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How to Cite a Thesis or Dissertation in MLA

Citing a thesis or dissertation.

Thesis – A document submitted to earn a degree at a university.

Dissertation – A document submitted to earn an advanced degree, such as a doctorate, at a university.

The formatting for thesis and dissertation citations is largely the same. However, you should be sure to include the type of degree after the publication year as supplemental information. For instance, state if the source you are citing is an undergraduate thesis or a PhD dissertation.

MLA Thesis and Dissertation Citation Structure (print)

Last, First M.  Title of the Thesis/Dissertation. Year Published. Name of University, type of degree.

MLA Thesis and Dissertation Citation Structure (online)

Last, First M.  Title of the Thesis/Dissertation. Year Published. Name of University, type of degree.  Website Name , URL.

Wilson, Peggy Lynn. Pedagogical Practices in the Teaching of English Language in Secondary Public Schools in Parker County . 2011. University of Maryland, PhD dissertation.

In-text Citation Structure

(Author Last Name page #)

In-text Citation Example

(Wilson 14)

MLA Formatting Guide

MLA Formatting

• Annotated Bibliography
• Bibliography
• Block Quotes
• et al Usage
• In-text Citations
• Paraphrasing
• Page Numbers
• Sample Paper
• Works Cited
• MLA 8 Updates
• MLA 9 Updates
• View MLA Guide

Citation Examples

• Book Chapter
• Journal Article
• Magazine Article
• Newspaper Article
• Website (no author)
• View all MLA Examples

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Citation Guide

• APA Style - 7th Edition

Introduction to MLA Style

Creating mla citations: examples, paper formatting guidelines & sample papers, in-text citations & the list of works cited, examples of works cited & in-text citations, software tools for mla style, works cited for this page.

• Chicago/Turabian Style
• Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing
• Tools for Managing Citations
• Citation Season!

What is MLA Style?

MLA stands for Modern Language Association. MLA Style is an established style for formatting your paper and giving credit to your sources. 

This page provides resources for all the elements of a preparing a paper in MLA Style, including formatting, in-text citations, and the works cited list.

Disciplines at Caldwell that use MLA Style include English, history, theology, philosophy, and others.

MLA Quick Links

• Quoting and Paraphrasing in MLA Format This video course is all about quoting and paraphrasing sources in your paper! Learn rules of quoting and paraphrasing responsibly, and see examples of in-text citations in MLA format.
• Purdue OWL Guide to MLA Style Purdue OWL has resources about many citation styles. Here is their section on MLA

An Article from a Journal Found in a Library Database (a source in two containers)

from MLA Handbook chapter 5.100-103, The Three Most Common Types of Entries

A Chapter or Section of a Book Accessed through an Online Repository (a source with two containers)

An Episode of a TV Show Watched on an Online Platform (a source in two containers)

A Chapter or Section of a Print Book (a source in one container)

A Print Book (a source that is self-contained)

• Sample MLA Papers These sample student papers show MLA formatting for all details of a research paper. Look a the structure of the page, how quotes are incorporated, and how works are cited.
• Formatting Your Research Project (MLA Handbook, Ch. 1) Instructions for formatting your paper in MLA style, including margins, title, headers and footers, headings and subheadings, etc.
• The Writing Process Purdue OWL's Guide to academic writing in MLA Style, including grammar, mechanics, and punctuation.
• Mechanics of Prose (MLA Handbook, Ch. 2) Guidance on all the details of writing, such as spelling, grammar, punctuation, how format titles and names in your paper.

In-Text Citations

• In-Text Citations: The Basics Basic instructions from Purdue OWL about how to format in-text citations in MLA Style. This is how you credit your sources when you mention them in the text of your paper.
• Citing Sources in the Text (MLA Handbook, Ch. 6) This chapter starts with the basics of citing your sources in the text of your paper. It covers many situations you might encounter.

Works Cited Page

• MLA Style 101 This video course goes through each "element" of the MLA works cited page entry (like author, title, publisher) and shows how to identify what belongs in each element. This will help you create works cited page entries and know how to edit citations that a database generates!
• Interactive Practice Template Learn how to create citations for your Works Cited page!
• How to Cite Books This page from Purdue OWL covers the basics of citing books as well as what to do in a variety of situations. This page has guidance on multiple authors, an organization as author, translations, anthologies, and more.
• How to Cite Electronic Resources (aka things you found online) This page from Purdue OWL covers works cited page entries for most kinds of online sources, including scholarly journal articles in a library database, ebooks, government agency websites, online news, a YouTube video, personal email correspondence, and more.
• Citation Examples from the MLA Handbook This is a regularly updated list of citations for a wide variety of sources. It's organized by source, so scroll down or use ctrl-F to search the page for the kind of source you want to see, like "translated book" or "YouTube Video".

Journal Article Found in a Library Database

Works cited page entry.

Lorensen, Jutta. “Between Image and Word, Color, and Time: Jacob Lawrence’s The Migration Series.”  African American Review , vol. 40, no. 3, 2006, pp. 571-86. Academic Search Premier, each.ebscohost.com/login.aspx? Drect=true&db=f5h&AN=24093790&site=eho st-live.

In-text citation

(Lorensen 577)

Newspaper Article Found in a Library Database 

Fessenden, Ford, et al. "The Battle for New York's Key Voting Blocs in the Primaries."  New York Times , 19 Apr. 2016, p. A 14.  ProQuest Central , ezproxy.caldwell.edu:2048/login?url=http:// search.proquest.com/ docview/1781721245?accountid=26523.

