar then the cleavage of the bond becomes easier thereby increasing the …

b) Basicity

c) Aromaticity

d) Alkalinity

Ans- a) acidity

1) What are the  factors affecting Acid Strength?

Ans- Having discussion on quantitatively the strengths of acids and bases, we come to a stage where we can calculate the pH of a given acid solution. But, the curiosity rises about why should some acids be stronger than others? What factors are responsible for making them stronger? The answer lies in its being a complex phenomenon. But, broadly speaking we can say that the extent of dissociation of an acid depends on the strength and polarity of the H-A bond. In general, when strength of H-A bond decreases, that is, the energy required to break the bond decreases, HA becomes a stronger acid. Also, when the H-A bond becomes more polar i.e., the electronegativity difference between the atoms H and A increases and there is marked charge separation, cleavage of the bond becomes easier thereby increasing the acidity. But it should be noted that while comparing elements in the same group of the periodic table, H-A bond strength is a more important factor in determining acidity than its polar nature. As the size of A increases down the group, H-A bond strength decreases and so the acid strength increases. For example,

2) What are buffer solution ?

Ans- Many body fluids e.g., blood or urine have definite pH and any deviation in their pH indicates malfunctioning of the body. The control of pH is also very important in many chemical and biochemical processes. Many medical and cosmetic formulations require that these be kept and administered at a particular pH. The solutions which resist change in pH on dilution or with the addition of small amounts of acid or alkali are called Buffer Solutions. Buffer solutions.

3) Explain the common Ion Effect on Solubility of Ionic Salts .

Ans- It is expected from Le Chatelier’s principle that if we increase the concentration of any one of the ions, it should combine with the ion of its opposite charge and some of the salt will be precipitated till once again Ksp  = Qsp . Similarly, if the concentration of one of the ions is decreased, more salt will dissolve to increase the concentration of both the ions till once again Ksp  = Qsp . This is applicable even to soluble salts like sodium chloride except that due to higher concentrations of the ions, we use their activities instead of their molarities in the expression for Qsp . Thus if we take a saturated solution of sodium chloride and pass HCl gas through it, then sodium chloride is precipitated due to increased concentration (activity) of chloride ion available from the dissociation of HCl. Sodium chloride thus obtained is of very high purity and we can get rid of impurities like sodium and magnesium sulphates. The common ion effect is also used for almost complete precipitation of a particular ion as its sparingly soluble salt, with very low value of solubility product for gravimetric estimation. Thus we can precipitate silver ion as silver chloride, ferric ion as its hydroxide (or hydrated ferric oxide) and barium ion as its sulphate for quantitative estimations.

1) Explain the Common Ion Effect in the Ionization of Acids and Bases.

Ans- Consider an example of acetic acid dissociation equilibrium represented as:

Hence, (0.05 + x) ≈ (0.05 – x) ≈ 0.05

2) Explain the relation between Ka  and Kb.

Ans- Ka  and Kb represent the strength of an acid and a base, respectively. In case of a conjugate acid-base pair, they are related in a simple manner so that if one is known, the other can be deduced. Considering the example of NH 4 + and NH 3 we see,

Ka × Kb  = {[H 3 O + ][NH 3 ] / [NH 4 + ]} × {[NH 4 + ]  [ OH – ] / [NH 3 ]}

  K NET = K1  × K2  × ……

Kb  = [BH + ][ OH – ][H + ] / [B][H + ]

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Case Study Questions Class 11 Economics

Students should refer to the following Case Study Questions Class 11 Economics which have been provided below as per the latest syllabus and examination pattern issued by CBSE, NCERT, and KVS. As per the new examination guidelines issued for the current academic year, case study-based questions will be asked in the Grade 11 Economics exams. Students should understand the case studies provided below and then practice these questions and answers provided by our teachers.

Class 11 Economics Case Study Questions

Please click on the links below to access free solved Case Study Questions for Class 11 Economics. We have provided chapter-wise case studies with solved questions. Please carefully understand each case and related questions before attempting the questions. Our teachers have provided answers to all questions so that you can compare your answers.

We have also provided MCQ Question for Class 11 Economics which will be asked in the upcoming exams in Grade 11. As this year many questions will be MCQ-based and there will also be a few case studies in the question papers. Students should go through all chapter-wise Case Study Questions for Class 11 Economics. We have provided many other useful links and study material for Standard 11th Economics for the benefit of students. All content has been provided for free so that the students can take full benefit and get better marks in examinations. Incase any student faces any doubts, please provide your comments in the section below so that our faculty is able to respond to your questions.

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CBSE Class 11 Micro Economics Chapter 2 Consumers Equilibrium & Demand Revision Notes

Cbse revision notes for class 11 micro economics chapter 2 – consumers equilibrium & demand – free pdf download.

CBSE Revision Notes of Micro Economics Class 11 Chapter 2 have been carefully formulated by subject experts who are adept with years of experience and learning. Students can easily access the latest Class 11 Micro Economics Chapter 2 Notes from CoolGyan.Org and strengthen their understanding of Micro Economics Class 11 Chapter 2 Consumers Equilibrium & Demand.

CBSE Class 11 Micro Economics Revision Notes for Consumers Equilibrium & Demand of Chapter 2

Consumer :  is an economic agent who consumes final goods or services for a consideration. Utility:  is want satisfying power of a commodity. Total utility:  It is the total  satisfaction derived from consumption of given quantity of a commodity at a given time. In other words, It is the sum total of marginal utility. Marginal Utility:  It is the change in total utility resulting from the consumption of an additional unit of the commodity.In other words, It is the utility derived from each additional unit. Mu n  = Tu n -Tu n-1  Relation between total utility and marginal utility

• when Mu diminishes but positive Tu increases at a diminishing rate.
• when Mu is zero, Tu is maximum.
• when Mu is negative, Tu diminishes.

• Indifference curves are negatively sloped(i.e. slopes downward from left to right).
• Indifference curves are convex to the point of origin. It is due to diminishing marginal rate of substitution.
• Indifference curves never touch or intersect each other. Two points on different IC cannot give equal level of satisfaction.
• Higher indifference curve represents higher level of satisfaction.

Assumption, Px = Rs.3, Py = Rs.4 Y = Rs.20 Here, MUm = 9 (b)  Ordinal approach (Indifference Curve Analysis): According to this approach utility cannot be measured but can be expressed in order or ranking. Condition of Equilibrium:

• MRS must be diminishing or, Indifference curve must be convex to the origin.

Quantity Demanded :  It is that quantity which a consumer is able and is willing to buy at particular price and in a given period of time. Determinants of Demand:

• Price of Good
• Income of Consumers
• Taste & Preference of Consumer
• Change in Price of Related Goods
• Future Expectation to Change in price

Change of Demand :

• E d =1 When due to rise or fall in price of a good, total expenditure remains unchanged.
• E d   >1 When due to fall in price, total expenditure goes up and due to rise in price, total expenditure goes down.
• E d  <1 when due to fall in price, total expenditure goes down and due to rise in price, total expenditure goes up.

• Nature of the Commodity.
• Availability of Substitute goods.
• Income level of the consumer.
• Price level of the commodity.
• Time Period.
• Different use of the commodity.
• Behavior of the consumer.
• Postponement of consumption.

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Case Study Questions for Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 7 Equilibrium

• Last modified on: 7 months ago
• Reading Time: 6 Minutes

Table of Contents

Case Study Questions

Question 1:

Read the passage given below and answer the following questions.

Reactants and products coexist at equilibrium, so that the conversion of reactant to products is always less than 100%. Equilibrium reaction may involve the decomposition of a covalent (nonpolar) reactant or ionization of ionic compound into their ions in polar solvents. Ostwald dilution law is the application of the law of mass action to the weak electrolytes in solution. A binary electrolyte AB which dissociates into A + and B – ions i.e.

for every weak electrolyte, Since α <<1 (1 – α) = 1

(i) A monobasic weak acid solution has a molarity of 0.005 M and pH of 5. What is its percentage ionization in this solution? (a) 2.0 (b) 0.2 (c) 0.5 (d) 0.25

(ii) Calculate ionisation constant for pyridinium hydrogen chloride. (Given that H+ ion concentration is 3.6 × 10 –4 M and its concentration is 0.02 M.) (a) 6.48 × 10 –2 (b) 6 × 10 –6 (c) 1.5 × 10 –9 (d) 12 × 10 –8

(iii) The hydrogen ion concentration of a 10 –8 M HCl aqueous solution at 298 K (K w = 10 –14 ) is (a) 9.525 × 10 –8 M (b) 1.0 × 10 –8 M (c) 1.0 × 10 –6 M (d) 1.0525 × 10 –7 M

(iv) Ostwald dilution law is applicable to (a) weak electrolytes (b) non-electrolyte (c) strong electrolyte (d) all type of electrolyte.

(v) If a is the fraction of HI dissociated at equilibrium in the reaction: 2HI ⇔ H 2 + I 2 then starting with 2 mol of HI, the total number of moles of reactants and products at equilibrium are (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 1 + α (d) 2 + 2α

Related Posts

Class 11 chemistry case study questions.

Chapter 1 Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Case Study Questions Chapter 2 Structure of The Atom Case Study Questions Chapter 3 Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties Case Study Questions Chapter 4 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure Case Study Questions Chapter 5 States of Matter Case Study Questions Chapter 6 Thermodynamics Case Study Questions Chapter 7 Equilibrium Case Study Questions Chapter 8 Redox Reactions Case Study Questions Chapter 9 Hydrogen Case Study Questions Chapter 10 The s-Block Elements Case Study Questions Chapter 11 The p-Block Elements Case Study Questions Chapter 12 Organic Chemistry: Some Basic Principles and Techniques Case Study Questions Chapter 13 Hydrocarbons Case Study Questions Chapter 14 Environmental Chemistry Case Study Questions

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Class 11 CBSE And ICSE Economics Important Questions With Answers

Author : Palak Khanna

Updated On : September 14, 2023

Knowing the CBSE Class 11 Economics Syllabus 2022 is a prerequisite for preparing for the main examination.

