water and energy crisis in pakistan essay

Energy Crisis in Pakistan Essay: A Looming Challenge

• October 18, 2023

Energy plays a fundamental role in any nation’s progress, and Pakistan is no exception. In recent decades, Pakistan has been grappling with a severe energy crisis that has had far-reaching consequences on its economy, society, and environment. This essay delves into the intricacies of the energy crisis in Pakistan, its root causes, and the profound impact it has on the nation. Moreover, it outlines potential solutions, examines case studies from around the world, and sheds light on the challenges that impede progress. By the end, we aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of the energy crisis in Pakistan and the steps needed to address it.

Causes of the Energy Crisis

Impact on the economy, society, and environment, the role of different energy sources, government policies and initiatives, effects on industries and manufacturing, impact on household and agriculture, unemployment and economic instability, energy affordability and access for the poor, air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, water usage and contamination, ecological impact of energy projects, potential for renewable energy development, researched and statical data, improving energy efficiency and conservation, diversifying the energy mix, enhancing the energy infrastructure, reducing transmission and distribution losses, encouraging private sector involvement, promoting renewable energy sources, policy reforms and regulatory changes, examining successful energy initiatives in other countries, political challenges, economic constraints, technological limitations, public awareness and participation, anticipated improvements in pakistan’s energy sector, the role of innovation and technology, long-term energy sustainability goals, historical perspective on pakistan’s energy situation.

To comprehend the current energy crisis in Pakistan, it’s essential to trace its historical evolution. Over the years, Pakistan has faced a growing demand for energy, driven by its burgeoning population and industrialization. Initially, the country had a relatively stable energy sector. However, several factors contributed to the eventual crisis.

The energy crisis in Pakistan can be attributed to a multitude of factors:

• Insufficient Energy Production : One of the primary causes is the inability to generate an adequate amount of energy to meet the increasing demand. This stems from a lack of investment in the energy sector and outdated power generation facilities.
• Transmission and Distribution Losses : A significant portion of the energy generated is lost due to inefficient transmission and distribution systems. This not only exacerbates the crisis but also strains the economy.
• Dependence on Non-Renewable Energy Sources : Pakistan heavily relies on non-renewable energy sources, primarily fossil fuels, such as coal, natural gas, and oil. The dependence on these finite resources makes the energy sector vulnerable to price fluctuations and supply disruptions.
• Economic and Political Factors : Economic challenges, including circular debt in the energy sector, have impeded progress. Political factors, such as policy inconsistency and governance issues, have also played a detrimental role.

The energy crisis has far-reaching consequences:

• Economic Impact : Frequent power outages disrupt industrial operations and lead to financial losses. This hampers economic growth, foreign investment, and job creation.
• Social Implications : Households and agricultural activities suffer due to power cuts, impacting the quality of life. Access to reliable energy becomes a privilege, rather than a basic necessity.
• Environmental Consequences : Overreliance on fossil fuels results in air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Furthermore, energy projects often have adverse ecological effects.

The energy crisis in Pakistan is a complex issue with multifaceted causes and consequences. Addressing it requires a comprehensive understanding of the nation’s energy landscape.

Energy Demand and Supply Gap

As of the present day, Pakistan continues to grapple with a significant energy demand and supply gap. The rapidly growing population and increasing industrialization have driven up the need for electricity and other forms of energy. Unfortunately, the country’s energy production has not kept pace with this rising demand.

To understand the current energy scenario, it’s essential to examine the role of various energy sources:

• Fossil Fuels : Pakistan predominantly relies on fossil fuels for its energy needs. Coal, natural gas, and oil power a significant portion of the country’s energy grid. However, this dependence on non-renewable sources makes Pakistan vulnerable to international price fluctuations and supply disruptions.
• Renewable Energy : Although Pakistan has made strides in harnessing renewable energy sources such as hydro, wind, and solar power, their contribution to the overall energy mix remains relatively small. Embracing renewable energy is pivotal to achieving a more sustainable and diversified energy landscape.

The Pakistani government has taken several steps to address the energy crisis:

• Power Generation Projects : Various power generation projects have been initiated to increase the capacity and reduce the demand-supply gap. Investments in modern and efficient power plants have been made.
• Energy Conservation Measures : Efforts to promote energy conservation and efficiency include encouraging the use of energy-efficient appliances, improving building codes, and implementing energy-saving practices in industries.
• International Collaborations : Pakistan has sought international assistance and collaborations to bolster its energy sector. Agreements with other countries for the construction of power plants and infrastructure development have been established.

Despite these initiatives, the energy crisis persists, and comprehensive measures are required to bridge the gap between demand and supply.

Socioeconomic Consequences

we will explore the socioeconomic consequences of the energy crisis in Pakistan and its environmental implications, shedding light on the multifaceted nature of the problem and its pervasive impact on society and nature.

The energy crisis in Pakistan has taken a heavy toll on the industrial and manufacturing sectors. Power outages disrupt production processes, leading to financial losses and hampering economic growth. Industries struggle to meet deadlines, which can deter foreign investment and hinder the creation of new job opportunities. As a result, the lack of reliable energy has become a significant roadblock to industrial development and economic stability.

For the average citizen in Pakistan, the energy crisis translates into daily inconveniences. Frequent power cuts disrupt daily life, affecting everything from household chores to education and entertainment. In rural areas, where agriculture is a vital source of livelihood, irregular access to electricity impedes irrigation and the use of modern farming equipment. Crop yields are affected, leading to food security concerns.

The energy crisis also has repercussions on employment. Reduced industrial output and limited job opportunities in the manufacturing sector have contributed to unemployment. Moreover, the economic instability resulting from the crisis discourages investment and business growth, further exacerbating the unemployment issue.

Energy affordability is a critical concern. As energy costs rise due to the energy crisis, the poorest segments of the population struggle to meet their basic energy needs. Access to electricity and clean cooking fuels remains a challenge for many, perpetuating poverty and inequality.

The socioeconomic consequences of the energy crisis in Pakistan are profound and multifaceted, affecting individuals, industries, and the nation’s overall economic stability.

Environmental Implications

In the following we will delve into the environmental implications, including air pollution, water usage, and ecological impact, which are an integral part of this crisis.

One of the most pressing concerns related to Pakistan’s energy crisis is the environmental impact. The heavy reliance on fossil fuels, especially in the power generation sector, leads to significant air pollution. Emissions of particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides from these sources contribute to poor air quality in many urban areas.

The emission of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, from the burning of fossil fuels exacerbates global climate change. Pakistan, like the rest of the world, is experiencing the consequences of a changing climate, including more frequent and severe weather events.

Energy production in Pakistan often involves water-intensive processes. Hydroelectric power generation, for example, relies on water reservoirs, which can impact local ecosystems and water availability. Additionally, the extraction and processing of fossil fuels can contaminate water sources, posing risks to both the environment and public health.

Large-scale energy projects, whether they involve the construction of dams for hydroelectric power or coal-fired power plants, often have direct ecological consequences. Dams can alter river ecosystems and impact aquatic life, while coal mining and power plants can lead to deforestation, habitat destruction, and long-term environmental degradation.

Transitioning to renewable energy sources offers a path to mitigate many of these environmental concerns. Solar, wind, and hydroelectric power have a significantly lower environmental footprint compared to fossil fuels. Embracing these sustainable alternatives can reduce air pollution, water usage, and ecological impact while also contributing to a more sustainable energy future.

Pakistan has been facing an energy crisis for over a decade, which has had a significant impact on the country’s economy and people’s livelihoods [4] . Here are some researched and statistical data related to the Pakistan energy crisis:

• Pakistan started to face severe electricity shortages in 2006, which have worsened over time [1].
• Pakistan’s electricity shortfall is currently around 5,000 megawatts (MW) per day, and the gas shortfall is 2 billion cubic feet per day [5] .
• The energy crisis has been a major drag on the economy, with an estimated cost of 10% of the GDP over the past 5 years [4].
• The energy shortages are estimated to cost around 2% of GDP annually [5].
• The electricity demand in Pakistan has been increasing rapidly, and the country does not produce enough energy to meet demand [3].
• The renewable energy sector in Pakistan has been growing, and it has been suggested as a remedy for the energy crisis [1].
• Pakistan has a significant potential for renewable energy, including solar, wind, and hydropower [4].
• The government of Pakistan has been pursuing short-, medium-, and long-term solutions to address the energy crisis [3].
• The energy crisis in Pakistan has been a possible source of regional conflict [3].
• https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/11/9/2424
• https://www.iea.org/countries/pakistan
• https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/PW79_Pakistans_Energy_Crisis.pdf
• https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/1/423
• https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/SR375-Pakistans-Power-Crisis-The-Way-Forward.pdf

[1] https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/11/9/2424 [2] https://www.iea.org/countries/pakistan [3] https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/PW79_Pakistans_Energy_Crisis.pdf [4] https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/1/423 [5] https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/SR375-Pakistans-Power-Crisis-The-Way-Forward.pdf [6] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211467X2200013X

Solutions and Recommendations

In the following, we will explore potential solutions to the energy crisis in Pakistan, including strategies to improve energy efficiency, diversify the energy mix, enhance infrastructure, and promote renewable energy sources. Addressing these environmental concerns is an integral part of any comprehensive solution to the crisis.

Efforts to improve energy efficiency and conservation are pivotal in addressing the energy crisis. This includes:

• Promoting Energy-Efficient Technologies : Encouraging the use of energy-efficient appliances, industrial processes, and building designs can significantly reduce energy consumption.
• Energy Audits and Management : Conducting energy audits and implementing effective energy management systems in industries and institutions can identify areas of waste and inefficiency.

To reduce Pakistan’s vulnerability to fossil fuel price fluctuations and supply disruptions, diversification of the energy mix is essential. This involves:

• Expanding Renewable Energy : Scaling up the use of renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and hydropower can provide a more stable and sustainable energy supply.
• Nuclear Energy : Exploring the potential for nuclear energy can provide a reliable source of power, though this comes with its own set of challenges, including safety and waste management.

Investing in infrastructure improvements is crucial for ensuring a reliable energy supply. This includes:

• Upgrading Transmission and Distribution Systems : Reducing losses in the transmission and distribution of electricity can help bridge the demand-supply gap.
• Grid Modernization : Implementing a modern smart grid system can improve energy distribution and reduce waste.

A significant portion of the energy crisis is due to losses in the transmission and distribution of electricity. Measures to address this issue include:

• Technical Upgrades : Modernizing and upgrading the existing infrastructure to minimize losses.
• Loss Monitoring and Management : Implementing systems to continuously monitor and manage losses to prevent theft and inefficiencies.

The private sector can play a crucial role in addressing the energy crisis. The government should create an enabling environment for private investment by offering incentives and removing regulatory barriers.

Government policies should encourage and support the growth of renewable energy:

• Incentives : Providing financial incentives, such as tax breaks and subsidies, to entities investing in renewable energy projects.
• Net Metering : Implementing net metering policies to allow individuals and businesses to feed excess renewable energy back into the grid.

Addressing the energy crisis in Pakistan requires significant policy reforms:

• Energy Pricing : Rationalizing energy prices to reflect true costs can reduce inefficiency and wastage.
• Policy Consistency : Ensuring consistency in energy policies to attract investment and promote long-term planning.