(Fessenden et al. A14)

Article from an Online News Source

Chang, Kenneth. “NASA Will Send More Helicopters to Mars.” The New York Times , 27 July 2022, www.nytimes.com/2022/07/27/science/mars-sample-mission-nasa.html.

Dorris, Michael, and Louise Erdrich.  The Crown of Columbus . HarperCollins Publishers, 1999. 

(Dorris and Erdrich 110-12)

Article or Specific Chapter from a Book 

Copeland, Edward. “Money.”  The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen , edited by Copeland and Juliet McMaster, Cambridge UP, 1997, pp. 131-48. 

(Copeland 135)

Webpage on a Website 

“Infographic: Benefits of Language Learning.” Modern Language Association , 2022, www.mla.org/Resources/Advocacy/Infographics/Infographic-Benefits-of-Language-Learning.

("Inforgraphic: Benefits of Language Learning")

Film on an App 

Mamma Mia . Directed by Phyllida Lloyd, Universal Pictures, 2008. Netflix app. 

( Mamma Mia ) or ( Mamma Mia  59:03-61:23) - cite a specific scene with timestamps in the page number spot

There are many tools that can help you create, manage, and organize your citations and your references page. Here are some that the library provides or recommends for students and faculty. 

• NoodleTools This link opens in a new window NoodleTools is an online tool that helps you take notes and correctly format citations. MLA, APA, and Chicago/Turabian citation styles are included. Use throughout your research project to track sources, take notes, create outlines, collaborate with classmates, and format bibliographies. Use this link to create an account.
• ZoteroBib ZoteroBib is a free service that helps you build a bibliography from any computer or device, without creating an account or installing any software. It's from the team behind the open source citation management app Zotero. ZBib can create a draft citation from a link or ISBN and has helpful templates for you to use to manually create citations. You can use it for MLA, APA, or Chicago Style.

The information on this page comes from the MLA Handbook, 9th Edition. This book can be cited in MLA style like this:

MLA Handbook.  9th ed., Modern Language Association of America, 2021. 

The elements used here are: [2. Title of source]  MLA Handbook.  [5. Version]  9th ed., [7. Publisher]  Modern Language Association of America, [8. Publication date]  2021. Because the publisher is an organization who is also the author, this organization - the Modern Language Association - is only listed once, as the publisher. 

An in-text citation for this handbook could be ( MLA Handbook  45) to refer specifically to something on page 45. 

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• Last Updated: Mar 26, 2024 9:53 AM
• URL: https://libguides.caldwell.edu/citations

MLA Citation Help

• In-Text Citations
• Creating a Works Cited Page
• MLA Style Research Paper

MLA Style Research Paper Example

Your MLA-style research paper should have the following parts:

1. A Heading and Title in top Right corner of paper

2. Running head with page numbers

3. Placement of the List of Works Cited (end of paper)

4. Tables and illustrations (if required)

Refer to this example paper from the Purdue OWL on MLA 8th Edition  when you are unsure of formatting.

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More formatting information can also be found from the MLA Style Center .

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• Last Updated: Dec 8, 2022 11:33 AM
• URL: https://guides.library.duq.edu/mla

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Purdue Owl: MLA Formatting & Style Guide

Developed by the Purdue Online Writing Lab.  MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page.

Author/Editor (By:)

Contributor, corporate author, related organizations, citation type.

• Citing Sources
• Chicago / Turabian

Sources for Using MLA Style

Printable quick guides.

• Guide Credit

Ask a Librarian

Ask a Librarian Chat Hours:   10am to 10pm Daily

New! Schedule an appointment with a librarian for research help!

• Other Resources

MLA 8th edition is intended to be a universal set of guidelines to apply to any type of source. Each source in the Works Cited is based on a list of core elements (see image). Not all sources will have all nine elements.

For in-text citing, MLA follows the author-page format. For internet sources, you do not need to include the paragraph number unless part of the source. When there is not an author, use a shortened title of the work. Use quotation marks for a short work (e.g. article, blog post) or italics for a longer work (e.g. plays, books, television shows, entire websites).

Formatting Your Paper

MLA Style is not just in-text citing and a list of references. It also includes the formatting of your paper. Here are some of the basics elements. For examples, consult the Purdue OWL's sample paper or the MLA Style Center page with full formatting requirments . Ask your professor about including a title page, they may not require it. If you are formatting your thesis or dissertation, you must use the Graduate School's MLA template .

• 1-inch margins on all sides
• Double spacing of all text on all pages, including the Works Cited list
• Each paragraph begins with a First Line indent of .5 inches
• Each reference is a Hanging indent of .5 inches
• Font is 12-point Times New Roman or other common serif font
• Page numbers in the upper right corner on each page, 1/2 inch from top and 1-inch from the right side
• Running Head is your last name on the same line as the page number (1/2 inch from top and 1-inch from the right side)

McCord, Edward LeRoy. The Value of Species . Yale University Press, 2012.

Numerous studies have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (McCord 152).

McCord highlights numerous studies that have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (152).

Green, Leonard C., and Paul B. Brown. The Entrepreneur’s Playbook: More than 100 Proven Strategies, Tips, and Techniques to Build a Radically Successful Business . AMACOM, 2017.

Numerous studies have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (Green and Brown 152).

Green and Brown highlight numerous studies that have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (152).

Fisher, Douglas, et al. Engagement by Design: Creating Learning Environments Where Students Thrive . Corwin Literacy, 2018.

The longitudinal study indicates a higher tendency for certain behavior (Fisher et al. 152).

Fisher et al. highlight numerous studies that have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (152).