The board has divided the Economics syllabus into two parts, i.e., Part A and Part B.

Part A consists of Statistics for Economics, while Part B consists of Introductory Microeconomics. The theoretical part of the CBSE Class 11 Economics Syllabus 2022 comprises of 80 marks, while project work consists of 20 marks.

To help you with the exam preparation, we have provided chapter-wise class 11 Economics important questions with answers. 

You can go through these questions and enhance your exam preparation. You can also download free study notes for the Economics subject below. 

Economics Class 11 Important Questions with Answers

Economics is one of the optional subjects among all the 11th Commerce Subjects .  

• Important Questions for Class 11 Economics helps you focus on the specific questions and parts of the syllabus that hold more value in the exam.
• You need to focus more on topics like statistics for economics, collection, organization, presentation of data, consumer equilibrium, and demand to score good marks in this section.
• With the help of important questions for class 11 economics, you can increase your efficiency and accuracy.

Chapter Wise NCERT Class 11 Economics Important Questions

Let us have a look at the chapter-wise important questions for class 11 economics from below and improve your speed and accuracy in the exam.

Solving Class 11 Economics Sample Papers will help you know the paper's difficulty level and the type of questions asked in the exam.

Chapter – 01: Introduction to Micro Economics

Check the list of some important questions for class 11 economics chapter 1 provided here and enhance your preparation.

Q. Explain Diamond Water Paradox?

Ans. It is based on the principle of scarcity. Like water is useful, yet it is cheap due to its abundance in the economy. Diamonds are very expensive because they are scarce so,  people are ready to pay a high price.

Download Free Study Material for Class 11 Economics by Super Grads

Q. Only scarce goods attract price.” Comment.

Ans. The given statement is correct. All resources are not scarce in the economy. For example, the air we breathe is abundant in relation to wants. Such goods are available free of cost. These goods are known as Non-Economic Goods. On the other hand, some goods are scarce in relation to their wants. For example, petrol, electricity, etc. are scarce in relation to wants. These goods command price and are known as Economic Goods. So, it is rightly said that only scarce goods attract price.

Q. What does the slope of PPF indicate?

Ans. PPF is a downward sloping concave shaped curve.

      (i)       Its downward slope indicates that in order to increase production of one good, another good need to be sacrificed

      (ii)      Its concave shape indicates that More and More unit of one good sacrificed in order to produce one unit of another good.

Q.  “Scarcity and Choice go together”. Comment.

Ans. All of us want better food, clothing, housing, schooling, entertainment, etc. But resources are not enough to meet all our wants. Even the developed economies cannot satisfy all the needs of people. It means, scarcity of resources is a common feature of every economy and it gives rise to the problem of choice, i. e. how to make the best possible use of available resources. If resources were available in plenty, there would not have been any problem of choice. Hence, economics is concerned with the problem of choice under the conditions of scarcity.

Q. “An economy always produces on, but not inside, a PPC”, Defend or refute the statement .

Ans. The given statement is refuted. An economy operates on PPF, only when resources are fully and efficiently utilized, it means, if there is unemployment or inefficient use of resources, then the economy may operate inside the PPC.

Chapter – 02: Consumer’s Behaviour

Go through all the important questions for class 11 economics state board for the consumer's behavior chapter.

Q. Law of DMU operates only with continues consumption.

Ans. Law of diminishing marginal utility will operate only when consumption is a continuous process. For example, if one burger is consumed in the morning and another in the afternoon, then the second burger may provide equal or higher satisfaction as compared to the first one.

Q. “Define a budget line. When can it shift to the right?

Ans. Budget line is a graphical representation of all possible combinations of two goods which can be purchased with given income and prices, such that the cost of each of these combinations is equal to the money income of the consumer.

Budget Line shifts to the right when:

 (i) When there is an increase in income, assuming no change in prices of the two goods;

(ii) When there is decrease in prices of both the goods, assuming no change in income of the consumer.

Read more :  CBSE Class 11 Numerical applications

Q. What changes will take place in TU, when: (i) MU curve remains positive; (ii) MU becomes ‘0’ ; (iii) MU is negative.

Ans. (i) TU will increase, but a diminishing rate; (ii) TU will be maximum; (iii) TU starts falling.

Q. State the conditions of consumer’s equilibrium in the Indifference Curve Analysis and explain the rationale behind these conditions.

Ans. Let the only two goods the consumer consumes are X and Y. The two conditions of equilibrium are:

(1) MRS XY =  

(2) MRS falls as more of X is consumed in place of Y

Rationale behind these conditions:

(1) Suppose MRS XY >  it means that to obtain one more unit of X , the consumer's willing to sacrifice more units of Y as compared to what is required in the market. It induces the consumer to buy more of X. As a result, MRS falls and continue to fall till it becomes equal to the ratio of prices and the equilibrium is established.

Suppose MRS XY <  it means that to obtain one more unit of X , the consumer's willing to sacrifice less units of Y as compared to what is required in the market. It induces the consumer to buy less of X. As a result, MRS increases and continue to rise till it becomes equal to the ratio of prices and the equilibrium is established.

(2) Unless MRS falls as consumer consumes more of X, the consumer will not reach equilibrium again.

Q. A consumer consumes only two goods X and Y whose prices are Rs.4 and Rs.5 per unit respectively. If the consumer chooses a combination of the two goods with marginal utility of X equal to 5 and that of Y equal to 4, is the consumer in equilibriumRs.Give reasons. What will a rational consumer do in this situationRs.Use utility analysis.

Ans. Given P X = 10, P Y = 15 and MU X = 50, MU Y = 45. A consumer will be in equilibrium when Substituting values, we find that: Or

Since per rupee MU X is higher than per rupee MU Y , consumer is not in equilibrium.

The consumer will buy more of x and less of y. As a result MU X will fall and MU Y will rise. The reaction will continue till  are equal and consumer is in equilibrium.

   Read more :  Class 11 Accountancy Sample Papers

Chapter – 03: Theory of Demand

Here, we have provided economics class 11 important questions chapter wise for the theory of demand.

Q.  “Law of Demand is a Qualitative statement”. Comment.

Ans. Law of demand is only an indicative, and not a quantitative statement. It indicates only the direction, in which the demand will change with a change in price. It says nothing about the magnitude of such a change. For example, price of Pepsi rises from  Rs.10 to  Rs.12 per bottle, then, as per law of demand, wecan say that the demand for Pepsi will fall. But the law does not give the actual amount by which the demand for Pepsi will decline.

Q. Distinguish between an inferior good and a normal good. Is a good which is inferior for one consumer also inferior for all the consumers? Explain.

Ans. When with the rise in income of the consumer demand fora good increases, that good is a normal good for that consumer. If with rise in income demand for the good decreases than that good is inferior for that consumer. A good is not necessarily inferior for all the consumers. A good which is inferior for a higher income consumer may be a normal good for the lower income consumer. It is not the consumer but the income level of the consumer which determines whether a good is normal or inferior.

Q. Derive the law of demand from the single commodity equilibrium condition “Marginal utility = Price” .

Ans. According to single commodity equilibrium condition, consumer purchases that much quantity of a good at which marginal utility (MU) is equal to price. Given, MU = price. Now suppose, price falls. It will make MU greater than the price and will encourage the consumer to buy more. It shows that when price falls demand rises.

Q. Distinguish between demand by an individual consumer and market demand of a good. Also state the factors leading to fall in demand by an individual consumer.

Ans. Demand by an individual refers to the quantity of a good the consumer is willing to buy at a price during a period of time. While market demand refers to the quantity of a good the consumers of that good are willing to buy at a price during a period of time.

The factors leading to fall in demand by an individual consumers are:

(I) Rise in own price of the normal good.

(ii) Fall in the price of substitute good.

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Q. Suppose there are two consumers in the market for good and their demand functions are as follows:

• d 1 (p) = 20 – p for any price less than or equal to 15, and d 1 (p) = 0 at any price greater than 15.
• D 2 (p) = 30 – 2p for any price less than or equal to 15, and d 1 (p) = 0 at any price greater than 15.

Find out the market demand function.

Ans. From the given demand functions, it can be seen that both the consumers do not want to demand the good for any price above Rs. 15. Both of them demand only at a price less than or equal to Rs. 15. Hence, the market demand will be: 

d market (p) = d 1 (p) + d 2 (p)

d market (p) = 20 – p + 30 – 2p

d market (p) = 50 – 3p for any price less than or equal to 15 and d market (p) = 0 at any price greater than 15.

Chapter – 04: Elasticity of Demand

Candidates can go through the economics class 11 important questions with answers for the elasticity of demand chapter.

Q. Price elasticity of demand for Milk and Wheat are respectively (-) 0.9 and (-) 0.5. Demand for which one is more elastic and Why?

Ans. Demand for Milk is more elastic as with 1% fall in price of milk, its demand rises by 0.9%. However, in case of wheat, 1 % fall in price raises the demand by just 0.5%.

Q. Differentiate between law of demand and price elasticity of demand.

Ans. (i) Law of demand states the inverse relation between price of a commodity and its quantity demanded, assuming no change in other factors. On the other hand, price elasticity of demand indicates the rate of change in quantity demanded of the commodity due to change in its price.

(ii) Law of Demand reflects the direction of change in demand, whereas, price elasticity of demand measures the magnitude of change in demand.

Q. What is the price elasticity of demand for following demand curves: (i) Straight line demand curve parallel to X-axis; (ii) Straight line demand curve parallel to Y-axis.

Ans. The price elasticity of demand in the following cases will be: (i) Perfectly Elastic Demand; (ii) Perfectly Inelastic Demand.

Q. State with reasons, whether the following items will have elastic or inelastic demand: (i) Matchbox;

(ii) Cold Drink; (iii) Medicines; (iv) Salt; (v) Electricity; (vi) Cigarettes; (vii) Butter for a poor person.

Ans. (i) Matchbox has inelastic demand as consumer has to spend a very small proportion of his income.

(ii) Coke has elastic demand as it has number of substitutes.

