basic economic problem essay pdf

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Microeconomics

Course: microeconomics   >   unit 1.

• Introduction to economics
• Scarcity and rivalry
• Four factors of production

Economic models

• Normative and positive statements

Lesson summary: Scarcity, choice, and opportunity costs

Key takeaways, scarcity and choice, positive vs. normative analysis, common errors.

• Not all costs are monetary costs. Opportunity costs are usually expressed in terms of how much of another good, service, or activity must be given up in order to pursue or produce another activity or good.
• You might hear the fourth economic resource referred to as either entrepreneurship or technology. The terms are used interchangeably but mean the same thing: the ability to make things happen. Take the example of computers—a computer itself would be considered a good, but our ability to make computers would be considered technology.
• The word capital is used in everyday language to mean what economists would call financial capital . If you see the word capital on its own in an economics context, it refers to physical capital —equipment, machinery, or tools used to produce goods and services. Physical capital is tangible, but financial capital isn't always so.

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Work Out Economics GCSE pp 5–14 Cite as

Basic Economic Problems

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Part of the book series: Macmillan Work Out Series ((MCWO))

Humans have many different types of wants and needs. Economics looks only at man’s material wants and needs. These are satisfied by consuming (using) either goods (physical items such as food) or services (non-physical items such as heating).

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© 1987 R. Young

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Young, R. (1987). Basic Economic Problems. In: Work Out Economics GCSE. Macmillan Work Out Series. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09348-9_2

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Project evaluation: essays and case studies, vol. i, essay 1: basic economic concepts.

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Basic Economic Problem

• The fundamental economic problem is the issue of scarcity and how best to produce and distribute these scare resources .
• Scarcity means there is a finite supply of goods and raw materials.
• Finite resources mean they are limited and can run out.
• Unlimited wants mean that there is no end to the quantity of goods and services people would like to consume.
• Because of unlimited wants – People would like to consume more than it is possible to produce (scarcity)

Fundamental economic question

Therefore because of scarcity, economics is concerned with:

• What to produce?
• How to produce?

Examples of the economic problem

Households have limited income and they need to decide how to spend their finite income. For example, with an annual income of £20,000, a household may need to spend £10,000 a year on rent, council tax and utility bills. This leaves £10,000 for deciding which other food, clothes, transport and other goods to purchase.

Householders will also face decisions on how much to work. For example, working overtime at the weekend will give them extra income to spend, but less leisure time to enjoy it. A worker may also wish to spend more time in learning new skills and qualifications. This may limit their earning power in the short-term, but enable a greater earning power in the long-term.  For example, at 18 a student could go straight into work or they could go to university where they will hope to gain a degree and more earning power in the long-term.

A producer needs to remain profitable (revenue higher than costs). So it will need to produce the goods which are in high demand and respond to changing demands and buying habits of consumers – for example, switching to online sales as the high street declines. Producers will need to constantly ask the best way of producing goods. For example, purchasing new machines can increase productivity and enable the firms to produce goods at a lower cost. This is important for fast-changing industries where new technology is frequently reducing costs of production. Without firms adapting to how they produce, they can become unprofitable.

Firms may also need to make long-term investment decisions to invest in new products and new means of production.

The government has finite resources and its spending power is limited by the amount of tax that they can collect. The government needs to decide how they collect tax and then they need to decide whom they spend money on. For example, the government may wish to cut benefits to those on low income to increase incentives to work. However, cutting benefits will increase inequality and relative poverty.

Opportunity cost and the economic problem

The economic problem can be illustrated with the concept of opportunity cost.

Opportunity cost is the next best alternative foregone. A consumer with a limited income of £20,000 year continually faces choices, if they spend £3,000 on a new car, then that is £3,000 they cannot spend on food and drink

If a student spends three years in education, the opportunity cost is the lost potential of earning from a full-time job.

A government may have choices on how to spend limited resources. In this simple model, they have a choice between health care and military spending. If they increase spending on the military, the opportunity cost is less spending on health care.

Key Concepts and Summary

1.1 what is economics, and why is it important.

Economics seeks to solve the problem of scarcity, which is when human wants for goods and services exceed the available supply. A modern economy displays a division of labor, in which people earn income by specializing in what they produce and then use that income to purchase the products they need or want. The division of labor allows individuals and firms to specialize and to produce more for several reasons: a) It allows the agents to focus on areas of advantage due to natural factors and skill levels; b) It encourages the agents to learn and invent; c) It allows agents to take advantage of economies of scale. Division and specialization of labor only work when individuals can purchase what they do not produce in markets. Learning about economics helps you understand the major problems facing the world today, prepares you to be a good citizen, and helps you become a well-rounded thinker.