Strauss, Sarah, et al., editors. Cultures of Energy Power, Practices, Technologies . Left Coast Press, 2013.

The longitudinal study indicates a higher tendency for certain behavior (Strauss et al. 152).

Strauss et al. highlight numerous studies that have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (152).

Cavanaugh, John C, and Fredda Blanchard-Fields. Adult Development and Aging . Eighth Edition, Cengage, 2018.

Numerous studies have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (Cavanaugh and Blanchard-Fields 152).

Cavanaugh and Blanchard-Fields highlight numerous studies that have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (152).

Pearlman, Laurie Anne. “Moral Dimensions of Trauma Therapies.” The Social Psychology of Morality: Exploring the Causes of Good and Evil , edited by Mario Mikulincer and Phillip R. Shaver, American Psychological Association, 2012, pp. 311–28.

Numerous studies have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (Pearlman 320).

Pearlman highlights numerous studies that have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (320).

Edinger, Scott K., and Laurie Sain. The Hidden Leader : Discover and Develop Greatness within Your Company . AMACOM, 2015, https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/ilstu/detail.action?docID=1711864.

Numerous studies have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (Edinger and Sain 152).

Edinger and Sain highlight numerous studies that have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (152).

Skinner, Jonathan, and Lee Jolliffe, editors. Murals and Tourism: Heritage, Politics and Identity . Taylor and Francis, 2017, https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/ilstu/detail.action?docID=4865852.

Numerous studies have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (Skinner and Jolliffe 152).

Skinner and Jolliffe highlight numerous studies that have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (152).

Roux, Gayle, and Judith A. Halstead. Issues and Trends in Nursing: Practice, Policy, and Leadership . Second edition, Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, 2018, https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/ilstu/detail.action?docID=4838489.

Numerous studies have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (Roux and Halstead 152).

Roux and Halstead highlight numerous studies that have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (152).

Nadimi, Farzin. “The Role of Oil in the Outcome of the Iran–Iraq War: Some Important Lessons in Historical Context.” The Iran-Iraq War New International Perspectives , edited by Ashton, Nigel and Gibson, Bryan, Routledge, 2013, pp. 77–91, https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/ilstu/detail.action?docID=1097796.

Numerous studies have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (Nadimi 83).

Nadimi highlights numerous studies that have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (83).

Martín, Gustavo A. Rodríguez. “Shaw by the Numbers.” Shaw , vol. 33, no. 1, 2013, pp. 176–202.

Numerous studies have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (Martín 182).

Martín highlights numerous studies that have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (182).

Li, Linda Chelan. “Multiple Trajectories and ‘Good Governance’ in Asia: An Introduction.” Journal of Contemporary Asia , vol. 44, no. 2, 2014, pp. 187–203. doi:10.1080/00472336.2013.870827.

Numerous studies have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (Li 192).

Li highlights numerous studies that have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (192).

Greene, Mairead, and Paula Shorter. “Building Conceptual Understanding in Precalculus.” Transformative Dialogues: Teaching & Learning Journal , vol. 6, no. 2, 2012, pp. 1–16, http://www.kpu.ca/sites/default/files/TD.6.2.2_Greene%26Shorter_Conceptual_Understanding_in_Precalculus.pdf.

Numerous studies have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (Greene and Shorter 15).

Greene and Shorter highlight numerous studies that have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (15).

Fiore, Adam. “The Master Code.” Popular Science , vol. 284, no. 5, May 2014, pp. 54–84.

Numerous studies have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (Fiore 73).

Fiore highlights numerous studies that have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (73).

Sarconi, Paul. “OK, House. Get Smart: Make the Most of Your AI Home Minions.” WIRED , May 2017, https://www.wired.com/2017/06/guide-to-ai-artificial-intelligence-at-home/.

Numerous studies have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (Sarconi “OK, House. Get Smart”).

Sarconi highlights numerous studies that have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (“OK, House. Get Smart”).

Stibel, Jeff. “The Internet Is Changing Us, but It’s Not All Bad.” USA Today , 17 Feb. 2018, p. 2B.

Numerous studies have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (Stibel 2B).

Stibel highlights numerous studies that have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (2B).

Use a shortened title of the work and use quotation marks.

“MLB Appears Close to New Drug Agreement.” The Washington Post , 26 Mar. 2014, p. D05.

Numerous studies have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (“MLB Appears Close” D05).

In the newspaper article "MLB appears close to new drug agreement," it highlights numerous studies that have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (“MLB Appears Close” D05).

Hartocollis, Anemona. “Running for Your Life.” The New York Times , 7 Nov. 2010, pp. CT1, CT6.

Numerous studies have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (Hartocollis CT6).

Hartocollis highlights numerous studies that have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (CT6).

Delgado, Jennifer. “Work to Begin on Grant Park Skate Park.” Chicago Tribune , 2 June 2014, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2014-06-02/news/ct-grant-park-new-skate-park-met-20140602_1_skate-park-tif-funds-grant-park-conservancy.

Numerous studies have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (Delgado “Work to Begin”).

Delgado highlights numerous studies that have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (“Work to Begin”).

Hansen, Anders. “The Most Important Thing We Can Do for Our Brain? Exercise!” Brain Blogger , 24 Oct. 2017, http://brainblogger.com/2017/10/24/the-most-important-thing-we-can-do-for-our-brain-exercise/.

Numerous studies have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (Hansen “The Most Important Thing”).

Hansen highlights numerous studies that have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (“The Most Important Thing”).