(iii) Medicines have inelastic demand as their consumption cannot be postponed.

(iv) NCERT Textbook has inelastic demand as it is a necessity item.

(v) Electricity has elastic demand as it can be put to several uses.

(vi) Cigarettes have inelastic demand as its consumers are habituated.

(vii) Butter for a poor person has elastic demand as it is a luxury item for the poor person.

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Q.The price elasticity of demand for good × is known to be twice that of good Y. Price of X falls by 5% while that of good Y rises by 5%. What is the percentage change in the quantities demanded of X and  Y?

Percentage fall in price of X = 5%; Percentage rise in price of Y = 5%

Also, price elasticity (E d ) of X is twice of good Y Suppose, ed of Y is 1, then ed of X will be 2.

Therefore, a 5% fall in the price of good × will lead to a 10% rise in the demand for X and  a 5% rise in the price of good Y will lead to a 5% fall in the demand for Y.

Ans. Quantity of X will rise by 10%; Quantity of Y will fall by 5%

Chapter – 05: Theory of Production

Check the class 11 economics chapter 5 important questions from below.

Q. Why MP curve cuts AP curve at its maximum point?

Ans. It happens because when AP rises, MP is more than AP. When AP falls, MP is less than AP So, it is only when AP is constant and at its maximum point, that MP is equal to AP. Therefore, MP curve cuts AP curve at its maximum point.

Q. Can AP rise when MP starts declining?

Ans. Yes, AP can rise when MP starts declining. It can happen as long as falling MP is more than AP. However, when MP becomes equal to AP, then further decline in MP will also reduce the AP.

Q. What are the different phases in the Law of Variable Proportions in terms of Total Product? Give reasons behind each phase. Use diagram.

Ans. The Phases are:

Phase I: TP rises at increasing rate, i.e. upto A.

Phase II: TP rises at decreasing rate, i.e. between A and B.

Phase III: TP falls i.e. after B.

Phase 1: Initially variable input is too small as compared to the fixed input, As production starts, there is efficient use of the fixed input, leading to rise in productivity of the variable input on account of division of labour. As a result, TP rises at increasing rate.

Phase II: After a level of output, pressure on fixed input leads to fall in productivity of the variable input. As a result, TP continues to rise but at a decreasing rate.

Phase III: The amount of variable input becomes too large in comparison to the fixed input causing decline in TP.

Q4. Let the production function of a firm be: Q = 2L 2 K 2 . Find out the maximum possible output that the firm can produce with 5 units of L and 2 units of K. What is the maximum possible output that the firm can produce with zero unit of L and 10 units of K?

Hint: Maximum possible output with 5 units of L and 2 units of K

Given: Q = 2L 2 K 2 and L = 5 units; K-2 units

Putting the values of L and K in the given production function, we get:

Q = 2(5) 2 (2) 2 = 200 units

Maximum possible output with 0 unit of L and 10 units of K

Given: Q = 2L 2 K 2 and L = 0 unit; K = 10 units

Putting the values of Land K in the given production function, we get:

Q = 2(5) 2 (10) 2 = 0 unit.

Q. Find out the maximum possible output for a firm with zero unit of L and 10 units of K when its production function is: Q = 5L + 2K.

Hint: Given: Q = 5L + 2K. and L = 0 units; K- 10 units

Q = 5(0)+2(10)

Q or Maximum output = 20 units.

Chapter – 06: Theory of Cost

Let us have a look at Class 11 Economics important questions for theory of cost chapter.

Q.“The gap between AC and AVC keeps on decreasing with rise in output, but they never meet each other”. Comment.

Ans. The given statement is correct. The gap between AC and AVC keeps on decreasing because the difference between them is AFC, which falls with increase in output. However, AFC can never be zero. Therefore, AC and AVC can never meet each other.

Q. Why does the minimum point of AC curve fall towards right of AVC curve?

Ans. The minimum point of AC curve fall towards right of AVC curve because AC continues to fall due to decreasing AFC even after AVC starts rising.

Q.“MC can be calculated both from total cost and total variable cost and is not affected by total fixed cost”. Discuss

Ans. The given statement is correct. MC is not at all affected by total fixed cost (TFC). MC is addition to TC or TVC when one more unit of output is produced. As TFC remains same with increase in output, MC is independent of fixed cost and is affected just by change in variable costs.

Q. Calculate TFC, if AC and AVC are Rs. 22 and Rs. 18 respectively, at output of 10 units.

Ans. AFC = AC - AVC = Rs.22- Rs. 78 = Rs.4

TFC - AFC × units produced = Rs. 4×10 units

TFC = Rs. 40

Q. Classify the following as fixed cost and variable cost:

(i) Salary to manager of the company.

(ii) Wages to casual labour.

(iii) Payment of insurance premium for insurance of factory.

(iv) Payment for raw material.

(v) Payment of rent of Postpaid connection of Mobile Phone.

(vi) Interest on loan taken from ICICI.

(vii) Electricity charges beyond the minimum rent.

(viii) Payment of rent of the factory building to the landlord.

(ix) Commission to production manager on the basis of number of units produced.

(x) Payment of fuel used in machines.

Read more :  Short tricks to prepare for Class 11 Applied Mathematical Reasoning

Ans. Fixed Cost: (i), (iii), (v), (vi), (viii); Variable Cost: (ii), (iv), (vii), (ix). (x).

Chapter – 07: Theory of Revenue

Check the Class 11 Economics important questions for the chapter theory of revenue from the post below.

Q.Why AR curve under monopolistic competition is more elastic than AR curve under monopoly?

Ans . AR curve under both the markets slope downwards. However, AR curve under monopolistic competition is more elastic as compared to AR curve under monopoly because of presence of close substitutes. AR curve is less elastic in monopoly because of no close substitutes.

Q. Under what market condition does Average Revenue always equal Marginal Revenue? Explain?

Ans. It is under the market condition when a firm can sell more at the given price that AR = MR throughout as production is increased by the firm. It is because the firm is a price taker. It means that price, which is same as AR, remains unchanged throughout. By the average - marginal relationship, AR remains unchanged only when AR = MR throughout.

Q. What is the relation between market price and marginal revenue of a price-taking firm?

Ans . Market price is equal to marginal revenue (MR). It happens because the price-taking firm can sell more quantity of output at the same price. It means, revenue from every additional unit (MR) is equal to price or average revenue (AR) as Price = AR.

Q. Compute the total revenue, marginal revenue and average revenue schedules in the following table. Market price of each unit of the good is Rs. 10.

Q. What would be shape of demand curve, so that TR curve is: (a) a positively sloped straight line passing through the origin; (b) a horizontal line?

(a) Demand curve or AR curve will be a horizontal straight line parallel to the X-axis because positively sloped straight line TR curve passing through the origin indicates that price (orAR) remains constant at all levels of output.

(b) Demand curve or AR curve will slope downwards from left to right because horizontal TR indicates that TR remains same at levels of output. It is possible only when price (or AR) falls with rise in output.

Chapter – 08: Producer’s Equilibrium

 Go through the Class 11 Economics Important Questions of the producer's equilibrium provided in this post.

Q. Why should MC curve cut MR curve from below to achieve producer’s equilibrium?

Ans. One of the two conditions of the establishment of stable equilibrium of a firm is that its MC curve should cut the MR curve from below, not from above. If the MC curve cuts the MR curve from above, the equilibrium so established shall not be stable as it will be possible to add to profits by producing more. The idea is that beyond the point of equilibrium, the MC should be greater than MR so that further production becomes uneconomical.

Q. A table showing TC and TR of a firm is given. Calculate MC and MR and find out the equilibrium level of output.

The producer achieves equilibrium at 6 units of output. It is because this level of output satisfies both the conditions of producer’s equilibrium:

(i) MC is equal to MR; and

(ii) MC becomes greater than MR after this level of output.

Q. The equality of marginal cost and marginal revenue is a condition necessary for equilibrium, but it is not by itself sufficient to assure the attainment of producer’s equilibrium. Comment.

Ans. The given statement is correct. Equality of marginal revenue (MR) and marginal cost (MC) is only one condition for the equilibrium of the firm. Another condition also needs to be fulfilled for the establishment of the firm’s equilibrium and that is: ‘MC must be greater than MR after MC = MR output level’.

Q. Why is the equality between marginal cost and marginal revenue necessary for a firm to be in equilibrium? Is it sufficient to ensure equilibrium? Explain.

Ans. The producer’s equilibrium conditions are: (i) MC = MR; and (ii) MC > MR after equilibrium.

Suppose MC > MR: In this situation, it will be profitable for the firm to produce more or less depending upon relative changes in MC and MR till MC = MR.

Suppose MC < MR: It will be profitable for the producer to produce more till MC = MR.

MC= MR is not a sufficient condition to ensure equilibrium. Given MC = MR, suppose the behaviour of MC and MR is such that if one more unit is produced, MC becomes less than MR.

Then in this case it will be profitable for the firm to produce more. Therefore, in this case though MC = MR, the producer is not in equilibrium. However, if after MC = MR output, MC becomes greater than MR, it will be most advantageous for the firm to produce only upto MC = MR.

Q. Explain why will a producer not be in equilibrium if the conditions of equilibrium are not met.

Ans. The equilibrium conditions are: (i) MC = MR; and (ii) MC > MR after equilibrium.

Suppose MC = MR condition is not met. Let MC > MR. In this, it will be profitable for the firm to produce more or less depending upon the relative changes in MC and MR till MC = MR. Similarly, if MC < MR, it will also be profitable to produce more till MC = MR.

Now Suppose ‘MC > MR after equilibrium condition is not met’ and MC < MR after equilibrium. In this case, the firm will not be in equilibrium because it can increase its profits by producing more.

Chapter – 09: Supply

Here, we have provided Class 11 Economics important questions for the supply chapter. These questions will help candidates enhance their preparation for the exam.

Q. What is the price elasticity of supply, when: (a) Supply curve passes through the origin; (b) Supply curve is a vertical straight line; (c) Supply curve is a horizontal straight line.

