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A Perspective on Arc Welding Research: The Importance of the Arc, Unresolved Questions and Future Directions

• Review Paper
• Published: 22 March 2015
• Volume 35 , pages 471–489, ( 2015 )

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• Anthony B. Murphy 1  

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The state-of-the-art on arc welding research is considered, with unresolved questions and future directions highlighted. Both diagnostics and modelling are discussed. The focus is on the arc plasma, and its interactions with the electrode and workpiece, in tungsten–inert-gas and metal–inert-gas welding. Areas in which the need for further work is identified include development of techniques to measure current density distributions, calculation of the distribution of different gasses in the arc plasma (for example vapours of different metallic elements when welding alloys), computational methods for modelling metal transfer, and treatments of the sheath regions. It is shown that a thorough understanding of the arc is important in welding research and development. For example, reliable calculation of the heat flux to the workpiece requires the interactions between the arc and electrodes to be considered. Computational models of welding that take into account these interactions can already predict the shape and depth of the weld pool. Extensions of these methods would enable the determination of important properties of the welded metal, such as microstructure, residual stress and distortion, raising the possibility of the development of a “virtual manufacturing” capability.

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Murphy, A.B. A Perspective on Arc Welding Research: The Importance of the Arc, Unresolved Questions and Future Directions. Plasma Chem Plasma Process 35 , 471–489 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11090-015-9620-2

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Received : 19 January 2015

Accepted : 26 February 2015

Published : 22 March 2015

Issue Date : May 2015

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s11090-015-9620-2

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Computer Science > Computation and Language

Title: realm: reference resolution as language modeling.

Abstract: Reference resolution is an important problem, one that is essential to understand and successfully handle context of different kinds. This context includes both previous turns and context that pertains to non-conversational entities, such as entities on the user's screen or those running in the background. While LLMs have been shown to be extremely powerful for a variety of tasks, their use in reference resolution, particularly for non-conversational entities, remains underutilized. This paper demonstrates how LLMs can be used to create an extremely effective system to resolve references of various types, by showing how reference resolution can be converted into a language modeling problem, despite involving forms of entities like those on screen that are not traditionally conducive to being reduced to a text-only modality. We demonstrate large improvements over an existing system with similar functionality across different types of references, with our smallest model obtaining absolute gains of over 5% for on-screen references. We also benchmark against GPT-3.5 and GPT-4, with our smallest model achieving performance comparable to that of GPT-4, and our larger models substantially outperforming it.

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Fatal Traffic Risks With a Total Solar Eclipse in the US

• 1 Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
• 2 Evaluative Clinical Science Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
• 3 Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
• 4 Division of General Internal Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
• 5 Center for Leading Injury Prevention Practice Education & Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
• 6 Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
• 7 Centre for Clinical Epidemiology & Evaluation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

A total solar eclipse occurs when the moon temporarily obscures the sun and casts a dark shadow across the earth. This astronomical spectacle has been described for more than 3 millennia and can be predicted with high precision. Eclipse-related solar retinopathy (vision loss from staring at the sun) is an established medical complication; however, other medical outcomes have received little attention. 1

Read More About

Redelmeier DA , Staples JA. Fatal Traffic Risks With a Total Solar Eclipse in the US. JAMA Intern Med. Published online March 25, 2024. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.5234

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