“Why Gardening Can Help You Live Longer and Be Healthier.” Wellness Mama , 12 Mar. 2018, https://wellnessmama.com/5437/gardeners-live-longer/.

Numerous studies have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (“Why Gardening Can Help”).

In the blog post "Why Gardening Can Help," it highlights numerous studies that have replicated these results utilizing the same methods.

Wernet, Lara. Want a Little Kiss? 30 Oct. 2012. Flickr , https://www.flickr.com/photos/farbenflut/8148446518/.

Numerous studies have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (Wernet “Want a Little Kiss”).

Wernet highlights numerous studies that have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (“Want a Little Kiss”).

Adams, Samuel. “Re: Signing of the Constitution.” Received by John Adams, 4 May 2014.

Numerous studies have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (Adams).

Adams highlights numerous studies that have replicated these results utilizing the same methods.

Beyoncé. #LEMONADE the Visual Album Available Now! 25 Apr. 2016, https://www.facebook.com/beyonce/photos/a.252225550600.296474.28940545600/10156956506310601/?type=3.

Numerous studies have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (Beyoncé “#LEMONADE”).

Beyoncé highlights numerous studies that have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (“#LEMONADE”).

ISUtube1857. Celebration of President Bowman’s Legacy at Illinois State University . 2012. YouTube , https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P_vNPD1rhFY&feature=youtu.be.

Numerous studies have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (ISUtube1857 “Celebration of President Bowman’s Legacy”).

ISUtube1857 highlights numerous studies that have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (“Celebration of President Bowman’s Legacy”).

Mondello, Bob. Fall Movies: Corsets, Crises, Comedies and Cranks . https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=94117753. Accessed 15 Mar. 2018.

Numerous studies have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (Mondello “Fall Movies”).

Mondello highlights numerous studies that have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (“Fall Movies”).

“Ben Franklin Tech.” Modern Marvels , created by Anthony Lacques, season 12, episode 13, A&E Television Networks, https://www.history.com/shows/modern-marvels/season-12/episode-13.

Numerous studies have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (“Ben Franklin Tech”).

“Ben Franklin Tech” highlights numerous studies that have replicated these results utilizing the same methods.

@MediaShiftOrg. " How Will Facebook’s Algorithm Changes Impact Your Newsroom? https://T.Co/Gch0mPJMnV." Twitter , 12 July 2016, twitter.com/MediaShiftOrg/status/752813655247519744.

Numerous studies have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (@MediaShiftOrg).

@MediaShiftOrg highlights numerous studies that have replicated these results utilizing the same methods.

Hatch, Rachel. “The Renegades of BioMath.” News - Illinois State , 22 May 2014, https://news.illinoisstate.edu/2014/05/renegades-biomath/.

Numerous studies have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (Hatch “The Renegades of BioMath”).

Hatch highlights numerous studies that have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (“The Renegades of BioMath”).

Moran, Casey. “7 Mindfulness Habits That Lead To 365 Days of Happiness.” Lifehack , https://www.lifehack.org/346064/7-mindfulness-habits-that-lead-365-days-happiness. Accessed 14 Mar. 2018.

Numerous studies have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (Moran “7 Mindfulness Habits”).

Moran highlights numerous studies that have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (“7 Mindfulness Habits”).

“Battle Bird.” Illinois State University Athletics , http://goredbirds.com/sports/2014/4/16/his_trad_battle_bird.aspx. Accessed 15 Mar. 2018.

Numerous studies have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (“Battle Bird”).

On the website "Battle Bird," it highlights numerous studies that have replicated these results utilizing the same methods.

Levinson, David, and Gertrud Pfister, editors. “Yachting.” Berkshire Encyclopedia of World Sport , 3rd edition, vol. 3, Berkshire Publishing Group, 2013, pp. 1203-05.

Numerous studies have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (Levinson and Pfister 1204).

Levinson and Pfister highlight numerous studies that have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (1204).

Ross, Jeffrey Ian, editor. “Hooliganism.” Encyclopedia of Street Crime in America , SAGE Publications, 2013, pp. 203–05. http://www.ilstu.eblib.com/EBLWeb/patron/?target=patron&extendedid=P_1207759_0.

Numerous studies have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (Ross 204).

Ross highlights numerous studies that have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (204).

Government publications with named authors can often be cited the same as a book or report. If a publishing office such as the Government Printing Office (GPO) is not listed, use the name of the government (country or state), the agency, and if included the specific department, separated by commas.

If the publication includes a report or series number, place that information before the publisher information.

Stewart, Hayden, et al. The Cost of Satisfying Fruit and Vegetable Recommendations in the Dietary Guidelines . Economic Brief Number 27, United States, Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 2016, http://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo69773.

Numerous studies have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (Stewart et al. 12).

Stewart et al. highlights numerous studies that have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (12).

If one or more individuals are not stated as authors, then the government and agency are treated as corporate authors. List the name of the government (country or state), the agency, and if included the specific department.

The use of et. al. for three or more agencies or departments does not apply.

United States, Department of Agriculture. Avian Influenza, USDA Has Taken Actions to Reduce Risks but Needs a Plan to Evaluate Its Efforts : Report to Congressional Requesters. United States Government Accountability Office, 2017. http://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo80626.

Numerous studies have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (United States, Dept. of Agriculture 12).

The United States Dept. of Agriculture highlights numerous studies that have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (12).

If the agency is also the publisher, start the citation with the title.

Know Your Blood Sugar Numbers. Revised July 2014, NIH Publication No. 12-4350, National Diabetes Education Program, 2014, http://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo71493.