1.2 Microeconomics and Macroeconomics

Microeconomics and macroeconomics are two different perspectives on the economy. The microeconomic perspective focuses on parts of the economy: individuals, firms, and industries. The macroeconomic perspective looks at the economy as a whole, focusing on goals like growth in the standard of living, unemployment, and inflation. Macroeconomics has two types of policies for pursuing these goals: monetary policy and fiscal policy.

1.3 How Economists Use Theories and Models to Understand Economic Issues

Economists analyze problems differently than do other disciplinary experts. The main tools economists use are economic theories or models. A theory is not an illustration of the answer to a problem. Rather, a theory is a tool for determining the answer.

1.4 How To Organize Economies: An Overview of Economic Systems

We can organize societies as traditional, command, or market-oriented economies. Most societies are a mix. The last few decades have seen globalization evolve as a result of growth in commercial and financial networks that cross national borders, making businesses and workers from different economies increasingly interdependent.

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1.1 – 1.4 – The Basic Economic Problem

“Economics is the social science that describes the factors that determine the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services.” (Source: Wikipedia)

The Nature of the Economic Problem

Resources: are the inputs required for the production of goods and services.

Scarcity:  a lack of something (in this context, resources). The fundamental economic problem is that there is a scarcity of resources to satisfy all human wants and needs. There are finite resources and unlimited wants. This is applicable to consumers, producers, workers and the government, in how they manage their resources. Economic goods are those which are scarce in  supply and so can only be produced with an economic cost and/or consumed with a price. In other words, an economic good is a good with an opportunity cost. All the goods we buy are economic goods, from bottled water to clothes. Free goods, on the other hand,  are those which are abundant in supply, usually referring to natural sources such as air and sunlight.

The Factors of Production

Resources are also called ‘factors of production’ (especially in Business). They are:

• The reward for land is the rent it receives.
• Since, the amount of land in existence stays the same, its supply is said to be fixed . But in relation to a country or business, when it takes over or expands to a new area, you can say that the supply of land has increased, but the supply is not depended on its price, i.e. rent.
• The quality of land depends upon the soil type, fertility, weather and so on.
• Since land can’t be moved around, it is geographically immobile but since it can be used for a variety of economic activities it is occupationally mobile .
• The reward for work is wages /salaries.
• The supply of labour depends upon the number of workers available (which is in turn influenced by population size, no. of years of schooling, retirement age, age structure of the population, attitude towards women working etc.) and the number of hours they work (which is influenced by number of hours to work in a single day/week, number of holidays, length of sick leaves, maternity/paternity leaves, whether the job is part-time or full-time etc.).
• The quality of labour will depend upon the skills, education and qualification of labour.
• Labour mobility can depend up on various factors. Labour can achieve high occupational mobility (ability to change jobs) if they have the right skills and qualifications. It can achieve geographical mobility (ability to move to a place for a job) depending on transport facilities and costs, housing facilities and costs, family and personal priorities, regional or national laws and regulations on travel and work etc.
• The reward for capital is the interest it receives.
• The supply of capital depends upon the demand for goods and services, how well businesses are doing, and savings in the economy (since capital for investment is financed by loans from banks which are sourced from savings).
• The quality of capital depends on how many good quality products can be produced using the given capital. For example, the capital is said to be of much more quality in a car manufacturing plant that uses mechanisation and technology to produce cars rather than one in which manual labour does the work.
• Capital mobility can depend upon the nature and use of the capital. For example, an office building is geographically immobile but occupationally mobile. On the other hand, a pen is geographically and occupationally mobile.
• The reward to enterprise is the profit generated from the business.
• The supply of enterprise is dependent on entrepreneurial skills (risk-taking, innovation, effective communication etc.), education, corporate taxes (if taxes on profits are too high, nobody will want to start a business), regulations in doing business and so on.
• The quality of enterprise will depend on how well it is able to satisfy and expand demand in the economy in cost-effective and innovative ways.
• Enterprise is usually highly mobile, both geographically and occupationally.

All the above factors of productions are scarce because the time people have to spend working, the different skills they have, the land on which firms operate, the natural resources they use etc. are all in limited in supply; which brings us to the topic of opportunity cost.

Opportunity Cost

The scarcity of resources means that there are not sufficient goods and services to satisfy all our needs and wants; we are forced to choose some over the others. Choice is necessary because these resources have alternative uses- they can be used to produce many things. But since there are only a finite number of resources, we have to choose.