Case Studies

In the following, we will explore international case studies to draw valuable lessons from successful energy initiatives around the world. These lessons can provide valuable insights for Pakistan as it works towards addressing its energy crisis.

To address the energy crisis in Pakistan, it’s valuable to draw insights from successful energy initiatives in other nations. Several countries have effectively managed their energy challenges and can serve as models for Pakistan’s energy reform efforts.

• Germany’s Energiewende : Germany’s transition to renewable energy, known as “Energiewende,” has shown that a commitment to renewables and energy efficiency can reduce carbon emissions and create a sustainable energy future.
• China’s Renewable Energy Expansion : China’s aggressive investment in renewable energy, particularly in solar and wind, demonstrates the potential for rapid growth in these sectors.
• Norway’s Hydroelectric Power : Norway’s extensive use of hydroelectric power provides a model for effective utilization of renewable energy sources, which Pakistan can also tap into given its geographical features.
• South Korea’s Nuclear Energy : South Korea’s experience in developing and managing nuclear power can offer insights into safe and efficient nuclear energy utilization.

By studying these case studies and adopting successful strategies, Pakistan can chart a more sustainable and resilient energy future.

Challenges and Barriers

In this we will delve into the challenges and barriers that impede Pakistan’s progress in addressing the energy crisis. Understanding these challenges is crucial to developing effective solutions.

Political instability, lack of consensus on energy policies, and reluctance to implement necessary reforms can hinder progress. Addressing these issues requires strong leadership and bipartisan cooperation.

The economic challenges associated with circular debt, subsidies, and financial mismanagement in the energy sector are significant hurdles. Resolving these issues will require careful financial planning and structural reforms.

The outdated infrastructure and technology in the energy sector need substantial upgrades. Embracing modern technology and innovation is vital to enhancing efficiency and reducing losses.

Engaging the public in energy conservation and sustainable practices is essential. Public awareness campaigns and education can foster a culture of responsible energy use.

Future Outlook

In the final we will explore the future outlook for Pakistan’s energy sector, highlighting anticipated improvements, the role of innovation and technology, and long-term energy sustainability goals.

Despite the formidable challenges, there is room for optimism regarding Pakistan’s energy future. Several developments are expected to improve the energy landscape in the coming years:

• Investment : Increasing domestic and foreign investments in the energy sector, coupled with better financial management, can help alleviate economic constraints and spur infrastructure development.
• Policy Reforms : Ongoing policy reforms and consistency in energy policies can provide a conducive environment for the private sector and facilitate the transition to cleaner and more sustainable energy sources.
• Technological Advancements : The integration of advanced technologies, such as smart grids and energy storage solutions, can enhance the efficiency and reliability of energy distribution.
• International Support : Collaborations with other nations and international organizations can bring expertise, funding, and technical assistance to Pakistan’s energy projects.

Innovation and technology will play a pivotal role in shaping Pakistan’s energy sector:

• Renewable Energy Innovations : Advances in solar and wind energy technologies are making these sources more affordable and efficient, making them increasingly viable for Pakistan’s energy needs.
• Smart Grids and Energy Storage : Smart grid technology can improve the management and distribution of energy, while energy storage solutions can help mitigate supply challenges.
• Clean Energy Research : Ongoing research into cleaner and more efficient energy production methods can accelerate Pakistan’s transition towards a more sustainable energy mix.

Looking ahead, Pakistan must establish long-term sustainability goals for its energy sector:

• Reducing Emissions : Committing to lower greenhouse gas emissions through the increased use of renewables and more efficient energy generation methods.
• Energy Access for All : Ensuring universal access to reliable and affordable energy, particularly for the underprivileged, is a crucial long-term goal.
• Resource Diversification : A diversified energy mix that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and promotes renewables is pivotal for long-term sustainability.

The energy crisis in Pakistan is a complex challenge with profound implications. However, with a strategic approach that includes policy reforms, technological innovation, and international collaboration, Pakistan can transition towards a more sustainable, reliable, and efficient energy system that benefits its economy, society, and environment. It is imperative for the nation to work towards these goals to secure a brighter energy future for its citizens.

Welcome to the official author account of words.pk! I am a passionate writer and researcher who loves exploring the rich and diverse culture of Pakistan. Through my writing, I aim to showcase the beauty and complexity of this vibrant nation, from its history and traditions to its art, music, cuisine, and more. With years of experience in blogging, and content creation, I have honed my skills in storytelling and crafting compelling narratives that captivate readers

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The Indus Water Treaty talks between India and Pakistan had been in limbo since India abrogated special status  (Article 370) of the occupied Kashmir and usurped  hereditary rights(Article 35-A) of its permanent citizens. Following peace on the line of control, the two countries, water commissioners of the two countries held a meeting in March 2021 (though supposed to be held in 2019) to resolve outstanding issues. The main focus was on Pakistan’s objections to design of Indian hydropower projects on the Chenab River. India is building the 1,000 MW Pakal Dul Hydro Electric Project on river Marusudar, a tributary of the Chenab. The project is located in Kishtwar district of Jammu & Kashmir. The second project, Lower Kalnai, is being developed on the Chenab River.

The meeting was delayed because of India’s pugnacious attitude (surgical strikes, cartographic aggression on Kashmir, etc.).

The Indus Waters Treaty is a water-sharing treaty between India and Pakistan, facilitated by the World Bank, to use the water available in the Indus River and its tributaries. The treaty allocated the waters of the western rivers that are the Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab to Pakistan and those of the eastern rivers, namely the Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej, to India. According to provisions of the Indus Waters Treaty, all the waters of the Eastern Rivers (Sutlej, Beas, and Ravi), amounting to around 33 million acre feet (MAF) annually, is allocated to India for unrestricted use and the waters of the Western rivers (Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab) amounting to around 135 MAF annually largely to Pakistan. Under the treaty, India has been given the right to generate hydroelectricity through run-of-the-river projects on the western rivers, subject to specific criteria for design and operation.

The treaty also envisaged funding and building of dams, link canals, barrages, and tube wells like the Tarbela Dam on the Indus River and the Mangla Dam on the Jhelum River.

Since time immemorial, the Indus-river system has been used for irrigation in undivided India. However modern irrigation- engineering work was initiated dating 1850s during the British rule. The treaty was necessitated by partition of India into the dominions of India and Pakistan in 1947.

The fruition of the treaty is attributed to David Lilienthal, former head of both the Tennessee Valley Authority and the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.

After six years of talks, Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Pakistani President Mohammad Ayub Khan signed the Indus Waters Treaty in September 1960. The Indus-water treaty required the creation of a Permanent Indus Commission, with a commissioner from each country, to resolve e any difference of opinion on architecture, design, and other aspects of the dams that the two countries may build on the allocated rivers. Aside from bellicose statements to scrap the treaty, the Indus treaty remained intact though the two countries fought many wars.

In 2017, India completed the building of the Kishanganga dam in occupied Kashmir and continued work on the Ratle hydroelectric power station on the Chenab River despite Pakistan’s objections.

In post-Ayub era, Pakistan was not able to make progress on making new dams particularly the Kalabagh Dam. The construction of the dam was delayed owing to frivolous objections raised by the three provinces that are Sindh, Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

Instead of trying to evolve consensus on the vital water projects, Pakistan’s politicians remained engrossed in pettifoggery or machinations to pull down whichever government happened to be in power. 

Necessity of the Kalabagh Dam

This project was approved by the Technical Committee on Water Resources during 2003-2005. However, the feasibility report has not been implemented for over 15 years.  Now three of the four provinces (excluding the Punjab) are at daggers drawn over it. The fact however remains that the inter-provincial committee was composed of eight technical experts, two from each province.

The Committee also looked into all aspects including the effect of dilution of seawater with fresh water, seawater intrusion into the groundwater, riverine irrigation, and forests fisheries (Pala fish, shrimp, kharif and rabi cultivation), besides growth of Mangrove forests. The project had already been  approved by the World Bank Indus Special Study Group in its report titled Development of Water and Power Resources of Pakistan: A Sectoral Analysis (1967) . The estimated cost, then, was US$6.12 billion, over six years from 1977 to 1982.

After commissioning of Tarbela Dam in 1976, the dam could have been built in six years by 1982. The cost per unit of 12 billion units, the KBD hydel electricity was Rs1.5 as compared to Rs16.5 per unit from thermal sources.

The dam was to serve as a receptacle to store monsoon flows of the upper reaches of the mighty Indus.

Our power shortage then was 4000-5000 MW. The estimated cost of constructing the dam was US$6.12 billion, over six years from 1977 to 1982. After commissioning of Tarbela Dam in 1976, the dam could have been built in six years by 1982. The cost per unit of 12 billion units the hydel electricity was Rs.1.5 as compared to Rs. 16.5 per unit from thermal sources. We are losing Rs. 180 billion per year due to ten time costlier production (12billion xRs.15 billion). Add to it loss of US$ 6.12 billion per annum from due to the superfluous flow of 30 million Acre Feet at of water from Kotri Barrage into the Arabian Sea (one MAF valued at US$1-1.5 billion).

Our water resources reserves have not risen  pari pas su with growth in population, 32.4 million in 1948 to 154.6 million in 2005, and 207.8 million in 2017. In   kharif season, rivers flow at 84 percent while only 40 percent during the rabi season. The present water storage capacity in Pakistan is hardly 11.77million acres per feet (MAF) that is about only eight percent of the annual flow.

Factors of water crisis

Three provincial assemblies resolved against building the KBD. A politician alleged the dam would convert Sind into a desert. Apprehensions against the dam could be allayed by reviewing Water Apportionment Accord (as directed by Lahore High Court also vide its Order dated November 29, 2012, case no. WP 8777). No justification to kill the goose that lays the golden eggs.

Losses due to delay

The losses due to the delays in the project have soared up to Rs180 billion a year due to its 10-time costlier construction (1990 estimate).  Added to it is the loss of $6.12 billion per annum due to superfluous flow of 30 million acre feet of water from Kotri Barrage into the Arabian Sea. In mangrove season, rivers flow at 84 per cent while only at 40 per cent during Rabi season. The present water storage capacity in Pakistan is hardly 11.77MAF that is only about eight per cent of the annual flow.

Legislative assemblies of three of our provinces, barring the Punjab province, have been bitterly opposing construction of the Kala Bagh Dam. Are they justified? To answer the question we have to look into various aspects of the construction of the dam, particularly feasibility and repercussions of constructing the dam. After enactment of the Eighteenth amendment, building of dams is now a provincial subject. The fact however remains that water security is more a national subject than a provincial one.

Debate about pros and cons

 The construction of Kalabagh dam is predicted to supply over 4 million acre-feet additional water to Sindh. While explaining benefits of Kalabagh Dam, WAPDA engineer Shamsul Mulk stated that China would be generating around 30,000 megawatts of electricity from dams. “Even India has more than 4,000 dams,” he said. “We lose billions due to the non-construction of dams.”

Concluding remarks

The opposition to the Kalabagh Dam is whimsical rooted in political rhetoric. According to the United Nations’ forecast, water scarcity would be Pakistan’s greatest problem in current century.

The country has been in the grip of a severe energy crisis for several years. No one even talks about Kalabagh Dam. Towards the end of the 1980s, Pakistan met 70 percent of its energy needs from hydel (hydroelectric) power and 30 percent from thermal energy. By 2012-13, Pakistan became dependent on thermal energy generated from costly furnace oil and diesel by up to 44 percent, with the remaining 56 percent being generated from other, mainly thermal, sources. This change had a cascading effect on prices and the consumers’ bills skyrocketed.