Numerous studies have replicated these results utilizing the same methods ( Know Your Blood Sugar Numbers , 1).

Know Your Blood Sugar Numbers highlights numerous studies that have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (1).

At the end of the citation, indicate how the interview was facilitated. You do not need to include your name as the interviewer.

Adams, Samuel. Signing of the Constitution . 4 May 2014. Personal Interview.

Adams, Samuel. Signing of the Constitution . 4 May 2014. Telephone Interview.

Adams, Samuel. Signing of the Constitution . 4 May 2014. Skype Interview.

Adams, Samuel. “Re: Signing of the Constitution.” Received by John Smith. 4 May 2014. Email Interview.

If a report or series number is present, place that information before the publisher information.

White, Susan, and Rachel Ivie. Number of Women in Physics Departments: A Simulation Analysis. Report . Statistical Research Center of the American Institute of Physics, 1 July 2013, pp. 1–13, https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED547644.pdf.

Numerous studies have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (White and Ivie 1204).

White and Ivie highlight numerous studies that have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (1204).

Hagen, Christopher K. We’ve Been Here : Possibilities for Prolonging Experiential Intimacy in Art . 2016. Illinois State University, Master of Fine Arts (MFA) Thesis, http://ir.library.illinoisstate.edu/etd/504.

Numerous studies have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (Hagen 204).

Hagen highlights numerous studies that have replicated these results utilizing the same methods (204).

• Frequently Asked Questions about the MLA Style by the Modern Language Association
• Perdue OWL Guide to MLA Style These OWL resources will help you learn how to use the Modern Language Association (MLA) citation and format style. This section contains resources on in-text citation and the Works Cited page, as well as MLA sample papers, slide presentations, and the MLA classroom poster.
• Tweet2Cite This generator takes the tweet URL and converts it into an APA or MLA citation. [Note: this generator has not yet updated to the MLA 8th edition]

• MLA 8th Edition Quick Guide

This guide was adapted from the Citing Sources guide by the Librarians of  Milner Library, Illinois State University. Many thanks for their hard work and permission to use this guide.

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• Last Updated: Mar 1, 2022 10:17 AM
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Citation Help for MLA, 8th Edition: Master's Thesis or Project

• Book Review
• Email and Tweets
• Encyclopedia
• Journal Article
• Magazine Article
• Master's Thesis or Project
• Music Albums & Songs
• Newspaper Article
• Formatting Your Paper
• Parenthetical Documentation
• Ethically Use Sources

Panasuk, Noel. What Variables Appear to Work in Stress Management Programs in      the Workplace and How Effective are These Programs?  MS Thesis, The College of      St. Scholastica, 2008.

Explanation

Author: Panasuk, Noel. Last name first, followed by first and middle names. End with a period.   

Title & subtitle of the book: What Variables Appear to Work in Stress Managment Programs in the Workplace and How Effective are These Programs? The title and subtitle are separated by a colon. Capitalize all important and proper words. Place in Italics and end with a period or if it has a question mark in the title, that is sufficient.    Status of Publishing: MA Thesis, Use the words MA Thesis followed by a comma. If it is a project, then use the words MA project. If it is a doctoral dissertation, use the word Dissertation. Name of Institution Where Degree was Granted: The College of St. Scholastica, The full name of the college or university followed by a comma. Year of Publication: 2008. List the year of publication, which appears on the title page or the title page verso (back side of title page). End citation with a period. 

[Th e above information is based on   Purdue OWL .]

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• Last Updated: Feb 19, 2024 2:51 PM
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ZSR Library

Mla 8th ed. style guide: dissertations, theses.

• Art, Photography, Music
• Business Resources
• Dissertations, Theses
• Emails, Social Media
• Film, Television, Video
• Journal, Newspaper, & Magazine Articles
• Legal Sources
• Parenthetical (in-text) Citations
• Web Sites, Blogs
• Need more help?

Essential Elements

Citations for dissertations/master's theses should include the following:

1. Name of Author 

2. Title of dissertation/thesis (italicized)

3. Date of Publication

5. Institution granting the degree (optional)

6. Description of the work (optional)

7. Database and URL if accessed through a database or repository

Sample Citation - Dissertations

Dissertations

The institution granting the degree and description of the work are optional. If you accessed the work online, include that information. 

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Thesis and Dissertation

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In this section

Research Paper: MLA Citation

• Getting Started
• Selecting a Topic
• Find Articles
• MLA Citation
• Annotated Bibliography
• Sample Argument Outline

MLA Handbook

The MLA 9 Handbook is the official guide of MLA citation formatting. You can find the manual on reserve behind the circulation desk and in the reference section of the library's collection.

• EVC Library MLA Citation Guide

• MLA Handbook Plus This link opens in a new window MLA Handbook Plus is the online version of the Modern Language Association Handbook, the authoritative source for MLA citation formatting and research paper layout. Browse or search the book online, get citation examples for just about everything, see sample papers and lots more.

Click the image for an informative sample of a MLA research paper with explanations of formatting:  

Additional MLA Sample Papers

Formatting the Works Cited List

MLA requires specific formatting of your paper and Works Cited List.

Watch the video below for instructions on how to set up your paper in Microsoft word:

• MLA Template

This MS Word document template is pre-formatted according to proper MLA standards. Just insert your information and you are ready to go!

More Questions? MLA Resources

The Purdue OWL MLA Formattting and Style Guide is a helpful resource for MLA citation (giving credit for any quotes, facts, paraphrases, or summaries in your paper). Check here for help with your works cited page (bibliography page).

B ibMe   A guided citation builder -- entering your citation information and EasyBib will help you format your citation.