Ans. The price elasticity of supply in the following cases will be:

(i) Unitary elastic Supply

(ii) Perfectly Inelastic Supply

(iii) Perfectly Elastic Supply

Q. There are three different supply curves passing through the origin. Curve A makes an angle of 60°. Curve B makes an angle of 45° and curve C makes an angle of 30°. What will be the price elasticity of curves A, B and C?

Ans. All the three curves: A, B and C will have unitary elastic supply as they all are passing through the origin.

Q. Give one point of difference between individual supply and market supply.

Ans. Individual supply may not strictly follow Law of supply i. e. it is not necessary that supply for an individual always varies directly with price. However, market supply always follows law of supply, i.e. market supply always varies directly with price.

Q. ‘Supply curve is the rising portion of marginal cost curve over and above the minimum of Average Variable cost curve’. Do you agree? Support your answer with valid reason.

Ans. Yes, we do agree with the given statement. No rational producer would like to supply his output to the market if he is unable to recover his per unit variable cost as it would lead to losses between the range of minimum of marginal cost and minimum of average variable cost.

Q. A firm earns a revenue of Rs. 50 when the market price of a good is Rs. 10. The market price increases to Rs. 15 and the firm now earns a revenue of Rs. 150. What is the price elasticity of the firm’s supply curve?

Price Elasticity of Supply (E s ) =  ×  =  ×  = 2

Chapter – 10: Main Market Forms

Go through the Class 11 Economics Important Questions here and prepare well for the upcoming exam.

Q. How does a firm under monopolistic competition exercise partial control over price?

Ans. A monopolistic competitive firm enjoys partial control over price. It happens because by incurring heavy selling cost, the firm is able to create a differentiated image of its product in the minds of consumers. Products are differentiated on the basis of brand, size, colour, shape, etc. Buyers are attracted to buy a particular product even at a relatively higher price.

Q. “Monopolistic Competition is competition with differentiated products.” Elucidate.

Ans. An important characteristic of monopolistic competition is product differentiation. The competing firms produce products which are close but not perfect substitutes of each other. The products are differentiated on the basis of brand, size, colour, shape, etc. It is on account of this product differentiation, firms have to incur huge selling costs to compete with other firms. So, it is rightly said that ‘Monopolistic Competition is competition with differentiated products’.

Q. Why is the number of firms small in an oligopoly market? Explain.

Ans . The main reason for small number of firms under oligopoly is the ‘Barriers to Entry’, which prevent entry of new firms into the industry. Patents, requirement of large capital, control over crucial raw materials, etc, are some of the other reasons, which prevent new firms from entering into industry. As a result, there are few firms in an oligopoly market.

Q. What happens to profits in the long run if firms are free to enter in the industry?

Ans. When existing firms are earning profit, freedom of entry induces new firms to enter the industry. This raises market supply which in turn leads to fall in market price. Profits fall and continue to fall, till each firm is earning zero economic profit or normal profit.

Q. Explain the ‘Implications’ of the following:

(i) ‘Large Number of Buyers’ under Perfect Competition

(ii) ‘Freedom of Entry and Exit’ to firms under Perfect Competition

(iii) ‘Inter-dependence between Firms’ under Oligopoly

(iv) ‘Non-price Competition’ under Oligopoly

(v) ‘Large number of Sellers’ under Perfect Competition

(vi) ‘Homogeneous Products’ under Perfect Competition

(vii) ‘Barriers to Entry of New Firms’ under Oligopoly

(viii) ‘Few Big Sellers’ under Oligopoly

(ix) ‘Product Differentiation’ under Monopolistic Competition

(x) ‘Perfect Knowledge’ under Perfect Competition

(i) Implication is that no individual buyer is in a position to influence the market price on its own by changing his individual demand.

(ii) Implication is that when existing firms are making profits, new firms enter, raise the output of industry, bring down the market price enough for the firm to earn just only normal profit in the long run. The opposite happens if the existing firms are facing losses.

(iii) Implication is that an individual firm takes into consideration the likely reaction of its rival firms before making a move to change price or output. It is possible because it is assumed that rival firms may react.

(iv) Non-price competition means competition between firms by means other than changing price, like free gift, home service, customer care etc. Implication is that firms in oligopoly prefer non-price competition to avoid price-war because the firm who starts the price-war may be the ultimate loser.

(v) Implication is that no single firm is in a position to influence the market price on its own by changing its own output. Thus, price remains unchanged.

(vi) Implication is that no firm can charge a higher price because no buyer is willing to pay the same. Thus, market price remains the same for all the firms.

(vii) Implication is that such barriers allow only a limited number of firms into oligopoly industries. Such barriers may be in the form of huge capital requirements, patent rights, availability of crucial raw materials etc.

(viii) Implication is that each big seller contributes a fairly large share of total output. This gives an individual seller the power of influencing the market price by changing its own output.

(ix) Implication is that buyers differentiate products of firms various as different. So, they are willing to pay different prices for the products of different firms. This product differentiation gives the power to an individual firm to influence the market price on their own.

(x) Implication is that buyers are fully aware of price in market and sellers of technique of production. Knowledge by buyers further implies that no buyer is willing to pay a higher price for the product of any firm. Knowledge by sellers implies that cost of production is same for all producers.

Chapter – 11: Price Determination

Here is the list of Class 11 Economics Important questions for the price determination chapter.

Q. Explain the effect of increase in income of buyers of a ‘normal’ commodity on its equilibrium price.

Ans. An increase in income of buyers will increase the demand for normal goods at the given price. It will lead to excess demand. This leads to competition among buyers, which raises the price. Increase in price leads to rise in supply and fall in demand. These changes continue till supply and demand become equal at a new equilibrium price. As there is an increase in demand only, equilibrium price rises.

Q. What will be the effect on equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity, when price of complementary goods increases?

Ans. When price of complementary goods increases, keeping other factors constant, then demand for the given commodity decreases since it becomes relatively expensive to consume the two commodities (the given commodity and its complement) together. It will lead to excess supply. This leads to competition among sellers, which reduces the price. Fall in price leads to decrease in supply and rise in demand. These changes continue till supply and demand become equal at a new equilibrium price. As there is a decrease in demand only, both equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity will fall.

Q. If market demand function is given as: Q MD = 25 - 2P and market supply as: Q MS = 3P, then what will be the equilibrium price and equilibrium

Ans. At equilibrium, Q MD = Q MS It means, 25 -2P = 3P Or, 5P = 25

P or Equilibrium Price = Rs. 5.

Putting the value of equilibrium price in the equation of market demand function:

Equilibrium Quantity= 25-2×5=15 units.

Q. Explain the effects of ‘Maximum Price Ceiling’ on the market of a good. Use diagram.

Ans.  Maximum Price Ceiling refers to imposition of upper limit on the price of a good by the government. For example, in the diagram, OP is Price Ceiling, while equilibrium price is OPv At this price, the producers are willing to supply only PA (Or OQ 1 ), while consumers demand PB (Or OQ 1 ). The effect of the ceiling is that shortage, equal to A B (Q 1 Q 2 ), is created, which may further lead to black marketing,

Q. What are the effects of ‘price-floor’ (Minimum Price Ceiling) on the market of a good? Use diagram.

Ans. When government imposes lower limit on a price that may be charged for a particular good or service, it is called Minimum Price Ceiling, e.g. price OP 1 . At this price, the producers are willing to supply P 1 B or (OQ 2 ), while consumers demand only P 1 A (= OQ 1 ). Unable to sell, all they want to sell, the producers may try to illegally sell below the minimum price.

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CBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 21 Consumers Equilibrium and Demand MCQ Test

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Online MCQ Test For Class 11 Economics Chapter 21 Consumers Equilibrium and Demand is the best way to assess the preparation level at the current time. It is available in the online mode, meaning the questions will be displayed to answer. So, it will be pretty quick. 

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• Consumer Equilibrium

Consumer Equilibrium Meaning

The term equilibrium defines a state of rest from where there is no tendency to change anything. A consumer is observed to be in the state of equilibrium when he/she does not aspire to change his/her level of consumption i.e. when he/she attains maximum satisfaction. Therefore, consumer equilibrium refers to the situation when the consumer has attained maximum possible satisfaction from the number of commodities purchased given his/her income and price of the commodity in the market. Read the article below to understand more about consumer equilibrium.

(Image will be uploaded soon)

What is Consumer Equilibrium?

A consumer is said to be in an equilibrium state when he feels that he cannot change his situation either by earning more or by spending more or by changing the number of things he buys. A rational consumer will purchase a commodity up to the point where the price of the commodity is equivalent to the marginal utility obtained from the thing.

If this condition is not fulfilled, the consumer will either purchase more or less. If he purchases more, the MU will fall and situations will arise when the price paid will exceed marginal utility. In order to prevent negative utility, i.e. dissatisfaction, he will reduce his consumption and MU will go on increasing till price = marginal utility.

On the other hand, if marginal utility is greater than the price paid, the consumer will enjoy additional satisfaction from the unit he has consumed beforehand. This will urge him to buy more and more units of commodity leading to successive falls in MU till it gets equal to price. Hence, by buying more or less quantity, a consumer will eventually reach a point where P= MU. Here, his total utility is maximum.

Importance of Consumer Equilibrium

It enables consumers to maximize his/her utility from the consumption of one or more commodities.

It helps the consumers to arrange the combination of two or more products based on consumer taste and preference for maximum utility. 

What are the Assumptions for Attaining Consumer Equilibrium in the Case of Single Commodity?

In the case of a single commodity, let’s assume:

The purchase would be restricted only to the single commodity

The price of the commodity is already given in the market. The consumer only determines how much he needs to purchase at a given price.

Being a rational human being, the goal of a consumer is to maximize the consumer surplus which implies the surplus of utility he earns over his expenditures on the good at the point of purchase.

There are no limitations on the consumer expenditure i.e. he has sufficient money to buy whatever quantity he decides to buy at a given price.

What are the Assumptions for attaining Consumer Equilibrium in the Case of Two or More Commodities?