Hydel energy remains largely neglected, despite its low production cost. Many public sector electricity generation plants have outlived their utility. Without cheaper electricity, circular debt will continue to mount. Circular debt, accumulated in the power sector, is a handy excuse for the energy crisis. This debt piles up when downstream customers fail to pay their bills to upstream suppliers (or producers) in time. Who are the defaulters? They include not only ordinary citizens, but also the provinces, the public sector, influential corporations and powerful individuals (including political tycoons). To continue supplying power, the thermal producer has to borrow (and later pay interest charges and repay the contracted loan) and find alternative financial sources, unless the government makes the bounteous payment. The solution is simple: power distribution companies should promptly pay their dues to the generation companies.

However, circular debt is only the tip of the iceberg. There are many other factors blighting the energy scenario. The government needs to evolve a policy in which the power sector is prioritized.

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Water & Energy Crisis in Pakistan

ESSAY OUTLINE

1: Introduction

a. Brief overview of Pakistan’s water and energy situation b. Importance of water and energy resources for Pakistan’s development c. Thesis statement: The essay will explore the interconnected challenges of the water and energy crisis in Pakistan and their impact on the nation’s economic and social development.

2: Background

a. Current state of water resources in Pakistan 1. Rivers and water availability 2. Groundwater depletion and over-extraction

b. Energy situation in Pakistan 1. Dependency on fossil fuels 2. Insufficient energy production capacity

3: The Interconnection between Water and Energy

a. Role of water in energy production 1. Hydropower generation 2. Thermal power plants and water consumption

b. Energy requirements for water management 1. Water pumping and distribution 2. Desalination and water treatment processes

4: Major Challenges

a. Climate change impact on water resources 1. Irregular rainfall patterns and droughts 2. Glacial melt and its consequences

b. Inefficient agricultural practices 1. Overreliance on water-intensive crops 2. Lack of modern irrigation systems

c. Aging and inadequate energy infrastructure 1. Transmission and distribution losses 2. Limited investment in renewable energy

5: Socioeconomic Implications

a. Water scarcity and its effects on agriculture 1. Food security concerns 2. Rural livelihoods and poverty

b. Energy crisis and industrial growth 1. Impact on manufacturing and exports 2. Unemployment and economic instability

6: Government Policies and Initiatives

a. Water management strategies 1. Water conservation and storage projects 2. Rainwater harvesting and recharging aquifers

b. Energy diversification and renewable energy promotion 1. Investment in solar and wind power 2. Incentives for private sector participation

7: The Role of International Cooperation

a. Bilateral and multilateral agreements b. Foreign aid and investment in water and energy projects c. Knowledge sharing and technology transfer

8: Solutions for a Sustainable Future

a. Integrated water and energy planning b. Adoption of modern agricultural practices c. Renewable energy integration and grid modernization d. Public awareness and community involvement

9: Conclusion

a. Recap of the water and energy crisis in Pakistan b. Emphasis on the urgent need for sustainable solutions c. Hope for a brighter future through collective efforts and responsible management of resources.

Pakistan, a country with a population of over 220 million, faces significant challenges in managing its water and energy resources. Water scarcity and an energy crisis have become pressing issues that pose serious threats to the nation’s development and prosperity. Pakistan’s water sources primarily depend on the Indus River system, but factors such as climate change, over-extraction, and inefficient water management practices have led to a critical water shortage. Concurrently, the energy sector heavily relies on fossil fuels, leading to an inadequate energy supply and widespread blackouts, hindering economic growth and social well-being.

Water and energy resources are the backbone of any country’s development, and their importance for Pakistan cannot be overstated. Water is vital for agricultural activities, which employ a significant portion of the population and contribute significantly to the country’s GDP. It is also crucial for industrial processes, domestic use, and sustaining ecosystems. Similarly, energy is essential for driving economic growth, powering industries, improving living standards, and providing essential services like healthcare and education. A reliable and sustainable supply of water and energy is indispensable for Pakistan’s progress and achieving its socio-economic goals.

In this essay, we will delve into the complex interplay between Pakistan’s water and energy crises. By examining the current state of water and energy resources, understanding their interdependence, and analyzing the challenges they face, we can gain insights into their combined impact on Pakistan’s economic growth, agricultural productivity, industrial development, and overall social welfare. Furthermore, we will explore potential solutions and the importance of sustainable practices to mitigate these crises and ensure a prosperous and sustainable future for Pakistan.

Pakistan’s water resources mainly rely on the Indus River system, which comprises the Indus River and its tributaries. The Indus River is the lifeline of the country, providing water to support various sectors, including agriculture, industry, and domestic use. However, due to climate change, irregular rainfall patterns, and increasing temperatures, the flow of water in the rivers has become unpredictable and insufficient to meet growing demands.

In addition to surface water, groundwater plays a crucial role in sustaining agriculture and providing drinking water in many areas of Pakistan. Unfortunately, excessive extraction of groundwater has led to its depletion in several regions. Unregulated pumping, particularly for agricultural purposes, has caused a decline in the water table, resulting in the drying up of wells and posing a significant threat to water security.

Energy situation in Pakistan are

1. Dependency on fossil fuels:

Pakistan heavily depends on fossil fuels, primarily oil and natural gas, to meet its energy needs. These non-renewable resources are finite and subject to price fluctuations in the international market. Relying predominantly on fossil fuels makes the energy sector vulnerable to supply disruptions and makes it challenging to achieve energy security and sustainability.

2. Insufficient energy production capacity:

Despite the increasing demand for electricity and energy, Pakistan’s energy production capacity falls short of meeting the needs of its population and industries. Frequent power outages and load shedding have become a common occurrence, severely affecting businesses and the daily lives of citizens. The lack of sufficient energy generation capacity hampers economic growth and discourages foreign investment.

In summary, Pakistan faces critical challenges in managing its water resources, exacerbated by climate change and excessive groundwater extraction. The energy sector’s heavy reliance on fossil fuels and the inadequacy of energy production capacity further compound the country’s water and energy crisis, leading to adverse effects on various sectors of the economy and the overall well-being of its citizens. Addressing these challenges requires a comprehensive and sustainable approach to ensure a secure and prosperous future for Pakistan.

Role of water in energy production are

1. Hydropower generation:

Water plays a fundamental role in hydropower generation, which is a significant source of electricity in Pakistan. Hydropower plants harness the energy of flowing water to produce electricity. The water stored in reservoirs behind dams is released through turbines, converting the water’s kinetic energy into mechanical energy that drives the generators. The amount of electricity generated depends on the water flow rate and the height from which the water falls, making it essential to maintain sufficient water levels in reservoirs to ensure consistent hydropower production.

2. Thermal power plants and water consumption:

Thermal power plants, which predominantly use fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas, also heavily rely on water for cooling and steam generation. Water is used as a coolant in the condenser, where steam from the turbine is condensed back into water for reuse. Additionally, water is heated to produce steam that drives the turbines. The energy sector’s dependence on thermal power plants necessitates significant water consumption, further straining the already limited water resources in Pakistan.

Energy requirements for water management are

1. Water pumping and distribution:

Efficient water management requires pumping water from various sources, such as rivers and wells, to reservoirs or treatment plants and further distributing it to consumers. These pumping operations demand a substantial amount of energy, primarily in the form of electricity. The availability of water for distribution is closely linked to the energy supply, making the reliability of water distribution systems vulnerable to energy shortages or interruptions.

2. Desalination and water treatment processes:

In regions facing water scarcity or with poor water quality, desalination and water treatment processes become crucial to provide clean and usable water. Desalination, which converts seawater into freshwater, and various water treatment methods consume considerable energy. Pakistan’s water-scarce coastal areas may resort to desalination to address water shortages, but this further escalates the energy-water nexus.

The interconnection between water and energy in Pakistan is evident as water is indispensable for power generation, while energy is essential for water management and treatment. The reliance on hydropower and thermal power plants for electricity production highlights the necessity of adequate water resources for sustainable energy generation. Conversely, the energy sector’s demands for pumping and treating water accentuate the importance of a stable energy supply for efficient water management. To address the water and energy crisis effectively, a holistic approach that considers the intricate relationship between these resources is imperative. Implementing sustainable practices, promoting renewable energy, and improving water management are key steps to achieving a balanced and resilient energy-water nexus in Pakistan.

Climate change impact on water resources are

1. Irregular rainfall patterns and droughts:

Climate change has disrupted traditional rainfall patterns in Pakistan, leading to irregular and unpredictable precipitation. As a result, some regions experience prolonged dry periods and droughts, significantly reducing the availability of surface water for agriculture, industry, and domestic use. This poses a severe challenge to water security and exacerbates water scarcity in already water-stressed areas.

2. Glacial melt and its consequences:

Pakistan’s major rivers are heavily dependent on glacial meltwater from the Himalayas and Karakoram ranges. With rising global temperatures, glaciers are melting at an accelerated rate, causing increased river flows initially, but leading to reduced water supply in the long term as the glaciers deplete. The dependency on glacial meltwater makes the country vulnerable to potential water shortages and altered river dynamics, affecting water availability throughout the year.

Inefficient agricultural practices are

1. Overreliance on water-intensive crops:

Pakistan’s agricultural sector consumes the lion’s share of water resources, with many farmers relying on water-intensive crops such as rice and sugarcane. These crops demand excessive amounts of water for irrigation, leading to wasteful water use and exacerbating the water crisis. Shifting to more water-efficient crops and implementing modern irrigation techniques can help optimize water usage in agriculture.

2. Lack of modern irrigation systems:

Traditional flood irrigation, widely used in Pakistan, is inefficient and leads to water wastage due to evaporation and runoff. The absence of modern irrigation systems like drip irrigation and sprinklers hinders water conservation efforts. Implementing these advanced irrigation methods can significantly reduce water consumption in agriculture and improve water use efficiency.

Aging and inadequate energy infrastructure are

1. Transmission and distribution losses:

Pakistan’s energy sector faces considerable losses during the transmission and distribution of electricity. Aging and poorly maintained power grids result in technical losses, where electricity dissipates as heat during transmission. Additionally, non-technical losses, such as theft and billing inefficiencies, contribute to further energy wastage. These losses strain the already limited energy supply, leading to frequent blackouts and energy shortages.

2. Limited investment in renewable energy:

While renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and hydroelectric have immense potential in Pakistan, there has been relatively slow progress in their adoption due to limited investment and policy support. The country continues to heavily rely on fossil fuels, hindering the transition to a more sustainable and environmentally friendly energy mix. Greater investment and policy incentives are needed to accelerate the integration of renewable energy into the national grid.

In conclusion, Pakistan faces a complex set of challenges in managing its water and energy resources. Climate change impacts, inefficient agricultural practices, and the aging energy infrastructure all contribute to the water and energy crisis. Addressing these challenges requires comprehensive strategies that promote water conservation, adoption of water-efficient practices in agriculture, and investments in renewable energy sources. Sustainable management of water and energy resources is crucial to ensure a secure and prosperous future for Pakistan.