When we choose something over the other, the choice that was given up is called the opportunity cost. Opportunity cost , by definition, is the next best alternative that is sacrificed/forgone in order to satisfy the other . Example 1: the government has a certain amount of money and it has two options: to build a school or a hospital, with that money. The govt. decides to build the hospital. The school, then, becomes the opportunity cost as it was given up. In a wider perspective, the opportunity cost is the education the children could have received, as it is the actual cost to the economy of giving up the school. Example 2: you have to decide whether to stay up and study or go to bed and not study. If you chose to go to bed, the knowledge and preparation you could have gained by choosing to stay up and study is the opportunity cost.

Production Possibility Curve Diagrams (PPC)

Because resources are scarce and have alternative uses, a decision to devote more resources to producing one product means fewer resources are available to produce other goods. A Production Possibility Curve diagram shows this, that is,  the maximum combination of two goods that can be produced by an economy with all the available resources .

Let’s look at the PPC named A. At point X and Y it can produce certain combinations of good X and good Y. These are points on the curve- they are attainable, given the resources. Th economy can move between points on a PPC simply by reallocating resources between the two goods. If the economy were producing at point Z , which is inside/below the PPC, the economy is said to be inefficient , because it is producing less than what it can. Point W , outside/above the PPC, is unattainable because it is beyond the scope of the economy’s existing resources. In order to produce at point W, the economy would need to see a shift in the PPC towards the right. For an outward shift   to occur, an economy would need to:

• discover or develop new raw materials. Example: discover new oil fields
• employ new technology and production methods to increase productivity
• increase labour force by encouraging birth and immigration, increasing retirement age etc.

An outward shift in PPC, that is higher production possibility, will lead to economic growth.

In the same way, an inward shift can occur in the PPC due to:

• natural disasters, that erode infrastructure and kill the population
• very low investment in new technologies will cause productivity to fall over time
• running out of resources, especially non-renewable ones like oil or water

An inward shift in the PPC will lead to the economy shrinking.

How is opportunity cost linked to PPC? Individuals, businessmen and the government can calculate the opportunity cost from PPC diagrams. In the above example, if the firm decided to increase production of good Y from 500 to 750, it can calculate the opportunity cost of the decision to be 250  units of good X (as production of good X falls from 1000 to 750). They are able to compare the opportunity cost for different decisions.

Notes submitted by Lintha

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21 thoughts on “ 1.1 – 1.4 – The Basic Economic Problem ”

Thanks for the notes but what about utility?

‘Utility’ is not covered in IGCSE Economics (0455).

what about durable and non-durable goods?

That distinction is not important to this unit. You can of course use it in your exams if you want.

I really like your notes

Like Liked by 3 people

I am a youtuber and make videos of economic so may i take the help of these Great Notes Thank you .

Like Liked by 1 person

These notes are protected by copyright, so I would advise against using large chunks of them, but quoting small lines or referencing our notes should be fine, provided that you give us the necessary credit! Thank you so much for asking, by the way 🙂

Will it help if I only study these notes for an exam??

Will reading and memorising only these help before my exams or should I even do my textbook?

Don’t memorise! Understand the concepts and frame your own answers. These are revision notes, so you shouldn’t rely on these as the only study reference. Learn from the textbook first and use these notes to revise before the exams.

do your textbook too. Try memorizing it and applying it ( by trying questions from your textbook or online resources.)

Thank you for these notes, quite helpful!

Are these notes able to be downloaded as a pdf?

Not currently. We are, however, working on downloadable and printable versions of our notes that are available for purchase. If you are interested, stay tuned!

Informitive post. Thanks!

Fabulous notes Thank You!!! It helped me finish a chapter really fast

Glad we could help!

the new textbook that most IGCSE students are following is here:

https://www.snapdeal.com/product/cambridge-igcse-and-o-level/638329370736?gclid=CjwKCAjw1f_pBRAEEiwApp0JKOodntAbFTtgjv41tyGgNvNlIaEm6HN7Fy7tDVJHeD3xfs9aTDh_mBoCoCcQAvD_BwE&supc=SDL774300854&utm_source=earth_web&utm_medium=614_1515&utm_content=638329370736&vendorCode=Seb79d&isSellerPage=true&fv=true&utm_source=earth_pla&utm_campaign=40-60_nm&utm_term=70802652213&utm_medium=70802652213&s_kwcid=AL!660!3!352864509795 !!!g!411540340457!&ef_id=XMMmDgAAEfa1b8Fc:20190730153031:s

so sorry for all the trouble

could you please add the notes for macro and microeconomics. pls as I am having great trouble searching for it all over the internet. thanks in advance

It is available here. https://igcseaid.com/notes/economics-0455/2-1-2-9-how-markets-work/

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The Scarcity Assumption, Economic Problem and the Definition of Economics Revisited

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