• MLA Handout from the EVC Library

MLA Citation Video

Learn MLA Citations by watching this video tutorial by EVC librarian, Heather Ott.

Works Cited Page

The last page of your essay is called the "Works Cited" list. This is where you list the full citation of the sources you used to write your paper.

To create the citations for your sources:

1. Use the MLA universal set of guidelines to build your citations. Here is the universal format to follow:

Author. "Title of Source". Title of Container , Other Contributors, Version, Number, Publisher, Publication date, Location.

EXAMPLE MAGAZINE ARTICLE:

Kunzig, Robert. "The New Europeans: Voices from a Changing Continent". National Geographic , vol. 258, no. 5, Nov. 2015, pp. 58-75.  

DETAILS ON EACH CATEGORY:

2. Your source may not contain information in all of these categories, so only include the information you have.  3. Pay attention to the punctuation. Put periods after the author, title of the source, and at the very end. Put commas in between everything else.

This is a basic overview of MLA Works Cited page. For more details and help with specific source formats, check out Purdue's Online Writing Lab MLA guide on:

Periodicals

Media and Audio/Visual sources

Electronic Sources

  MLA Format: In-Text Citation

In addition to creating the Works Cited list, you are also required to include in text citation.

This is a brief citation within your research paper that is placed after information which is quoted or paraphrased from the sources you use. In text citation for MLA generally requires two pieces of information:

1. Author's last name 2. The page number the information came from

The intext citation is often included at the end of a quote or paraphase and is formatted like this:

(Author's Last Name p#).

However, the placement of the intext can change depending on whether or not you introduce the author before your quote or paraphrasing, but the same information for the citation is still required. See examples below. Example 1 (paraphrased) : Eighty percent of children in the US eat grapes ​(Jenkins 3).

Example 2 (quoted) : Jenkins states, "In the United States, grapes are consumed by 80% of children" (3). More on MLA In-Text Citations at Purdue OWL .

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Citation Help

• MLA: 8th Edition
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This guide is based on the MLA Handbook , 8th edition (Modern Language Association, 2016). MLA style is most commonly used in English and other humanities disciplines.

Works Cited  items are listed alphabetically at the end of the research paper and should be double-spaced.  A fter the first line, citations should be indented 1/2 inch on the Works Cited  list.  Parenthetical  references are items referred to in the body of the paper.

Please Note: Because the MLA Handbook was recently updated, some Internet resources still utilize the guidelines of the 7th edition. Always double-check your citations using this guide, the Handbook , or the Purdue OWL Style Guide.

• Print Articles
• Electronic Resources

Scholarly Journal Article, Print (One Author)

Works Cited:

Myerson, Joel. "A Calendar of Transcendental Club Meetings."  American Literature , vol. 44, no. 2, 1972, pp. 197-207.

Parenthetical:

(Myerson 1972)

Scholarly Journal Article, Print (Two Authors)

Brown, Cecelia M., and Lina Ortega. "Information-seeking Behavior of Physical Science Librarians: Research and Practice."  College & Research Libraries , vol. 66, no. 3, 2005, pp. 231-247.

(Brown and Ortega 237)

Magazine Article (One Author)

Cook, Mariana. "Cousin Kay."  Victoria , Nov. 2001, pp. 27-28.

Newspaper Article

Works Cited: Johnston, David Cay. "Got Game? Got Old Game?"  New York Times , 11 July 2003, late ed., F1+.

(Johnston F1)

Encyclopedia Article

"Glossitis."  The New Encyclo pædia Britannica.  15th ed., vol. 5, 2010, p. 306.

("Glossitis" 306)

Barth Melissa E. Review of The Summons , by John Grisham.  Magill Book Reviews  1 Nov. 2002, p. 221.

(Barth 221)

Book (One Author)

Johnson, Charles Richard.  Middle Passage.  Atheneum, 1990.

(Johnson 176)

Book (Two to Three Authors)

Gilbert, Sandra, and Susan Gubar. The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination . Yale UP, 1979.

(Gilbert and Gubar 42)

Chapter in a Book (Two to Three Authors)

Gilbert, Sandra, and Susan Gubar. “Infection in the Sentence: The Woman Writer and the Anxiety of Authorship.” The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination . Yale UP, 1979, pp. 45-92.

(Gilbert and Gubar 51)

Book (Corporate Author)

Land Use: West Central Ohio, Dayton Power and Light Company.  Batelle Institute, 1960.

*As this source is published by the same organization that authored it, the author is not included. If the author and publisher are different, include both in the full citation.

( Land Use 78)

Book (Anthology)

McNally, John, editor.  Humor Me: An Anthology of Humor by Writers of Color.  U of Iowa P, 2002.

(McNally xv)

Book (Works in an Anthology)

James, Henry. "The Friends of Friends."  The Norton Book of Ghost Stories , edited by Brad Leithauser, Norton, 1994, pp. 40-60.

Electronic Book

Hartog, Hendrik.  Man and Wife in America: A History.  Harvard UP, 2002. ACLS Humanities e - book, hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.04365.0001.001 .

(Hartog 137)

Scholarly Electronic Journal Article from a Library Database

Scott, Jonathan. "Advanced, Repressed, and Popular: Langston Hughes During the Cold War."  College Literature , vol. 33, no. 2, 2006, pp. 30-51. Electronic Journal Center , http://rave.ohiolink.edu/ejournals/ article/ 322964651.