In the case of two or more commodities, let’s assume:

The consumer purchases only two goods i.e. A and B.

The price of both the goods is already given in the market. The consumer cannot change or influence the price of both the goods. He can only decide how much to buy of these goods at a given price. 

The consumer's income to be spent on these goods is already given and is constant.

The consumer is a rational human being and his goal is to maximize the (cardinal) amount of utility from his purchase and consumption of the goods subject to his constraints.

What are the Conditions for Consumer Equilibrium in the Case of Single Commodity?

In the case of a single commodity, the consumer equilibrium can be explained on the basis of the law of diminishing marginal utility. The law of diminishing marginal utility states that as consumers consume more and more units of commodities, the marginal utility derived from each successive unit goes on diminishing. Therefore, how consumers decide how much to purchase depends on the following two factors.

The price for each unit which he/she pays is given

The utility he/she gets

While purchasing a unit of a commodity, a consumer compares the price of the given commodity with its utility. The consumer will be at an equilibrium stage when marginal utility (in terms of money) gets equal to the price paid for the commodity  say ‘X’  i.e.

Note: Marginal utility in terms of money is calculated by dividing marginal utility in utils by marginal utility of one rupee. 

In case MUx > Px, 

In the case when MUx is greater than price, the consumer goes on buying the commodity because she is paying less for each additional amount of satisfaction he is getting. As she buys more, MU will fall and situations will arise when the price paid will exceed marginal utility ( the concept of the law of diminishing marginal utility is applied here). In order to avoid this situation i.e. dissatisfaction, he will minimize his consumption and MU will go on increasing till MUx = Px. This is the state of equilibrium.

In case MUx < Px, 

In the case when MUx is less than price,, the consumer will have to minimize his consumption of the commodity to raise his total satisfaction till MU becomes equal to price. This is because she is paying more than the additional amount of satisfaction she is getting.

In the case of a single commodity, the consumer equilibrium can be well-explained with the help of an example given below.

In the below example, assume that the consumer wants to buy goods that are priced at Rs.10 per unit. Also, assume that MU obtained from each successive unit is determined. Assume that 1 util is equals to Re.1

In the above table, we can see that the consumer will be at equilibrium when he buys 3 units of commodity X. He will increase his consumption beyond 2 units as MUx > Px. The consumer will not consume 4 units or more of the commodity X as MUx < Px.

What are the Conditions for Consumer Equilibrium in the Case of Two or More Commodities?

The law of diminishing marginal utility is not applied in the case of two or more commodities. In real-life scenarios,  a consumer normally consumes more than one commodity. In such a situation, the law of equity-marginal utility is applied as it helps him to determine the optimum allocation of his income. The law of equi-marginal utility states that a consumer should spend his limited income to purchase different commodities in such a way that the last rupee spent on each commodity provides him equal marginal utility in order to attain maximum satisfaction.

According to the law of equi-marginal utility, a consumer will be in equilibrium when the ratio of marginal utility of one commodity to its price is equal to the ratio of marginal utility of another commodity to its price.

Let us assume that consumers buy two goods i.e.  X and Y.  Then the equilibrium price stage will be at

MUx/Px = MUY/PY = MU of the last rupee spent on each commodity or simply can be said MU of Money.

\[\frac{MUx}{Px}\] =  \[\frac{MUy}{Py}\] = \[\frac{MUz}{Pz}\]= MU\[_{money}\]   - MU\[_{money}\]

Similarly, if there are three commodities i.e. X, Y, Z then the condition of equilibrium, in this case, will be simply MY Money. 

Thus, to attain an equilibrium position

1. Marginal utility of the last rupee spent on each good is the same. 

2. Marginal utility of a commodity falls as more of it is consumed.

Let us understand the consumer’s equilibrium in the case of two commodities with an example. Suppose a consumer has to spend ₹. 24 on two commodities i.e. X and Y. Further, assume that the price of each unit of X is 2 and that of Y is 3 and his marginal utility schedule is given below.

To attain the maximum satisfaction from spending his income of ₹. 24, the consumer will buy 6 units of X by spending Rs. 12 ( 2 × 6 = Rs.12) and 4 units of Y by spending Rs. 12 ( 2 × 6 = Rs. 12). 

This combination of goods gives him maximum satisfaction (or state of equilibrium) because a rupee worth of MU in the case of good X is 5 i.e.

\[\frac{MUx}{Px}\] = \[\frac{10}{2}\]

In the case of good Y also. It is 5 i.e.

\[\frac{MUy}{Py}\] = \[\frac{15}{3}\]

(= MU of the last rupee spent on each good)

Note: Consumer’s maximum satisfaction is determined by the budget constraints i.e. the amount of money spent by consumers (₹24 in this example).

To sum up what consumer equilibrium is? Consumer Equilibrium refers to the situation when a consumer is enjoying maximum satisfaction with limited income and has no propensity to change his way of existing expenditure. The consumer has to pay a price for each unit of the commodity he consumes. So, he cannot purchase or consume an unlimited quantity of commodities. In the case of a single commodity, the consumer attains an equilibrium position when the marginal utility of a good in terms of money gets equivalent to the price of that good.

FAQs on Consumer Equilibrium

1.  Define consumer equilibrium?

Consumer equilibrium is a point at which a consumer’s derived utility from a commodity is at its maximum, given a fixed level of income and price of that commodity. A rational consumer would not deviate from this point.

2.  Explain the concept of consumer equilibrium?

Consumers derive utility from each commodity they consume. This utility is dependent on the price of a product. The point at which the marginal utility (MU) of a product equals its price (P) is where consumer satisfaction maximizes. It is expressed as MU = P. If the marginal utility of a product is higher than the price a consumer would continue to purchase additional units and vice versa until MU equals the fixed price level.

3. Define utility.

The utility is defined as the want satisfying power of goods. The more they need for the particular commodity or the strong desire to have it, the greater is the utility derived from it. For example, someone who likes mango juice will get much higher utility from mango juice than someone who is not fond of mango juice.

4. What does marginal utility mean?

Marginal utility or MU is the change in total utility due to the consumption of one additional unit of a commodity. For example, suppose 5 mangoes give 25 units of total utility and 6 mangoes give 30 units of total utility. Clearly, we can see the consumption of the 6th mango increased the total utility by 5 units ( 30 units - 25 units). Therefore, the marginal utility of the 5th mango is 5 units.

MU₆ = TU₆ - TU₅ = 30 - 25 = 5

5. What does total utility mean?

Total utility or TU of a fixed quantity of a commodity is defined as the total satisfaction derived from consuming the given amount of some commodity Y. More of the commodities Y consumed provide more satisfaction to the consumer. The total utility relies on the quantity of the commodity consumed. Therefore, TUn refers to the total utility derived from consuming n units of a commodity x.

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Important MCQs of Consumer’s Equilibrium Microeconomics Class 11

• December 17, 2021
• 11th Economics CBSE , Consumers Equilibrium , Micro Economics

Looking for important MCQs of Consumers Equilibrium chapter of Microeconomics with answers and solutions class 11 CBSE, ISC, and State Board

Multiple Choice Questions with answers of Consumers Equilibrium chapter class 11 Microeconomics

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Which of these is a property of the indifference curve?

a) Indifference curve slopes downwards b) Indifference curve is concave to the origin c) Indifference curve is convex to the origin d) Higher indifference curve represents a higher level of satisfaction

Ans – a), C, d)

Indifference Curves are convex to the origin because of:

a) Increasing MRS b) Diminishing MRS c) Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility d) Lw of Equi-Marginal Utility

Ans – b)

The necessary condition under the utility approach to attain consumers equilibrium in the case of two commodities is:

a) MUx/Px = MUy/Py b) MRSx = Px/Py c) MUx = Px d) None of these

Ans – a)

When we add up utility derived from the consumption of all the units of the commodities, we get:

a) Total Utility b) Initial Utility c) Marginal Utility d) None of these

Marginal Utility (MU) in terms of money is equal to:

a) Marginal Utility in utils/ Marginal Utility of one rupee b) Marginal Utility of one rupee/Marginal Utility in utils c) Marginal Utility in utils/Price of the commodity d) None of these

According to the Law of diminishing marginal utility, satisfaction is obtained from the consumption of each successive unit:

a) Increase b) Decrease c) Remains same d) Either increases or decreases

Indifference Map refers to:

a) Highest Indifference curve b) Lowest Indifference curve c) Family of Indifference curves d) None fo these

Ans – c)

The budget set includes:

a) All those combinations of two goods that a consumer already possesses b) All those combinations of two goods that a consumer can not afford c) All those combinations of two goods that a consumer is willing to buy d) All those combinations of two goods that a consumer can afford

Ans – d)

Indifference curves are:

a) Concave to the origin b) Convex to the origin c) Upward sloping straight line passing from the origin d) None of these

Which of these is a condition for consumers’ equilibrium by indifference curve analysis?

a) MUx = Px b) MUx/Px = MUy/Py c) MRSx = Px/Py d) MUx = MUy

If MUx/Px > MUy/Py, then to reach the equilibrium position, a consumer should:

a) Stop buying any commodity b) Buy both the commodities in equal quantity c) Buy more of X and less of Y d) Buy more of Y and less of X

If the consumption of an additional unit of a commodity causes no change in TU, then the resultant MU is

a) Zero b) Positive c) Negative d) Constant

An indifference curve is best described as a series of points that show:

a) Combinations of two commodities that give the consumer the same satisfaction. b) Combinations of two goods, such that the cost of each combination is equal to the money income of the consumer c) Combinations of the two goods which a consumer can afford, given his income and prices in the market d) None of these

Total Utility is __ at the point of satiety.

a) Minimum b) Maximum c) Zero d) None of these

Marginal Utility (MU) of nth unit is calcualted as:

a) MUn = TUn = TUn+1 b) MUn = TUn + TUn+1 c) MUn = TUn + TUn+1 d) MUn = TUn – TUn-1