Water scarcity and its effects on agriculture are due to

1. Food security concerns:

Water scarcity poses a significant threat to Pakistan’s food security. Agriculture, being the backbone of the economy, heavily relies on irrigation water to cultivate crops. With limited water availability, farmers struggle to irrigate their fields adequately, leading to reduced crop yields and agricultural productivity. Insufficient food production can result in higher food prices, food shortages, and increased reliance on food imports, thereby affecting the overall food security of the nation.

2. Rural livelihoods and poverty:

Agriculture employs a substantial portion of Pakistan’s rural population, and water scarcity directly impacts the livelihoods of farmers and rural communities. Reduced crop yields and income instability can push rural families into poverty, exacerbating socio-economic disparities. Furthermore, the lack of water for irrigation can force rural communities to migrate to urban areas in search of livelihood opportunities, adding pressure on already crowded cities and leading to unplanned urbanization.

Energy crisis and industrial growth are caused due to

1. Impact on manufacturing and exports:

The energy crisis in Pakistan, characterized by frequent blackouts and energy shortages, severely affects the industrial sector. Manufacturing industries heavily reliant on consistent electricity supply experience disruptions in production processes, leading to lower output and reduced competitiveness. The lack of energy security can deter foreign investors and hinder industrial growth, impacting Pakistan’s ability to export goods and participate effectively in the global market.

2. Unemployment and economic instability:

Energy shortages contribute to unemployment and economic instability in Pakistan. Industries forced to reduce production or shut down operations due to power outages may lay off workers, leading to increased unemployment rates. The loss of jobs, combined with decreased economic activity, can result in social unrest and economic uncertainty, adversely impacting the overall well-being of the population.

In summary, the water and energy crises in Pakistan have severe socioeconomic implications. Water scarcity affects agriculture, leading to concerns about food security and threatening the livelihoods of rural communities. The energy crisis impacts industrial growth, manufacturing, and exports, contributing to unemployment and economic instability. Addressing these challenges requires integrated and sustainable solutions that promote efficient water management, water conservation in agriculture, and investment in renewable energy sources. A comprehensive approach to tackling these issues is crucial to safeguarding the livelihoods of the population and fostering economic prosperity in Pakistan.

Water management strategies are

1. Water conservation and storage projects:

To address water scarcity and improve water management, the Pakistani government can implement water conservation measures. This includes promoting efficient irrigation practices such as drip and sprinkler systems in agriculture to reduce water wastage. Furthermore, the construction of new reservoirs and the maintenance of existing ones can enhance water storage capacity, allowing for better regulation and distribution of water resources throughout the year.

2. Rainwater harvesting and recharging aquifers:

Encouraging rainwater harvesting at the individual and community levels can help capture and store rainwater for future use. Additionally, recharging aquifers through artificial recharge methods, such as using excess surface water during wet seasons, can help replenish underground water resources. These initiatives can play a significant role in augmenting water supplies and mitigating the impact of water scarcity.

Energy diversification and renewable energy promotion can curb the issues by

1. Investment in solar and wind power:

The government can focus on diversifying the energy mix by investing in renewable energy sources like solar and wind power. Pakistan has abundant solar and wind resources, making it an ideal candidate for large-scale renewable energy projects. By encouraging investments in solar and wind farms, the country can reduce its reliance on fossil fuels and achieve a more sustainable and eco-friendly energy supply.

2. Incentives for private sector participation:

To accelerate the adoption of renewable energy, the government can offer attractive incentives to private companies to invest in renewable energy projects. These incentives may include tax breaks, subsidies, and favorable tariffs for renewable energy producers. Such measures can stimulate private sector participation in the energy sector and boost the growth of renewable energy infrastructure in the country.

By implementing these policies and initiatives, Pakistan can make significant progress in mitigating the water and energy crises. Effective water management strategies will enhance water availability and security, while energy diversification and promotion of renewable energy will bolster the energy sector’s resilience and sustainability. Collaboration between the government, private sector, and the public is essential to successfully implement these measures and ensure a brighter and more sustainable future for Pakistan.

International cooperation through bilateral and multilateral agreements plays a crucial role in addressing Pakistan’s water and energy challenges. Collaborating with neighboring countries and international organizations allows Pakistan to manage shared water resources effectively. Bilateral agreements on river water sharing can help promote equitable distribution and prevent disputes over transboundary water sources. Additionally, participating in multilateral forums and agreements enables Pakistan to access technical expertise, share best practices, and work towards regional solutions for water and energy management.

International support in the form of foreign aid and investment can significantly contribute to Pakistan’s efforts in tackling the water and energy crisis. Financial assistance from donor countries and international organizations can fund the construction of water infrastructure, such as dams and reservoirs, to enhance water storage capacity and ensure a stable water supply. Similarly, foreign investment in renewable energy projects, such as solar and wind farms, can bolster the country’s energy diversification efforts and increase the share of clean and sustainable energy in the national grid.

International cooperation facilitates knowledge sharing and technology transfer, enabling Pakistan to benefit from the experiences of other countries in managing water and energy resources. Partnering with technologically advanced nations allows Pakistan to access innovative water conservation and energy efficiency technologies. Knowledge exchange and capacity building workshops can help train local professionals and policymakers in the best practices for sustainable water and energy management. Moreover, international collaborations in research and development can lead to the discovery of new technologies and solutions to address the challenges at hand.

By actively engaging in international cooperation, Pakistan can leverage the expertise, resources, and support of the global community to address its water and energy challenges more effectively. Collaborative efforts with neighboring countries and international partners can foster a more integrated and holistic approach to water and energy management, promoting sustainable development and ensuring a better future for Pakistan and the broader region.

To ensure a sustainable future, Pakistan must adopt an integrated approach to water and energy planning. This involves developing strategies that consider the interdependence between water and energy resources. Government agencies responsible for water and energy management should collaborate closely to optimize resource allocation, prioritize water-efficient energy production, and promote the use of renewable energy sources. Integrated planning will enhance water and energy security, minimize wastage, and foster a balanced approach to resource management.

Modernizing agricultural practices is essential to address the water crisis in Pakistan. Encouraging farmers to shift from water-intensive crops to more drought-resistant and water-efficient varieties can significantly reduce water consumption in agriculture. Implementing advanced irrigation technologies like drip irrigation and sprinklers can further optimize water usage and improve crop yields. Additionally, promoting agricultural practices that focus on soil health and water conservation, such as conservation agriculture, can enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability.

Transitioning to a cleaner and more sustainable energy mix is critical for Pakistan’s energy future. The government should prioritize the integration of renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and hydroelectric power into the national grid. Incentives for private investments in renewable energy projects can accelerate their adoption. Simultaneously, the modernization of the energy grid is essential to improve efficiency, reduce transmission losses, and enhance the grid’s capacity to handle variable renewable energy sources.

Public awareness and community involvement are crucial for the success of sustainable solutions. Educational campaigns can raise awareness about the importance of water and energy conservation and encourage responsible consumption practices among citizens. Engaging communities in water and energy management initiatives can lead to grassroots efforts to address local challenges and foster a sense of ownership and responsibility. Community-driven projects, such as rainwater harvesting and solar panel installations, can empower individuals and communities to actively contribute to sustainable practices.

By implementing these solutions, Pakistan can move towards a more sustainable future. Integrated planning will optimize water and energy usage, ensuring a reliable and balanced resource supply. Modern agricultural practices will promote water-efficient farming, enhancing food security and rural livelihoods. Renewable energy integration and grid modernization will contribute to a cleaner and more resilient energy sector. Finally, public awareness and community involvement will create a collective commitment to sustainability, fostering a brighter and greener future for Pakistan and its people.

In conclusion, Pakistan faces a critical water and energy crisis, with both resources interlinked and facing various challenges. The country’s water resources suffer from irregular rainfall patterns, glacial melt, and inefficient water management practices, leading to water scarcity and depletion of groundwater. On the other hand, the energy sector heavily relies on fossil fuels, leading to an inadequate energy supply and an unstable power grid, causing frequent blackouts and hindering industrial growth.

The water and energy challenges in Pakistan pose significant threats to the nation’s socio-economic development and environmental well-being. As the population continues to grow, the demand for water and energy will only increase, exacerbating the existing crisis. It is imperative for Pakistan to address these issues urgently and adopt sustainable solutions to ensure a better quality of life for its citizens and protect its natural resources for future generations.

Despite the challenges, there is hope for a brighter future. By embracing integrated water and energy planning, adopting modern agricultural practices, promoting renewable energy integration, and involving communities in sustainable initiatives, Pakistan can pave the way towards a more resilient and sustainable future. International cooperation, bilateral agreements, and foreign investments also play a vital role in supporting Pakistan’s efforts to manage its water and energy resources more effectively.

Collective efforts, involving the government, private sector, civil society, and the public, are essential in tackling the water and energy crisis. Responsible management of resources, along with public awareness and community involvement, will create a culture of conservation and sustainability. Through these joint endeavors, Pakistan can overcome its water and energy challenges and move towards a future where water and energy are abundant, accessible, and used wisely.

In conclusion, by acknowledging the seriousness of the situation and acting decisively, Pakistan can chart a sustainable path, ensuring a prosperous and harmonious future for the nation. The journey to resolve the water and energy crisis may be challenging, but with determination, innovation, and global cooperation, a brighter future is within reach. It is time to take action and collectively work towards a more sustainable Pakistan.

This topic was part of CSS exam of essay paper of 2003 under the topic “Dilemma of the water and energy crisis in Pakistan” ( CSS PAST PAPERS 2003 )

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Essay on Water Crisis and Water Shortage in Pakistan with Outline

• November 27, 2023

Kainat Shakeel

Water, a precious resource sustaining life on our earth, is facing an extremity in the colorful corridor of the world. One similar region scuffling with a severe water deficit is Pakistan. In this essay, we claw into the causes, impacts, and implicit results of the water extremity in Pakistan, aiming to exfoliate light on a critical issue that demands immediate attention.  

 The term” water extremity” refers to a situation where the vacuity of water falls short of the demand, leading to severe consequences for ecosystems, mortal health, and profitable stability.

Importance of Addressing Water deficit in Pakistan:

 Pakistan, an agricultural frugality heavily reliant on irrigation, faces dire consequences due to water failure. It not only affects husbandry but also poses trouble to the overall well-being of the nation.

Causes of Water Crisis in Pakistan:

• Population Growth:  The exponential growth of Pakistan’s population intensifies the water demand, placing immense pressure on water coffers.
• Climate Change:  Changing climate patterns, including irregular downfall and rising temperatures, contribute to the reduction of water sources, aggravating the extremity.
• Mismanagement of Water coffers:  Inefficient use and misallocation of water coffers further aggravate the problem, emphasizing the need for better governance and resource operation.

Impact on Agriculture:

• Reduced Crop Yields:  inadequate water for irrigation leads to reduced crop yields, directly impacting the livelihoods of growers and the nation’s food security.  
• Economic Consequences:  The decline in agrarian productivity due to water failure has far-reaching profitable counteraccusations, affecting both pastoral and civic populations.

Water Scarcity in Urban Areas:

• Unequal Distribution:  Civic areas frequently witness the unstable distribution of water coffers, with certain regions facing further acute deaths than others.
• Increased Demand:  Rapid urbanization and population growth in metropolises elevate the water demand, straining structures and coffers.

Results of the Palliate Water Crisis:

• Improved Water Management

Implementing effective water operation practices, including better irrigation ways and conservation sweats, is pivotal to addressing the extremity.