Item from a Library Database

Clark, Zsuzsanna. "From Saturday-Night Poetry to Big Brother."  New Statesman , vol. 132, no. 4647, 21 July 2003, p. 32.  Academic Search Complete . proxy.lib.ohio-state.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost. com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=10311624&site=ehost-live.

Thesis or Dissertation (Digital)

Heimtun, Bente.  Mobile Identities of Gender and Tourism: The Value of Social Capital.  2007. U of West England, Bristol, PhD dissertation. DART-Europe E-theses Portal , idtjeneste.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-bibsys_brage_10136.

(Heimtun 86)

Zalta, Edward N., editor. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Metaphysics Research Lab, Center for the Study of Language and Information, Stanford U, 1995-2017, plato.stanford.edu.

Television Program

“Dunder Mifflin Infinity.” The Office , performance by Steve Carell, season 4, episode 10, NBC, 4 Oct. 2007.

("Dunder Mifflin Infinity")

“Reunion.”  Alias , created by J. J. Abrams, performance by Jennifer Garner, season 3, episode 3, ABC, 12 Oct. 2003.  Hulu , www.hulu.com/watch/701284.

(“Reunion”)

Sound Recording

Copland, Aaron.  Long Time Ago: American Songs.  Performance by Thomas Hampson, Dawn Upshaw, and Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra, Teldec, 1994.

@OSUPrezDrake (Michael V. Drake): “To our graduates receiving a record 11,734 degrees today: be proud of your accomplishments and dream BIG! #osugrad #buckeyeforlife.” Twitter , 7 May 2017, 3:04 p.m., twitter.com/OSUPrezDrake/status/861295780883288064.

Parenthetical :

(@OSUPrezDrake)

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MLA citation guides online

Mla citation guides in the library, webster university's writing center, citing chatgpt and other generative ai applications in mla.

Ask A Librarian  for help finding sources, narrowing or expanding your topic, and more!​

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• Purdue OWL: MLA formatting and style MLA citation help from the Purdue Online Writing Lab (9th edition)
• MLA Style Center MLA's own online citation help for the 9th edition
• Webster University Libraries: MLA style guide

MLA 9 th  edition came out in April 2021. Check with your instructor to see which version you should use.

Whether you are an experienced academic writer or this is your first paper, Webster University's Writing Center offers writing support for students. Find help with all kinds of research projects, including "reports; résumés and cover letters; admission essays and personal statements; summaries, critical analyses, and literature reviews; research and term papers; theses and dissertations; and more." Writing Center coaches are available at all stages of the writing process from brainstorming to draft revision and everything in-between.

Visit Writing Support to: 

• Schedule an appointment with a writing coach
• Submit a paper online to the Writing Center for review
• Select Writing Resources to find help with citation, grammar, avoiding plagiarism, and more

ChatGPT and similar tools are not credible sources of information; however, if your instructor allows other uses of AI applications in your course, you will still need to cite the output of those applications as you would any other source you use in your academic work. Citing the output of generative AI, for example large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT, is a unique challenge in that these applications are not "authors," and the output itself is irretrievable by others even when referenced. Therefore, you may need to provide additional documentation when submitting your work, for example, the full prompts you used to generate the output along with transcriptions or screenshots of the output. Style guides differ greatly on how and when to cite AI-generated content, so it's important to read the style guidelines for full details . Below are examples from the MLA Style Center for how to cite generative AI in MLA style.

• How do I cite generative AI in MLA style? (MLA Style Center) Full explanation of how to cite generative AI in MLA.

Works-cited list:

“Describe the symbolism of the green light in the book The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald” prompt. ChatGPT , 13 Feb. version, OpenAI, 8 Mar. 2023, chat.openai.com/chat.

Paraphrased in your prose:

While the green light in The Great Gatsby might be said to chiefly symbolize four main things: optimism, the unattainability of the American dream, greed, and covetousness (“Describe the symbolism”), arguably the most important—the one that ties all four themes together—is greed.

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Citation guides

All you need to know about citations

How to cite a master's thesis in MLA

To cite a master's thesis in a reference entry in MLA style 9th edition include the following elements:

• Author(s) name: Give the last name and name as presented in the source (e. g. Watson, John). For two authors, reverse only the first name, followed by ‘and’ and the second name in normal order (e. g. Watson, John, and John Watson). For three or more authors, list the first name followed by et al. (e. g. Watson, John, et al.)
• Thesis title: Titles are italicized when independent. If part of a larger source add quotation marks and do not italize.
• Year of publication: Give the year of publication as presented in the source.
• University: Give the name of the institution.
• Degree: Type of degree.

Here is the basic format for a reference list entry of a master's thesis in MLA style 9th edition:

Author(s) name . Thesis title . Year of publication . University , Degree .

Take a look at our works cited examples that demonstrate the MLA style guidelines in action:

A psychology master's thesis with one author

Bauger, Lars . Personality, Passion, Self-esteem and Psychological Well-being among Junior Elite Athletes in Norway . 2011 . U of Tromsø , Master's Thesis .

A master's thesis with one author

Aube, Kyle Eric . A Comparison of Water Main Failure Prediction Models in San Luis Obispo, CA . 2019 . Cal Poly , Master's Thesis .

This citation style guide is based on the MLA Handbook (9 th edition).

More useful guides

• MLA 8th ed. Style Guide: Dissertations, Theses
• MLA, 8th Edition: Master's Thesis or Project
• How do I cite a dissertation in MLA style?