In the case of a single commodity, consumer’s equilibrium is achieved when:

a) MUx > Px b) MUx < Px c) MUx ≠ Px d) MUx = Px

_________ measures the slope of the indifference curve.

a) Budget Line b) Marginal Rate of Substitution c) Marginal Rate of Transformation d) None of these

How is TU derived from MU?

a) TU = ΣMU b) TU = U1 + U2 + U3——+ Un c) TUn = MUn + MUn-1 d) TUn = MUn – MUn-1

Ans – a), b)

What happens to MU when TU is maximum?

a) MU is negative b) MU is Zero c) MU is decreasing d) MU is increasing

An indifference curve always:

a) Slopes downwards from left to right b) Slopes upwards from left to right c) Ix parallel to the Y-axis d) Is parallel to the X-axis

In the case of the cardinal utility approach, utility is measured in :

a) Rupees b) Ranks c) Utils d) None of these

The consumer will be in equilibrium where there is tangency between price line and indifference curve because at this point:

a) MRS< Price Ratio b) MRS>Price Ratio c) MRS = Price Ratio d) Slope of Indifference Curve = Slope of Budget Line

Ans – c), d)

“Cardinality” means utility can be:

a) Measured b) Ranked c) Not Measured d) None of these

The slope of the price line (in case of commodity X and Y) is given by:

a) Taste and Preferences of consumer b) Prices of both the commodities c) Price of commodity X alone d) Price of Commodity Y alone

Which Law states that: “When a consumer consumers more and more units of a product, the utility derived from each additional unit decreases”?

a) Law of Equi-Marginal Utility b) Fundamental Law of Satisfaction c) Law of Cardinal Utility d) Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility

Ans – b), d)

In the context of Indifference Curve Analysis, MRS stands for:

a) Marginal Rate of Substitution b) Marginal Rate of Satisfaction c) Marginal Return of Substitution d) Marginal Return of Satisfaction

For consumer’s equilibrium to be stable, the requirement is:

a) Constant MRS b) Increasing MRS c) Diminishing MRS d) None of these

The total utility derived by Shyam by eating 6 apples is 300 utils. The marginal Utility of the 7th apple is 30 utils. The total utility for 7 apples will be __ utils.

a) 330 b) 270 c) 300 d) 30

The assumption of “Constant Marginal Utility of Money” means that the importance of money to consumers is:

a) Increasing b) Decreasing c) Same d) None of these

When Economists speak of the utility of a certain product, they are referring to:

a) Demand for the product b) Usefulness of the product in consumption c) satisfaction gained from consuming such product d) Rate at which consumers are willing to exchange one good for another

a) Differs from person to person b) Differs from time to time c) Can be easily measured d) All of these

A consumer in consumption of two commodities A and B is at equilibrium. The prices of A and B are ₹10 and ₹20 respectively and the marginal utility of product B is 50> What will be the marginal utility of product A?

a) 100 b) 25 c) 250 d) 4

The Law of Diminishing Marginal utility will not hold good if the income of the consumer:

a) Increases b) Decreases c) Remains Constant d) Either a) or b)

As per Ordinal Approach:

a) Measurement of Utility is not possible through money b) Measurement of Utility is possible but it can not be ranked c) Measurement of Utility is not possible in cardinal numbers but it can be ranked d) Ordinal utility is the utility expressed in ranks

Marginal Utility:

a) Is always positive b) Is always negative c) Can be positive or negative but not Zero d) Can be positive or negative or zero

Mollie derives a total utility of 10 utils after having 4 mangoes and the total utility on consuming 5 mangoes is 9. What is her marginal utility for the 5th mango?

a) +1 util b) 0 util c) -1 util d) 9 util

After reaching the point of satiety, consumption of additional units of the commodity cause:

a) TU falls and MU increases b) Both TU and MU increase c) TU falls and MU falls and becomes negative d) TU becomes negative and MU falls

According to one of the assumptions of the Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility, there should be ________ between the consumption of one unit and another unit.

a) Equal time gap b) No time gap c) the Longtime gap d) Any of these

The budget line shows:

a) Possible combination of two goods that a consumer can buy spending his entire income at the given prices. b) Possible combination of two goods which cost less than or equal to consumers money income c) Possible combination of two goods among which the consumer is indifferent d) All the these

MUx of X is 40 and MUy of Y is 30. If the price of Y is ₹9, then the price of X at equilibrium will be _______.

a) ₹9 b) ₹30 c) ₹15 d) ₹12

The farther the Indifference Curve is from the origin, then:

a) Higher is the satisfaction level b) Lower is the satisfaction level c) Same satisfaction level will be obtained d) Nothing can be said about the satisfaction

The consumer is in equilibrium when Marginal Utility from a Commodity equals:

a) Demand for the Commodity b) Supply of that commodity c) Price of the Commodity d) All of these

An Indifference Curve represents all those combinations of two goods which give:

a) No satisfaction to the consumer b) Lower satisfaction to the consumer c) Higher satisfaction to the consumer d) Equal satisfaction to the consumer

The consumer is in equilibrium at a point where the budget line:

a) Is above an indifference curve b) Is below an indifference curve c) Is tangent to an indifference curve d) Cuts an indifference curve

If the Marginal Rate of Substitution is constant throughout, the Indifference curve will be:

a) Parallel to the X-axis b) Downward sloping concave c) Downward sloping convex d) Downward sloping straight line

If the Marginal Rate of Substitution is increasing throughout, the Indifference Curve will be:

a) Downward sloping convex b) Downward Sloping concave c) Can shift both upwards or downwards d) Does not shift

A consumer consumes only two goods X and Y both priced at ₹ 4 per unit. If the consumer chooses a combination of these two goods with Marginal Rate of Substitution equal to 4, then the consumer will:

a) Buy more units of X b) Buy more units of Y c) Buy more units of both, X and Y d) Buy less units of both, X and Y

A consumer consumes only two goods X and Y whose prices are ₹3 and ₹4 per unit respectively. If the consumer chooses a combination of the two goods with the marginal utility of X equal to 4 and that of Y equal to 3, is the consumer in equilibrium, then the consumer will:

a) Buy more units of both, X and Y b) Buy more units of Y and less of X c) Buy more units of X and less of Y d) Buy less units of both, X and Y

Marginal utility is:

a) the utility from the first unit of a commodity consumed b) the utility from the last unit consumed c) total utility divided by the number of units consumed d) always positive

Total utility is ________ .

a) the sum of marginal utilities b) utility from the first unit × number of units consumed c) always increasing d) utility from last unit × number of units consumed

Which of the following can be referred to as ‘point of satiety’.

a) Marginal Utility is negative b) Marginal utility is zero c) Total utility is rising d) Total Utility is falling

At the Point of Satiety:

a) MU is negative b) MU Is Zero c) MU is rising d) None of these

A consumer consumes only two goods. If the price of one of the goods falls, the indifference curve:

a) Shifts leftward b) Shifts rightward c) can shift both leftward and rightward d) Does not shift

The slope of an Indifference Curve is measured by:

a) Marginal Rate of Substitution b) Marginal Rate of Transformation c) Marginal Opportunity Cost d) None of these

If MUy = 20; MUx = 60; Price of Y = ₹4, then what will be the price of X at Equilibrium:

a) ₹14 b) ₹3 c) ₹12 d) ₹4

Market Rate of Exchange also denotes:

a) Slope of PPC b) Slope of Budget Line c) Slope of indifference curve d) None of these

When Marginal Utility is zero, total utility is:

a) Zero b) Minimum c) Maximum d) Negative

Suppose, Mayank consumes Burger and Garlic Bread. Which of the following bundle of Burger and Garlic Bread will Mayank choose if he has a monotonic preference?

a) Bundle A (5,7) b) Bundle B (4,7) c) Bundle C (5,6) d) None of these

Which of the following is a characteristic of utility?

a) Utility is subjective b) utility is a relative concept c) Utility is a Psychological phenomenon d) All of these

Which is the First Law of Gossen?

a) Law of Equi-marginal utility b) Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility c) Law of supply d) Law of Demand

Which of the following statement is not true?

a) As long as MU is positive, TU increases b) TU is zero when MU is zero c) TU starts decreasing when MU is negative d) After the point of satiety, MU becomes negative

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Commerce Aspirant » Economics Class 11 MCQs » Consumer Equilibrium and Demand Class 11 MCQ

Consumer Equilibrium and Demand Class 11 MCQ

Consumer Equilibrium and Demand Class 11 MCQ Economics are covered in this Article. Consumer Equilibrium and Demand Class 11 MCQs Test contains 45 questions. Answers to MCQs on Consumer Equilibrium and Demand Class 11 Economics are available after clicking on the answer. These MCQ have been made for Class 11 students to help check the concept you have learnt from detailed classroom sessions and application of your knowledge. For more MCQ’s, subscribe to our email list.

Consumer Equilibrium and Demand Class 11 MCQ Economics

1. Want satisfying capacity of goods and services is called_________

a) Production b) Capacity c) Utility d) Demand

Answer: C) utility

2.  ___________ is the total satisfaction a consumer gets from consumption of all units of a commodity

a) Utility b) Total utility c) Marginal utility d) All of the above

Answer: B) total utility

3. ____________  is the net increase in total utility by consuming an additional unit of a commodity.