• Investment in Water structure 

 Acceptable investment in water structure, similar to heads and budgets, can enhance water storehouse capacity and distribution.

• Public Awareness and Education 

 Educating the public about responsible water operation and the significance of conservation plays a vital part in mollifying the extremity.

Role of the Government and NGOs:

• Policy perpetration 

 Governments must apply and apply programs that regulate water use and promote sustainable practices.

• Collaborative sweats 

Collaboration between governmental bodies and non-governmental associations( NGOs) is essential for a comprehensive and effective approach to resolving the water extremity.

Sustainable Practices:

• Rainwater Harvesting 

Encouraging the relinquishment of rainwater harvesting ways in individual and community situations can contribute significantly to water conservation.

• Effective Water Use Technologies 

Embracing advanced technologies for effective water use in husbandry and civic settings is pivotal for sustainable water operation.

Future Prospects:

• Long-Term Strategies 

Developing and enforcing long-term strategies that address the root causes of the water extremity will be necessary for securing a water-sustainable future for Pakistan.

• Global Perspectives on Water Crisis 

Understanding and learning from global sweat to combat water failure can give precious perceptivity and results applicable to Pakistan’s environment.

 In conclusion, the water extremity in Pakistan is a multifaceted challenge that demands immediate attention and combined sweat. By addressing its root causes, enforcing sustainable practices, and fostering collaboration between stakeholders, there’s a stopgap for a water-secure future for the nation.

Conclusion:

In the face of the water extremity, collaborative action is imperative to secure a sustainable future for Pakistan. By enforcing comprehensive strategies, fostering mindfulness, and embracing innovative results, the nation can overcome the challenges posed by water failure.

Kainat Shakeel is a versatile Content Writer Head and Digital Marketer with a keen understanding of tech news, digital market trends, fashion, technology, laws, and regulations. As a storyteller in the digital realm, she weaves narratives that bridge the gap between technology and human experiences. With a passion for staying at the forefront of industry trends, her blog is a curated space where the worlds of fashion, tech, and legal landscapes converge.

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The Nation: Dealing with Pakistan’s growing water insecurity

Water insecurity is already imposing significant social, environmental, and economic development challenges for pakistan..

Water insecurity is already imposing significant social, environmental, and economic development challenges for Pakistan. In recent years, climate-induced disasters (floods and droughts) have highlighted the urgency to introduce climate-resilient solutions for improved water governance at all levels. In 1980, Pakistan had a relatively abundant supply of water. In 2000, Pakistan had become water-stressed and by 2035, Pakistan is predicted to have become water scarce. In addition, COVID-19 has underscored the importance of strengthening the resilience of potable water supply systems. Thus, Pakistan’s increasing water scarcity and vulnerability to climate change highlights the urgent need to manage climate-related risks and to improve water use at the national and local levels. Presently, groundwater provides over 90% of drinking water supplies to all major cities, including Rawalpindi and Islamabad Capital Territory, often referred to as the “twin cities.”

Read the full article on https://nation.com.pk

• moshin hafeez

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Essay on “Water Crisis in Pakistan and its Remedies” for CSS, PMS, Judiciary Examinations

• August 30, 2021
• Essay for CSS PMS and Judiciary Exam

This is an essay on “Water Crisis in Pakistan and its Remedies” for CSS, PMS, and Judiciary Examinations. Pakistan’s big arguably, biggest — problem is water scarcity. The country faces acute water scarcity by 2025 and will be the most water-stressed country in South Asia within two decades. Almost 30 million Pakistanis have no access to clean water. Find below the complete Essay on the water crisis in Pakistan and its remedies.

World Bank (WB) and Asian Development Bank (ADB) report

Causes of the water crisis

• No dams construction
• Dispute between the provinces
• Demands of Sindh
• Punjab’s role
• Lack of proper water management
• Climate change
• Mismanagement of resource

Indian propaganda since 1947

• Standstill Agreement
• Role of the president of the World Bank
• Indus Basin Treaty 1960
• Wullar Barrage (The Tulbal Navigation Lock)
• Kishanganga Project
• Baghlihar Dam

Sources of Water

• Indus River
• Closed basin Kharan desert
• Makran coastal basin
• Water reservoirs/ capacities
• Terbela dam reservoir
• Mangla dam reservoir
• Chashma barrage reservoir
• Utilization of water
• Power generation

Water and Agriculture

Impact on Economy

Recommendations for Water Crisis

• Kalabagh dam
• Thal reservoir
• Raised Mangla dam
• Gomalzam dam
• Water management
• Use of alternative sources of energy

Essay on “Water Crisis in Pakistan and its Remedies” for CSS, PMS, Judiciary Examinations

According to the World Bank (WB) and Asian Development Bank (ADB), Pakistan is one of the most “water-stressed” countries in the world; it is likely to face an acute water shortage over the next five years due to lack of water availability for irrigation, industry and human consumption. A WB report states that the water supply in Pakistan has fallen from 5,000 cubic meters per capita to 1,000 cubic meters in 2010, and is likely to further reduce to 800 cubic meters per capita by 2020. Contributory factors consist of an increase in population, climate change, lack of a solid vision to construct water reservoirs, and misplaced use of Jhelum and Chenab rivers by India under the Indus Water Treaty (IWT) of 1960 that has resulted in reduced flow of water to Pakistan.

The water crisis has two dimensions. First is the distribution of water among the four provinces, particularly between Punjab and Sindh. The second is between Pakistan and India arising because of utilizing water from the Chenab and Jhelum rivers. The first problem basically arises from the second one.

India got the right to fully utilize water from the three eastern rivers; Ravi, Bias, and Sutlej, while Pakistan was to utilize water from the three western rivers; Indus, Chenab, and Jhelum under the Indus Water Treaty (IWT). India was also permitted limited irrigation of 1,343 million acres (2.85 MAF) from western rivers. Water for Pakistan was not quantified. However, it is implied in the treaty that India is not to exceed the specified limit for water utilization. If India continues with its current strategy of building dams on the Chenab and Jhelum rivers, then there would be serious implications for Pakistan’s agriculture and national security. It would aggravate the already strained relationship between the two countries, which is due to the unresolved Kashmir issue.

A very strong perception exists in Pakistan that India in its quest to utilize water from Chenab and Jhelum rivers and is not fulfilling its obligations under the IWT. It wants to constrict the flow of water to Pakistan. This strategy has a hidden political agenda to create scarcity of irrigation water that would hurt Pakistan’s economy and agriculture sector in between 10-15 years. The national interests of both countries would be best served if India honored its comn1ittnents under the IWT. But, is India ready to address Pakistan’s concerns or wants to safeguard its own interests by violating the IWT that could lead to worsening of relations between the two countries?

The Water Crisis at the National Level Exists due to the following reasons:

•  In the past, the public leadership did not succeed to develop a consensus on the construction of huge water reservoirs, particularly the Kalabagh dam that could have addressed many of the power and water problems that are being faced today.
• Provinces are in dispute over their respective share of water under the IWT, with particular reference to utilizing water for Kharif and Rabi seasons through link canals managed by the Indus River System Authority (Irsa). Irsa has stopped satisfying Punjab, Sindh, and Balochistan provinces over the distribution of irrigation water for the current Rabi season because of a 34.0 percent shortage of water, primarily due to the construction of the Baglihar dam on Chenab. Water supply would be further constricted because of the planned construction of the Basrur multipower project, Siwalkot dam, and Pakot Dul dam on Chenab river by India. Unless resolved it would continue to be a recurring problem.
• The Sindh Assembly has demanded scrapping the Hydropower project on the Chashma Jhelum link canal, a key project for the Punjab government . There is a strong perception in Sindl1 that the project would constrict the flow of water to the province and hurt its agriculture as well.
• Punjab 1s accused of stealing 16,000 cusecs of water between Taunsa and Guddu, from 2nd to 4th Feb 2010. The Punjab government claims that system losses are to blame for the water that has disappeared.
• Because of an absence of proper water management essentially at the secondary canal level, water crisis, particularly at the lower parts of these canals, is very evident. Coupled with flood irrigation, either irrigation by flooding basins or using the old Punchoo system, the water crisis keeps on increasing its intensity day by day. IRSA has no telemetry system and we cannot decide to distribute water by going beyond letter sense and include the spirit of the Water Apportionment Accord of 1991, we do not see an end to this water crisis in Pakistan.

As far as the scarcity of water in Pakistan is concerned, apparently, it has also to do with:

1. Climatic changes

2. Negligence and mismanagement of water resources by successive governments in Pakistan

Global warming has led to the melting of the Himalayan glaciers and consequent depletion in the flow of water into the Indus River system. The trend is likely to continue with rising temperatures. It is not that only the agricultural sector, the backbone of Pakistan’s economy , is suffering; due to depleting water supply, there is reduced power generation from the hydroelectric plants, having a devastating impact on the country’s industries too. Pakistan has no control over nature. However, it can improve the management of water resources. Pakistan needs to address the following problems on an urgent basis:

• The silting of dams and barrages is a continuous process. Due to heavy sediments carried by the rivers, Tarbela, Mangla and Chasma Dams have lost nearly 25% of their capacity.
• An estimated 40% of the water that runs through canals is lost because of seepage. The reason is the canal beds and banks are unlined, poorly lined, or porous.
• Traditional and antiquated agricultural techniques lead to excessive loss of water.
• While water-intensive varieties of crops, like sugarcane and rice, are cultivated. Optimum crop rotation is imperative but is not done effectively.

On 2 June 2008, Pakistan’s National Economic Council met under the Chairmanship of Prime Minister Syed Yousuf Raza Gilani and approved the development strategy based on the Medium Term Development Framework 2005-10. The water sector part of the overall strategy concentrates on water augmentation, water conservation, and effective use of water. It calls for the development of additional medium and large-size reservoirs with priority.

The water storages to be completed, by 2016 include Akhori Dam, Basha-Diamer Dam, Kalabagh Dam, and Munda Dam. Simultaneously the ongoing projects such as raising the structures of Mangla Dam, Gomal Dam, Satpra Dam, Kurram Tangi Dam, and Sabakzai Dam are also to be the top priority. The Medium-Term Development Framework 2005-10 also envisages a number of other measures, including reclamation of land from waterlogging and salinity, improvement of watercourses and ground-water management, etc.

Last year, 20 different UN bodies had warned; “Water is linked to the crisis of climate change, energy and food supplies and prices, and troubled financial markets. Unless their links with water are addressed and water crises around the world are resolved, these other crises may intensify and local water crises may worsen, converging into a global water crisis and leading to political insecurity and conflict at various levels”.

In a recent report, the United Nations has estimated that Pakistan’s water supply has dropped from about 5,000 cubic meters per person in the 1950s to about 1,420 cubic meters. Any further drop would seriously jeopardize economic growth and would be a health hazard. Notwithstanding Indus Basin Treaty, The need for effective international cooperation among riparian countries is greater now than ever before. The demand for water in all countries is escalating and increasingly the harmful effects of activities in upstream countries are being observed. Over a third of the 200 international river basins, are not covered, by an international agreement; only some 30, including Pakistan and India, have co-operative institutional arrangements.