More great BibGuru guides

• APA: how to cite a BrainPOP video
• APA: how to cite a preface
• AMA: how to cite websites

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Differences Between 7th & 8th Edition

• Bibliography Basics
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The Online Writing Lab (OWL) at Purdue University houses writing resources and instructional material, and we provide these as a free service of the Writing Lab at Purdue. Students, members of the community, and users worldwide will find information to assist with many writing projects. Teachers and trainers may use this material for in-class and out-of-class instruction.

Many disciplines use MLA style, the citation style developed by the Modern Language Association.[1] Some disciplines require other citation styles such as the Turabian[2], Chicago[3], or APA (American Psychological Association)[4] styles.

Always ask your professor which style is preferred in his or her class. There are printed style guides at the Reference Desk. Purdue OWL is a great source to reference.  The University Writing Center can help too.

[1] Joseph Gibaldi, MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers , 6 th ed. (New York: Modern Language Association, 2003).

[2] Kate L. Turabian, A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations , 6 th ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996).

[3]  The Chicago Manual of Style , 15 th ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003).

[4]  Concise Rules of APA Style (Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 2005).

Purdue OWL explains some notable differences between 7th & 8th edition:

See full page on Purdue OWL, click here .

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How do I cite material posted on a social media platform like Instagram ?

Below are examples of citations for various types of works posted on Instagram . For explanations, see our post on citing social media .

Michael Chabon paid tribute to Milton Glaser by posting one of the designer’s iconic images on Instagram . Work Cited Chabon, Michael. “#rip Milton Glaser. I grew up in his work. So hard to pick a favorite, maybe this, which also features one of the many awesome typefaces he designed, Baby Teeth. #mahaliajackson #miltonglaser.”  Instagram , 28 June 2020, www.instagram.com/p/CB-E9gngVwo/.

Angie Thomas posted a photo of a burned copy of her book The Hate U Give, the only item to survive a young fan’s house fire. Work Cited Thomas, Angie. Photo of burned copy of The Hate U Give . Instagram , 4 Dec. 2018, www.instagram.com/p/Bq_PaXKgqPw/.

In Hamilton , when the colonists rebel against England, King George expresses his feelings in a humorous solo. “Remember we made an arrangement when you went away. Now you’re making me mad,” he sings (Hamilton Videos). Work Cited Hamilton Videos [@hamilton.vods]. Video of King George in Hamilton .  Instagram , 5 July 2020, www.instagram.com/p/CCPEUJLDz0l/.

You can learn more about the author of  Bad Feminist on her Instagram account (Gay). Work Cited Gay, Roxane. “Posts.” Instagram , 2020, www.instagram.com/roxanegay74/.

Hilla Rebay, the first director of the Guggenheim, is featured in the highlighted story “People” on the museum’s Instagram account (Guggenheim Museum). Work Cited Guggenheim Museum. “People.” Instagram , 2020, www.instagram.com/stories/highlights/17850044881917911/.

The Museum of Modern Art promoted its custom playlists with a photo of Fernand Léger’s The Three Musicians in an Instagram story (Museum of Modern Art). Work Cited The Museum of Modern Art. Image of Fernand Léger’s The Three Musicians . Instagram , 14 July 2020, www.instagram.com/stories/themuseumofmodernart/2353246125954046321.

Note that  Instagram  stories disappear after twenty-four hours unless the creator saves them as a highlight. You can still cite unsaved stories by providing a description of the image or video, the date it was posted, and the URL of the story. The example under the heading “Story” above shows an unsaved  Instagram story.

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MLA Style Guide

Format rules for mla 8th edition.

Please refer to the following guides for more information:

• The MLA Style Center
• Purdue OWL: MLA Formatting and Style Guide
• Citing Sources (Citation Styles): MLA Style, 8th Edition

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Online Help for Citing Sources

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WRT 204 (Prof. Dyan Neary) Research Guide

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MLA Citation Examples

Citation tools in library databases, mla citation tutorials.

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MLA Style Examples:

Works Cited List:  Olsen, Dale A.  Music of El Dorado: the Ethnomusicology of Ancient South American Cultures . UP of Florida, 2002.

In-text: (Olsen 25)

Scholarly Article:

Works Cited List : Latartara, John. "The Timbre of Thai Classical Singing."  Asian Music , vol. 43, no. 2, 2012, pp. 88-114.  Project MUSE ,  https://doi.org/10.1353/amu.2012.0013

In-text:  (Latartara 97-8)

Online Website:

Works Cited List : Andaya, Barbara. "Introduction to Southeast Asia."  Center for Global Education,  Asia Society, 2017,  asiasociety.org/education/introduction-southeast-asia . Accessed 17 Dec. 2021.

In-text citation:  (Andaya)

Note: If an author is not listed, begin the citation with the title of the page. For example if the author was not evident on the citation above, the works cited entry would be:

"Vietnam: a Historical Introduction."  Center for Global Education,  Asia Society, 2017, asiasociety.org/education/vietnam. Accessed 17 Dec. 2021.

Adapted from  https://guides.library.unr.edu/mlacitation  

MLA Formatting and Style Guide (OWL at Purdue)

Covers all aspects of MLA formatting, including the paper itself and references. From The Writing Lab and  The Owl  at Purdue University.

MLA Documentation

Covers MLA formatting of citations and works cited list. From the University of Wisconsin-Madison.

EBSCO databases (e.g. Academic Search Ultimate) provide citation tools for your to create citations based on different citation styles. Click the article title , you will find the following tools list on the right of the screen. Use the Cite tool to create citations.

ProQuest Databases (e.g. Wall Street Journal Online) also provide citation tools. Click the title of the article , the following tools are listed on the top of the screen above the title of the article, use the Cite tool to create citations.

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