Answer: C) marginal utility

4. ___________ is a quantitative combination of two goods that can be purchased by a consumer from his given market prices.

a) Information b) Data c) Figures d) Consumers bundle

Answer: D) consumers bundle

5. ________________ is a quantitative combination of those bundles which a consumer can purchase from his given income at given prices.

a) Budget set b) Budget line c) Budget bundle d) All of the above

Answer: A) budget set

6. ____________ is a line showing different combinations of two goods which a consumer can buy by spending his whole income at a given price of the goods.

a) Budget bundle b) Budget set c) Budget line d) All of the above

Answer: C) budget set

7. ___________ is the rate at which a consumer is willing to substitute good Y for good X.

a) Opportunity cost b) Opportunity gain c) Marginal rate of substitute d) Marginal cost

Answer: C) marginal rate of substitute

8. Formula for MRS is ____________

a) Loss of good Y / gain of good X b) Loss of good X / gain of good Y c) Gain of good y / loss of good X d) Gain of good X / loss of good Y

Answer: A) loss of good Y / gain of good X

9. MRS Formula is _________________

a) -∆x b) -∆y c) (-∆Y / ∆X) d) Y/X

Answer: C) (-∆Y / ∆ X)

10. MRS abbreviated as _________

a) Marginal Rate of Substitution b) Marginal Rate of Subtracted c) Margin Rate of Solvency d) None

Answer: A) marginal rate of substitution

11. Law of diminishing marginal utility describes that when consumer consumes  _______of a unit the utility derived from that unit _________

a) more and more b) less and less c) declines d) Both A and C

Answer: D) both a and b 

12. ___________ is the curve showing different combinations of two goods, each combination offering the same level of satisfaction.

a) Indifference b) Indifference map c) Indifference curve d) None

Answer: C) indifference curve

13. ______________ is the indifference curves placed together in a diagram.

a) Indifference map b) Indifference curve c) Maps d) All of the above

Answer: A) indifference map

14. Following are the characteristics of the indifference curve except

a) Negatively sloped b) Positively sloped c) Convex to the point d) Never touch each other

Answer: B) positively sloped

15. _____________ is a situation where a consumer is spending his income in such a way that he is getting maximum satisfaction and has no tendency to change.

a) Equilibrium b) Consumers satisfaction c) Consumers equilibrium d) None

Answer: C) consumers equilibrium

16. Consumer’s preferences are ____________ when consumer always choose a bundle having more of one good and less of other.

a) Consumer budget b) Budget preference c) Monotonic preference d) Margin method

Answer: C) monotonic preference

17. The approach to study What are the conditions for consumer’s equilibrium is?

a) Cardinal approach b) Ordinal approach c) Both A and B d) A or B 

Answer: C) both a and b

18. Cardinal approach is also called________

a) Utility approach b) Indifference curve approach c) Ordinal approach d) All 

Answer: A) utility approach 

19. Ordinal approach is also called___________

a) Utility approach b) Indifference curve approach c) Cardinal approach d) None

Answer: B) indifference curve approach 

20. Budget Line Formula M = _________________

a) M=(Px * x) + (Py * y) b) M=(Px * y) + (Py * x) c) M=(Pxy) * (Pyx) d) M=(Px-x) – (Py-y)

Answer: A) M=(Px * x) + (Py * y)

21. Budget Set formula 

a) (Px * x) + (Py * y) ≤ M b) (Px * y) + (Py * x) ≤ M c) (Px * x) – (Py * y) ≤ M d) (Px * x) + (Py * y) ≥ M

Answer: A) (Px * x) + (Py * y) ≤ M

22. _____________ is the quantity which a consumer is able and is willing to buy at given price and in a given period of time.

a) Demand b)Supply c) Quantity demanded d) Quantity supplied

Answer: C) quantity demanded

23. ____________ is the total quantity purchased by all the consumers in the market at given and in given period of time.

a) Quantity demanded b) Demand c) Market d)Market demand

Answer: D)market demand

24. _____________ shows functional relation ship between quantity demanded and factors affecting demand.

a) Cost function b) Factors function c) Demand function d) Supply function

Answer: C) demand function

25. __________ is an economic agent, who consumes final goods and services to fulfil his basic needs.

a) Consumer Bundle b) Consumer c) Consumer Equilibrium d) None

Answer: B) consumer

a) Demand function b) Demand market c) Demand schedule d) Quantity demand

Answer: C) demand schedule

27. Law of demand define _________

a) Price increases quantity demanded decreases as price decreases quantity demanded increases, keeping other factors constant. b) Price decreases quantity decreases as price increases quantity increases. c) Price increases quantity decreases as price increases quantity increases. d) None

Answer: ( A) price increases quantity demanded decreases as price decreases quantity demanded increases, keeping other factors constant  

28. Indifference curve characteristics are ________________

a) Negatively sloped b) Convex to the point of origin c) Never Intersect each other d) All of the above

Answer: D) all of the above 

29. A consumer is able and willing to buy at a given price and in a given period of time is known as ________________

a) Market demand b) Quantity demand c) Demand schedule d) Demand function

Answer: B) quantity demanded

a) Expansion / Extension b) Contraction / Compression c)Both A and B d) None

Answer: A) expansion / extension

31. Change in demand, is also called as __________________

a)Quantity b) Quality c) Shift in demand d) None

Answer: C) shift in demand

32. Determinants of demand  are ____________

a) Change In price b) Income of the consumer c) Price of good d) All of the above

Answer: D)all the above

33. Demand function shows the functional relationship between the demand of ___________ and ___________ affecting demand.

a) Goods, services b) Services, supplies c) Factors, services d) Goods, factors

Answer: D) goods, factors

34. A consumer has monotonic preferences, find the most preferred bundle by him?

a) 4 units of X good and 6 units of Y good b) 6 units of X good and 4 units of Y good c) 6 units of X good and 6 units of Y good d) 4 units of X good and 5 units of Y good

Answer: C)6 units of X goods and 6 units of Y goods

a) Demand change b) Change in demand c) Change in quantity demanded d) All

Answer: B)Change in demand

36. When demand changes due to the price of its own commodity then it is termed as 

a) Demand change b)Change in demand c) Change in quantity demanded d) None

Answer: C)change in quantity demanded

37. ___________ is a graphical representation of demand schedule.

a) Curve b) Maps c) Demand curve d) None

Answer: C) demand curve

38. Relation between price and quantity demanded of a commodity is___________

a) Direct b) Inverse c) Converse d) Positive

Answer: B) Inverse

a) Determinants of demand b) Change in demand c) Market demand d) Indifference curves

Answer: D) Indifference curves

40. Slope of demand curve is ___________

a) P/Q b) ∆Q c) ∆P d) ∆P/∆Q

Answer: D) ∆P /∆Q

41. ____________ is the measurement of change in quantity demanded in response to change in price of a commodity

a) Change in demand b)Price elasticity of demand c) Elasticity of demand d) Quantity demanded

Answer: B) price elasticity of demand

42. Percentage change in quantity demand?

a) ∆Q/Q b) ∆Q c) (∆Q/Q) * 100 d) Q*100

Answer: C)(∆Q/Q)*100

43. Percentage change in Price?

a) ∆P b) (∆P/P)*100 c) P+∆ d) ∆-P

Answer: B)(∆P / P)* 100

44. Percentage Method formula : __________

a) (∆Q / ∆P) * (P/Q) b) (∆Q / ∆P) % (P/Q) c) (∆Q + ∆P) * (P/Q) d) (∆Q – ∆P)  * (P/Q)

Answer: A)(∆Q /∆ P)* P/Q

45. Which of the following are Effecting Price Elasticity of demand?

a) Time period b) Income of the consumer c) Both A and B d) Percentage

Term 1 – NCERT Economics Class 11 MCQ

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• Introduction to Statistics Class 11 MCQ Questions
• Collection, Organisation and Presentation of Data
• Statistical Tools and Interpretation – Arithmetic Mean, Median and Mode

Part B – MCQ Questions for Class 11 Microeconomics

• Introduction to Microeconomics
• Consumer’s Equilibrium and Demand
• Economics Class 11 Notes
• Accountancy Class 11 Notes
• Economics Class 11 MCQs

Business Studies Class 11 MCQ

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Test: Consumer's Equilibrium and Demand- Case Based Type Questions - Commerce MCQ

8 questions mcq test - test: consumer's equilibrium and demand- case based type questions, read the following passage and answer the question that follows: the ordinalist revolution originates in the criticism of the psychological foundations of the theory of demand, namely, the principle of decreasing marginal utility as alfred marshall ([1890] 1898) used it. the rejection of hedonist hypotheses led irving fisher (1892) and pareto (1896–97, 1900, 1909) to favour an objective or “positive” approach to economic concepts. the “ordinalist revolution” (ormazabal 1995, 116) is grounded in a methodological transformation of economics that put the facts of objective experience as a foundation of economics and provided a research program for the ensuing years (green and moss 1993; lewin 1996). mathematically, ordinalism is entirely based upon the idea that one can dispense with the use of a specific utility function and that no meaning shall be attached to utility measurement, except as an ordinal principle. clearly, the development of ordinalist must be separated from the introduction of the concept of the indifference curve. ordinalism was first advocated in fisher’s “mathematical investigations” (1892) and pareto’s suunto (1900) and manual ([1909] 1971), while the indifference curve had appeared in f. y. edge worth’s mathematical psychics (1881). it was thus only through fisher’s and pareto’s recasting that the concept of the indifference curve became irreversibly associated with the promotion of ordinalism. along the way, the recasting of the theory of choice along ordinalist lines raised a number of issues (about integrability, measurability, and complementarity) that would be progressively settled. a reasonable closing date for the ordinalist revolution is 1950, after houthakker (1950) and samuelson’s (1950) contributions. from the late 1920s, the paretian school was progressively gaining a larger audience while the use of the concept of marginal utility and other derivative concepts was challenged. consequently, demand theory was recast along the principles of individual preferences and ordinal utility functions. nevertheless, english authors proved very silent about the meaning of indifference curves. most if not all of the reflections after 1920 about the nature of indifference curves took place in america, mainly under the impulse of henry schultz at chicago. this is an american story. q. ______ is a curve showing a different combination of two goods, each combination offering the same level of satisfaction to the consumer..