Clearly, efforts are needed to formulate and reach an agreement on an international “code of conduct” or convention in the utilization of shared water basins so that the water needs of some countries are not undermined by irresponsible utilization of water resources by others. Improved international co-operation is also necessary regarding the transfer of knowledge and technology in the water resources field. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses, 1998, sets the standard for all agreements involving the shared use of trans boundary water, resources.

It specifically establishes the dual criteria of “equitable and reasonable utilization”‘ of the water resources and the need to “exchange data and consult on the possible effects of planned measures on the condition” of the water resource. The U.N. Convention provides the overall framework for Transboundary water sharing.

The partition of the South Asian Subcontinent on 14 August 1947 into the dominions of India and Pakistan gave birth to a host of problems, including that of the sharing of waters of the mighty Indus River System. The issue was of concern to Pakistan because the headworks of the rivers that irrigated Pakistan’s Punjab province mostly went to the Indian side. On 30 December 1947, Pakistan and India concluded a ‘Standstill Agreement’ for a three-month period under which Pakistan continued to receive water supply from the headworks of Madhopur on River Ravi and Ferozepur on River Sutlej, the two tributaries of River Indus. As the interim arrangement ended on 31 March 1948, the next day the Government of Indian Punjab stopped the supply of water to Pakistan from the Madhopur headwork, affecting, according to one estimate, 5.5% of Pakistan’s irrigated area.

Pakistan raised the issue at the Inter-Dominion Conference held on 3-4 May 1948. India dismissed Pakistan’s claim over water, from the headworks on its side as a matter of right but agreed to release water as a provisional arrangement. It was thus abundantly clear that slowly and gradually the quantity of water would be reduced. In 1951, David Lilienthal, who had formerly served as Chairman of the Tennessee Valley Authority and as Chairman of the US Atomic Energy Commission, undertook a research tour of Pakistan and India for writing a series of articles. In one of his articles, he opined that it would be very beneficial for the region if the two countries cooperated to jointly develop and operate the Indus Basin river system. He further suggested that the World Bank might play its role in bringing India and Pakistan to agree on some plan to develop the Indus river system for mutual benefit.

President of the World Bank, Eugene Black, picked up the idea and offered his good offices to resolve the issue of water sharing between India and Pakistan. The two neighbors welcomed the initiative and after tough bargaining during the protracted negotiations that spread, over nine years arrived at the contours of the agreement. Broad parameters thus settled the work of drafting began. Finally, m September 1960, President of Pakistan Field Marshall Mohammad Ayub Khan and Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru signed the Indus Water Treaty in Karachi.

Following are the provisions of the Indus Basin Treaty 1960

• Pakistan surrendered three eastern rivers, Ravi, Sutlej, and Beas to India with some minor rights to Pakistan.
• Largely three western rivers namely Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab remained with Pakistan.
• India was allowed to use water from the western rivers for irrigation of 642,000 acres of land that were already being irrigated from these rivers along with an entitlement to further irrigate 701,000 acres for crops.
• India was also given specified entitlement for ‘other’ storage, including, power and flood storage i.e., storage for non-consumptive purposes.
• Pakistan was to meet the requirements of its eastern river canals from the western rivers by constructing replacement works.
• Both parties are bound to. regularly exchange flow data of rivers, canals, and streams.
• A Permanent Indus Water Commission, with one Commissioner from each side, was to be set up to resolve issues.
• The procedures were set out for settlement of ‘questions’ ‘differences’ and ‘disputes’, bilaterally and through neutral experts and International Court of Arbitration as the case might be.

Since Pakistan required considerable time to build the necessary infrastructure to divert water from western rivers to eastern rivers and their canals on its side, India was to allow the ‘historic withdrawals’ on the part of Pakistan during the transitory period. According to the Treaty, two dams (Mangla on River Jhelum and Tarbela on River Indus) were to be built It also envisaged five barrages Maraia and Qadirabad on River Chenab, Sidhnai on River Ravi, Rasul on River Jhelum, Chashma on River Indus, and Mailsi on River Sutlej. Besides, one siphon and seven link canals (Rasul-Qadirabad on Rivers Jhelum-Chenab, Qadirabad-Balloki on Rivers Chenab-Ravi, Balloki-Suleimanki II and Sidhnai-Mailsi on Rivers Ravi-Sutlej, Chashma-Jhelum on Rivers Indus-Jhelum and Trimmu-Sidhnai on Rivers Indus-Ravi), to be constructed in Pakistan.

To meet the financial cost, India was to pay a fixed amount of US $ 62.060 million over a period of ten years. An international consortium pledged the US $ 900 million. The World Bank was to administer the Indus Basin, Development Fund. The Indus Basin Project was completed despite all hurdles those included opposition and reservations from many quarters in Pakistan who felt that Pakistan’s rights as a lower riparian state had been compromised. This amounted to a successful resolution of a major dispute over the world’s largest, contiguous irrigation system with a command area of about 20 million hectares.

Although the Indus Water Treaty has been a remarkable success story, lately some projects are undertaken by India in the Occupied territory of Jammu and Kashmir from where the western rivers flow into Pakistan have become major irritants and raised serious concerns in Pakistan:

India has embarked upon the construction of a huge network of water storage facilities, the national river linking project at an estimated cost of $120 bn likely to be completed by 2016. It includes the construction of the Basrur multi-power project, Siwalkot dam, and Pakot Dul dam on Chenab, in addition to the already constructed Baglihar dam. In 1985, India started construction of a barrage known as ‘Wullar Barrage (The Tulbal Navigation Lock)’ some 439 feet long and with a lock at the mouth of Wullar Lake, the largest freshwater Lake in Indian occupied, disputed, and held territory.

Purportedly but not so innocently, the stated purpose of the barrage was to make possible navigation in a 22 km stretch between the towns of Sopore and Baramula, during the lean winter season by regulating the flow of the River Jhelum. Pakistan raised objections to this project and the construction work halted in 1987. Pakistan contends that India cannot store water in excess of 0.01 MAF as ‘incidental storage’ on River Jhelum. Pakistan also apprehends that the Wullar Barrage may cause damage to its own project of linking Jhelum and Chenab with the Upper Bari Doab Canal. One important concern of Pakistan, which is extraneous to the Indus Water Treaty but squarely a security issue, is that in case of war between the two countries, India would take advantage of its ability to control the flow of water and make the crossing of the river easy or difficult according to strategic and tactical military requirement.

India, as usual, but erroneously contends that the Wullar Barrage would regulate the flow of water into Jhelum and control the floods. It would not reduce the overall quantum of water flow rather increase it during the lean winter season. All fair weather pretension and an obvious ruse, to get away with an extremely hurtful project to Pakistan. The project’s impact, India asserts, would be beneficial to Mangla Dam in power generation and to Pakistan’s triple canal system due to the regulated flow of water. The matter remains unresolved.

Outrageously on the Kishanganga Project, the Indians hawk on the premise that it will ostensibly bring water from River Kishanganga to Wullar Lake, where a hydroelectric power station is proposed. The project envisages the construction of a channel and a tunnel for this purpose. Simultaneously to build a dam, near the place where River Kishanganga crosses the Line of Control to enter Pakistan-administered Kashmir, where it is known as Neelum.

Here Pakistan plans to construct a 969 MW-capacity Neelum-Jhelum Power Plant with Chinese assistance. The Pakistani project is to going to be completed in 2017, due to a delay in construction work. Pakistan is genuinely concerned and fears that the Kishanganga Project would lead to a shortfall of water flow into Neelum, reducing its power generation by an estimated 9%. The Indus Water Treaty does not bar any party from storing water for power generation as per entitlement.

However, there is the principle of prior appropriation enshrined in the Treaty. India intends to complete the Kishanganga Project by 2016 to avail the opportunity of diverting K.ishanganga’a water to Wullar Lake before Pakistan is able to invoke the provision of prior appropriation. India also claims that Pakistan need not worry because the water diverted by the l<ishanganga Project would reach Pakistan through River Jhelum, no matter Neelum-Jhelum project suffers.

In 1999, India began construction work of 470-feet high, 317 meters wide Baghlihar Dam, also known as Baghlihar Hydroelectric Power Project, oh River Chenab in Doda District of Indian occupied Kashmir. Although India called it a run-of-the-river project, the dam was to have a ‘pond age’ of 15 million cubics! Deters with submerged gated spillways.

Pakistan raised objection to the project design on the ground that the submerged gate ‘spillways would enable India to increase the storage capacity of the reservoir and, if India desired, to halt the supply of water to Pakistan for more than three weeks during the winter season. Pakistan fears that it would lose between 7000 to 8000 cusecs of water per day for Rabi crops. Pakistan also sensed the danger of inundation of the area above Maraia Head Works, if India released water simultaneously from Dulhasti, Baghlihar, and Sala! Darns into River Chenab. Pakistan viewed the Baghlihar Project as another security risk, in times of tension or war, as India would be able to control the flow of water facilitating or hampering the movement of Indian/Pakistani troops according to its requirement.

After the Indus Water Commission failed to resolve the Baghlihar Dam issue, the matter was referred to the World Bank which acknowledged that the issue amounted to a ‘difference’ and appointed Professor Raymond Lafitte, an engineer from Switzerland, as the neutral expert to decide the matter. On 12 February 2007, Lafitte gave his verdict directing India to reduce the capacity of pond age by 13.5% and the height of the Dams’ structure by 1.5 meters. He also called for raising power intake tunnels by 3 meters to reduce flow-control capability. Pakistan had reservations about the verdict but both India and Pakistan agreed to abide by it. The matter, it appears, stands closed.

It is heartening to see that during its recent visit to Pakistan to discuss Indus Water issues, the Indian delegation conceded that all “water disputes must be resolved within an agreed timeframe.” Pakistan’s Indus Commissioner Syed Jamaal Ali Shah told the Indian delegation that a reduction in supplies was jeopardizing the water transfer operation to the eastern part of Pakistan. He also conveyed the message that Pakistan wanted India to take necessary steps if deforestation and environmental impact affected the river flow on its side.

Now dams will be Discussed in detail.

World’s largest earth and rock-filled dam were built at Terbela on river Indus in 1976 with a gross capacity of 11.62 maf and a live storage capacity of 9.68 maf. With the passage of time, due to silting, 24.6% of the storage has been lost and now it has a live storage of 7.295 maf.

Mangla reservoir is the second major storage of Pakistan. It was built in 1967 on river Jhelum with a gross capacity of 5.882 maf and live storage of 5.41 maf. Again due to siltation it has lost 13.2% of its storage and presently can store 4.636 MAF of water.

Chashma barrage is situated on river Indus and was built in 1972 with a gross storage of0.870 maf and live storage of O.717 maf. It has also reduced its storage capacity by 39.3% and is left with a storage capacity of0.435 maf.

In Pakistan, we utilize the water available to us for different purposes. The basic utilization is for irrigation and then used for power generation, drinking, and also provided to some Industries.

Whereas impact on the economy is concerned, according to the estimates of the federal government, the agriculture sector would suffer a loss of about Rs. 90 billion because of drought. Since agriculture has remained a major source of shouldering the already crippled economy , it has a vital role to play particularly in terms of food security and employment of the ever-burgeoning population of the country. It contributes around 35 % to the GNP and employs about 44% of the labor force. It also contributes 65% of our export earnings. The adverse effects of water shortage on agriculture would have a spiraling effect on the prevailing level of poverty.

•  Less water means less agricultural yields and to fulfill the food requirements of the nation, we will be dependent on other countries.
• Raising livestock is the main source of livelihood in rural areas. It is also an important economic activity, which contributes 9.7% of GDP, which will be affected due to a shortage of water.
• Orchards of Pakistan bring home a healthy amount of foreign exchange, which can be affected due to water shortage.
• Due to less production of main crops, which are wheat, cotton, sugar cane, and rice, the Industries related to them will suffer adversely.
• Then due to drought and more dependency on groundwater for irrigation, the water table will go down, and this will cause water constraints to the population.
• Less agricultural outputs will compel people to head towards urban areas for jobs, which will increase unemployment further.
• The distribution of water is controlled from the center by IRSA (Indus river system authority) as per the 1991 agreement between the provinces. Now the shortage of water will cause disputes between the provinces, which may cause harm to the national integrity.

So for overcoming the water crisis, following steps are recommended:

The national water strategy must be based upon two essential elements covering

1. Water developments

2. Water management

In water development, the following dams should start immediately;-

Bhasha dam would be located 200 miles upstream of Terbela on river Indus. its gross storage capacity would be 7.3 maf and live storage 5.7 maf. Its power generation capacity would be 3360 mw.

Kalabagh dam site is located 132 miles downstream of Terbela. Its gross storage would be 6.1 maf. It would have a power generation of 3600 mw.

That reservoir would be located on the right bank of Chashma – Jhelum link canal, along the western bank of river Jhelum. Its reservoir would have a gross capacity of 2.3 maf.

In this, the present Mangla dam would be further raised by 40 ft and thus increasing its gross capacity to 9.5 maf. In addition, its power generation capacity would be increased by 15%.

Mirani dam is located on Dasht River about 48 km of Turbat town in Mekran division. Its main objective is to provide water for irrigation. Its gross storage is 0.30 maf.

Gomalzam dam is located at Khajori Kach on Gomal River in South Waziristan, about 75 miles from Dera Ismail Khan. Its main objective will be to irrigate 132000 acres of land, power generation of 17.4 mw, and flood control.

From these projects, we shall be able to store an additional 20maf of water. Managing water resources is the need of time, and we in Pakistan are already short of water, mnst chalk out a strategy. Following are recommended in this regard:-

Presently the losses occur due to seepage, infiltration, and leakages, etc. seepage results in waterlogging, and these losses can be reduced or eliminated by lining the canals.

In addition, people should be educated to conserve water by cooperation”: Furthermore government should make laws on water conservation, like many western countries.

The second-largest contribution to the total water available comes from groundwater sources. This source has been exploited and very well used by public and private tube wells. It can still provide over nine maf of water. This source can be exploited and judiciously used for irrigation purposes. However in some areas, groundwater is rapidly depleting due to excessive pumpage, authorities should take control in such areas to save them from depleting.

Efforts would be made to convert the present rotation-based irrigation system to a demand-oriented system. The modem irrigation techniques, that is trickling, sprinkling, etc, have the potential to improve water distribution and its utilization.

Authorities should take appropriate steps to curb the illegal extraction of water and ensure its equitable distribution.

Presently irrigation department has failed to stop the illegal theft and extraction; thus irrigation distribution system needs to be privatized through·water user associations.

In addition, water, nowadays is supplied to farmers at a very negligible cost and that is why they do not treat water as a precious resource; therefore there is a need to increase the water prices to make irrigators realize the importance of this asset.

Farmer’s organizations, water user associations, and the private sector must be involved in the construction, operation, and maintenance of i.e irrigation system. Such associations are conceived as a mechanism for creating a cooperative framework for the improvement of watercourses.

The problems faced by the water sector in the country are many, acute and serious and it is also known that we can generate about 83 maf of more water. Therefore, building more reservoirs and an effective management strategy are the needs of the time. Also, implementation of the recommendations will enable the country to ·meet the challenges, and achieve the objectives of integrated, efficient, environmentally and financially sustainable development and management of limited water resources. At the same time, it will enable us to utilize every drop of our water for our bright future.

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Essay on Water Crisis in Pakistan | Essays for CSS

Table of Contents

Outline:Water Crisis in Pakistan

Water security has a direct impact on human security. It is a multidimensional challenge with complex undertones, as water security is both an increasing concern as well as critical for sustainable development. Before it is too late and Pakistan faces a drought across its entire territory, a comprehensive water policy needs to be prepared and implemented.

I. Introduction

Ii. water sources.

A. Water reservoirs / capacities Pakistan is having three basic reservoirs, namely mangla dam reservoir, Terbela dam reservoir and Chashma barrage reservoir. more small reservoirs like Warsak, Baran dam hub, Khanpur, Tanda, Rawal, Simly, Bakht khan Hamal lake, Mancher lake, Kinjhar lake and Chotiari lake Arealso included as small storage. The storage capacity of these reservoirs is as shown on the view foil. 1. Terbela dam reservoir World’s largest earth and rock filled dam was built at Terbela on river Indus in 1976 with a gross capacity of 11.62 maf and a live storage capacity of 9.68 maf. With the passage of time, due to silting, 24.6% of the storage has been lost and now it has a live storage of 7.295 maf. 2. Mangla dam reservoir Mangla reservoir is the second major storage of Pakistan. It was built in 1967 on river Jhelum with a gross capacity of 5.882 maf and live storage of 5.41 maf. Again due to siltation it has lost 13.2% of its storage and presently can store 4.636 maf of water. 3. Chashma barrage reservoir Chashma barrage is situated on river Indus and was built in 1972 with a gross storage of 0.870 maf and live storage of 0.717 maf. It has also reduced its storage capacity by 39.3% and is left with a storage capacity of 0.435 maf. B. Rivers C. Lakes and streams D. Underground water

III. Major uses of water

In Pakistan we utilize the water available to us for different purposes. The basic utilization is for irrigation and then used for power generation, drinking and also provided to some Industries. A. Irrigation Out of 240.22 maf, 172.21 maf water is utilized for irrigation purposes as shown on the view foil. In this the canal diversions is 105.23 maf; system loses are 144-40; rainwater is 6.0 maf; ground water is 41.30 and utility above rims is 5.28 maf. B. Power generation Water released by the hydropower plants returns to the river system. The reservoirs are operated on priority bases only for irrigation. Recent increase in thermal generation has reduced the potential conflicts between water releases from reservoirs for hydropower generation and irrigation. Now most of the annual storage is utilized for irrigation and not for hydropower, but conflicts do arise at times. C. Drinking Most of the rural and urban water is supplied from ground water through tube wells and hand pumps except few cities like Karachi and Islamabad/Pindi. Total urban and rural (domestic and commercial) requirements estimated is 10-15% of the surface water, out of which 80% return to the system, however with degraded quality. Net consumption is normally about 2% of the total water available. D. Industry Water is also utilized in Industries basically for cooling purposes and also in manufacturing processes. This utility is less than 1%.

IV. Causes of present alarming crisis

A. Water supplies are vulnerable and suffer from extensive losses B. Limited storage capacity C. Trans-boundary disputes intensifying river supply vulnerability D. Outdated distribution system and inequitable distribution of water E. Groundwater resource depleting rapidly due to over-pumping F. Extremely low water tariffs are distorting incentives for water conservation G. Low recovery and underfunded water infrastructure contributing to high water losses H. Gaps in governance leading to inefficient management I. Climate Change – a Major Emerging Challenge for Water Sustainability J. Reduced rainfall K. Poor water management L. Poor handling of industrial wastewater M. Climate change N. Lack of political will to address the governing issues O. Change in food consumption pattern and lack of proper water storage facilities P. Ignorance at the household level Q. Wastage of drinking water in non-productive means R. Corruption in water sector S. Mismanagement in irrigation sector T. Hydrological warfare- water terrorism by India India started almost every project without informing Pakistan which is in violation of IWT 1. Manipulation of the treaty terms There is a restriction of aggregate storage allowed to India over western rives via Annexure E of the treaty. India, however, is manipulating this provision by building a series of storages on western rivers, increasing storage and water regulation capabilities manifold. 2. Construction of Kshanganga dam India has recently awarded a tender for construction of 330 MW Kshanganga hydro-electric project (HEP), which will be built on Indian tributary (Kishanganga) of Jhelum River. Pakistan has announced a similar project on Pakistani side of River Jhelum. According to IWT, the country that completes the project first will win the rights to the river. Hence, despite costing 68% more than estimated, India is endeavoring to finish the project first. 3. Construction other dams on Western rivers India has plans to construct 62 dams and hydro-electric units on Rivers Chenab and Jhelum thus enabling it to render these rivers dry by 2014.19 U. Worrying level of deforestation V. Scientific implementation of water policy

V. Far-reaching reparations

A. Effects on agriculture in general and on economy in particular The adverse effects of water shortage on agriculture would have a spiraling effect on the prevailing level of poverty. 1. Less water means less agricultural yields and to fulfill the food requirements of the nation, we will be dependent on other countries. 2. Raising livestock is the main source of livelihood of rural areas. it is also an important economic activity, which contributes 9.7% of gdp, will be affected due to shortage of water. 3. Orchards of Pakistan bring home a healthy amount of foreign exchange, which can be affected due water shortage. 4. Due to less production of main crops, which are wheat, cotton, sugar cane and rice, the Industries related to them will suffer adversely. 5. Then due to drought and more dependency on ground water for irrigation, the water table will go down, and this will cause water constrains to the population. 6. Less agricultural outputs will compel people to head towards urban areas for jobs, which will increase the unemployment further. 7. The distribution of water is controlled from the center by IRSA (Indus river system authority) as per 1991 agreement between the provinces. Now the shortage of water will cause disputes between the provinces, which may cause harm to the national integrity. B. Implications resulting from India’s terrorism 1. Risk of breaching ITW India’s future energy and water demands, which are enormous, can compel her to undertake projects in violation of IWT. Certain quarters in India are already saying that IWT is more of a binding for India and should therefore be abrogated. 2. Possibility to divert water Though India does not have the capability to divert water from the western rivers at present, however, possibility of a project similar to China’s Great South-North Water Transfer Project can not be ruled out. 3. Internal and external political and armed conflicts Any reduction in water inflow to Pakistan at this stage will cause shortage of water for irrigation and if supplemented by adverse climatic conditions and other internal water mismanagement issues, can trigger inter-provincial water conflicts of serious magnitude. If India is found violating IWT at that point in time, then it will spark serious differences between India and Pakistan and might become prelude to a major conflict. 4. Negatively Impacting agriculture and damaging social life Most recently, water flows in Chenab has declined by 40 per cent to about 6,000 cusecs from a 10 year average of about 10,000 cusecs, mainly because of construction by India of over a dozen hydropower projects upstream, reduction in rainfall and diversion of river waters. Incase India resorts to stoppage of water as per her capability, 406 Canals and 1125 Dis tributaries will become dry rendering 0.35 million acres of cultivated land barren and eventually ruining a total of 7.0 million acres of fertile land. India’s decision to go ahead with Kishanganga HEP and four other dams in India administered Kashmir is geared not so much towards meeting its own needs as impoverishing Pakistan. Agriculture is Pakistan’s backbone and water flowing in the channels is its blood line. It contributes 21% to the GDP and employs 45% of labour force.24 Adverse effects of water shortage on agriculture would have a spiraling effect on the prevailing level of poverty leading to economic and social problems. 5. Lose of water annually To fill Baglihar Dam, India had consistently obstructed Chenab’s flow; resultantly Pakistan received only 19,351 cusecs on 9 October 2009 and 10,739 cusecs on 11 October 2009, when it should be receiving a minimum of 55,000 cusecs per day. Total loss was approximately 321,000 MAF of water. India has gained a water holding capacity on western rivers which can seriously affect water inflow at Marala HWs / Mangla Dam causing acute shortage of water for winter crop. Though, presently India is not capable of diverting water, possibility of a project similar to China’s Great North-South Water Transfer Project cannot be ruled out. 6. Effecting economic growth The growth rate of Pakistan’s agriculture is already decreasing due to water shortages. In order to achieve the required growth targets in agriculture, Pakistan needs an estimated 149 MAF of water in 2000, 215 MAF in 2013 The shortage of surface water will result in drought and more dependency on ground water for irrigation, hence water table will go down causing water constraints to the population. C. Threats to federalism D. Effects on health sector E. Floods and drought F. Impending war with India G. Energy shortage/crisis