• A. Indifference Curve
• B. Marginal Utility Curve
• C. Both of above
• D. None of above

Read the following passage and answer the question that follows: The ordinalist revolution originates in the criticism of the psychological foundations of the theory of demand, namely, the principle of decreasing marginal utility as Alfred Marshall ([1890] 1898) used it. The rejection of hedonist hypotheses led Irving Fisher (1892) and Pareto (1896–97, 1900, 1909) to favour an objective or “positive” approach to economic concepts. The “ordinalist revolution” (Ormazabal 1995, 116) is grounded in a methodological transformation of economics that put the facts of objective experience as a foundation of economics and provided a research program for the ensuing years (Green and Moss 1993; Lewin 1996). Mathematically, ordinalism is entirely based upon the idea that one can dispense with the use of a specific utility function and that no meaning shall be attached to utility measurement, except as an ordinal principle. Clearly, the development of ordinalist must be separated from the introduction of the concept of the indifference curve. Ordinalism was first advocated in Fisher’s “Mathematical Investigations” (1892) and Pareto’s Suunto (1900) and Manual ([1909] 1971), while the indifference curve had appeared in F. Y. Edge worth’s Mathematical Psychics (1881). It was thus only through Fisher’s and Pareto’s recasting that the concept of the indifference curve became irreversibly associated with the promotion of ordinalism. Along the way, the recasting of the theory of choice along ordinalist lines raised a number of issues (about integrability, measurability, and complementarity) that would be progressively settled. A reasonable closing date for the ordinalist revolution is 1950, after Houthakker (1950) and Samuelson’s (1950) contributions. From the late 1920s, the Paretian school was progressively gaining a larger audience while the use of the concept of marginal utility and other derivative concepts was challenged. Consequently, demand theory was recast along the principles of individual preferences and ordinal utility functions. Nevertheless, English authors proved very silent about the meaning of indifference curves. Most if not all of the reflections after 1920 about the nature of indifference curves took place in America, mainly under the impulse of Henry Schultz at Chicago. This is an American story. Q. Which of the following is not the way of studying Utility?

• A. Cardinal Approach
• B. Ordinal Approach
• C. Both (a) and (b)
• D. Neither (a) nor (b)

Read the following passage and answer the question that follows: The ordinalist revolution originates in the criticism of the psychological foundations of the theory of demand, namely, the principle of decreasing marginal utility as Alfred Marshall ([1890] 1898) used it. The rejection of hedonist hypotheses led Irving Fisher (1892) and Pareto (1896–97, 1900, 1909) to favour an objective or “positive” approach to economic concepts. The “ordinalist revolution” (Ormazabal 1995, 116) is grounded in a methodological transformation of economics that put the facts of objective experience as a foundation of economics and provided a research program for the ensuing years (Green and Moss 1993; Lewin 1996). Mathematically, ordinalism is entirely based upon the idea that one can dispense with the use of a specific utility function and that no meaning shall be attached to utility measurement, except as an ordinal principle. Clearly, the development of ordinalist must be separated from the introduction of the concept of the indifference curve. Ordinalism was first advocated in Fisher’s “Mathematical Investigations' ' (1892) and Pareto’s Suunto (1900) and Manual ([1909] 1971), while the indifference curve had appeared in F. Y. Edge worth’s Mathematical Psychics (1881). It was thus only through Fisher’s and Pareto’s recasting that the concept of the indifference curve became irreversibly associated with the promotion of ordinalism. Along the way, the recasting of the theory of choice along ordinalist lines raised a number of issues (about integrability, measurability, and complementarity) that would be progressively settled. A reasonable closing date for the ordinalist revolution is 1950, after Houthakker (1950) and Samuelson’s (1950) contributions. From the late 1920s, the Paretian school was progressively gaining a larger audience while the use of the concept of marginal utility and other derivative concepts was challenged. Consequently, demand theory was recast along the principles of individual preferences and ordinal utility functions. Nevertheless, English authors proved very silent about the meaning of indifference curves. Most if not all of the reflections after 1920 about the nature of indifference curves took place in America, mainly under the impulse of Henry Schultz at Chicago. This is an American story. Q. Under Cardinal Utility approach, utility is measured in utils.

Read the following passage and answer the question that follows:

The ordinalist revolution originates in the criticism of the psychological foundations of the theory of demand, namely, the principle of decreasing marginal utility as Alfred Marshall ([1890] 1898) used it. The rejection of hedonist hypotheses led Irving Fisher (1892) and Pareto (1896–97, 1900, 1909) to favour an objective or “positive” approach to economic concepts.

The “ordinalist revolution” (Ormazabal 1995, 116) is grounded in a methodological transformation of economics that put the facts of objective experience as a foundation of economics and provided a research program for the ensuing years (Green and Moss 1993; Lewin 1996). Mathematically, ordinalism is entirely based upon the idea that one can dispense with the use of a specific utility function and that no meaning shall be attached to utility measurement, except as an ordinal principle.

Clearly, the development of ordinalist must be separated from the introduction of the concept of the indifference curve. Ordinalism was first advocated in Fisher’s “Mathematical Investigations' ' (1892) and Pareto’s Suunto (1900) and Manual ([1909] 1971), while the indifference curve had appeared in F. Y. Edge worth’s Mathematical Psychics (1881). It was thus only through Fisher’s and Pareto’s recasting that the concept of the indifference curve became irreversibly associated with the promotion of ordinalism.

Along the way, the recasting of the theory of choice along ordinalist lines raised a number of issues (about integrability, measurability, and complementarity) that would be progressively settled. A reasonable closing date for the ordinalist revolution is 1950, after Houthakker (1950) and Samuelson’s (1950) contributions.

From the late 1920s, the Paretian school was progressively gaining a larger audience while the use of the concept of marginal utility and other derivative concepts was challenged. Consequently, demand theory was recast along the principles

of individual preferences and ordinal utility functions. Nevertheless, English authors proved very silent about the meaning of indifference curves. Most if not all of the reflections after 1920 about the nature of indifference curves took place in America, mainly under the impulse of Henry Schultz at Chicago. This is an American story.

Q. How is utility measured in Ordinal utility theory?

• A. Marginal Utility Curve
• B. Indifference Curve

Read the following passage and answer the questions that follows:

In economics, rationing is an artificial restriction of demand and is done to keep price below the equilibrium (market-clearing) price determined by the process of supply and demand in an unfettered market. Thus, rationing can be complementary to price controls which can be explained through indifference curve approach.

There are two kinds of rationing done by the government to reduce consumption—price rationing and non-price rationing. By rationing, we mean exercise tax and by non-price rationing, we mean all types of control on the quantity consumed. Non-price rationing could be done by giving away coupons that would enable low income families to obtain some goods at affordable prices, which could not be possible if the prices were to increase alone. With coupon schemes, it would develop a black market for coupons, which would paradoxically increase the utility for those who are in need of that commodity by collection of more of these coupons from those who are not in need. This ensures greater marginal utility for those people who are in need of the commodity and will provide exchange of money to those who sell these coupons. For this, it is necessary for the government to encourage trading of the coupons.

The major importance of introducing rationing is to keep the price of important commodities under control, as for a necessary commodity, there will be an excessive demand in the market which will drive their price up in the market and high prices leads to reduction of consumption and utility for those who could not afford it. This ensures that the resources are planned in favour of the poor people of the country and restricts the rich people to ensure excessive purchase of limited resources of the country. This ensures development and equality of welfare and utility

between the rich and the poor people. Rationing of the good is done by the government and not the private sector. There is the same limit put on every person on the budget spending to which people could buy the commodities and within the limit, one could buy any amount of the commodity.

Q. Rationing of goods by the government ......................

• A. increases its utility
• B. decreases its utility
• C. has no effect on the utility
• D. utility first increases and then decreases

There are two kinds of rationing done by the government to reduce consumption—price rationing and non-price rationing. By rationing, we mean exercise tax and by non-price rationing, we mean all types of control on the quantity consumed. Non-price rationing could be done by giving away coupons that would enable low income families to obtain some goods at affordable prices, which could not be possible if the prices were to increase alone. With coupon schemes, it would develop a black market for coupons, which would paradoxically increase the utility for those who are in need of that commodity by collection of more of these coupons from those who are not in need. This ensures greater marginal utility for those people who are in need of the commodity and will provide exchange of money to those who sell these coupons. For this, it is necessary for the government to encourage trading of the coupons.

Q. The marginal utility of a person diminishes.

The law of diminishing marginal utility explains that as a person consumes an item or a product, the satisfaction or utility that they derive from the product wanes as they consume more and more of that product. Economic actors receive less and less satisfaction from consuming incremental amounts of a good.

Q. The marginal utility derived from a commodity keeps on ..................... .

• A. increasing
• B. decreasing
• C. All of above
• D. None of these

Q. ______ means the utility derived from the total number of products consumed (choose the correct alternative).

• A. Marginal Utility
• B. Total Utility

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Important Questions for Consumer's Equilibrium and Demand- Case Based Type Questions

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MCQs on Consumer Equilibrium

Consumer Equilibrium is a situation where a consumer spends their salary on purchasing one or more commodities and gets maximum satisfaction. Consumer equilibrium enables a consumer to get the most satisfaction and fulfilment possible from their income.

Given below are important MCQs on consumer equilibrium utility analysis to analyse your understanding of the topic. The answers are also given, for your reference.

MCQs on  Consumer Equilibrium-Utility Analysis 

What does the term ‘marginal’ in economics mean?

A) Additional

B) Unimportant

C) Minimum unit

D) None of the above

Which of the following must be true when the marginal is negative?

A) The average is positive.

B) The average is negative.

C) The total is decreasing.

D) The total is negative.

Utility is generally related to?

A) Satisfaction

B) Necessary

What is the law that defines the demand curve to slope downward known as?

A) Diminishing marginal utility

B) Utility maximisation

C) Utility minimisation

D) Consumer equilibrium

Why are indifference curves convex to the origin?

A) Two goods are perfect complementary goods.

B) Two goods are imperfect substitutes.

C) Two goods are perfect substitutes.

When the marginal utility is equal to zero, what will the total utility be?

B) Laws of return

Which of the following is the basis of diminishing marginal utility?

A) Law of demand

C) Law of supply

A consumer is in equilibrium when the marginal utilities are ___________ .

A) Increasing

Why is a consumer’s spending restricted?

A) Due to the utility maximisation

B) Due to the budget constraint

C) Due to the demand curve

D) Due to the marginal utility

Question 10

When MU is positive, what happens to TU?

A) It decreases.

B) It becomes the highest.

C) It remains constant.

D) It increases.

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