VI. Recommendations

A. Building dams and reservoirs 1. Water development The construction of following dams should start immediately:- a. Chasha dam It would be located 200 miles upstream of terbela on river Indus. its gross storage capacity would be 7.3 maf and live storage 5.7 maf. Its power generation capacity would be 3360 mw. b. Kalabagh dam Kalabagh dam site is located 132 miles down stream of Terbela. Its gross storage would be 6.1 maf. It would have a power generation of 3600 mw. Here I shall further suggest that the construction of Kalabagh be under taken only, once all the provinces are convinced and willing to cooperate. c. Thal reservoir It would be located on the right bank of Chashma – Jhelum link canal, along the western bank of river Jhelum. Its reservoir would have gross capacity of 2.3 maf. d. Raised Mangla dam in this the present Mangla dam would be further raised by 40 ft and thus increasing its gross capacity to 9.5 maf. In addition, its power generation capacity would be increased by 15%. e. Mirani dam The dam is located on Dasht River about 48 km of Turbat town in Mekran division. Its main objective is to provide water for irrigation. Its gross storage is 0.30 maf. f. Gomalzam dam It is located at Khajori Kach on Gomal River in South Waziristan, about 75 miles from Dera Ismail Khan. Its main objective will be to irrigate 132000 acres of land, power generation of 17.4 mw and flood control. From these projects we shall be able to store additional 20maf of water. B. The National Water Strategy 1. Water developments 2. Water management C. Solutions to counter Indian water terrorism 1. Pakistan should highlight the importance of the issue on various international forums. Merely passing the political statements will not resolve the problem. 2. Indian intentions and needs should be distinguished on quantitative terms to highlight the real face of India among international community. 3. The treaty does not provide so many important issues like availability of water, effects of climate change and proportional increase or decrease of water in quantitative terms. Pakistan should look for proper strategic forum for deliberative discussion and policy options for these issues. 4. At present, renegotiating the treaty seems impossible and Pakistan has to relook its water policy in the given limits of treaty. Therefore, effective role of Indus Water Commissioners is the need of hour. 5. Interstate conflict can be managed through internal strength and same is the case with water conflicts. 6. Pakistani policy makers should understand the concept of conflict resolution and initiatives must be taken on capacity building as no one can compel any sovereign state (India or Pakistan) to act on morality. 7. There is serious need to work on water management as the available water is being wasted and the groundwater table is going below and below.

D. Need of robust diplomacy at regional and international level E. Introducing proper water usage fee F. Need for more forests G. Seeking assistance from international aid agencies H. Lining of canals and the optimal use of water for agriculture 1. Define the groundwater ownership 2. Legislation for licensing of groundwater 3. Increase the groundwater recharge for urban and rural areas under legal framework I. Control Water pollution 1. Including both the surface water pollution 2. Groundwater pollution is a tough task to handle 3. Implementation of national environmental quality standards 4. Incentives should be given to industrial sector in form of subsidies and tax relaxation against the installation of waste water treatment plants 5. Impose fine on the polluter pay plenty rule J. Adopting more crop per drop technologies for agriculture 1. Laser levelling 2. Drip irrigation 3. Sprinklers can help to minimize water wastage at farm level K. Positive awareness L. Agro-climating zoning should be preferred instead of provincial boundaries for water resources M. Mainstreaming environmental change concerns 1. Eco-framework conservation 2. Proper administration and use of water N. Construction of Reservoirs on emergency basis: Diamer-Basha, Kalabagh Dam O. Revamping the system of water rights P. Strengthening the role of IRSA Q. Disseminate awareness regarding the rising stress on water resources R. Raising height of existing dams to increase capacity S. using advanced technology e.g. drip framing for water conservation T. Building national consensus on water sustainability via constitutional amendment U. using wireless sensor network/ telemetry system as a central database to monitor water consumption/ flow yearly

VII. Conclusion

Water crisis in pakistan (most expected essay for css exams 2019-2020).

About the author

Saeed Wazir

Saeed Wazir mentors students of CSS Essay, Précis and Current Affairs and specializes in English literature, language and linguistics from NUML. He has perused Media studies at NUST. He qualified PMS three times in a row. He serves at federal universities as marking instructor. He has been mentoring CSS English students for the last seven years and runs Facebook page: CSS Essay, Précis with Saeed Wazir. He is based in G 9/2 ,Islamabad and runs special batches of CSS Essay Précis both On-Campus and Online. He could be reached at csspms55@gmail. com and WhatsApp plus Phone no 03450997822. He contributes to CSS Times, Daily Times, Dawn, Foreign Policy and IPRI. He evaluates Online Essays, Précis and Comprehension.

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Pakistan Energy Crisis; Causes, Consequences and Solutions

• January 20, 2023
• Pakistan Energy Crisis; Causes ...

Table of Contents

Pakistan has been facing an energy crisis for several years. The main causes of the crisis include a lack of investment in new power generation capacity, outdated and inefficient power plants, and inadequate transmission and distribution infrastructure. Additionally, the country has long struggled with issues of energy theft and non-payment of bills by consumers.

The crisis has led to frequent power outages, which have negatively impacted economic growth and the daily lives of citizens. The government has taken steps to address the crisis, such as investing in new power generation projects and implementing policies to reduce energy theft, but more work needs to be done to fully resolve the issue.

Causes of Energy Crisis in Pakistan

The energy crisis in Pakistan is caused by a combination of factors, including:

• Insufficient power generation capacity: Pakistan has not invested enough in new power generation projects, leading to a shortage of electricity.
• Inefficient power plants: A large portion of Pakistan’s power generation capacity is from old and inefficient power plants, which consume more fuel and produce less electricity.
• Transmission and distribution losses: The transmission and distribution infrastructure in Pakistan is inadequate and outdated, leading to significant losses of electricity during transmission and distribution.
• Power theft and non-payment of bills: Power theft is a major problem in Pakistan, as is the non-payment of bills by consumers. This leads to a financial crisis for power companies, which then struggle to generate enough revenue to maintain and expand their operations.
• Fuel shortages: Pakistan has been facing fuel shortages for power generation, which leads to power outages and load shedding.
• Dependence on oil-based power generation: Pakistan is highly dependent on oil-based power generation, which makes it vulnerable to fluctuations in global oil prices.
• Water scarcity: Pakistan has been facing water scarcity which leads to the non-availability of water to run hydro-power stations at full capacity.
• Political instability: Political instability and lack of continuity in policies have led to the neglect of power projects and lack of investment.

Overall, resolving the energy crisis in Pakistan will require a combination of short-term solutions, such as increasing power generation capacity and reducing transmission and distribution losses, as well as longer-term solutions, such as investing in renewable energy sources and improving the overall efficiency of the power sector.

Consequences of Energy Crisis in Pakistan

The energy crisis in Pakistan has had a number of negative consequences for the country and its citizens:

• Economic damage: The energy crisis has had a significant negative impact on Pakistan’s economy. Businesses have been forced to close or scale back operations due to power outages, and the lack of reliable electricity has made it difficult for industries to operate at full capacity.
• Reduced quality of life: Power outages have caused inconvenience and hardship for citizens, particularly during the hot summer months. Inadequate access to electricity has also made it difficult for people to access basic services such as education and healthcare.
• Increased poverty: The energy crisis has contributed to increased poverty in Pakistan, as many people have lost their jobs or seen their incomes reduced due to power outages and the resulting economic damage.
• Environmental damage: The energy crisis has led to increased use of fossil fuels and wood-burning for power generation, which has contributed to air and water pollution and deforestation.
• Reduced foreign investment: The energy crisis has led to reduced foreign investment in Pakistan, as investors are deterred by the lack of reliable electricity and other infrastructure.
• Loss of competitiveness: Pakistan’s energy crisis has led to increased production costs, which has resulted in reduced competitiveness in international markets.
• Political instability: The energy crisis has led to social unrest and protests against the government.
• Dependence on imports: Pakistan’s energy crisis has led to increased dependence on imported energy, which has strained the country’s balance of payments and further weakened its economy.

Overall, the energy crisis in Pakistan has had a wide-reaching and negative impact on the country’s economy and society, and resolving the crisis will be crucial for achieving long-term economic growth and development.

Solutions of the Energy Crisis in Pakistan

There are a number of potential solutions to the energy crisis in Pakistan, including:

• Increasing power generation capacity: Pakistan needs to invest in new power generation projects, such as building new power plants and expanding existing ones, in order to increase the country’s overall power generation capacity.
• Developing renewable energy sources: Pakistan should invest in renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power to reduce its dependence on fossil fuels and to lower its greenhouse gas emissions.
• Improving the efficiency of power plants: Pakistan should invest in upgrading its existing power plants to increase their efficiency and reduce the amount of fuel they consume.
• Upgrading transmission and distribution infrastructure: Pakistan should improve its transmission and distribution infrastructure to reduce losses of electricity during transmission and distribution, which will improve the overall efficiency of the power sector.
• Reducing power theft and non-payment of bills: The government should implement policies and measures to reduce power theft and improve bill collection to make the power sector financially stable.
• Increasing water storage: Pakistan should invest in increasing water storage capacity, so that water can be stored during the monsoon season and used to generate power during the dry season.
• Improving energy conservation: Pakistan should invest in energy conservation measures, such as promoting energy-efficient appliances and buildings, to reduce the overall demand for electricity.
• Diversifying energy mix: To reduce dependence on oil-based power generation and to decrease the impact of fluctuation of oil prices, the government should invest in diversifying the energy mix to include coal, hydro, nuclear, and renewable energy.
• Improving governance: The government should work on improving governance by promoting transparency and accountability in the power sector and ensuring continuity in policies.

Implementing these solutions will require significant investment, political will and strong governance. Additionally, it will take time to see the results and to fully resolve the energy crisis in Pakistan.

Further Readings

Easing Pakistan Energy Crisis

Child Labour in Pakistan; Causes, Consequences and Solutions

Corruption in Pakistan; Causes, Consequences and Solutions

Unemployment in Pakistan; Causes, Consequences and Solutions

Poverty in Pakistan; Causes, Consequences, Solutions

Economic Challenges of Pakistan

Education System of Pakistan: Challenges and Way Forward

Pakistan Healthcare System Challenges and Solutions

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